1298:
1250:
1225:
252:(usually known in English as Methodical Signs) was quite idiosyncratic, and although it was not a strict representation of French, its success laid the groundwork for the "signed oral languages" of today. The real proliferation of such systems occurred in the latter half of the 20th century, and by the 1980s manually coded languages were the dominant form of communication used by teachers and interpreters in classrooms with deaf students in many parts of the world. Most sign language "
296:) who resist a wide or exclusive application of MCLs for both philosophical and practical reasons. English is not fully able to express the ability of those with disabled hearing to communicate, and just as written forms of spoken languages are useful but cumbersome for daily communication, these manual codes cannot supplant a natural Signed Language. Nevertheless, elements of these systems have had some influence on deaf sign languages (see
371:", "Signed German" and so on) were the vehicle for the world-wide explosion of MCLs in deaf education in the second half of the 20th century, and are what is generally meant by the phrase "manually coded language" today. They aim to be a word-for-word representation of the written form of an oral language, and accordingly require the development of an enormous vocabulary. They usually achieve this by taking signs ("
27:
5113:
347:
The Paget Gorman Sign System (PGSS) is an MCL that began development in the 1930s by Sir
Richard Paget. He studied extant sign languages and looked to create an easier way to understand signs that were pantomimic in nature. He worked with Grace Paget (his wife) and Pierre Gorman, who both took over
174:
It is unknown when the first attempts were made to represent an oral language with gesture. Indeed, some have speculated that oral languages may have evolved from sign languages, and there may be undocumented cases in history when vocal and signed modes of a language existed side by side. It is not
449:
Cued Speech is not traditionally referred to as a manually coded language; although it was developed with the same aims as the signed oral languages, to improve
English language literacy in Deaf children, it follows the sounds rather than the written form of the oral language. Thus, speakers with
453:
Cued speech has been used to prepare deaf children for hearing aids and cochlear implants by teaching the prospective wearer the oral language's phonemes. By the time the child has received a hearing aid or has been implanted with a cochlear implant, the child does not need such intense auditory
267:
in recent times has curbed the growth of manually coded languages, and in many places interpreting and educational services now favor the use of the natural sign languages of the Deaf community. In some parts of the world, MCLs continue to be developed and supported by state institutions; a
234:
for preachers. These manual alphabets began to be used to teach the deaf children of royalty in 17th century Spain. Such alphabets are in widespread use today by signing deaf communities for representing words or phrases of the oral language used in their part of the world.
468:
Below are some of the signed systems that have been developed for various oral languages. They range from formal systems that encode the grammar of the oral language, to informal systems of using sign together with speech, to translating oral words one-by-one to sign.
351:
In 1964, PGSS was taught for the first time to a group of deaf adults in an experiment. It evolved from education for the deaf to teaching those with speech and language disorders. New systems were developed for deaf adults to transition into
335:
in New York where it was used from 1878 until the 1940s. While most MCLs are slower than spoken or sign languages, this method is especially so and in modern times is generally considered not to be accessible to children. However, some
5466:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
246:), Épée thought it must be primitive, and set about designing a complete visual-gestural system to represent the concepts of religion and law that he wanted to impart to his pupils. His system of
179:, but these are usually limited in scope and rarely develop into complete representations of an oral language. One of the most elaborated examples of this kind of auxiliary manual system is
407:(sounds) of an oral language, rather than using signs for the words. These systems are sometimes known as "Mouth Hand Systems" (MHS). An early example was developed in Denmark in 1903 by
379:
as a base, then adding specially created signs for words and word endings that do not exist in the deaf sign language, often using "initializations", and filling in any gaps with
5368:
446:, the inclination and movement of the hand follows the tone. When viewed together with lip patterns, the gestures render all phonemes of the oral language intelligible visually.
1429:
1404:
1262:
5383:
2667:
5373:
4557:
4512:
1534:
226:
as well as signs, and were capable of representing a written language, if one had enough patience. Aside from the commonly understood rationale of observing a "
5404:
4569:
1620:
1615:
1356:
Marmor, G. & Pettito, L. (1979). Simultaneous communication in the classroom: How well is
English grammar represented? Sign Language Studies, 23, 99–136.
2897:
199:
and manually coded languages; the latter are specifically designed for use in Deaf education, and usually represent the written form of the language.
44:
5281:
5178:
1397:
1182:
1920:
175:
uncommon for people to develop gestures to replace words or phrases in contexts where speech is not possible or not permitted, such as in a
1455:
1353:
Kluwin, T. (1981). The grammaticality of manual representation of
English in classroom settings. American Annals of the Deaf, 126, 417–421.
622:
473:
307:
is usually applied incompletely and inconsistently in classrooms: Hearing teachers tend to "cut corners" by not signing word endings and "
5423:
4830:
2034:
5249:
154:
of the oral language—or, more precisely, of the written form of the oral language that they interpolate. They have been mainly used in
4876:
4454:
2618:
1348:
91:
4825:
3303:
1390:
1342:
1338:
110:
63:
5322:
1071:"Manually Coded Language and Alternate Sign Systems · Deaf: Cultures and Communication, 1600 to the Present · Online Exhibits@Yale"
311:", most likely because they slow down the pace and distort the phrasing of the teacher's natural speech. The result is a kind of "
4932:
4901:
4820:
4469:
3272:
238:
The earliest known attempt to develop a complete signed mode of a language which could be used to teach deaf children was by the
5531:
4623:
3672:
2933:
2907:
1774:
969:
391:" (SEE2) was developed in the United States in 1969, has also been taught around the world, and is now used in deaf schools in
70:
1359:
Woodward, J. & Allen, T. (1988). Classroom use of artificial sign systems by teachers. Sign
Language Studies, 61, 405–418.
5521:
5428:
4922:
4815:
4502:
4088:
3142:
1981:
1786:
1698:
1332:
677:
48:
348:
his work after his death in 1955. Paget published a book in 1951 focusing on children's vocabulary that included 900 signs.
383:. Thus "Signed English" in America (based on ASL) has a lexicon quite different from "Signed English" in Britain (based on
5342:
4305:
4300:
3212:
2569:
1834:
1155:
1120:
1013:— a variety or style of signing arising from contact between a spoken or manually coded language and a deaf sign language.
618:
332:
264:
344:—that is, signing and speaking at the same time—although the natural pace of speech may need to be slowed down at times.
166:
in K-12 schools, although they have had some influence on deaf sign languages where their implementation was widespread.
77:
5526:
5418:
5276:
4564:
4420:
4170:
3921:
3625:
2523:
2412:
2053:
1821:
1661:
1581:
1558:
702:
1019:— a means of representing the written alphabet of an oral language, but often a central part of natural sign languages.
4991:
4945:
4628:
4618:
4208:
3540:
3261:
3249:
3192:
3050:
2713:
2495:
2422:
2191:
1949:
1811:
635:
807:
59:
5378:
5066:
4953:
4162:
3810:
2117:
1966:
860:
655:
341:
5488:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
4407:
239:
37:
5061:
5031:
5021:
5006:
4896:
4886:
4595:
4527:
4464:
4321:
3908:
3873:
3850:
3818:
3404:
3387:
3202:
3080:
3015:
2970:
2685:
2606:
2458:
1801:
1634:
1594:
1518:
898:
150:, and as such lack the distinct spatial structures present in native deaf sign languages. MCLs mostly follow the
5337:
5188:
5051:
4986:
4949:
4941:
4881:
4866:
4762:
4736:
4728:
4720:
4574:
4402:
4394:
4381:
4358:
4329:
4281:
4112:
4080:
4056:
3687:
3638:
3548:
3398:
3377:
3318:
3278:
3255:
3242:
3207:
3197:
3147:
3107:
3045:
3025:
2943:
2912:
2695:
2133:
2016:
1993:
1839:
1566:
1501:
610:
276:) have survived by shifting their focus from deaf education to people with other kinds of communication needs.
273:
243:
195:
due to cultural proscriptions against speech. Sign language linguists usually make a distinction between these
4691:
3097:
3062:
2208:
340:
people still communicate primarily using the
Rochester Method. Most manually coded languages can accommodate
5433:
5087:
5056:
5046:
5001:
4996:
4906:
4788:
4754:
4707:
4681:
4665:
4537:
4532:
4216:
4188:
4146:
4096:
4016:
4008:
3855:
3763:
3737:
3607:
3591:
3469:
3392:
3331:
3167:
2980:
2975:
2964:
2953:
2675:
2440:
2435:
2289:
2269:
2093:
2003:
1988:
1879:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1507:
827:
606:
242:, an educator from 18th century France. While the Deaf community already used a sign language (now known as
196:
5475:
both originated in
English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
3950:
2880:
2872:
1094:
1070:
5468:
5448:
5173:
5041:
5036:
5016:
5011:
4871:
4807:
4741:
4673:
4633:
4587:
4579:
4522:
4517:
4476:
4444:
4415:
4389:
4350:
4255:
4250:
4224:
4128:
4040:
3974:
3958:
3937:
3900:
3892:
3865:
3794:
3786:
3771:
3755:
3747:
3729:
3705:
3695:
3677:
3482:
3453:
3448:
3382:
3283:
3237:
3222:
3182:
3056:
3040:
3035:
2958:
2938:
2842:
2703:
2680:
2577:
2466:
2430:
2391:
2370:
2324:
2310:
2274:
2104:
2048:
2024:
1971:
1961:
1930:
1829:
1796:
1646:
1571:
1524:
1488:
1478:
1424:
1297:
1249:
1224:
902:
647:
477:
316:
304:
215:
188:
180:
1144:
Speechreading training related to the Danish mouth handsystem for adventitiously hearing impaired adults.
5472:
5228:
5168:
5026:
4891:
4861:
4699:
4542:
4507:
4449:
4373:
4363:
4342:
4270:
4180:
4154:
4141:
4136:
4120:
4064:
4048:
4032:
3966:
3929:
3916:
3842:
3834:
3776:
3682:
3664:
3651:
3620:
3599:
3583:
3564:
3556:
3474:
3356:
3344:
3313:
3308:
3293:
3266:
3232:
3217:
3187:
3152:
3134:
3087:
3005:
2985:
2858:
2539:
2513:
2407:
2386:
2365:
2349:
2294:
2284:
2238:
2068:
1998:
1935:
1910:
1871:
1863:
1849:
1844:
1781:
1733:
1651:
1599:
1512:
1494:
1483:
794:
697:
651:
614:
388:
384:
353:
914:
138:
which directly interpolate the grammar and syntax of oral languages in a gestural-visual form—that is,
886:
423:. As the entire set of phonemes for an oral language is small (English has 35 to 45, depending on the
5476:
5183:
4927:
4686:
4646:
4608:
4552:
4295:
4290:
4260:
4175:
4104:
3992:
3979:
3945:
3826:
3742:
3721:
3713:
3700:
3615:
3532:
3503:
3490:
3461:
3372:
3351:
3227:
3162:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3102:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2948:
2928:
2587:
2582:
2553:
2508:
2503:
2476:
2445:
2279:
2225:
2171:
2112:
2010:
1806:
1666:
1656:
1589:
1529:
690:
669:
292:
rather than sign—and on the other side by members of the
American Sign Language (ASL) community (see
269:
135:
84:
1373:
926:
728:
512:
5408:
5352:
5268:
4856:
4746:
4638:
4613:
4547:
4368:
4334:
4313:
4265:
4072:
4024:
4000:
3984:
3802:
3781:
3659:
3524:
3516:
3498:
3323:
3298:
3288:
3177:
3172:
3157:
3092:
3075:
3020:
3010:
2631:
2471:
2344:
2233:
1976:
1743:
1738:
1688:
1472:
1189:
909:
802:
785:
673:
554:
524:
312:
5399:
5297:
4778:
4603:
3860:
3630:
3511:
3411:
3336:
3030:
2481:
982:
881:
789:
630:
443:
5302:
4963:
836:
416:
408:
192:
184:
176:
715:
327:
There have been many different approaches to manually coding oral languages. Some consist of
5501:
5312:
5307:
5143:
5124:
946:
933:
921:
821:
815:
723:
601:
589:
580:
531:
507:
499:
412:
159:
147:
143:
5438:
5233:
5213:
5092:
1377:
1124:
951:
893:
868:
841:
772:
747:
735:
663:
642:
549:
519:
257:
223:
219:
5347:
5332:
5223:
5208:
4978:
1043:
1016:
990:
938:
855:
685:
593:
561:
380:
368:
328:
227:
155:
131:
1169:"Complexities of Ethiopian Sign Language Contact Phenomena & Implications for AAU"
5515:
5317:
5218:
5203:
5198:
4835:
1413:
873:
777:
752:
740:
376:
308:
142:
versions of oral languages. Unlike the sign languages that have evolved naturally in
139:
1326:
5193:
5138:
1010:
995:
572:
536:
331:
everything, a technique sometimes known in
English as the "Rochester method" after
297:
293:
289:
253:
211:
163:
5327:
5097:
654:(SSS) or Sign Supported English (SSE) (speaking English with key-word signing);
463:
420:
207:
26:
1117:
5443:
5082:
4425:
4234:
3643:
3117:
2058:
1290:
1285:
1242:
1237:
1217:
1212:
431:
387:), as well as the Signed Englishes of Ireland, Australasia and South Africa. "
4968:
4937:
4793:
4229:
1322:
959:
797:(ISS) (vocabulary taken from ISL, adapted to at least six Indian languages)
710:
494:
435:
392:
337:
284:
The use of MCLs is controversial and has been opposed since Épée's time by "
5148:
5107:
4958:
4712:
231:
954:, ('Signed Swedish'), developed in the 1970s but now largely out of use
442:) differentiate between sounds not distinguishable from on the lips; in
4783:
1335:– list of languages and dialects to which Cued Speech has been adapted.
1022:
424:
404:
372:
285:
151:
256:" seen on television in the 1970s and 1980s would have in fact been a
5412:
4497:
1769:
1757:
850:(also known as Manually Coded Japanese, Simultaneous Methodic Signs)
5112:
1168:
395:, and taught in classes by the Singapore Association for the Deaf.
439:
5102:
1382:
1371:
Cued Speech: General Information, Resources, Events, and Classes
1146:
Ann Arbor : U.M.I. 1980 - 145 p. Dissertation: Purdue Univ.
977:
203:
3431:
1447:
1386:
941:(Mexico, Spain, and presumably elsewhere; also Signed Catalan)
411:. Others include the Assisted Kinemes Alphabet (Belgium) and a
130:) are a family of gestural communication methods which include
1044:"A Continuum of Communication: Manually Coded English Systems"
20:
592:—(different manual alphabets are used in different regions).
315:" which lacks the grammatical complexity of both English and
1370:
210:
monk, proposed a system for representing the letters of the
427:), an MHS is relatively easy to adapt for other languages.
359:
PGSS currently has an estimated 56,000 word combinations.
1051:
Maine Educational Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
998:(and similarly other official languages of South Africa)
403:
Another widespread approach is to visually represent the
544:('Grammatical Sign Language', Signed Mandarin (Taiwan))
288:" who believe Deaf people should speak, lipread and use
1275:
A Language in Space: The Story of Israeli Sign Language
5369:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
260:
of an oral language into a manually coded language.
202:
In seventh century England, the years of (672-735),
146:, these manual codes are the conscious invention of
5392:
5361:
5290:
5267:
5242:
5157:
5123:
5075:
4977:
4915:
4844:
4806:
4771:
4655:
4487:
4197:
3882:
3573:
3438:
3424:
3365:
2921:
2896:
2857:
2840:
2712:
2694:
2666:
2630:
2596:
2568:
2522:
2494:
2457:
2421:
2400:
2379:
2358:
2337:
2303:
2262:
2253:
2223:
2206:
2189:
2150:
2126:
2033:
1948:
1919:
1897:
1862:
1820:
1756:
1726:
1697:
1675:
1633:
1608:
1580:
1454:
1438:
1325:codes for "signed oral languages" (e.g. Ethnologue
1263:
article on German Knowledge (XXG) about LBG and LUG
419:—in addition to the most widespread MHS worldwide,
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Signed phonetic representations of verbal languages
430:Cued Speech can be seen as a manual supplement to
1140:Copenhagen: Doves Center for Total Kommunikation.
476:for traditional manually coded languages such as
1156:Deaf Way II Presentation On Iranian Deaf Culture
5384:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
1339:Sign Languages and Codes of the World by Region
676:(Ireland) and Signed English, using signs from
596:depends on signs from the local sign language.
845:
434:. A small number of hand shapes (representing
5374:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
1398:
539:
454:training to learn to hear the oral language.
438:) and locations near the mouth (representing
8:
762:
756:
247:
1127:(Singapore Association or the Deaf website)
566:
5131:
3428:
2718:
2259:
2041:
1954:
1903:
1762:
1681:
1639:
1577:
1444:
1405:
1391:
1383:
1095:"Paget Gorman Signed Speech | Our History"
1042:Spencer, Amy; Glover, Cathy (2015-06-15).
450:different accents will "cue" differently.
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1312:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
482:
5179:Manually coded language in South Africa
1034:
761:(LBG, 'signs accompanying speech') and
967:, ('toki pona by hand'), published in
876:, also known as Sign-Supported Nepali
356:(BSL), thus causing the pivot in use.
214:on the fingers called fingerspelling.
1345:– Gallaudet University library online
7:
623:Conceptually Accurate Signed English
474:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
303:Research in the U.S. has shown that
49:adding citations to reliable sources
2216:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
162:on the hands" and by sign language
3529:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
3143:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
780:(oral Hebrew accompanied by sign)
14:
767:(LUG, 'signs supporting speech')
764:Lautsprachunterstützende Gebärden
5111:
4902:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
1310:"Indo-Pakistani Sign Language",
1296:
1248:
1223:
1142:Reynolds, Brian Watkins (1980).
272:. Some MCL systems (such as the
25:
5492:
5483:
5461:
5429:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
4513:Far North Queensland Indigenous
3135:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
970:Toki Pona: The Language of Good
808:Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia
36:needs additional citations for
5250:Bilingual–bicultural education
4570:Western Torres Strait Islander
3644:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
1621:Western Torres Strait Islander
863:(BMKT) (Manually Coded Malay)
758:Lautsprachbegleitende Gebärden
678:Northern Ireland Sign Language
1:
4322:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
3470:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3332:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3081:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2588:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
619:Linguistics of Visual English
333:Rochester School for the Deaf
265:recognition of sign languages
2908:Providence Island (Provisle)
2558:North West Frontier Province
1136:Birch-Rasmussen, S. (1982).
810:(SIBI, 'Signed Indonesian')
703:South African Signed English
464:Cued speech § Languages
415:system developed in 1935 by
183:, a complete signed mode of
4508:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
636:Australasian Signed English
158:in an effort to "represent
5548:
5379:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
4588:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
4518:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
3304:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
3158:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
2578:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
1972:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
1273:Meir & Sandler, 2013,
861:Bahasa Malaysia Kod Tangan
656:Paget Gorman Signed Speech
461:
342:simultaneous communication
187:which was developed by an
148:deaf and hearing educators
5457:
5134:
4624:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
3063:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
2873:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
2721:
2280:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
2044:
1957:
1906:
1775:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
1765:
1684:
1642:
1430:List by number of signers
1420:
1075:exhibits.library.yale.edu
989:
976:
958:
945:
932:
920:
908:
892:
880:
867:
854:
846:
835:
814:
801:
784:
771:
746:
734:
722:
709:
579:
560:
548:
540:
530:
518:
506:
493:
485:
60:"Manually coded language"
5189:Paget Gorman Sign System
4643:Samoa and American Samoa
3433:Sign languages by region
3218:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
2944:Albarradas Sign Language
2934:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
2767:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
2619:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
2583:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
1835:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
1449:Sign languages by family
1158:, by Abbas Ali Behmanesh
611:Seeing Essential English
458:List of signed languages
274:Paget Gorman Sign System
268:contemporary example is
244:Old French Sign Language
197:auxiliary sign languages
124:Manually coded languages
5434:Monastic sign languages
5282:Television shows (list)
5255:Manually coded language
5088:Hamburg Notation System
2881:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
2127:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
1850:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
1787:Northern Ireland (NISL)
1286:Norwegian Sign Language
901:(SJM) (Signed Polish);
831:'Signed Exact Italian'
828:italiano segnato esatto
607:American Signed English
375:") from the local deaf
230:", they also served as
216:Monastic sign languages
5532:Education for the deaf
5405:CHCI chimpanzee center
5174:Manually coded English
4872:Henniker Sign Language
4538:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4523:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
3517:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
1425:List of sign languages
1349:Rehab Council of India
899:System Językowo-Migowy
763:
757:
648:British Signed English
568:Nederlands met Gebaren
567:
478:Warlpiri Sign Language
317:American Sign Language
305:manually coded English
248:
181:Warlpiri Sign Language
5522:Signed oral languages
5229:Signing Exact English
5169:Indian Signing System
4892:Plateau Sign Language
4266:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
3843:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
3373:Amami Shuwa languages
3046:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
2986:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2965:Caucasian (Harsneren)
2913:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
2441:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
2413:French Belgian (LSFB)
1845:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
1238:Finnish Sign Language
825:'Signed Italian' and
795:Indian Signing System
698:South African English
652:Sign Supported Speech
615:Signing Exact English
389:Signing Exact English
363:Signed oral languages
354:British Sign Language
136:constructed languages
5477:French Sign Language
5184:Manually Coded Malay
4992:British (two-handed)
4928:Bimodal bilingualism
4558:Far North Queensland
3866:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
3388:Sri Lankan languages
3319:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
3223:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2734:Chaticks si Chaticks
2714:Plains Sign Language
2632:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
2134:Indonesian (Bisindo)
1812:South African (SASL)
1535:Far North Queensland
1213:Danish Sign Language
903:Signing Exact Polish
691:Kenya Signed English
670:Irish Signed English
270:Arabic Sign Language
45:improve this article
5527:Reordered languages
3399:Tanzanian languages
3378:Ethiopian languages
3345:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
2436:Icelandic (Táknmál)
2151:Francophone African
2109:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
1967:Swiss-German (DSGS)
1898:Chilean-Paraguayan-
1099:www.pagetgorman.org
705:(using SASL signs)
680:(Northern Ireland)
674:Irish Sign Language
672:, using signs from
575:, the Netherlands)
313:Pidgin Sign English
5400:Baby sign language
5298:Jabbar Baghtcheban
4779:International Sign
4682:Brazilian (Libras)
4596:New Zealand (NZSL)
4543:Mudbura (Mudburra)
4471:Sandy River Valley
4450:Keresan (Keresign)
4041:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
3412:International Sign
3393:Sudanese languages
3016:Navajo/Diné Family
2830:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
2668:Original Thai Sign
2446:Danish (Tegnsprog)
1989:Brazilian (Libras)
1802:New Zealand (NZSL)
1376:2020-08-11 at the
1123:2007-03-02 at the
790:languages of India
631:Australian English
399:Mouth–hand systems
249:signes méthodiques
5509:
5508:
5502:extinct languages
5424:Legal recognition
5303:Jeanette Berglind
5263:
5262:
4964:Nonmanual feature
4877:Martha's Vineyard
4802:
4801:
4456:Martha's Vineyard
3951:Faroese (Teknmál)
3673:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
3483:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
3420:
3419:
3405:Zimsign languages
3383:Laotian languages
3267:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
3026:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
2971:Azerbaijani (AİD)
2892:
2891:
2490:
2489:
2333:
2332:
2249:
2248:
2239:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
1944:
1943:
1872:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
1858:
1857:
1752:
1751:
1722:
1721:
1629:
1628:
1484:Eltye eltyarrenke
1464:
1463:multiple families
1294:(17th ed., 2013)
1246:(17th ed., 2013)
1221:(17th ed., 2013)
1138:Mundhandsystemet.
1002:
1001:
915:Signed Portuguese
417:Jabar Baghtcheban
409:Georg Forchhammer
193:central Australia
177:television studio
132:gestural spelling
121:
120:
113:
95:
5539:
5496:
5487:
5465:
5353:Pierre Pélissier
5338:Thomas Gallaudet
5313:Thomas Braidwood
5144:Initialized sign
5132:
5115:
4600:Papua New Guinea
4503:Australian-Irish
4209:Plains Sign Talk
4089:Northern Ireland
4085:Northern Ireland
3608:Hong Kong (HKSL)
3429:
3208:Nicaraguan (ISN)
3123:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
2939:Albanian (AlbSL)
2719:
2533:Bangalore-Madras
2514:Israeli (Shassi)
2482:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
2392:Honduran (LESHO)
2260:
2118:Singapore (SgSL)
2054:Black ASL (BASL)
2042:
1982:Australian-Irish
1955:
1904:
1880:Hong Kong (HKSL)
1840:Portuguese (LGP)
1830:Eritrean (EriSL)
1763:
1682:
1640:
1578:
1462:
1445:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1188:. Archived from
1187:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1134:
1128:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1039:
887:Signed Norwegian
849:
848:
822:italiano segnato
766:
760:
602:American English
590:Rochester Method
570:
543:
542:
532:Mandarin Chinese
502:(signs of SASL)
500:Signed Afrikaans
489:Signed encoding
483:
367:These systems ("
323:Major approaches
251:
224:manual alphabets
218:used throughout
144:deaf communities
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5490:
5481:
5459:
5453:
5439:Tactile signing
5388:
5357:
5286:
5259:
5238:
5214:Signed Japanese
5160:
5153:
5126:
5119:
5093:Stokoe notation
5071:
4973:
4933:Phonology (ASL)
4911:
4846:
4840:
4798:
4767:
4666:Argentine (LSA)
4651:
4483:
4306:New Costa Rican
4301:Old Costa Rican
4201:
4199:
4193:
4077:North Macedonia
3878:
3569:
3504:Bamako (LaSiMa)
3434:
3416:
3366:Other groupings
3361:
3213:Old Costa Rican
3188:Burkina (Mossi)
3168:Mauritian (MSL)
3041:Ghardaia (AJSL)
2954:Argentine (LSA)
2917:
2899:
2888:
2853:
2836:
2708:
2690:
2662:
2626:
2592:
2564:
2525:
2518:
2486:
2453:
2423:Danish (Tegnic)
2417:
2396:
2375:
2354:
2329:
2304:Yugoslavic Sign
2299:
2270:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
2255:
2245:
2234:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
2219:
2209:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
2202:
2185:
2172:Bamako (LaSiMa)
2153:(Françafrosign)
2152:
2146:
2122:
2094:Malaysian (BIM)
2036:
2029:
2004:Valencian (LSV)
1940:
1931:Paraguay (LSPY)
1922:
1915:
1899:
1893:
1854:
1816:
1748:
1718:
1693:
1677:
1671:
1635:Arab (Ishaaric)
1625:
1604:
1576:
1489:Iltyeme iltyeme
1460:
1457:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1416:
1411:
1378:Wayback Machine
1367:
1362:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1125:Wayback Machine
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1007:
952:Tecknad svenska
842:Signed Japanese
664:Hiberno-English
643:British English
585:generic English
466:
460:
444:tonal languages
401:
365:
325:
282:
258:transliteration
220:medieval Europe
185:spoken Warlpiri
172:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5545:
5543:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5514:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5348:William Stokoe
5345:
5340:
5335:
5333:Valerie Sutton
5330:
5325:
5323:Abbé de l'Épée
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5234:Signed Swedish
5231:
5226:
5224:Signed Spanish
5221:
5216:
5211:
5209:Signed Italian
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5052:Serbo-Croatian
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4979:Fingerspelling
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4757:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4726:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4565:Western Desert
4562:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4416:American (ASL)
4413:
4410:
4408:Old Salvadoran
4405:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4278:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Maritime (MSL)
4253:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4225:American (ASL)
4222:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4171:Central Taurus
4168:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3926:United Kingdom
3924:
3922:French Belgian
3919:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3722:Kazakh-Russian
3719:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3626:Indo-Pakistani
3623:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3238:Peruvian (LSP)
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Miyakubo Shuwa
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Dogon/Douentza
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2843:American (ASL)
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2704:Namibian (NSL)
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2524:Indo-Pakistani
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2371:Tunisian (TSL)
2368:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2325:Yugoslav (YSL)
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2311:Croatian (HZJ)
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2230:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2182:Sierra Leonean
2180:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2105:Filipino (FSL)
2102:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2049:American (ASL)
2045:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2025:Romanian (LSR)
2022:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Algerian (LSA)
1958:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1923:Uruguayan Sign
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1911:Chilean (LSCh)
1907:
1901:
1900:Uruguayan Sign
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1797:Maritime (MSL)
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1662:Qatari Unified
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1609:Zendath Kesign
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1582:Western Desert
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1559:Worora Kinship
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1366:
1365:External links
1363:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1333:Cued Languages
1330:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1303:
1278:
1266:
1255:
1230:
1205:
1174:
1160:
1148:
1129:
1110:
1086:
1062:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1017:Fingerspelling
1014:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
993:
987:
986:
980:
974:
973:
965:toki pona luka
962:
956:
955:
949:
943:
942:
939:Signed Spanish
936:
930:
929:
927:Signed Russian
924:
918:
917:
912:
906:
905:
896:
890:
889:
884:
878:
877:
871:
865:
864:
858:
852:
851:
839:
833:
832:
818:
812:
811:
805:
799:
798:
792:
782:
781:
775:
769:
768:
750:
744:
743:
738:
732:
731:
729:Signed Finnish
726:
720:
719:
713:
707:
706:
700:
694:
693:
688:
686:Kenyan English
682:
681:
667:
660:
659:
645:
639:
638:
633:
627:
626:
604:
598:
597:
594:Signed English
586:
583:
577:
576:
564:
558:
557:
552:
546:
545:
534:
528:
527:
522:
516:
515:
513:Signed Amharic
510:
504:
503:
497:
491:
490:
487:
459:
456:
400:
397:
381:fingerspelling
369:Signed English
364:
361:
329:fingerspelling
324:
321:
309:function words
281:
278:
240:Abbé de l'Épée
228:vow of silence
204:Venerable Bede
171:
168:
156:deaf education
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5544:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:Miscellaneous
5391:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:Organisations
5360:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5318:Laurent Clerc
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5308:Pär Aron Borg
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:Signed Polish
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:Signed German
5202:
5200:
5199:Signed French
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5114:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:Grammar (ASL)
4921:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:International
4770:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:South America
4654:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Rossel Island
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:Mount Avejaha
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:Navajo Family
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:United States
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
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4140:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3954:
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3949:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3923:
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3918:
3915:
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3910:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3822:
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3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
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3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:South African
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
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3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Yoruban (YSL)
3350:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Bura (Burasl)
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:West African
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:Ugandan (USL)
3312:
3310:
3309:Turkish (TİD)
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Spanish (LSE)
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Rossel Island
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:Qahveh Khaneh
3248:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Mount Avejaha
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:Maltese (LSM)
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:Atgangmuurniq
3074:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:Guinea-Bissau
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
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2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
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2895:
2884:
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2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2849:
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2846:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
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2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
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2769:
2766:
2763:
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2711:
2705:
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2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2657:Cepeda Peraza
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:Highland Maya
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2570:Japanese Sign
2567:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2480:
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2411:
2409:
2408:Flemish (VGT)
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
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2387:Mexican (LSM)
2385:
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2295:Russian (РЖЯ)
2293:
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2285:Latvian (LSL)
2283:
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2019:
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2014:
2013:
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1999:Catalan (LSC)
1997:
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1782:British (BSL)
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1600:Ngaatjatjarra
1598:
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1414:Sign language
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1195:on 2014-01-10
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1118:Sign Language
1114:
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1096:
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1072:
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1045:
1038:
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913:
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904:
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895:
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875:
874:Signed Nepali
872:
870:
866:
862:
859:
857:
853:
843:
840:
838:
834:
830:
829:
824:
823:
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813:
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804:
800:
796:
793:
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787:
783:
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778:Signed Hebrew
776:
774:
770:
765:
759:
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753:Signed German
751:
749:
745:
742:
741:Signed French
739:
737:
733:
730:
727:
725:
721:
717:
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712:
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629:
628:
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616:
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608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
563:
559:
556:
555:Signed Danish
553:
551:
547:
538:
535:
533:
529:
526:
525:Signed Arabic
523:
521:
517:
514:
511:
509:
505:
501:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:
479:
475:
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455:
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437:
433:
428:
426:
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396:
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390:
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382:
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377:sign language
374:
370:
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360:
357:
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349:
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339:
334:
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
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306:
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295:
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287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
266:
263:The emerging
261:
259:
255:
250:
245:
241:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
191:community in
190:
186:
182:
178:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
5497:
5491:
5482:
5480:
5460:
5277:Films (list)
5254:
5194:Signed Dutch
5158:
5139:Contact sign
4584:Hawaii (USA)
4477:
4470:
4455:
4280:
4271:
4163:Swiss-German
3799:Saudi Arabia
3537:South Africa
3271:
3254:
3128:Somali (SSL)
3055:
2963:
2898:Providencia–
2877:Nesilextcl'n
2850:Oneida (OSL)
2812:Tickanwa•tic
2800:Schitsu'umsh
2782:Nųmą́khų́·ki
2696:Paget Gorman
2617:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2561:Punjab-Sindh
2509:Polish (PJM)
2504:German (DGS)
2380:Mexican Sign
2359:Italian Sign
2263:Russian Sign
2226:French (LSF)
2199:Oneida (OSL)
2113:Quebec (LSQ)
2098:Oneida (OSL)
2015:
2011:French (LSF)
1864:Chinese Sign
1822:Swedish Sign
1546:
1517:
1500:
1493:
1471:
1311:
1306:
1289:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1258:
1241:
1233:
1216:
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1190:the original
1177:
1163:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1089:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1037:
1011:Contact sign
996:Signed Xhosa
968:
964:
826:
820:
573:Signed Dutch
537:Wenfa Shouyu
471:
467:
452:
448:
429:
402:
366:
358:
350:
346:
326:
302:
298:Contact sign
294:Deaf culture
290:hearing aids
283:
262:
254:interpreting
237:
212:Latin script
201:
173:
164:interpreters
127:
123:
122:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
5419:Open Outcry
5343:Abbé Sicard
5328:Roger Fouts
5159:Signed Oral
5098:SignWriting
4946:Orientation
4916:Linguistics
4897:Pitha Pitha
4592:New Zealand
4528:Manjiljarra
4399:El Salvador
4159:Switzerland
4069:Netherlands
3909:Azerbaijani
3851:Old Bangkok
3791:Philippines
3479:Ivory Coast
3273:Sandy River
3011:Cuban (LSC)
2900:Cayman Sign
2749:Hinono'eino
2740:Coahuilteco
2725:Anishinaabe
2686:Old Bangkok
2607:Old Kentish
2536:Beluchistan
2496:German Sign
2477:Ho Chi Minh
2401:Old Belgian
2345:Dutch (NGT)
2084:Costa Rican
1977:Irish (ISL)
1921:Paraguayan-
1712:Palestinian
1595:Manjiljarra
1590:Kartutjarra
1525:Rdaka rdaka
1519:Pitha Pitha
985:(Pakistan)
983:Signed Urdu
718:(proposed)
421:Cued Speech
208:Benedictine
134:as well as
5516:Categories
5444:Protactile
5083:ASL-phabet
5067:Portuguese
4969:Sign names
4954:Expression
4882:Old French
4867:Kalkutungu
4836:Name signs
4826:Literature
4763:Venezuelan
4737:Inmaculada
4729:Paraguayan
4721:Ecuadorian
4575:Yir Yoront
4426:Protactile
4403:Salvadoran
4395:Panamanian
4382:Nicaraguan
4359:Albarradas
4330:Guatemalan
4287:Costa Rica
4282:Old Cayman
4235:Protactile
4113:Portuguese
4081:Macedonian
4057:Lithuanian
3905:Azerbaijan
3874:Vietnamese
3831:Tajikistan
3819:Sri Lankan
3718:Kazakhstan
3688:Kafr Qasem
3639:Indonesian
3341:Mofu-Gudur
3279:Salvadoran
3256:Rennellese
3243:Inmaculada
3198:Mozambican
3148:Macedonian
3118:Kata Kolok
3108:Kafr Qasim
3067:Creole HSL
2818:Tsuu T'ina
2779:Niitsítapi
2773:Ni Mii Puu
2764:Maagiadawa
2728:Apsáalooke
2654:Trascorral
2338:Dutch Sign
2141:Yogyakarta
2101:Panamanian
2059:Protactile
2017:Old French
1994:Lithuanian
1950:Francosign
1567:Yir Yoront
1554:Warramunga
1502:Kalkutungu
1458:Aboriginal
1456:Australian
1291:Ethnologue
1243:Ethnologue
1218:Ethnologue
1199:2014-01-10
1104:2017-09-08
1080:2017-09-06
1056:2021-03-15
1029:References
910:Portuguese
803:Indonesian
788:and other
786:Hindi-Urdu
462:See also:
436:consonants
432:lipreading
280:Criticisms
189:Indigenous
101:March 2019
71:newspapers
5500:indicate
5161:Languages
5062:Ukrainian
5022:Hungarian
5007:Esperanto
4938:Handshape
4907:Warluwara
4847:languages
4831:Profanity
4794:Signalong
4759:Venezuela
4755:Uruguayan
4708:Colombian
4662:Argentina
4533:Warlmanpa
4494:Australia
4432:Blackfeet
4421:Black ASL
4378:Nicaragua
4326:Guatemala
4318:Greenland
4241:Blackfoot
4230:Black ASL
4198:North and
4189:Ukrainian
4147:Valencian
4129:Slovenian
4097:Norwegian
4053:Lithuania
4017:Icelandic
4009:Hungarian
3856:Chiangmai
3827:Taiwanese
3815:Sri Lanka
3811:Singapore
3807:Singapore
3764:Mongolian
3738:Malaysian
3635:Indonesia
3604:Hong Kong
3592:Cambodian
3549:Tanzanian
3425:By region
2981:Bhutanese
2776:Niimíipuu
2758:Karankawa
2681:Hai Phong
2676:Chiangmai
2467:Hai Phong
2459:Viet-Thai
2321:Slovenian
2290:Mongolian
2256:Hungarian
2192:Hand Talk
2159:Ethiopian
2087:Dominican
2081:Cambodian
1876:Shanghai
1706:Jordanian
1699:Levantine
1678:Levantine
1563:Yan-nhaŋu
1548:Warluwara
1542:Warlmanpa
1508:Miriwoong
1323:ISO 639-2
960:Toki Pona
882:Norwegian
711:Esperanto
666:(Ireland)
495:Afrikaans
393:Singapore
338:deafblind
232:mnemonics
5149:Mouthing
5125:Language
5108:ASLwrite
5032:Japanese
4987:American
4959:Mouthing
4950:Movement
4942:Location
4887:Old Kent
4853:Chilmark
4789:Monastic
4742:Peruvian
4725:Paraguay
4713:Provisle
4704:Colombia
4674:Bolivian
4634:Sinasina
4478:Henniker
4438:Cheyenne
4390:Chiriqui
4351:Honduran
4347:Honduras
4217:Belizean
4125:Slovenia
4109:Portugal
3975:Ghardaia
3959:Estonian
3938:Croatian
3901:Austrian
3893:Armenian
3847:Thailand
3795:Filipino
3787:Nepalese
3772:Ghandruk
3760:Mongolia
3756:Maldives
3752:Maldives
3748:Selangor
3734:Malaysia
3706:Miyakubo
3696:Japanese
3678:Ghardaia
3588:Cambodia
3545:Tanzania
3458:Cameroon
3454:Ghardaia
3449:Algerian
3284:Sinasina
3057:Henniker
3036:Ghandruk
2976:Belizean
2959:Armenian
2922:Isolates
2869:Kalispel
2866:A'aninin
2824:Wazhazhe
2821:Umatilla
2803:Shiwinna
2794:Piipaash
2743:Dane-zaa
2737:Cheyenne
2642:Yucatec
2613:Chilmark
2547:Calcutta
2431:Malagasy
2275:Georgian
2179:Nigerian
2176:Moroccan
2165:Ghanaian
2090:Jamaican
2076:Mandalay
2065:Bolivian
2035:American
1727:Possible
1709:Lebanese
1647:Egyptian
1513:Mudburra
1479:Djingili
1441:families
1439:Language
1374:Archived
1183:"台灣手語簡介"
1121:Archived
1005:See also
837:Japanese
621:(LOVE);
617:(SEE2);
613:(SEE1);
486:Language
405:phonemes
286:oralists
5498:Italics
5449:Tic-tac
5291:Persons
5127:contact
5076:Writing
5057:Spanish
5047:Russian
5002:Chilean
4997:Catalan
4862:Jaralde
4845:Extinct
4816:Grammar
4784:Makaton
4751:Uruguay
4717:Ecuador
4700:Chilean
4692:Ka'apor
4670:Bolivia
4488:Oceania
4374:Mexican
4364:Chatino
4343:Haitian
4272:Plateau
4202:America
4200:Central
4185:Ukraine
4181:Turkish
4155:Swedish
4142:Spanish
4137:Catalan
4121:Russian
4065:Russian
4061:Moldova
4049:Latvian
4033:Italian
4021:Ireland
4013:Iceland
4005:Hungary
3989:Germany
3967:Finnish
3963:Finland
3955:Estonia
3942:Denmark
3934:Croatia
3930:British
3917:Flemish
3913:Belgium
3897:Austria
3889:Armenia
3870:Vietnam
3835:Russian
3777:Jhankot
3730:Laotian
3683:Israeli
3665:Kurdish
3652:Persian
3621:Bengali
3600:Chinese
3584:Bengali
3565:Zambian
3557:Ugandan
3521:Senegal
3508:Nigeria
3475:Nanabin
3445:Algeria
3357:Zambian
3233:Persian
3139:Kisindo
3098:Ka'apor
3088:Jhankot
3006:Chatino
2859:Plateau
2841:Mixed,
2833:Wyandot
2827:Wichita
2815:Tháumgá
2797:Ppáⁿkka
2785:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
2761:Liksiyu
2752:Hiraacá
2731:Arikara
2598:Kentish
2540:Bengali
2450:Teknmál
2350:Gambian
2318:Serbian
2315:Kosovar
2254:Austro-
2224:Mixed,
2207:Mixed,
2190:Mixed,
2168:Guinean
2162:Chadian
2138:Jakarta
2069:Burmese
2037:(ASLic)
1734:Emirati
1652:Kuwaiti
1495:Jaralde
1343:by Name
1327:Table C
1023:Makaton
947:Swedish
934:Spanish
922:Russian
847:日本語対応手話
816:Italian
724:Finnish
716:Signuno
658:(PGSS)
625:(CASE)
581:English
571:, NmG (
508:Amharic
425:dialect
413:Persian
373:lexicon
170:History
160:English
152:grammar
85:scholar
5413:Loulis
5409:Washoe
5243:Others
5042:Polish
5037:Korean
5017:German
5012:French
4857:Diyari
4821:Idioms
4678:Brazil
4647:Samoan
4609:Kailge
4553:Umpila
4498:Auslan
4461:Navajo
4445:Oneida
4441:Ojibwa
4386:Panama
4355:Mexico
4296:Brunca
4291:Bribri
4277:Cayman
4261:Quebec
4251:Oneida
4247:Ojibwa
4221:Canada
4213:Belize
4176:Mardin
4167:Turkey
4151:Sweden
4117:Russia
4105:Polish
4101:Poland
4093:Norway
4045:Latvia
4037:Kosovo
3997:Greece
3993:German
3980:French
3971:France
3946:Danish
3883:Europe
3823:Taiwan
3743:Penang
3714:Korean
3701:Koniya
3669:Israel
3616:Alipur
3580:Bengal
3561:Zambia
3553:Uganda
3533:Somali
3491:Kenyan
3462:Maroua
3439:Africa
3395:(~150)
3228:Penang
3173:M'bour
3163:Mardin
3113:Kailge
3103:Kajana
3072:Inuit
2996:Brunca
2991:Bribri
2949:Alipur
2929:Afghan
2885:Sqeliz
2770:Nakota
2648:Nohkop
2645:Chicán
2554:Nepali
2544:Bombay
2073:Yangon
1807:Samoan
1793:Fijian
1770:Auslan
1758:BANZSL
1715:Syrian
1676:Iraqi–
1667:Yemeni
1657:Libyan
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1530:Umpila
1473:Diyari
894:Polish
869:Nepali
773:Hebrew
748:German
736:French
550:Danish
520:Arabic
440:vowels
140:signed
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
5269:Media
5027:Irish
4747:Sivia
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4639:Wanib
4614:Mehek
4580:Yolŋu
4548:Ngada
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2651:Nohya
2550:Delhi
2472:Hanoi
1884:Macau
1744:Omani
1739:Saudi
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1186:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
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3512:Bura
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3401:(7+)
3203:Naga
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2746:Diné
2526:Sign
1341:and
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5469:ASL
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300:).
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