265:
236:
reasonable, the
Ternatans were paid in goods more than in money. The Dutch fixed the prices for the imported goods at an overly high level, so that the producers in practice received less for their cloves than before. As all visits by other European and Asian trading vessels were forbidden, the VOC were not able to bring in sufficient foodstuff (such as rice) and other necessities to meet the needs of the locals. The system therefore led to a comprehensive smuggling from the outside, where
261:, brought Mudafar's exiled father Saidi with him on an expedition in 1611, trying to reconcile with the Ternatans. As this failed, the Spanish fleet attacked and captured a few sites in Halmahera, though they soon reverted to Ternate and the VOC. A new diplomatic foray in 1623 also failed. The Spanish nevertheless kept the Gamalama fortress in Ternate and several forts in Tidore until the 1660s.
190:
306:
in marriage, but this was opposed by his kinsman Kapita Laut Ali, who wanted her for himself. Kapita Laut Ali was the
Ternatan sea lord and was remembered by historical tradition as a forceful figure who maintained the wide influence of the Ternate kingdom. Mudafar Syah eventually fell sick and died
293:
that eliminated
English influence. Though Mudafar Syah presided over a formally independent realm, the Dutch and Spanish regarded their respective Ternatan and Tidorese allies as mere auxiliaries whose wishes were subordinated to those of the Europeans. Mudafar was, moreover, no forceful figure and
256:
The
Spaniards tried to strike back against the VOC alliance using their traditional friends (and rivals of Ternate), the Tidorese. In spite of initial successes against the Ternatan vassal Jailolo in 1608, the efforts could not be sustained, however, since the Tidorese feared Dutch retaliation. The
235:
The new contract was initially seen by the
Ternatans as a pact for support, with due commercial advantages for the part that provided assistance. At length, however, the regulations of the spice trade had bad effects for the regional economy. Although the price that the VOC paid for the spices was
210:
in 1607 and made contact with the pretender-Sultan. He concluded a contract with the VOC on 26 May 1607, where the Dutch were acknowledged as protectors and they would all unite to fight the
Iberian powers. There was an important commercial aspect with the contract, since Mudafar undertook to only
215:
produced on the island to the VOC for a fixed price. Defying the
Portuguese garrisons on Ternate and Tidore, the Dutch built a fort at Malayu on the eastern side of Ternate. In the following years a series of forts were constructed in North Maluku: four in Ternate, three on
264:
138:
Jika. At his birth, the spice empire of
Ternate was still intact, and invasion attempts by Spanish-Portuguese forces were regularly thwarted. Ternate had vassals in
182:
as prisoners. However, the young Prince
Modafar with a number of supporters hid in Halmahera where they found protection with his brother-in-law, King Doa of
122:
and began to regulate the commerce in spices. This was the beginning of the colonial subordination of Maluku that would accelerate during his successors.
294:
was far from popular with the Dutch. He was considered a lethargic youth sometimes capable of fits of cruelty. His first wife was a daughter of the
645:
640:
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in 1605. A large
Spanish armada invaded Ternate in 1606 and reduced the kingdom to vassalage. Sultan Saidi and most of his family was brought to
635:
278:
174:. Dutch seafarers entered negotiations with Saidi in 1599 and onwards and conquered the Iberian fortification on nearby
630:
268:
Another view of Ternate Island seen from the east, Dutch illustration from 1607. Fort Malayu is visible in the center.
203:
277:
A number of startling events took place in Maluku during the time of Mudafar Syah. These included the genocidal
413:
115:
620:
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seafarers braved the European restrictions and paid much higher prices for the spices than the VOC did.
232:(Halmahera). Ternatans and other allied peoples moved to live under VOC protection close to fortresses.
625:
403:
393:
183:
134:(r. 1583–1606). It is unclear if his mother was Saidi's main consort Ainal-ma-lamo or a co-wife from
111:
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and had her body thrown into the sea. He also asked for the daughter of the Tidorese crown prince
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27:
298:(sub-ruler) of Sahu in Halmahera, but she somehow displeased him, and he killed her with his
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Now Mudafar's party became the natural allies of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Admiral
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308:
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281:, a traditional vassal of Ternate, in 1621, which secured VOC exploitation of the valuable
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186:. He was now proclaimed new Sultan of Ternate, though he was not universally recognized.
114:
who ruled from 1606 to 1627. He reigned during an important transitional phase, when the
110:; b. c. 1595–d. 16 June 1627), also spelt Muzaffar Syah, was the ninth Sultan of
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on 16 June 1627, only 32 years old. Though he left a number of sons, his successor was
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45:
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289:, parts of which were also Ternatan dependencies, through the equally notorious
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that grew on the islands. Furthermore, the Dutch strengthened their grip on
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217:
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537:. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 151.
460:
Journals, memorials and letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge
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A daughter of the Sangaji of Sahu, Halmahera, married in 1612
193:
Panorama of Ternate with Malayu and Toloko in about 1620.
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Amboina, 1623: Fear and conspiracy on the edge of empire
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A daughter of the Sangaji of Ngofakiaha, married in 1626
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A daughter of the Sangaji of Gamkonara, married in 1623
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A sister of Kapita Laut Ali, married in 1612 as co-wife
515:. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 36-8, 46-9.
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Sultan Mudafar Syah had several wives and co-wives:
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51:
41:
33:
26:
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436:. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. II, p. 17-9.
484:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 153.
449:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 150.
434:Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel
332:A daughter of the Sangaji of Sarangani, South
8:
548:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
493:C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 49-50.
574:
535:Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore
18:
568:C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. II, p. 19.
559:C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. II, p. 19.
546:Naïdah (1878) "Geschiednis van Ternate",
170:, alerted the Spanish authorities in the
166:, political and commercial rivals of the
263:
188:
533:Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990)
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130:Mudafar was born around 1595 to Sultan
7:
359:Kalamata, mother of Kaicili Kalamata
279:Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands
14:
471:Peter Borschberg (2015), p. 87-9.
366:Kulaba, mother of Kaicili Manilha
502:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 154-6.
646:16th-century Indonesian people
641:17th-century Indonesian people
524:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 156.
462:. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 84.
162:. However, the arrival of the
1:
336:, fled to the Spanish in 1616
329:A daughter of a Ternate chief
257:Governor of the Philippines,
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636:People from Maluku Islands
311:, a cousin of his father.
204:Cornelis Matelief de Jonge
599:
592:
584:
577:
432:C.F. van Fraassen (1987)
168:Spanish-Portuguese empire
118:gained ascendency in the
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458:Peter Borschberg (2015)
414:List of rulers of Maluku
273:Under Company protection
116:Dutch East India Company
480:Leonard Andaya (1993)
445:Leonard Andaya (1993)
269:
194:
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198:Contract with the VOC
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104:Sultan Mudafar Syah I
404:Sultanate of Jailolo
394:Sultanate of Ternate
126:Sultan in opposition
511:Adam Clulow (2019)
482:The world of Maluku
447:The world of Maluku
399:Sultanate of Tidore
377:, sultan of Ternate
349:Toboleo, mother of
252:New Spanish efforts
631:Sultans of Ternate
594:Sultan of Ternate
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220:, and one each on
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609:
608:
600:Succeeded by
550:, 4:II, p. 450-7.
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28:Sultan of Ternate
16:Sultan of Ternate
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585:Preceded by
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380:Kaicili Kalamata
291:Amboyna massacre
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108:سلطان مدفر شاه ١
19:
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579:Mudafar Syah I
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370:His sons were:
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144:Sangihe Islands
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22:Mudafar Syah I
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259:Juan de Silva
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621:1590s births
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588:Saidi Berkat
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208:North Maluku
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132:Saidi Berkat
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86:Saidi Berkat
77:16 June 1627
46:Saidi Berkat
626:1627 deaths
409:Spice trade
375:Mandar Syah
362:Woman from
355:Woman from
351:Mandar Syah
345:Bida, from
246:Makassarese
206:arrived to
172:Philippines
152:Buru Island
42:Predecessor
615:Categories
597:1606–1627
420:References
304:Ngarolamo
148:Halmahera
52:Successor
37:1606–1627
388:See also
334:Mindanao
238:Javanese
158:and the
92:Religion
296:Sangaji
230:Jailolo
184:Jailolo
112:Ternate
106:(Jawi:
69:c. 1595
315:Family
283:nutmeg
242:Malays
218:Makian
213:cloves
180:Manila
176:Tidore
142:, the
82:Father
603:Hamza
309:Hamza
287:Ambon
226:Bacan
211:sell
164:Dutch
156:Ceram
96:Islam
56:Hamza
34:Reign
300:kris
244:and
228:and
222:Moti
74:Died
66:Born
364:soa
357:soa
347:soa
136:soa
617::
240:,
224:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
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