635:. Dole's campaign released an ad questioning Hagan's religion and it included a voice saying "There is no God!" over a picture of Kay Hagan's face. The voice was not Hagan's but it is believed the ad implied that it was. Initially, it was thought the ad would work as religion has historically been a very important issue to voters in the American south, but the ad produced a backlash across the state and Hagan responded forcefully with an ad saying that she was a Sunday school teacher and was a religious person. Hagan also claimed Dole was trying to change the subject from the economy (the ad appeared during the
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that the swing voters stay home, leaving the election up to base voters. They also found that negative ads have a greater impact on
Democrats than on Republicans. According to them, base Republicans will vote no matter what (and will vote only for a Republican), but Democrats can be influenced to either stay home and not vote at all or to switch sides and vote for a Republican. This, combined with the effect negativity has on Independents, led them to conclude that Republicans benefit more from going negative than Democrats.
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absurdity, in particular the sentence "we're not making this up; we're not allowed to make this stuff up". Liberal MP Keith Martin expressed his disapproval of "whoever the idiot who approved that ad was," shortly before
Liberal leader Paul Martin (no relation) stated that he had personally approved them. The effect of the ads was to diminish the credibility of the party's other attack ads. It offended many Canadians, particularly those in the military, some of whom were fighting in
36:
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373:, possibly within time limits. As target groups of public and their values differ, so negativity or positivity of a public image is relative; thus, to be successful, negative campaigning has to take into account current values of the group it addresses. The degree of strictness in practicing the group's values as opposed to its tolerance for violating the norms has also to be taken into consideration.
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derogatory (i.e. democratic disaffection) effects of negative campaigning will depend on the strength or intensity of negative campaigning. Similarly, political candidates and parties have been found to adapt the strength of their negative messages during election campaigns in order to preserve the chances for post-electoral collaboration in countries with frequent coalition governments.
588:, in a number of unflattering photos, with the subtext of criticizing his platforms. Chrétien took maximum advantage of the opportunity to gain the public's sympathy as a man who struggled with a physical disability and his party's subsequent overwhelming victory in the election helped reduce the governing Progressive Conservatives to two seats, along with losing official party status.
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Because of the possible harm that can come from being seen as a negative campaigner, candidates often pledge to refrain from negative attacks. This pledge is usually abandoned when an opponent is perceived to be "going negative," with the first retaliatory attack being, ironically, an accusation that
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show through surveys and experiments that negative campaigning may provide informational benefits for voters. Without negativity, voters would not have full information about all of their choices, since no candidate will say anything bad about herself. They argue that candidates have to point out the
429:
Unlike attack ads, contrast ads contain information about both the candidate and the opponent. The information about the candidate is positive, while the information about the opponent is negative. Contrast ads compare and contrast the candidate with the opponent, juxtaposing the positive information
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and radicalizing politics. In a study done by Gina
Garramone about how negative advertising affects the political process, it was found that a consequence of negative campaigning is greater image discrimination of the candidates and greater attitude polarization. While positive ads also contributed
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in 1995 corrected some of the previous study's flaws. This study concluded that negative advertising suppressed voter turnout, particularly for
Independent voters. They speculated that campaigns tend to go negative only if the Independent vote is leaning toward the opponent. In doing so, they insure
451:, to launch attacks. These can be claimed to be coming from a neutral source and if the allegations turn out not to be true the attacking candidate will not be damaged if the links cannot be proven. Negative campaigning can be conducted by proxy. For instance, highly partisan ads were placed in the
443:
Dirty tricks are also common in negative political campaigns. These generally involve secretly leaking damaging information to the media. This isolates a candidate from backlash and also does not cost any money. The material must be substantive enough to attract media interest, however, and if the
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Deliberate spreading of such information can be motivated either by honest desire of the campaigner to warn others against real dangers or deficiencies of the described, or by the campaigner's dishonest ideas on methods of winning in political, business or other spheres of competition against an
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would use
Canadian soldiers to patrol Canadian cities, and impose some kind of martial law. The ad was only available from the Liberal Party's web site for a few hours prior to the release of the attack ads on television; nevertheless, it was picked up by the media and widely criticized for its
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Most recent research distinguishes between a dichotomous (positive versus negative) and graded conceptualization of negative campaigning. The latter accounts for differences in the strength of negative communication. It argues that positive (i.e. information about parties and candidates) and
440:. They might ask a question like "How would you react if Candidate A was revealed to beat his wife?", giving the impression that Candidate A might beat his wife. Members of the media and of the opposing party are deliberately not called making these tactics all but invisible and unprovable.
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campaigns. The electrodes picked up on the "startle response," the automatic eye movement typically seen in response to snakes, spiders and other threats. Compared to positive or neutral messages, negative advertising prompted greater reflex reactions and a desire to move away.
487:. Those who conduct negative political campaigns sometimes say the public needs to know about the person he or she is voting for, even if it is bad. In other words, if a candidate's opponent is a crook or a bad person, then he or she should be able to tell the public about it.
649:
Research published in the
Journal of Advertising found that negative political advertising makes the body want to turn away physically, but the mind remembers negative messages. The findings are based on research conducted by James Angelini, professor of communication at the
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found the impact of negative ads increases over time, while positive ads used to counteract negative ads lack the power of negative ads. Research also suggests negative campaigning introduces controversy and raises public awareness through additional news coverage.
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focus exclusively on the negative aspects of the opponent. There is no positive content in an attack ad, whether it is about the candidate or the opponent. Attack ads usually identify the risks associated with the opponent, often
426:. Common attack ad themes include painting an opponent as soft on criminals, dishonest, corrupt, or a danger to the nation. Another relatively common theme is attacking the other side for running a negative campaign.
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honest rival. However, if the mudslinging statements can be proved to be correct, mudslinging takes the moral dimension of an opponent's duty serving the greater good by exposing the weakness of the other candidate.
408:. Because attack ads have no positive content, they have the potential to be more influential than contrast ads in shaping voters’ views of the sponsoring candidate's opponent. One of the most famous attack ads was
662:, which used ads that aired during the 2000 presidential election. During the study, the researchers placed electrodes under the eyes of willing participants and showed them a series of 30-second ads from both the
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about the candidate with the negative information of the opponent. Because contrast ads must contain positive information, contrast ads are seen as less damaging to the political process than attack ads.
997:
to mock
Timpson, whose family own a national shoe repair and key-cutting business. The campaign was very poorly received and was condemned as negative and xenophobic by Conservative leader David Cameron.
832:, where Hagan was said to be "Godless", as an attack to the lack of religious piety of her opponent. The ad backfired, as it sharply reduced support for Dole. Dole was defeated by Hagan in the election.
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to the image discrimination and attitude polarization, Garramone found that negative campaigning played a more influential role in the discrimination and polarization than positive campaigning.
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Some strategists say that an effect of negative campaigning is that while it motivates the base of support it can alienate centrist and undecided voters from the political process, reducing
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as
Mississippi mud" and "as American as apple pie". Some research suggests negative campaigning is the norm in all political venues, mitigated only by the dynamics of a particular contest.
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truth is discovered it could severely damage a campaign. Other dirty tricks include trying to feed an opponent's team false information hoping they will use it and embarrass themselves.
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found that negative ads are more memorable than positive ads when they reinforce a preexisting belief and are relevant to the central issues of a marketing campaign. Researchers at the
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951:, was "a danger to Mexico". To this day, López Obrador continues blaming the negative campaign for his defeat and saying that it was part of a conspiracy that the Mexican business
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1353:
1195:"Sock it to 'em: can a negative marketing campaign have positive results? Here's what to know before you strike the first blow | Entrepreneur | Find Articles at BNET"
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In the Crewe and
Nantwich By-election in 2008, The Labour Party ran a personal class-based campaign against the Conservative candidate Edward Timpson, calling him "the
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Kim
Fridkin and Patrick Kenney. 2019. Taking Aim at Attack Advertising: Understanding the Impact of Negative Campaigning in U.S. Senate Races. Oxford University Press.
1997:
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ads during one of the worst economic crisis of the history of the nation, in which they claimed economic crisis and human rights would worsen if they're not voted.
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Ennser-Jedenastik, Laurenz; Dolezal, Martin; Müller, Wolfgang C. (March 2017). "Gender differences in negative campaigning: the impact of party environments".
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that serves as an attack on an opponent's personality, record, or opinion. There are two main types of ads used in negative campaigning: attack and contrast.
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Garramone, Gina M.; Atkin, Charles K.; Pinkleton, Bruce E.; Cole, Richard T. (1990). "Effects of negative political advertising on the political process".
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While some research has found advantages and other has found disadvantages, some studies find no difference between negative and positive approaches.
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Studies have shown a variety of different negativity's predictors. Some of the negativity's drivers stated are: The attacker's personality traits (
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uses negative campaigns to steer the public away from health risks. Similar negative campaigns have been used to rebut mass marketing by
1472:"When do candidates attack in election campaigns? Exploring the determinants of negative candidate messages in German televised debates"
319:
691:), the Media environment, and Election-related factors (competitiveness, a candidate's rank in polls, type of election, party system).
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in a 1994 American Political Science Review article to advance the hypothesis that negative campaigning demobilizes voters was flawed.
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Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate? Stephen Ansolabehere, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon, Nicholas Valentino, 1994,
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launched attack ads that were widely seen to be mocking opposing candidate Jean Chrétien's facial deformity. See:
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There are a number of techniques used in negative campaigning. The most standard form of negative campaigning is
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1398:"Going Negative, Worldwide: Towards a General Understanding of Determinants and Targets of Negative Campaigning"
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slogan). The campaign failed as Labour won a landslide victory, ending 18 years of Conservative government.
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1519:"Beyond American negativity: toward a general understanding of the determinants of negative campaigning"
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1016:. In a TV political ad they were portrayed as tycoons and criminals who are too busy protesting against
899:'s recently introduced compulsory superannuation scheme could eventually lead to Soviet-style communism.
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is the process of deliberately spreading negative information about someone or something to worsen the
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and meeting other criminals than attending meetings. The advertisement caught the attention of
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The modern presidential campaign: Mudslinging, bombast, and the vitality of American politics
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1612:"The Rational Attacker in Russia? Negative Campaigning in Russian Presidential Elections"
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Other researchers have found different, more positive outcomes from negative campaigns.
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of the described. A colloquial, and somewhat more derogatory, term for the practice is
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724:, also pioneered many negative campaign techniques seen in political campaigns today.
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1977:"REM: Obustaviti emitovanje spota liste "Aleksandar Vučić – Zato što volimo Beograd""
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Fridkin, Kim Leslie; Kenney, Patrick J. (2004). "Do Negative Messages Work?".
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639:). Hagan's lead in polls doubled and she won the race by a nine-point margin.
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Going negative: How campaign advertising shrinks and polarizes the electorate
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1936: The first radio advertising using negative campaigning came from the
1844:"New Labour, New Danger – Demon eyes (Conservative, 1997) – Election 2001"
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falsely claiming that his grandfather had briefly fought in Hitler's army.
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947:, president from 2006 to 2012, launched TV ads that stated his opponent,
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1932:"Attempts to stir class war backfire for Labour in Crewe & Nantwich"
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1253:"Negative campaigning and its consequences: a review and a look ahead"
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Sponsors of overt negative campaigns often cite reasons to support
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1884:"Harper apologizes for tasteless bird-excrement attack ad on Dion"
952:
385:
Poster attacking the Democratic Party ticket in the run-up to the
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and behaviour by the general public of a given territory and/or a
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854:'s best friend in Congress" by his primary opponent Brian Ellis.
2272:
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2230:"Friendly fire? Negative campaigning among coalition parties"
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Why negative campaigning? The chaotic dynamics of an election
45:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1697:‘Mank’ and Politics: What Really Happened in 1934 California
1128:
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1975:
Serbia, RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of.
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aired a negative claim against then-presidential candidate
1382:. University of Delaware. 2008-10-09 – via Newswise.
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flaws in their opponents for voters to be fully informed.
520:, PhD, an assistant professor of political science at the
2089:"Negative Campaign Advertising: Demobilizer or Mobilizer"
1564:
Hansen, Kasper M.; Pedersen, Rasmus Tue (December 2008).
447:
Often a campaign will use outside organizations, such as
27:
Campaign strategy focused on attacking other alternatives
1284:
Haselmayer, Martin; Jenny, Marcelo (11 September 2018).
1031:
aired a negative ad against then-presidential candidate
591:
A similar backlash happened to the Liberal Party in the
1355:
Two Field Experiments Testing Negative Campaign Tactics
1174:
1172:
631:, who had taken a small lead in polls, by tying her to
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2228:
Haselmayer, Martin; Jenny, Marcelo (September 2018).
1008:
launched a negative campaign against two candidates,
2020:
from the original on 2021-12-22 – via YouTube.
1862:"Trayectoria Política - Andrés Manuel López Obrador"
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Winning, But Losing, Ansolabehere and Iyenger, 1996
1024:, which resulted in a suspend of the advertisement.
773:1934: Unethical campaign tactics were used against
2258:"Political Mudslinging: Definition & Examples"
1042:Poland: Chairman of the Polish public broadcaster
2183:"The Effects of Negative Campaign Ads on YouTube"
2177:Girl seen in Clinton's '3 a.m.' ad supports Obama
1470:Maier, Jürgen; Jansen, Carolin (September 2017).
584:'s partial facial paralysis, which was caused by
928:was dangerous and used posters of Labour leader
716:, best known for being an advisor to presidents
627:attempted an attack ad on Democratic challenger
357:The public image of an entity can be defined as
2095:. UC Irvine, Department of Politics and Society
1380:"Viewers Are Repulsed by Negative Campaign Ads"
1286:"Negative campaigning among coalition partners"
1319:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
1027:Philippines: then-vice presidential candidate
2284:
1566:"Negative Campaigning in a Multiparty System"
564:Negative ads can produce serious backlash. A
320:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
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1517:Elmelund-Præstekær, Christian (March 2010).
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1915:. Crewe and Nantwich Labour. Archived from
1672:"The Political Legacy of Baaad Boy Atwater"
966:released an ad featuring Opposition Leader
943:Mexico: in the 2006 presidential election,
889:"Dancing Cossacks" television advertisement
708:, negative campaigning has been called "as
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2063:The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning
2059:Mattes, Kyle and David P. Redlawsk. 2014.
895:, the attack advert claimed the incumbent
809:'s "3 a.m. phone call" ad questioning the
541:The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning
327:
313:
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2087:Wattenberg, Martin P. (August 22, 1996).
1781:"16 people President Trump has nicknamed"
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916:United Kingdom: During the run up to the
777:in the California gubernatorial election.
365:, acceptance of the entity's appearance,
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1670:Randolph, Eleanor (September 20, 2008).
1197:. Findarticles.com. 2004. Archived from
801:1964 United States presidential election
726:
570:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
387:1864 United States presidential election
380:
2138:"Three Cheers for Negative Campaigning"
1122:
993:Boy Timpson". Labour supporters donned
643:the opponent is a negative campaigner.
418:that successfully portrayed Republican
406:exploiting people's fears to manipulate
103:
2110:"Campaign Guide: Negative Campaigning"
2070:
1989:
1179:Ansolabehere, S.; Iyengar, S. (1995).
477:Office of National Drug Control Policy
2035:"Polish Campaign Dredges Up the Past"
1599:. New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 27.
1391:
1389:
1352:Kevin Arceneaux; David W. Nickerson.
1080:Democracy and election-related topics
978:. Harper later apologized for the ad.
455:by allegedly independent bodies like
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1251:Haselmayer, Martin (23 March 2019).
1246:
1244:
1002:2018 Belgrade City Assembly election
924:ran a campaign that stated that the
824:'s ad against Democratic challenger
2108:Bike, William S. (March 28, 2004).
1958:"Cameron hails 'end of New Labour'"
1757:. The Drudge Report. Archived from
1699:. New York Times, December 7, 2020.
1610:Lee Sigelman; Eric Shiraev (2002).
2148:from the original on April 9, 2005
1755:"Pollster: 'Godless' Ad Hurt Dole"
1325:(3). Informa UK Limited: 299–311.
1039:highlighting his public obscenity.
932:with "demon eyes" on them titled "
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2163:American Political Science Review
2116:. City: San Diego. Archived from
1523:European Political Science Review
1457:Media politics: A citizen's guide
1141:(5). SAGE Publications: 570–605.
1056:2005 Polish presidential election
881:1975 New Zealand general election
1582:10.1111/j.1467-9477.2008.00213.x
1037:2016 Philippine general election
830:2008 Senate re-election campaign
296:
34:
2935:Party platforms (or manifestos)
1459:. New York: WW Norton & Co.
866:2023 Argentine general election
453:2004 U.S. presidential election
2067:. University of Chicago Press.
1930:MacIntyre, Ben (21 May 2008).
1570:Scandinavian Political Studies
960:2008 Canadian federal election
908:Progressive Conservative Party
904:1993 Canadian federal election
837:Nicknames used by Donald Trump
619:In the 2008 US Senate race in
614:2006 Canadian federal election
574:1993 Canadian federal election
1:
3298:Political campaign techniques
1913:"Don't be conned by Tory Boy"
1709:Edelstein, Rob (2011-11-21).
1396:Nai, Alessandro (July 2020).
461:Swift Boat Veterans for Truth
3023:Rally 'round the flag effect
2013:Anti Duterte Ad by Trillanes
1868:(in Spanish). Archived from
1029:Antonio Fuentes Trillanes IV
1866:Gobierno Legítimo de México
1183:. New York: The Free Press.
949:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
813:abilities of her opponent,
57:, discuss the issue on the
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1711:"Timeline & Fun Facts"
1270:10.1057/s41253-019-00084-8
1135:American Politics Research
839:before, during, and after
768:1828 presidential campaign
2364:Manipulation (psychology)
2213:10.1017/S1743923X16000532
1535:10.1017/S1755773909990269
1402:Government and Opposition
1331:10.1080/08838159009386744
1076:: includes libel, slander
576:, apparently emphasizing
436:are attacks disguised as
2542:Criticism of advertising
2249:10.1177/2053168018796911
1488:10.1177/1354068815610966
1455:Iyengar, Shanto (2019).
1303:10.1177/2053168018796911
1230:(Report). Archived from
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658:, and Sungkyoung Lee of
499:University of California
3204:Promotional merchandise
2915:Character assassination
2852:Narcotizing dysfunction
2726:Photograph manipulation
2439:Guerrilla communication
2093:EScholarship Repository
1641:10.1111/1468-2508.00117
1619:The Journal of Politics
1290:Research & Politics
1035:in the tail end of the
936:" (in reference to the
912:1993 Chrétien attack ad
623:, Republican incumbent
578:Liberal Party of Canada
475:of negative ideas. The
3187:Product demonstrations
2616:Historical negationism
2242:(3): 205316801879691.
1296:(3): 205316801879691.
934:New Labour, New Danger
887:launched the infamous
758:used by supporters of
750:
706:United States politics
675:What causes negativity
652:University of Delaware
552:Risks and consequences
390:
132:Grassroots fundraising
116:
3119:Reputation management
3038:Psychological warfare
2887:Political campaigning
2696:Firehose of falsehood
2235:Research and Politics
2200:Politics & Gender
2136:(November 25, 1999).
2114:CompleteCampaigns.com
1894:on September 17, 2008
1595:Scher, R. K. (1997).
1223:(December 10, 2004).
918:1997 general election
749:"Daisy" advertisement
748:
656:Texas Tech University
593:2006 federal election
526:University of Georgia
384:
115:
105:Political campaigning
3293:Election campaigning
3154:Corporate propaganda
2144:. City: Washington.
2023:(password-protected)
1715:Broadcasting + Cable
955:planned against him.
879:New Zealand: In the
599:that suggested that
503:Stephen Ansolabehere
395:campaign advertising
340:Negative campaigning
230:Negative campaigning
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
3242:Media concentration
3114:Non-apology apology
3104:Cult of personality
2832:Emotive conjugation
2586:Burying of scholars
2120:on December 1, 2005
1735:on February 2, 2007
1415:10.1017/gov.2018.32
1090:Opposition research
1085:Discrediting tactic
1004:, the ruling party
870:Unión por la Patria
522:University of Akron
483:, or to discourage
414:by the campaign of
303:Politics portal
212:Post-truth politics
152:Opposition research
3225:Influence-for-hire
3018:National mythology
2988:Crowd manipulation
2877:Tabloid journalism
2746:Video manipulation
2691:Fictitious entries
2414:Civil disobedience
2300:Media manipulation
1676:The New York Times
1368:on March 25, 2009.
1237:on March 23, 2006.
1095:Political campaign
974:on by an animated
964:Conservative Party
922:Conservative Party
864:Argentina: In the
751:
660:Indiana University
612:at the time. (See
473:mass communication
391:
117:
3280:
3279:
3046:Airborne leaflets
2925:Election promises
2779:Product placement
2654:Alternative facts
2394:Alternative media
1219:Garrett R. Asay;
872:launched various
811:crisis management
760:John Quincy Adams
746:
722:George H. W. Bush
537:David P. Redlawsk
491:Martin Wattenberg
481:tobacco companies
416:Lyndon B. Johnson
337:
336:
257:Voter suppression
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3305:
3272:Media proprietor
3096:Public relations
3076:Public diplomacy
3061:Information (IT)
2940:Name recognition
2565:Media regulation
2547:Annoyance factor
2404:Call-out culture
2319:Crowd psychology
2293:
2286:
2279:
2270:
2265:
2264:. March 1, 2016.
2253:
2251:
2224:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2134:Saletan, William
2129:
2127:
2125:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2043:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1890:. Archived from
1880:
1874:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1731:. Archived from
1725:
1719:
1718:
1706:
1700:
1695:Mitchell, Greg.
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1634:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1427:
1417:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1229:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1130:
1018:Aleksandar Vučić
1010:Aleksandar Šapić
868:, the governing
850:was smeared as "
782:Republican Party
756:Coffin Handbills
747:
695:Notable examples
329:
322:
315:
301:
300:
280:Campaign manager
197:Get out the vote
192:Election promise
93:
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3267:Media influence
3262:Media franchise
3247:Media democracy
3213:
3158:
3090:
3032:
3013:Loaded language
2964:
2881:
2798:
2750:
2640:
2569:
2551:
2478:
2419:Culture jamming
2368:
2302:
2297:
2256:
2227:
2196:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2151:
2149:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2086:
2069:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1964:. May 23, 2008.
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1804:King, Ledyard.
1803:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1761:on 16 July 2011
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1632:10.1.1.693.7080
1614:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1257:French Politics
1250:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1227:
1221:Donald G. Saari
1218:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1065:
1033:Rodrigo Duterte
1000:Serbia: In the
958:Canada: In the
945:Felipe Calderón
902:Canada: In the
883:, the opposing
861:
807:Hillary Clinton
797:Barry Goldwater
727:
702:
697:
677:
637:Great Recession
595:for running an
568:was run by the
554:
469:
438:telephone polls
422:as threatening
420:Barry Goldwater
379:
333:
295:
290:
289:
270:
262:
261:
232:
222:
221:
202:Gevald campaign
187:Retail politics
172:
162:
161:
147:
137:
136:
127:
98:Politics series
87:
76:
70:
67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Understatement
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:Indoctrination
3005:
3000:
2995:
2993:Disinformation
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2955:Smear campaign
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2872:Sensationalism
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Agenda-setting
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:False document
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Catch and kill
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2424:Demonstrations
2421:
2416:
2411:
2409:Cancel culture
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2225:
2194:
2185:. October 2012
2179:
2174:
2169:
2158:
2130:
2105:
2084:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2026:
2003:
1967:
1949:
1922:
1919:on 2008-09-25.
1904:
1875:
1872:on 2007-11-29.
1853:
1835:
1821:
1796:
1772:
1746:
1720:
1701:
1688:
1662:
1602:
1587:
1576:(4): 408–427.
1556:
1529:(1): 137–156.
1509:
1482:(5): 549–559.
1476:Party Politics
1462:
1447:
1408:(3): 430–455.
1385:
1371:
1344:
1309:
1276:
1263:(3): 355–372.
1240:
1211:
1186:
1168:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1106:Smear campaign
1103:
1102:: push-polling
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1040:
1025:
998:
979:
956:
941:
914:
900:
891:. Animated by
885:National Party
877:
860:
857:
856:
855:
844:
841:his presidency
835:2012–present:
833:
822:Elizabeth Dole
818:
803:
793:Lyndon Johnson
785:
778:
775:Upton Sinclair
771:
764:Andrew Jackson
701:
698:
696:
693:
676:
673:
664:George W. Bush
625:Elizabeth Dole
621:North Carolina
605:Stephen Harper
553:
550:
510:Shanto Iyengar
468:
465:
378:
375:
335:
334:
332:
331:
324:
317:
309:
306:
305:
292:
291:
288:
287:
285:Campaign staff
282:
277:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
254:
252:Smear campaign
249:
244:
239:
233:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
217:Text messaging
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
148:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
128:
123:
122:
119:
118:
108:
107:
101:
100:
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3310:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Media ecology
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3235:United States
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3209:Telemarketing
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Fearmongering
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:False balance
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2794:Word of mouth
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Broadcast law
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Deplatforming
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:False balance
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:(1): 81–106.
2206:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2041:. 2005-10-17.
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
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3177:Door-to-door
3172:Cold calling
3149:Weasel words
3056:Fifth column
2950:Push polling
2944:
2900:Astroturfing
2862:Pseudo-event
2842:Infotainment
2817:Broadcasting
2736:Urban legend
2659:April Fools'
2532:Testimonials
2502:Infomercials
2329:Dumbing down
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1048:Jacek Kurski
1014:Dragan Đilas
926:Labour Party
897:Labour Party
848:Justin Amash
815:Barack Obama
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586:Bell's palsy
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344:public image
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157:Consultation
96:Part of the
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71:October 2017
68:
44:
18:Mud-slinging
3129:Sound bites
3109:Doublespeak
2960:Wedge issue
2920:Dog whistle
2895:Advertising
2721:Lying press
2706:Gaslighting
2484:Advertising
2459:Occupations
2349:Obfuscation
2339:Half-truths
2099:January 29,
1729:"3 a.m. ad"
1052:Donald Tusk
987:Lord Snooty
714:Lee Atwater
610:Afghanistan
533:Kyle Mattes
518:Rick Farmer
424:nuclear war
348:mudslinging
177:Advertising
3287:Categories
3230:Media bias
3086:Subversion
3051:False flag
3028:Techniques
2970:Propaganda
2930:Lawn signs
2910:Canvassing
2804:News media
2560:Censorship
2492:Billboards
2444:Hacktivism
2434:Grassroots
2359:Persuasion
2189:2013-07-09
2050:References
1983:2018-02-18
1898:2008-09-11
1815:2023-03-16
1790:2023-03-16
1765:3 December
1205:2011-03-15
1074:Defamation
1069:Ad hominem
938:New Labour
930:Tony Blair
787:1964: The
754:1828: The
685:Dark Triad
467:Advantages
457:MoveOn.org
434:Push polls
411:Daisy Girl
401:Attack ads
377:Techniques
361:, esteem,
359:reputation
269:Key people
207:Lawn signs
182:Canvassing
145:Management
3192:Promotion
3071:Political
2978:Bandwagon
2905:Attack ad
2784:Publicity
2756:Marketing
2669:Fake news
2631:Religious
2626:Political
2606:Euphemism
2601:Cover-ups
2596:Corporate
2464:Petitions
2354:Orwellian
2324:Deception
2262:Study.com
2152:August 3,
2124:August 3,
2073:cite book
1992:cite news
1936:The Times
1850:. London.
1810:USA TODAY
1785:TMJ4 News
1739:March 13,
1657:154960655
1627:CiteSeerX
1551:145008948
1543:1755-7747
1504:147764996
1496:1354-0688
1442:149757039
1434:0017-257X
1339:0883-8151
1163:144841980
1155:1532-673X
1117:Footnotes
1111:Tu quoque
1100:Push poll
983:Tarporley
972:defecated
859:Elsewhere
826:Kay Hagan
629:Kay Hagan
597:attack ad
497:, of the
275:Candidate
247:Push poll
237:Attack ad
59:talk page
3139:Transfer
3081:Sedition
2945:Negative
2857:Newspeak
2847:Managing
2789:Research
2764:Branding
2716:Literary
2681:Fakelore
2674:websites
2664:Deepfake
2621:Internet
2512:Modeling
2469:Protests
2449:Internet
2382:Advocacy
2374:Activism
2221:13330235
2146:Archived
2018:Archived
1962:BBC News
1942:30 April
1938:. London
1888:CBC News
1063:See also
995:top hats
985:Toff", "
852:Al-Qaeda
795:against
791:used by
789:Daisy ad
784:in 1936.
762:against
710:American
689:Populism
681:Big Five
633:atheists
53:You may
3218:Related
3197:Spaving
3182:Pricing
3124:Slogans
3066:Lawfare
3003:Framing
2983:Big lie
2774:Product
2769:Loyalty
2701:Forgery
2646:Hoaxing
2527:Slogans
2507:Mobiles
2399:Boycott
2307:Context
1681:May 20,
1649:2691664
1054:during
828:in her
799:in the
766:in the
668:Al Gore
603:leader
580:leader
572:in the
363:respect
170:Message
125:Finance
2822:Circus
2731:Racial
2219:
2039:DW.COM
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976:puffin
970:being
962:, the
920:, the
906:, the
846:2014:
820:2008:
805:2008:
367:values
3164:Sales
2867:Scrum
2827:Cycle
2741:Virus
2611:Films
2576:Books
2517:Radio
2497:False
2474:Youth
2454:Media
2387:group
2344:Media
2217:S2CID
2142:Slate
1653:S2CID
1645:JSTOR
1615:(PDF)
1547:S2CID
1500:S2CID
1438:S2CID
1366:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1235:(PDF)
1228:(PDF)
1159:S2CID
953:elite
61:, or
3134:Spin
2711:List
2636:Self
2314:Bias
2154:2005
2126:2005
2101:2005
2079:link
1998:link
1944:2010
1767:2010
1741:2008
1683:2010
1539:ISSN
1492:ISSN
1430:ISSN
1335:ISSN
1151:ISSN
1012:and
991:Tory
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720:and
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2244:doi
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1327:doi
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1265:doi
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