326:
1503:. Bound pronouns can be found free in a sentence or accompanying a noun or a free pronoun and usually they are combined at the end of the word âbaâ. They vary depending on the quantity of people and whether these are the subject or the object of the sentence, however there are no third person bound pronouns. There are singular, dual and plural forms of bound pronouns. Free pronouns are used to highlight a person and they also have possessive types that indicate ownership.
363:
and resources that had been a part of their lives for more than 10000 years ago. Many
Mudbura people moved to the stations in order to work as domestic or station workers to receive in return scarce quantities of food and to avoid violent encounters with Europeans. The Stations, that were managed by Europeans, did not offer equal wages or satisfactory living conditions. At Newcastle Waters Station Mudbura was the major language spoken.
27:
406:, a small area that is located between Darwin and Alice Springs, or in Marlinja. According to the 2016 census, 339 people live in Elliott. The Mudbura language is currently at risk of obliteration as nowadays speakers of Mudbura communities either speak Aboriginal English or Kriol with the exception of a few elders that can still communicate it.
351:, as well as the eastern side of Victoria River. The Mudbura country was very arid and so the natives had to cover long distances to accommodate food search and other needs. In the mid-1800s the Europeans arrived in the Barkly area and Victoria River and the first expedition of Victoria River occurred in 1855 by Augustus Charles Gregor's party.
338:
The
Mudbura language is classified under the family Pama- Nyungan and the subgroup Ngumpin- Yapa. Mudbura is subdivided as Eastern Mudbura dialect (also called Kuwaarrangu) and Western Mudbura dialect (also called Kuwirrinji) by native speakers. This separation occurred due to the communication with
362:
In 1883, Newcastle Waters
Station and Wave Hill Station were established and stocked with livestock. As a result, the Mudbura people were being driven off their grounds from both sides. The livestock farming that begun taking place in these areas resulted in significant changes on their environment
393:
Kriol was the language that resulted from a combination of
Aboriginal languages and English that Aboriginal workers created in order to communicate with the Europeans in the 1900s. Kriol started spreading to Mudbura community through the years and has since remained as language in their community.
358:
and his party explored for the first time the Barkly
Tablelands in search for a path from south to north. Stuart named the water source âNewcastle Waterâ after his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, Secretary for the Colonies. After examining it, it was apparent to him that this tributary was frequently
2216:
Office of the
Aboriginal Land Commissioner . (1980). Yingawunarri (Old Top Springs) Mudbura land claim: Report by the Aboriginal Land Commissioner, Mr. Justice Toohey, to the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and to the Minister for Home Affairs. Canberra: Australian Government Public
1171:
In
Mudbura, coverbs accompany inflecting verbs to indicate that the action is continuous. Some of these have specific inflecting verbs with which they are exclusively combined. Coverbs may be combined with different endings that change their meaning or their role in a sentence.
2506:
Pensalfini, Robert (2001). On the
Typological and Genetic Affiliation of Jingulu. Forty Years on: Ken Hale and Australian languages. Edited by Simpson, Jane, Nash, David, Laughren, Mary, Austin, Peter, and Alpher, Barry. Australian National University, Canberra: Pacific
1684:
The structure of sentences in
Mudbura language does not follow specific rules, the subject can go in any order throughout a sentence and noun phrases may come apart if needed under the condition that all words of the phrase follow the same grammatical case.
410:
433:
Apart from that, a massive borrowing of words occurs between the two languages. Speakers of the
Western Mudbura dialect have been close to the Gurindji community and are characterized with a few shared features, that are different to Eastern Mudbura.
437:
Pensalfini reported that: âThe resulting mixing of Mudburra and Jingili people produced a cultural group who are referred to (by themselves in many cases, and by older Jingili) as âKuwarranguâ, distinct from either Jingili or Mudburraâ.
321:
documented that there were 96 people speaking the Mudburra language, while other reports state that fewer than 10 people speak it fluently. It was also reported that children do not learn the traditional form of the language any more.
1707:
Showing possession in a sentence can be expressed with bound or free pronouns in the case the speaker is referring to a part of their body, or with possessive pronouns in the case the speaker is referring to something they own.
430:. Speakers of Eastern Mudbura dialect, that live near Elliott and Marlinja have always been in close proximity to speakers of Jingulu and as a result some features of both communities have assimilated into each other.
2047:
246:
2021:
of their language. âMarnamarndaâ is the name of the Mudbura sign language, which can be incorporated with speech or used by itself. Mudburra people use it when hunting or to accommodate long-distance communication.
382:). A nanji would have a short door opening and inside the height from the ground to the ceiling was enough for an adult to stand upright. Inside it offered enough space for up to 6 people and had
849:â endings depending on the role of a verb in a sentence. The four inflections are: Imperative verbs, past tense verbs, present tense verbs and potential verbs. There are 5 different
2332:
Stuart, J.M. (1865). Fifth expedition, from November, 1860, to September, 1861. From the journals of John McDouall Stuart during the years 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, & 1862. From
1789:
The word "and" does not exist in the Mudbura language as words are either expressed consecutively without any linking words or some of the linking words stated above may be used.
814:
The consonants that are pronounced sometimes differently than in English are: b, d, k, j and the rest sound similarly to the English consonants. Consonant combinations include:
73:
314:. Furthermore, the areas in which the Mudbura people live are Yingawunarri (Top Springs), Marlinja (Newcastle Waters Station), Kulumindini (Elliott) and Stuart Highway.
2316:
2260:
1235:
Demonstratives can have different endings that are similar to the Mudbura grammatical case endings. Demonstratives can also take endings that indicate quantity like
2264:
2382:
422:
Prior to the appearance of Europeans, Mudbura speakers were able to speak multiple Aboriginal languages that neighbored their land. Such languages were
658:
2546:
2358:
2292:
2236:
2193:
2012:
638:
413:
Population of Elliot statistics according to the 2016 census by the Australian Bureau of statistics (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018)
339:
speakers of other languages or dialects that happened over time. Proximately associated languages are Gurindji, Bilinarra, and Ngarinyman.
1720:
combined with the verb in the associated tense. This indicates that something "is not", "was not" or "will not" and in terms of structure
674:
631:
624:
780:
The alphabet of Mudbura language is written identically to the English language but it is spoken differently. Mudbura has 3 vowels:
289:
299:
was a dialect of Mudburra because people said it was similar. However, it is undocumented and thus formally unclassifiable.
690:
260:
733:
727:
558:
403:
2333:
169:
164:
347:
During the pre- European era, the Mudbura people practised seasonal migration. They resided around and south of the
2592:
2386:
766:
760:
681:
545:
506:
325:
1180:
In Mudbura language definite and indefinite articles are not necessary before nouns, only demonstratives such as
532:
746:
740:
564:
52:
2018:
551:
519:
512:
195:
2520:
Nash, David; McConvell, Patrick; Capell, Arthur; Hale, Ken; Sutton, Peter; Rose, Deborah Bird; Wafer, Jim.
606:
538:
318:
69:
1726:
is found at the beginning of the sentence or right after the first word. Other words and endings such as
599:
578:
296:
202:
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456:
355:
493:
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311:
111:
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483:
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174:
2399:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018, 13 December). 2016 Census QuickStats: Elliott. From:
2473:
2460:
Meakins, Felicity; Pensalfini, Rob; Zipf, Caitlin; Hamilton-Hollaway, Amanda (2 July 2020).
2426:
646:
473:
466:
427:
1750:
or additional endings may be used in more complex sentences when these include more than 1
2574:
Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives.
2043:
1281:
478:
379:
252:
156:
853:
that these inflecting verbs fall under, and each comes with different groups of endings.
359:
occupied by the Mudbura people and neighboring communities as a water and food source.
1192:. The four demonstratives of Mudbura are used in any order in a sentence and they are:
348:
238:
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1451:
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1315:
307:
303:
78:
42:
2003:
Note: Numbers 1, 2 and 3 are the only ones that have words in the Mudbura language.
62:
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2400:
1658:
Quantity and numbers are indicated with endings that are added to words. Such are
409:
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2415:"Lexicostatistics with Massive Borrowing: The Case of Jingulu and Mudburra"
2183:
2348:
1592:
When referring to many people the quantity endings that are stated in the
222:
500:
133:
2282:
2048:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1751:
2462:"Lend me your verbs: Verb borrowing between Jingulu and Mudburra"
2350:
The Languages and Linguistics of Australia A Comprehensive Guide
1704:
which they include a subject, an object and an indirect object.
822:
is unique in the way that it resembles the sound of rolling the
1600:
are used to refer to unidentified objects or people. They are:
20:
843:
In Mudbura language there are verbs and coverbs. Verbs have â
390:(desert red grass), handcrafted beds made by Mudbura people.
1700:
in which they include a subject and an indirect object, and
2046:
Mudbura at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
2353:. Harold Koch, Rachel Nordlinger. Berlin/Boston. 2014.
302:
The language Mudburra is native to the western area of
2229:
Far Country: A Short History of the Northern Territory
807:
Vowel combinations that produce different sounds are:
791:
is pronounced like the vowel in âfatherâ, in English.
2403:
services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/UCL722014
2284:
The Murranji Track : ghost road of the drovers
259:
245:
229:
213:
208:
192:
153:
143:
129:
121:
107:
102:
1491:Mudbura pronouns are divided to three groups, the
803:is pronounced like the vowel in âputâ, in English.
366:Mudbura people created a type of shelter known as
68:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
310:and eastern area of Victoria River District, in
2401:http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_
1696:in which they include an object and a subject,
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1744:(without) can be used to express negativity.
8:
2315:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2259:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1917:, down, under, on the bottom, underneath, in
1777:that means "when, that, while, which, then"
2381:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2263:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2017:The Mudbura has (or had) a well-developed
816:⟨rd, rn, rl, ng, ny, ly, rr⟩
809:⟨aw, ay, iyi, uwu, uwa, uwi⟩
450:
99:
2231:. UniprintNT, Charles Darwin University.
2039:
2037:
2035:
1785:that means "so that, that, which, while"
1505:
1249:
855:
703:
408:
402:Nowadays, most Mudbura people reside in
324:
2031:
1692:meaning they do not include an object,
2374:
2308:
2252:
797:is pronounced like the vowel in âbitâ.
284:and other variants, and also known as
2576:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2541:. Chicago: Aboriginal Studies Press.
2515:
2513:
2188:. Chicago: Aboriginal Studies Press.
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2013:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
125:Victoria River to Barkly Tablelands
58:for transliterated languages, and
38:of its non-English content, using
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2466:Australian Journal of Linguistics
2419:Australian Journal of Linguistics
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1769:that mean "when, if, which, who"
25:
1251:Conjugations of demonstratives
2538:Mudburra to English Dictionary
2185:Mudburra to English Dictionary
418:Connection to similar dialects
74:multilingual support templates
16:Australian Aboriginal language
1:
2478:10.1080/07268602.2020.1804830
2281:(Darrell), Lewis, D. (2011).
2413:Black, Paul (1 April 2007).
2227:Powell, Alan, 1936- (2015).
1424:nginyangkurra, mingyangkurra
386:(a silky browntop grass) or
378:, (lancewood; known also as
312:Northern Territory Australia
2609:
2535:Meakins, Felicity (2021).
2182:Meakins, Felicity (2021).
2010:
2431:10.1080/07268600601172959
1999:, more, many, a whole lot
1714:are formed with the word
1458:nginyangurlu, minyangurlu
1310:that (one) long way away
764:
758:
744:
731:
672:
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455:
453:
1867:, how much? or how many?
857:Example of conjugations
1995:
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941:
932:
923:
909:
900:
891:
882:
782:⟨a, i, u⟩
1909:, up, above, on top of
1577:he or him, she or her
414:
330:
319:2016 Australian census
2385:) CS1 maint: others (
1798:Common question words
1390:nginyangka, minyangka
412:
370:that was composed of
328:
317:Information from the
203:Mudbura Sign Language
149:92 (2016 census)
2507:Linguistics.385-399.
1888:Indicating direction
1738:(no or nothing) and
1517:Possessive pronouns
1301:that (one) close up
356:John McDouall Stuart
72:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
36:specify the language
34:This article should
2287:. Boolarong Press.
1598:Indefinite pronouns
1596:section are added.
1508:
1501:indefinite pronouns
1252:
1223:"that one close up"
1215:"that one close up"
858:
306:, southern area of
295:McConvell suspects
290:Aboriginal language
1712:Negative sentences
1506:
1344:that (one) did it
1335:that (one) did it
1326:this (one) did it
1250:
856:
820:⟨rd⟩
415:
331:
329:Northern Territory
112:Northern Territory
2593:Ngumbin languages
2548:978-1-925302-59-2
2522:Mudburra wordlist
2360:978-3-11-039512-9
2294:978-1-921920-23-3
2238:978-1-925167-10-8
2195:978-1-925302-59-2
1688:Sentences can be
1590:
1589:
1484:
1483:
1356:nginyawu, minyawu
1322:nginyali, minyali
1164:
1163:
801:⟨u⟩
795:⟨i⟩
789:⟨a⟩
773:
772:
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271:
270:
96:
95:
76:may also be used.
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1768:
1762:
1754:. Examples are:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1654:Quantity endings
1648:
1640:
1632:
1625:, someone did it
1624:
1616:
1608:
1584:
1575:
1561:
1552:
1538:
1529:
1509:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1444:
1435:
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1410:
1401:
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1376:
1367:
1358:
1342:
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1191:
1185:
1158:
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1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1078:will abandon it
1076:
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2239:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2196:
2181:
2180:
2053:
2042:
2033:
2028:
2015:
2009:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1702:ditransitive in
1698:semi-transitive
1682:
1656:
1586:his, her, hers
1585:
1576:
1562:
1553:
1539:
1530:
1489:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1378:for that (one)
1377:
1369:for that (one)
1368:
1360:for this (one)
1359:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1241:for "many" and
1178:
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1159:
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1141:
1132:
1118:
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1100:
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1077:
1068:
1059:
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836:
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702:
449:
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380:Acacia shirleyi
345:
336:
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157:Language family
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145:Native speakers
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53:transliteration
49:
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39:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2562:
2547:
2527:
2509:
2499:
2472:(3): 296â318.
2452:
2405:
2392:
2359:
2337:
2322:
2293:
2270:
2237:
2219:
2209:
2194:
2051:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2011:Main article:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1681:
1678:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1594:Demonstratives
1588:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:Free pronouns
1512:
1493:bound pronouns
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1177:
1176:Demonstratives
1174:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
998:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
957:
956:
947:
938:
929:
920:
916:
915:
914:will leave it
906:
897:
888:
879:
875:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
840:
837:
835:
832:
826:combined with
805:
804:
798:
792:
777:
774:
771:
770:
757:
751:
750:
737:
724:
718:
717:
712:
707:
701:
698:
695:
694:
687:
685:
678:
671:
665:
664:
662:
655:
653:
651:
649:
643:
642:
635:
628:
621:
619:
617:
611:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
569:
568:
555:
542:
529:
516:
503:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
448:
445:
443:
440:
419:
416:
399:
396:
349:Murranji Track
344:
341:
335:
334:Classification
332:
292:of Australia.
269:
268:
263:
257:
256:
249:
243:
242:
235:
227:
226:
219:
211:
210:
209:Language codes
206:
205:
200:
193:
190:
189:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
163:
161:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
109:
108:Native to
105:
104:
94:
93:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2605:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2007:Sign language
2006:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:Linking words
1745:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1641:, some amount
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:free pronouns
1494:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1288:nginya, minya
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1074:ngardangangku
1071:
1066:
1065:ngardanganini
1062:
1060:abandoned it
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:will burn it
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:will sing it
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
971:
966:
962:
959:
958:
952:
948:
943:
939:
934:
930:
925:
921:
918:
917:
911:
907:
902:
898:
893:
889:
884:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
861:
860:
854:
852:
848:
847:
838:
833:
831:
829:
825:
812:
799:
793:
787:
786:
785:
775:
768:
762:
756:
753:
752:
748:
742:
738:
735:
729:
725:
723:
720:
719:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
705:
699:
692:
688:
686:
683:
679:
676:
670:
667:
666:
663:
660:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
636:
633:
629:
626:
622:
620:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
580:
576:
574:
571:
570:
566:
560:
556:
553:
547:
543:
540:
534:
530:
527:
521:
517:
514:
508:
504:
502:
499:
498:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:
463:
460:
458:
452:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
429:
425:
417:
411:
407:
405:
397:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
357:
352:
350:
342:
340:
333:
327:
323:
320:
315:
313:
309:
308:Sturt Plateau
305:
304:Barkly Region
300:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:, also spelt
275:
267:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
217:
212:
207:
204:
201:
197:
191:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
167:
166:
162:
158:
152:
148:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
101:
98:
90:
87:December 2022
80:
75:
71:
64:
54:
44:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
2573:
2565:
2537:
2530:
2521:
2502:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2425:(1): 63â71.
2422:
2418:
2408:
2395:
2349:
2283:
2228:
2222:
2212:
2184:
2016:
2002:
1788:
1747:
1746:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:intransitive
1689:
1687:
1683:
1676:for "many".
1657:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1563:your, yours
1527:ngayu, ngayi
1500:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1234:
1179:
1170:
1119:will eat it
1069:abandons it
1051:abandon it!
955:will get it
851:conjugations
850:
844:
842:
827:
823:
818:. The sound
813:
806:
779:
436:
432:
421:
401:
392:
387:
383:
375:
374:(bark) from
371:
367:
365:
361:
353:
346:
337:
316:
301:
297:Karrangpurru
294:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
230:
196:Signed forms
179:
170:NgumpinâYapa
165:PamaâNyungan
97:
84:
70:ISO 639 code
66:}}
60:{{
56:}}
50:{{
46:}}
40:{{
35:
18:
2019:signed form
1664:for "two",
1649:, somewhere
1609:, something
1568:3rd person
1545:2nd person
1522:1st person
1480:from there
1471:from there
1442:yalingkurra
1433:kadingkurra
1292:this (one)
1247:for "two".
1231:"like this"
1056:ngardangana
864:Imperative
669:Approximant
376:âkarnawunaâ
2570:Kendon, A.
2557:1255228353
2204:1255228353
2026:References
1996:dardudardu
1946:karrawarra
1922:kirrawarra
1856:wanjuwarra
1793:Vocabulary
1694:transitive
1646:wanjuwarra
1633:, sometime
1476:yalingurlu
1467:kadingurlu
1462:from here
1282:Nominative
1047:ngardangka
983:yinbarnini
942:warndanini
905:leaves it
887:leave it!
873:Potential
846:inflection
457:Peripheral
447:Consonants
372:âkurrunyuâ
286:Pinkangama
2494:225289078
2486:0726-8602
2447:145770425
2439:0726-8602
2377:cite book
2369:890773949
2311:cite book
2303:759165399
2255:cite book
2247:905215176
1972:nyangarlu
1872:nyangurla
1864:ngadjanga
1732:(don't),
1680:Sentences
1638:ngadjanga
1630:nyangurla
1617:, someone
1540:my, mine
1507:Pronouns
1446:to there
1437:to there
1028:burns it
1024:jankiyini
1019:burnt it
1015:jankiyina
1010:burn it!
1001:Group 2B
987:sings it
969:sing it!
960:Group 2A
919:Group 1B
901:wanjanini
878:Group 1A
494:Retroflex
442:Phonology
232:Glottolog
216:ISO 639-3
138:Kwarandji
130:Ethnicity
116:Australia
2587:Category
2217:Service.
1988:murrkuna
1938:karlarra
1930:kurlarra
1880:ngadarra
1859:, where?
1851:, which?
1843:, whose?
1824:nyambawu
1661:-kujarra
1582:nyanunya
1559:nyununya
1536:ngayinya
1499:and the
1487:Pronouns
1452:Ablative
1428:to here
1418:Allative
1408:yalingka
1399:kadingka
1384:Locative
1316:Ergative
1244:-kujarra
1207:) "this"
1160:will go
1124:Group 5
1110:eats it
1106:ngarnini
1097:ngarnana
1092:eat it!
1083:Group 4
1042:Group 3
978:sang it
974:yinbarna
946:gets it
933:warndana
928:get it!
910:wanjarru
896:left it
883:wanjarra
870:Present
776:Alphabet
489:Alveolar
424:Gurindji
388:âliyijiâ
384:âliwijiâ
354:In 1861
288:, is an
282:Mudbarra
274:Mudburra
266:Mudburra
239:mudb1240
2572:(1988)
1991:, three
1980:kujarra
1954:Numbers
1933:, south
1925:, north
1906:kankulu
1875:, when?
1840:nganawu
1819:, what?
1741:-wangka
1735:wakurni
1673:-walija
1622:nganali
1167:Coverbs
1101:ate it
937:got it
892:wanjana
834:Grammar
615:Lateral
501:Plosive
484:Palatal
462:Laminal
428:Jingulu
404:Elliott
398:Present
368:ânanjiâ
343:History
278:Mudbura
247:AIATSIS
180:Mudbura
175:Ngumbin
134:Mudbura
103:Mudbura
79:See why
2555:
2545:
2492:
2484:
2445:
2437:
2367:
2357:
2301:
2291:
2245:
2235:
2202:
2192:
1958:": -->
1949:, east
1941:, west
1892:": -->
1883:, how?
1835:, who?
1827:, why?
1816:nyamba
1802:": -->
1752:clause
1667:-darra
1606:nyamba
1550:nyundu
1531:I, me
1495:, the
1412:there
1403:there
1374:yaliwu
1365:kadiwu
1350:Dative
1340:yalili
1331:kadili
1260:nginya
1228:kuwala
1198:nginya
1183:nginya
1147:yanini
1138:yanana
1088:nganja
951:warndu
924:warnda
700:Vowels
647:Rhotic
474:Labial
467:Apical
122:Region
2490:S2CID
2443:S2CID
1983:, two
1975:, one
1914:kanju
1848:wanji
1832:ngana
1774:abala
1729:-mulu
1614:ngana
1573:nyana
1394:here
1204:minya
1156:yandu
1151:goes
1142:went
1129:yanda
1115:ngalu
1033:janki
1006:janki
992:yinba
965:yinba
867:Past
839:Verbs
710:Front
573:Nasal
479:Velar
2553:OCLC
2543:ISBN
2482:ISSN
2435:ISSN
2387:link
2383:link
2365:OCLC
2355:ISBN
2317:link
2299:OCLC
2289:ISBN
2265:link
2261:link
2243:OCLC
2233:ISBN
2200:OCLC
2190:ISBN
1960:edit
1894:edit
1804:edit
1782:amba
1766:-maa
1763:and
1760:-baa
1723:kula
1717:kula
1554:you
1306:yali
1297:kadi
1274:yali
1267:kadi
1238:-rra
1220:kadi
1212:yali
1201:(or
1189:yali
1186:and
1133:go!
722:High
715:Back
426:and
43:lang
2474:doi
2427:doi
2044:C25
1670:or
755:Low
261:ELP
253:C25
223:dmw
63:IPA
2589::
2551:.
2512:^
2488:.
2480:.
2470:40
2468:.
2464:.
2441:.
2433:.
2423:27
2421:.
2417:.
2379:}}
2375:{{
2363:.
2340:^
2325:^
2313:}}
2309:{{
2297:.
2273:^
2257:}}
2253:{{
2241:.
2198:.
2054:^
2034:^
830:.
811:.
784:.
767:aË
747:uË
734:iË
280:,
136:,
114:,
48:,
2559:.
2524:.
2496:.
2476::
2449:.
2429::
2389:)
2371:.
2319:)
2305:.
2267:)
2249:.
2206:.
1964:]
1898:]
1808:]
828:d
824:r
761:a
741:u
728:i
691:Éť
682:j
675:w
659:Éž
639:É
632:l
625:Ę
607:Éł
600:n
593:ɲ
586:Ĺ
579:m
565:É
562:~
559:Ę
552:d
549:~
546:t
539:É
536:~
533:c
526:ÉĄ
523:~
520:k
513:b
510:~
507:p
89:)
85:(
81:.
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