321:, bundles of muscle fibres are clearly visible. In two specimens, MC-21 and MC-51, these three-dimensional structures are continuously 100 ÎĽm thick, and the gaps between the fibres are of a near-identical size. In MC-51, almost all of the mantle musculature is preserved, covering the outer surface of the gladius and extending along its length from the posterior end up to the head region. In MC-21, preservation is faint but is still tentatively assumed to show muscles. Apart from the circular mantle musculature, preservation of the retractor muscles is widely distributed. These muscles appear to have been attached directly to the surface of the lateral sides of the gladius, and run forward up to the location of the
102:
388:
Fuchs, D., Keupp, H., & Engeser, T. (2003). New records of soft parts of
Muensterella scutellaris Muenster, 1842 (Coleoidea) from the Late Jurassic Plattenkalks of Eichstätt and their significance for octobrachian relationships. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen, 3,
341:(2003) note there is no indication that a fifth pair was present. Only the very tips of the arms are missing, so the arms were likely rather short. They also note the likely presence of four short arm webs, around 1 cm beyond the arm bases.
305:
All members of the
Muensterelloidea possessed a roughly spoon-shaped section of the gladius known as the patella. This type of gladius is believed to be ancestral to the condition present in modern
361:
called the patella. This type of gladius is likely ancestral to the gladius remnants of modern octopuses. Cladistic analysis indicates that modern octopus are descended from the
Patelloctopididae.
298:, noted its egg-shaped anatomy and apparent lack of swimming fins. Indeed, in all preserved specimens the same body structure is present, with all lacking a distinct swimming fin. Fuchs
402:
Fuchs, D.; Schweigert, G. (2018). "First Middle–Late
Jurassic gladius vestiges provide new evidence on the detailed origin of incirrate and cirrate octopuses (Coleoidea)".
437:
Fuchs, Dirk; Iba, Yasuhiro; Heyng, Alexander; Iijima, Masaya; Klug, Christian; Larson, Neal L.; Schweigert, GĂĽnter (February 2020). Brayard, Arnaud (ed.).
302:(2003) suggested it possessed marginal fins, as a slight ridge along the sides of its body, when seen under oblique light, can be easily seen.
495:
294:
Soft tissue anatomy within the
Muensterelloidea is well-documented. Muenster (1842), who first recorded the holotype specimen of
322:
337:, four arm bases are known. In the holotype specimen, four ridges are known, indicating four pairs of arms. Fuchs
358:
243:
490:
466:
419:
120:
273:
cephalopods from the Early
Jurassic to Late Cretaceous. Two families are currently identified,
101:
458:
354:
278:
256:
450:
411:
350:
274:
250:
438:
317:
The musculature of muensterelloids is well-known from fossils. In certain specimens of
235:
484:
470:
423:
59:
357:. The muensterelloids are characterized by having a roughly spoon-shaped end of the
439:"The Muensterelloidea: phylogeny and character evolution of Mesozoic stem octopods"
205:
111:
180:
155:
34:
415:
79:
44:
462:
84:
167:
143:
131:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
306:
270:
89:
64:
454:
281:. The clade is the ancestral group from which modern octopus arose.
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
8:
349:Muensterelloidea consists of two families:
100:
20:
370:
309:, in which the gladius is vestigial.
7:
397:
395:
269:is a superfamily (or clade) of stem-
14:
220:(MĂĽnster, 1842) Schevill, 1950
1:
512:
416:10.1007/s12542-017-0399-8
230:
225:
211:
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121:Scientific classification
119:
108:
99:
23:
333:In several specimens of
215:Muensterella scutellaris
30:Early Jurassic–Campanian
16:Superfamily of octopuses
496:Prehistoric cephalopods
443:Papers in Palaeontology
455:10.1002/spp2.1254
355:Patelloctopodidae
279:Patelloctopodidae
264:
263:
257:Patelloctopodidae
199:
503:
475:
474:
434:
428:
427:
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390:
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267:Muensterelloidea
197:
194:Muensterelloidea
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
24:Muensterelloidea
21:
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510:
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351:Muensterellidae
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275:Muensterellidae
251:Muensterellidae
244:Engeseriteuthis
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57:
52:
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42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
509:
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483:
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477:
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429:
410:(2): 203–217.
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236:Celaenoteuthis
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68:
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53:
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33:
32:
26:
15:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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188:Superfamily:
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76:
71:
66:
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56:
51:
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41:
36:
22:
19:
449:(1): 31–92.
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442:
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407:
403:
348:
338:
335:Muensterella
334:
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319:Muensterella
318:
316:
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296:Muensterella
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214:
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206:Type species
193:
112:Muensterella
110:
18:
313:Musculature
285:Description
198:Roger, 1952
181:Teudopseina
156:Cephalopoda
114:scutellaris
485:Categories
365:References
226:Subgroups
175:Suborder:
109:Fossil of
491:Octopuses
471:198256507
463:2056-2802
424:135245479
345:Phylogeny
329:Tentacles
307:octopuses
127:Kingdom:
389:101-111.
168:Octopoda
144:Mollusca
139:Phylum:
132:Animalia
359:gladius
290:Overall
271:octopod
163:Order:
151:Class:
469:
461:
422:
339:et al.
323:funnel
300:et al.
277:, and
467:S2CID
420:S2CID
459:ISSN
404:PalZ
353:and
35:Preęž’
451:doi
412:doi
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441:.
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408:92
406:.
394:^
373:^
325:.
85:Pg
473:.
453::
447:6
426:.
414::
255:â€
249:â€
241:â€
233:â€
212:â€
192:â€
179:â€
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:ęž’
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