3500:
333:
3269:
Nakhon
Ratchasima was originally two separate cities namely Khorakhapura (also called Nakhon Raj) and Sema.... The present city of Nakhon Ratchasima, whose name is a portmanteau of Nakhon Raj and Sema, was established by King Narai (1656-88) as the eastern frontier of his kingdom centered on
3338:
environment, this paper maps the spatial variation of terms connected with wet-rice farming of Tai minority groups in southern China and shows that the primary candidate of origin for proto-Tai is in the region of
Guangxi-Guizhou, not Yunnan or the middle Yangtze River region as others have
2536:
in 2005, have also been made available. Many of the mss. illuminate the administrative, social, political, and religious demands put on communities in the same watershed area that insured a high degree of cooperation to create and maintain irrigation systems
212:
organised states in collective hierarchy such that smaller mueang were subordinate to more powerful neighboring ones, which in turn were subordinate to a central king or other leader. The more powerful mueang (generally designated as
1845:, the word conveys more than mere administrative district. The usage is of special historic interest for the Lao; in particular for their traditional socio-political and administrative organisation, and the formation of their early
2455:, 'dike, weir, dam.' together referred to gravitational irrigation systems for directing water from streams and rivers. The Proto-Tai language is not directly attested by any surviving texts, but has been reconstructed using the
45:
3482:
The reason why they called this language 'Kammuang' is because they used this language in the towns where they lived together, which were surrounded by mountainous areas where there were many hill tribe
284:
and adjoining regions – though the common description of this as a "mass migration" is disputed. Following historical
Chinese practice, tribal leaders principally in Yunnan were recognized by the
3212:
3113:
is of special historic interest for the Lao; in particular for their traditional socio-political and administrative organisation, and the formation of their early (power) states.
691:
3461:(M.A. Thesis). Presented at 4th National Symposium on Graduate Research, Chiang Mai, Thailand, August 10–11, 2004. Asst. Prof. Dr. Kirk R. Person, adviser. Chiang Mai:
2675:
khun : ruler of a fortified town and its surrounding villages, together called a mu'ang. In older sources the prefix ph'o ("father") is sometimes used as well.
3220:
3532:
744:
3562:
3522:
3376:
3078:
638:
2970:
2516:
conveys many meanings, all having to do with administrative, social, political and religious orientation on wet-rice cultivation. The origin of the word
2148:
3557:
3527:
2093:
1850:
1846:
1373:
3448:
396:
In Khmer, "moeang" (មឿង) is a word borrowed from the Thai language meaning "small city" or "small town." Usually used as a place name for villages.
2766:
3411:
could not have sustained themselves in isolation, but were dependent to a high degree on water irrigation that demands cooperation of several
2932:
2840:
2532:, started a project to produce the Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. Papers presented at the Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, held in
262:
312:
3256:
656:
3219:. Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago. p. 469. Archived from
3142:
2688:
3547:
2978:
372:
2653:
3542:
2144:
3552:
405:
3387:
3089:
2505:
give different meanings; scholarship has not established a link between this term and any of the terms which differ in tone.
709:
354:
3092:. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz: Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. pp. 401–420. Archived from
3537:
3335:
3384:
The
Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination and Research Perspectives, Vientiane: National Library of Laos
3086:
The
Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination and Research Perspectives, Vientiane: National Library of Laos
3298:
3177:
3390:. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz: Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. p. 416. Archived from
2996:
2774:
2696:
2661:
386:
343:
2994:
Daniels, Christian (2018). "The Mongol-Yuan in Yunnan and ProtoTai/Tai
Polities during the 13th-14th Centuries".
2767:"Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?"
2424:
1647:
1438:
1129:
842:
209:
109:
3391:
3093:
1767:
2521:
727:
529:
3415:
communities being situated in one and the same watershed area. The organisation of cooperation of a number of
2021:
by local people, transformed itself into a huge kingdom by the 17th century that withstood the might of the
350:
138:
1443:
847:
2632:
2567:
2208:
221:
3466:
3377:"The socio-political and administrative organisation of müang in the light of Lao historical manuscripts"
3079:"The socio-political and administrative organisation of müang in the light of Lao historical manuscripts"
2599:
1886:
308:
2443:
of
Southern China region, the term described what was then a unique type of irrigation engineering for
1743:
1623:
1331:
1104:
1257:
1208:
3302:
2622:
2579:
2529:
2525:
2320:
2243:
2238:
2079:
1719:
233:
3208:
2617:
2233:
2140:
1414:
1306:
1233:
1079:
1030:
967:
891:
400:
215:
1815:
1791:
1695:
1671:
1551:
1503:
1390:
1148:
917:
866:
300:-era dynasties gradually replaced native chieftains with non-native Chinese government officials.
3318:
2502:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2312:
2254:
2075:
1599:
1575:
1527:
1479:
1281:
942:
417:
280:
in 1253 and its establishment as a tutelary state, new mueang were founded widely throughout the
198:
2734:
818:
441:
3245:
2974:
2928:
2836:
2343:
2304:
2228:
2002:
1858:
1854:
462:
431:
78:
3462:
3310:
2598:; town, hence the meaning of "town language," specifically in contrast to those of the many
2213:
2124:). In standard Thai, the term for the country of Thailand is ประเทศไทย, rtgs: Prathet Thai.
2006:
1462:
1173:
1011:
565:
468:
118:
3159:
2288:
with Sema, became Nakhon
Ratchasima. Though dropped from the name of this mueang, Sanskrit
2494:
2187:
2120:
1983:
1059:
761:
673:
227:
142:
3283:
3306:
2735:"Chapter 11: Contextual arguments for the authenticity of the Ram Khamhaeng inscription"
2730:
2257:
is noted for having been the site of two ancient cities: Mueang Sema and
Khorakhapura.
1950:
1820:
1796:
1772:
1748:
1724:
1700:
1676:
1652:
1628:
1604:
1580:
1556:
1532:
1508:
1484:
1419:
1395:
1336:
1311:
1286:
1262:
1238:
1213:
1153:
1109:
1084:
1035:
972:
947:
922:
896:
871:
823:
620:
583:
547:
304:
253:
and could enjoy periods of relative independence. Mueang large and small often shifted
193:
146:
3499:
3334:
Abstract. By integrating linguistic information and physical geographic features in a
3284:"GIS Mapping and Analysis of Tai Linguistic and Settlement Patterns in Southern China"
3249:(Text available under Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 (Unported))
3144:ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง ทรงพระกรุณาโปรดเกล้า ฯ ให้เปลี่ยนคำว่าเมืองเรียกว่าจังหวัด
2463:. All A1 words are rising tone in modern Thai and Lao, following rules determined for
3516:
2559:
2472:
2432:
2272:
2114:
2022:
601:
316:
185:
90:
38:
23:
3322:
2284:: city with defensive wall. "Khorakhapura" was nicknamed "Nakhon Raj," which as a
2614:, Spanish term for irrigation system organized like the Müang Fai irrigation system
2575:
2482:
2369:
2223:
2201:
1994:
1990:
297:
293:
285:
273:
134:
73:
58:
2718:. Khun Phasit said that these terms should in fact be read as /söŋ/ and /möŋ/....
3126:
3419:
in irrigation works, historically, probably was the primary reason for founding
2444:
2384:
2359:
2285:
2161:
2051:
2018:
1926:
1910:
1878:
332:
281:
269:
3504:
3314:
2797:
1865:
1842:
277:
254:
250:
130:
2832:
2583:
2533:
2490:
2428:
2397:
2374:
2364:
2349:
1960:
1941:
1921:
1892:
1882:
1870:
1837:
1356:
779:
3017:
Report on the
Eastern Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps
2112:
still can be found as the term for the capital districts of the provinces (
261:
to more than one powerful neighbor – the most powerful of the period being
3350:
3282:
Luo, Wei; Hartmann, John; Li, Jinfang; Sysamouth, Vinya (December 2000).
3020:
2828:
2379:
2354:
2328:
2265:
2136:
2098:
2070:
2059:
2014:
2010:
1936:
1931:
1916:
992:
162:
150:
3362:
2966:
2924:
2753:...Lord Sam Chon, the ruler of Müang Chot, came to attack Müang Tak....
2611:
2440:
2436:
2296:
2218:
2165:
2083:
2043:
2039:
1956:
1946:
801:
783:
511:
357: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
258:
238:
174:
166:
3455:
Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script
2401:
2055:
2035:
1976:
1966:
1906:
1191:
170:
3431:), and generally worshipping the same territorial guardian spirit (
3058:
People's Government of Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County (1985).
3128:
Origin of the Tai and Chao Lung Hsukapha: A Historical Perspective
3064:
Toponymy Dictionary of Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County, Yunnan
2571:
2047:
1998:
1971:
492:
449:
178:
158:
2689:"Piltdown3: Further Discussion of The Ram Khamhaeng Inscription"
2627:
2405:
2258:
2198:
289:
288:
as imperial officials, in an arrangement generally known as the
189:
154:
326:
2927:: Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House. pp. 1347–1350.
2744:. Bangkok: The Siam Society. Quoted text is found in image 7
2497:'s Lao entry omits tonal marking – a typographical error.)
315:
did much the same with their lesser mueang, but, while the
2665:. JSS Vol. 71.0 (digital). Siamese Heritage Trust: image 4
2700:. JSS Vol. 83.0j (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image 11
2118:), as well as for a municipal status equivalent to town (
1857:
are now subdivided into what are commonly translated as
2541:) – which probably was the primary reason for founding
249:) occasionally tried to liberate themselves from their
3213:"A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages"
2825:
Lak Chang: A reconstruction of Tai identity in Daikong
2204:". It still forms part of the name of some places.
16:Premodern city states in peninsular Southeast Asia
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
1861:, with some retaining Muang as part of the name:
196:and a ruler with at least the Thai noble rank of
3407:However, being wet-rice growing societies, Tai
3217:Includes three supplements, published 1969-1985
2778:. JSS Vol. 77.1c (digital). Siam Heritage Trust
2451:meaning 'irrigation channel, ditch, canal' and
3388:The Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, 2005
3090:The Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, 2005
129:(Vietnamese) were pre-modern semi-independent
435:
208:), together with its dependent villages. The
95:
8:
3034:People's Government of Ruili County (1987).
3196:บุรี; บูรี /บุ-รี; บู-รี/ Pali: ปุร เมือง
3040:Toponymy Dictionary of Ruili County, Yunnan
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2013:in 1228 with 9000 Tai People migrated from
2971:Publishing House of Minority Nationalities
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2714:, the name of Ram Khamhaeng's mother, and
2654:"Ahom and the Study of Early Thai Society"
2520:yet remains obscure. In October 2007, The
2275:
2192:
2180:
2155:
2149:Royal Thai General System of Transcription
2103:
2087:
203:
3233:8278 púra noun. fortress, town, gynaeceum
3053:
3051:
3049:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2570:that was the language of the kingdom of
2185:) as meaning "city" has been modified to
1851:Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)
1374:Mengjiao Dai, Yi and Lahu People Township
373:Learn how and when to remove this message
3465:. P. 7, digital image 30. Archived from
2280:, (buri) all connoting the same as Thai
454:
3447:Natnapang Burutphakdee (October 2004).
3427:managing one common irrigation system (
3066:]. pp. 勐永:198, 勐简:201, 勐省:208.
2644:
2566:) is the modern spoken form of the old
210:mandala model of political organisation
3246:"Nakhon Ratchasima (Khorat), Thailand"
2915:Gong, Jiaqiang; Meng, Zunxian (2007).
2602:in the surrounding mountainous areas.
1997:– The Mueang (currently the states of
108:
3363:http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm
3023:: British Mission Press. p. 111.
2408:/ which may erroneously scan as /ii/.
416:The placename "mueang" is written in
72:
37:
7:
3375:Raendchen, Jana (October 10, 2005).
3158:(ก): 51. 28 May 1916. Archived from
3077:Raendchen, Jana (October 10, 2005).
355:adding citations to reliable sources
184:Mueang was originally a term in the
3533:Former countries in Chinese history
3015:CAPT. R. Boileau Pemberton (1835).
2957:Yu, Cui-rong; Luo, Meizhen (2003).
3563:Former countries in Indian history
3523:Former countries in Southeast Asia
2064:Thailand is colloquially known as
319:are gone, the place names remain.
14:
3185:Royal Institute Dictionary – 1982
2292:persists in the names of others.
1849:, described by later scholars as
3558:Types of administrative division
3528:Former countries in Thai history
3498:
2145:Don Mueang International Airport
331:
303:In the 19th century, Thailand's
3291:Geographic Information Sciences
3259:from the original on 2013-09-09
2009:), established by a Tai Prince
342:needs additional citations for
94:
3450:Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang
2765:Du Yuting; Chen Lufan (1989).
2740:. In Chamberlain, J.R. (ed.).
1835:Laos is colloquially known as
448:, both of which are spoken in
426:
1:
3503:The dictionary definition of
3423:, that is a group of several
3255:. AsiaExplorers. 5 Aug 2013.
2742:The Ram Khamhaeng Controversy
2431:, the common ancestor of all
292:("Native Chieftain") system.
3299:Northern Illinois University
3253:More about Nakhon Ratchasima
3125:Gohain, Birendra kr (1999).
2652:Terwiel, Barend Jan (1983).
2524:, in collaboration with the
2467:. Accordingly, the term is:
2997:Journal of the Siam Society
2921:Tai Nuea－Chinese Dictionary
2775:Journal of the Siam Society
2697:Journal of the Siam Society
2662:Journal of the Siam Society
2586:. They call their language
2414:Müang Fai irrigation system
1648:Mengwang Township, Jinghong
1439:Mengnong Yi Ethnic Township
843:Wandian Dai Ethnic Township
3579:
2963:Tai Lue－Chinese Dictionary
2710:Examples of the first are
2341:
2197:), usually translated as "
2033:
1904:
1768:Mengwang Township, Menghai
445:
387:Southwestern Tai languages
313:subsequent military rulers
3315:10.1080/10824000009480541
2823:Santasombat, Yos (2008).
2687:Vickery, Michael (1995).
2563:
2486:
2476:
2276:
2193:
2181:
2156:
2139:of a few places, notably
2104:
2088:
1055:
430:, which is equivalent to
421:
204:
122:
96:
62:
27:
3548:Subdivisions of Thailand
3435:) and ancestral spirits.
3209:Turner, Sir Ralph Lilley
3143:
2594:means language or word;
2522:National Library of Laos
2214:Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
2135:still forms part of the
2096:), which was changed to
149:, including what is now
3543:Subdivisions of Myanmar
3176:Glenn S. (5 Aug 2013).
2798:"SEAlang Library Khmer"
436:
139:mainland Southeast Asia
3553:Thai words and phrases
2568:Northern Thai language
2209:Krung Thep Maha Nakhon
2092:, Thai translation of
257:, and frequently paid
141:, adjacent regions of
2342:Further information:
2034:Further information:
1905:Further information:
1887:Xiangkhouang Province
1010:Mengdian (a place in
3538:Subdivisions of Laos
3109:The use of the word
2623:Internal colonialism
2580:northern Thai people
2530:University of Passau
2526:Berlin State Library
2445:wet-rice cultivation
2082:were organized into
2078:, city-states under
351:improve this article
165:, parts of northern
3307:2000AnGIS...6..129L
3187:. Thai-language.com
3042:]. p. 149.
2796:Headley, Robert K.
2618:Chiang (place name)
2582:and their language
2234:Nakhon Si Thammarat
2141:Don Mueang District
2600:hill tribe peoples
2574:(Million Fields).
2457:comparative method
2255:Sung Noen District
2076:Damrong Rajanubhab
2074:reforms of Prince
1991:Mong Dun Shun Kham
1885:, capital city of
418:Chinese characters
3223:on August 5, 2013
3165:on April 9, 2008.
2934:978-7-5367-3790-7
2842:978-1-74076-081-2
2461:Proto-Tai-tone A1
2344:Sip Song Chau Tai
2229:Nakhon Ratchasima
2003:Arunachal Pradesh
1859:districts of Laos
1855:Provinces of Laos
1828:
1827:
1744:Mengsong Township
1624:Mengqiao Township
1332:Mengjian Township
1130:Jiucheng Township
1105:Mengnong Township
476:Common used name
473:Script in Chinese
458:Script in English
383:
382:
375:
272:'s defeat of the
3570:
3502:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3463:Payap University
3460:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3288:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3250:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3149:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2954:
2939:
2938:
2912:
2847:
2846:
2820:
2805:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2771:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2707:
2705:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2658:
2649:
2565:
2509:Origin of mueang
2503:linguistic tones
2488:
2478:
2459:. This term has
2279:
2278:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2164:municipality of
2159:
2158:
2152:Mueang Phatthaya
2107:
2106:
2091:
2090:
2007:North-East India
1824:
1800:
1776:
1752:
1728:
1704:
1680:
1656:
1632:
1608:
1584:
1560:
1536:
1512:
1488:
1463:Mengban Township
1447:
1423:
1399:
1340:
1315:
1290:
1266:
1258:Mengdui Township
1242:
1217:
1209:Mengyue Township
1174:Mengxiu Township
1157:
1113:
1088:
1057:
1039:
1012:Yingjiang County
976:
951:
926:
900:
875:
851:
827:
455:
447:
439:
428:
423:
378:
371:
367:
364:
358:
335:
327:
309:Burma's colonial
207:
206:
124:
112:
107:
100:
99:
98:
76:
71:
64:
52:
51:
50:
48:
41:
36:
29:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3513:
3512:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3458:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3379:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3327:
3325:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3262:
3260:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3226:
3224:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3060:云南省耿马傣族佤族自治县地名志
3057:
3056:
3047:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2973:. p. 274.
2956:
2955:
2942:
2935:
2914:
2913:
2850:
2843:
2822:
2821:
2808:
2802:SEAlang Library
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2703:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2668:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2608:
2551:
2511:
2495:SEAlang Library
2416:
2393:
2346:
2340:
2252:
2188:thesaban nakhon
2174:
2130:
2128:Mueang toponyms
2121:thesaban mueang
2062:
2032:
1987:
1984:Northeast India
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1770:
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1082:
1060:Longling County
1033:
970:
945:
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894:
869:
845:
821:
414:
394:
385:Place names in
379:
368:
362:
359:
348:
336:
325:
143:Northeast India
105:
74:[mɯaŋ˦]
69:
46:
44:
43:
42:
39:[mɯaŋ˧]
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3493:External links
3491:
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3472:on May 5, 2015
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2162:self-governing
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2031:
2028:
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1986:
1981:
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381:
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339:
337:
330:
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321:
317:petty kingdoms
305:Chakri dynasty
194:defensive wall
147:Southern China
135:principalities
110:[məŋ˦]
15:
13:
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6:
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2:
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3397:on 2013-11-04
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3099:on 2013-11-04
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2433:Tai languages
2430:
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2425:reconstructed
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2200:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2172:Nakhon mueang
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2147:; and in the
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:amphoe mueang
2111:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2085:
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2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2057:
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2029:
2024:
2023:Mughal Empire
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1982:
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1975:
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1875:Former Muang
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1415:Mengxian Town
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1333:
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1313:
1308:
1307:MengYong Town
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1277:
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1234:Mengpeng Town
1232:
1229:
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1220:
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1200:
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1081:
1080:Menglong Town
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:, a place in
1054:Huangcao-Ba (
1053:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1031:Mengding Town
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
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997:
994:
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986:
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979:
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968:Mengyang Town
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949:
944:
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904:
903:
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892:Shangyun Town
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868:
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340:This section
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211:
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195:
191:
187:
186:Tai languages
182:
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164:
160:
156:
152:
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144:
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136:
132:
128:
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88:
84:
80:
75:
67:
60:
56:
49:
40:
32:
25:
21:
3505:
3481:
3474:. Retrieved
3467:the original
3454:
3449:
3442:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3399:. Retrieved
3392:the original
3383:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3339:proposed....
3333:
3326:. Retrieved
3294:
3290:
3277:
3268:
3261:. Retrieved
3252:
3240:
3232:
3225:. Retrieved
3221:the original
3216:
3203:
3195:
3189:. Retrieved
3184:
3181:(Dictionary)
3171:
3160:the original
3155:
3151:
3137:
3127:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3101:. Retrieved
3094:the original
3085:
3072:
3063:
3059:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3016:
3010:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2962:
2958:
2920:
2916:
2824:
2804:, 05/14/2018
2801:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2773:
2760:
2752:
2746:. Retrieved
2741:
2725:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2702:. Retrieved
2695:
2682:
2674:
2667:. Retrieved
2660:
2647:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2576:Central Thai
2554:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2538:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2452:
2448:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2396:
2370:Muong Khuong
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2224:Nakhon Nayok
2202:municipality
2186:
2176:
2175:
2151:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2108:) in 1916.
2097:
2069:
2068:. After the
2065:
2063:
1995:Ahom kingdom
1836:
1834:
1816:Mengban Town
1792:Menglun Town
1696:Mengman Town
1672:Menghun Town
1552:Mengsuo Town
1504:Menglie Town
1391:Mengnuo Town
1149:Menghan Town
918:Mengzhe Town
867:Lujiang Town
425:
415:
395:
384:
369:
360:
349:Please help
344:verification
341:
302:
274:Dali Kingdom
267:
246:
242:
232:
226:
220:
214:
197:
183:
126:
114:
101:
86:
82:
65:
54:
30:
19:
18:
3301:: 129–136.
3154:(in Thai).
2731:Wyatt, D.K.
2588:Kham Mueang
2555:Kham Mueang
2549:Kham Mueang
2465:tone origin
2385:Muong Thanh
2286:portmanteau
2250:Buri mueang
2244:Renu Nakhon
2239:Nakhon Thai
2071:Thesaphiban
2066:Mueang Thai
2052:Sukhaphiban
1927:Mong Hpayak
1911:Shan States
1879:Muang Phuan
1819: [
1795: [
1771: [
1747: [
1723: [
1720:Meng'a Town
1699: [
1675: [
1651: [
1627: [
1603: [
1600:Mengla Town
1579: [
1576:Mengka Town
1555: [
1531: [
1528:Mengma Town
1507: [
1483: [
1480:Mengda Town
1442: [
1418: [
1394: [
1335: [
1310: [
1285: [
1282:Mengku Town
1261: [
1237: [
1212: [
1152: [
1108: [
1083: [
1034: [
971: [
946: [
943:Mengsa Town
921: [
895: [
870: [
846: [
822: [
692:Shuangjiang
401:Moeang Char
323:Place names
282:Shan States
270:Kublai Khan
169:, southern
131:city-states
3517:Categories
3433:phii müang
3429:müang-faai
3270:Ayutthaya.
3191:2013-08-03
3004:: 201–243.
2770:(free PDF)
2748:2013-06-13
2639:References
2539:müang-faai
2501:Different
2487:ເຫມື່ອງຝາຍ
2481:in modern
2471:in modern
2423:is a term
2277:บุรี, บูรี
2160:) for the
2157:เมืองพัทยา
2143:, home to
2137:placenames
2017:called as
1866:Muang Sing
1843:Lao people
1841:, but for
1295:Meng Yoong
1093:Meng Loong
880:Meng Yueng
819:Kejie Town
734:Meng Tsung
716:Meng Thong
499:Muang Khon
278:Bai people
268:Following
263:Ming China
255:allegiance
245:Thep Maha
173:, western
106:pronounced
70:pronounced
35:pronounced
3365:ເຫມືອງຝາຽ
3351:เหมืองฝาย
3211:(1985) .
3036:云南省瑞丽县地名志
2833:ANU Press
2782:March 17,
2704:August 3,
2590:in which
2584:Thai Yuan
2578:may call
2534:Vientiane
2477:เหมืองฝาย
2435:. In the
2429:Proto-Tai
2420:Müang Fai
2391:Etymology
2375:Muong Nhe
2365:Muong Lat
2360:Mường Lay
2350:Muong Cha
2194:เทศบาลนคร
1961:Mongkawng
1942:Mong Ping
1922:Mong Hsat
1893:Muang Sua
1883:Phonsavan
1871:Muang Xay
1838:Muang Lao
1757:Meng Wang
1733:Meng Song
1637:Meng Wang
1613:Meng Qiao
1428:Meng Nong
1404:Meng Xian
1363:Meng Jiao
1357:Mengsheng
1348:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥫᥒᥴ
1345:Meng Seng
1323:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥒᥰ
1320:Meng Keng
1298:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥩᥒᥰ
1222:Meng Peng
1165:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥥᥝᥰ
1121:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥨᥝᥱ
1096:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥩᥒᥴ
1067:Meng Long
1047:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥤᥛᥴ
1019:Meng Ting
1002:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥦᥢᥰ
984:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥧᥛᥰ
981:Meng Tung
959:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥣᥒᥰ
956:Meng Yang
911:ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦵᦵᦋᧈ
883:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥒᥤᥛᥰ
780:Tengchong
771:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥦᥢᥰ
754:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥦᥢᥴ
751:Meng Then
745:Yuanjiang
737:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥓᥧᥒᥰ
728:Changning
719:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥨᥒᥴ
701:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥛᥰ
683:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ
680:Meng Meng
663:Meng Long
645:Meng Keng
630:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥥᥛᥰ
611:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥣᥭᥰ
566:Yingjiang
530:Longchuan
518:Muang Wan
502:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ
484:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ
481:Muang Mao
192:having a
3323:24199802
3257:Archived
3021:Calcutta
2829:Canberra
2733:(1991).
2669:March 7,
2606:See also
2528:and the
2404:employ /
2380:Muong Te
2355:Muong La
2271:, hence
2266:Sanskrit
2099:changwat
2060:Thesaban
2030:Thailand
2015:Mong Mao
2011:Sukaphaa
1959:(former
1949:(former
1937:Mong Nai
1932:Mong Ton
1917:Mong Mao
1881:(modern
1805:Meng Ban
1781:Meng Lun
1685:Meng Man
1661:Meng Hun
1541:Meng Suo
1493:Meng Lie
1452:Meng Ban
1380:Meng Nuo
1247:Meng Dui
1227:ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦘᦳᧂ
1198:Meng Yue
1162:Meng Heu
1139:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥛᥰ
1136:Meng Ham
1073:ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦷᦟᧂ
1070:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥨᥒ
1044:Meng Lim
1022:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥒ
999:Meng Ten
993:Mengdong
934:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥣᥴ
931:Meng Hsa
905:Meng Tse
859:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥫᥰ
856:Meng Khe
835:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥣᥴ
811:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥣᥰ
793:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ
768:Meng Men
762:Fengqing
698:Meng Lam
674:Longling
666:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥨᥒ
648:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥪᥒ
639:Menglian
627:Meng Lem
608:Meng Hai
595:ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦟᦱᧉ
557:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥲ
554:Muang La
539:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ
536:Muang Ti
521:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥝᥢᥰ
505:ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦃᦸᧃ
467:Name in
463:Tai Nuea
461:Name in
432:Tai Nuea
392:Cambodia
363:May 2024
251:suzerain
163:Cambodia
151:Thailand
79:Tai Nuea
3483:people.
3476:June 8,
3328:May 28,
3303:Bibcode
2967:Beijing
2965:].
2925:Kunming
2923:].
2612:Acequia
2564:คำเมือง
2441:Guizhou
2437:Guangxi
2338:Vietnam
2321:Suphan
2264:became
2166:Pattaya
2105:จังหวัด
2094:mandala
2084:monthon
2044:Monthon
2040:Boriwen
1957:Mogaung
1947:Mohnyin
1901:Myanmar
1589:Meng La
1565:Meng Ka
1517:Meng Ma
1469:Meng Da
1271:Meng Ku
1183:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ
1180:Meng Ka
1142:ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦣᧄ
1118:Meng Mo
908:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥓᥥ
832:Meng Ha
808:Meng Ha
802:Kunming
796:ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦵᦉ
790:Mongsee
784:Lincang
710:Lancang
621:Menghai
614:ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦣᦻ
590:Meng La
577:ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦟᦱ
572:Meng La
548:Lianghe
512:Mangshi
469:Tai Lue
276:of the
259:tribute
239:Bangkok
237:– with
175:Guangxi
167:Vietnam
119:Chinese
81:: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ
3506:mueang
3457:]
3321:
3178:"บูรี"
2977:
2931:
2839:
2596:mueang
2572:Lan Na
2543:mueang
2518:mueang
2514:Mueang
2402:et al.
2400:: Luo
2282:mueang
2177:Nakhon
2133:Mueang
2110:Mueang
2058:, and
2056:Tambon
2036:Amphoe
1977:Momeik
1967:Momauk
1907:Saopha
1709:Meng A
1192:Mengga
657:Gengma
602:Mengla
442:Tai Lü
434::
247:Nakhon
228:nakhon
216:chiang
188:for a
171:Yunnan
123:猛 or 勐
121::
97:မိူင်း
66:mɯ́ang
47:listen
31:mɯ̄ang
20:Mueang
3470:(PDF)
3459:(PDF)
3453:[
3421:müang
3395:(PDF)
3380:(PDF)
3319:S2CID
3287:(PDF)
3263:5 Aug
3227:5 Aug
3163:(PDF)
3148:(PDF)
3111:müang
3097:(PDF)
3082:(PDF)
3062:[
3038:[
2961:[
2959:傣仂汉词典
2919:[
2738:(PDF)
2692:(PDF)
2657:(PDF)
2633:Wiang
2449:Müang
2427:from
2313:Sing
2048:Muban
1999:Assam
1972:Mogok
1823:]
1799:]
1775:]
1751:]
1727:]
1703:]
1679:]
1655:]
1631:]
1607:]
1583:]
1559:]
1535:]
1511:]
1487:]
1446:]
1422:]
1398:]
1339:]
1314:]
1289:]
1265:]
1241:]
1216:]
1156:]
1112:]
1087:]
1038:]
975:]
950:]
925:]
899:]
874:]
850:]
826:]
584:Simao
493:Ruili
450:China
412:China
307:and
243:Krung
234:krung
222:wiang
179:Assam
159:Burma
127:Mường
125:) or
83:muang
63:ເມືອງ
55:Muang
28:เมือง
3478:2013
3425:baan
3417:baan
3413:baan
3409:baan
3403:2013
3330:2013
3265:2013
3229:2013
3105:2013
2975:ISBN
2929:ISBN
2917:傣汉词典
2837:ISBN
2784:2013
2716:möaṅ
2712:söaṅ
2706:2013
2671:2013
2628:Tusi
2592:Kham
2560:Thai
2489:. (
2473:Thai
2331:buri
2329:Thon
2323:Buri
2315:Buri
2307:buri
2305:Chon
2298:Buri
2290:buri
2273:Thai
2269:puri
2262:púra
2259:Pali
2199:city
2089:มณฑล
2080:Siam
2019:Ahom
2001:and
1909:and
1831:Laos
446:ᦵᦙᦲᧂ
440:and
437:ᥛᥫᥒᥰ
427:měng
422:勐, 孟
311:and
298:Qing
296:and
294:Ming
290:Tusi
286:Yuan
199:khun
190:town
177:and
155:Laos
145:and
115:Meng
102:mə́ŋ
91:Shan
87:Mong
24:Thai
3336:GIS
3311:doi
3002:106
2483:Lao
2453:Fai
2300:ram
2182:นคร
2005:in
1993:or
1056:黄草坝
782:or
420:as
353:by
241:as
231:or
205:ขุน
137:in
133:or
113:),
85:),
59:Lao
53:),
3519::
3480:.
3405:.
3386:.
3382:.
3332:.
3317:.
3309:.
3293:.
3289:.
3267:.
3251:.
3231:.
3215:.
3194:.
3183:.
3156:33
3150:.
3107:.
3088:.
3084:.
3048:^
3019:.
3000:.
2969::
2943:^
2851:^
2831::
2827:.
2809:^
2800:,
2772:.
2751:.
2708:.
2694:.
2673:.
2659:.
2562::
2545:.
2493::
2491:NB
2485::
2475::
2447:.
2398:NB
2168:.
2054:,
2050:,
2046:,
2042:,
2038:,
1853:.
1821:zh
1812:勐伴
1797:zh
1788:勐仑
1773:zh
1764:勐往
1749:zh
1740:勐宋
1725:zh
1716:勐阿
1701:zh
1692:勐满
1677:zh
1668:勐混
1653:zh
1644:勐旺
1629:zh
1620:勐桥
1605:zh
1596:勐拉
1581:zh
1572:勐卡
1557:zh
1548:勐梭
1533:zh
1524:勐马
1509:zh
1500:勐烈
1485:zh
1476:勐大
1459:勐班
1444:zh
1435:孟弄
1420:zh
1411:勐先
1396:zh
1387:勐糯
1370:勐角
1353:勐省
1337:zh
1328:勐简
1312:zh
1303:勐永
1287:zh
1278:勐库
1263:zh
1254:勐堆
1239:zh
1230:勐捧
1214:zh
1205:勐约
1188:勐戛
1170:勐秀
1154:zh
1145:勐罕
1126:勐磨
1110:zh
1101:勐弄
1085:zh
1076:勐龙
1062:)
1036:zh
1027:孟定
1014:)
1007:勐典
989:勐董
973:zh
964:勐养
948:zh
939:勐撒
923:zh
914:勐遮
897:zh
888:勐允
872:zh
848:zh
824:zh
776:勐缅
724:勐统
706:勐朗
688:勐勐
653:勐耿
635:孟连
617:勐海
598:勐腊
580:勐拉
562:勐腊
544:勐底
526:勐宛
508:勐焕
489:勐卯
452:.
444::
424:;
265:.
225:,
219:,
181:.
161:,
157:,
153:,
104:,
93::
77:;
68:,
61::
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3353:;
3313::
3305::
3295:6
3131:.
2983:.
2937:.
2845:.
2786:.
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2537:(
2439:-
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2154:(
2102:(
2086:(
2025:.
1963:)
1953:)
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365:)
361:(
347:.
202:(
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