25:
135:
347:
110:
91:
737:
end of the winter, adults underwent interrupted ascents, migrating to depths that were greater than reached during typical DVM as they preyed on deep-wintering prey partway through their seasonal ascent to the surface. Some individuals undertook a reversed DVM during winter, diving to slightly greater depths during daylight hours, to feed on deep-overwintering prey in optimal light conditions. In the
363:
392:. In fresh-caught specimens, these photophores are coloured a light pink/purple. They have 9 to 12 dorsal fin rays, 17-19 pectoral fin rays, 7 pelvic fin rays and 22 to 28 anal fin rays. They can grow up to 8 centimetres (3.1 in) at maximum length, but usually grows up to 4 centimetres (1.6 in).
814:
attempting to pursue it as a resource after the collapse of other fisheries, with no nation landing more than 50,000 tonnes in a single year. The species continues to be a focus of speculation for future mesopelagic fisheries, however a number of technical hurdles will need to be surmounted in order
736:
at depth, were abundant, adults in the winter delayed their vertical migration until approximately three hours before dawn due potentially to a reduced need to feed at the surface, with some individuals remaining at depth for the entire night, feeding entirely on deep-overwintering prey. Towards the
337:
breaks, and is scarce in the open ocean. This species is predominantly found at depths of around 150 to 250 metres (490 to 820 ft) during the day, but can be found as shallow as 50 metres (160 ft) during the nighttime. They can be found in depths of at least 1,527 metres (5,010 ft) at
782:
is regionally variable. In the
Benguela system, breeding occurs year round, while in Australia spawning occurs in late winter and early spring. In Norway, spawning occurs between March and September, however hatch timing is a strong predictor of recruitment success, with individuals hatching before
769:
in scattering layers can detect predators at distances of several metres during the day, and respond by diving as far as 50m below their original depths at speeds of 15–20 cm/s. While most individuals reside in scattering layers to reduce predation risk, certain "bold individuals" will make
1452:
Bravo
Rebolledo, Elisa L.; IJsseldijk, Lonneke L.; Solé, Liliane; Begeman, Lineke; de Vries, Simon; van den Boom, Louis; Camalich Carpizo, Jaime; Leopold, Mardik F. (2016-12-01). "Unorthodox Sampling of a Fin Whale's (Balaenoptera physalus) Diet Yields Several New Mesopelagic Prey Species".
1872:
Folkvord, Arild; Gundersen, Geir; Albretsen, Jon; Asplin, Lars; Kaartvedt, Stein; Giske, Jarl (February 2016). Marshall, C. Tara (ed.). "Impact of hatch date on early life growth and survival of
Mueller's pearlside ( Maurolicus muelleri ) larvae and life-history consequences".
783:
mid-September experiencing poor conditions for growth. Females mature at lengths of around 35mm, at the end of their first year, and fish below 30mm cannot be sexed. A small fraction of individuals survive into their second year, reaching lengths of up to 50mm in
Australia.
950:
Cavallaro, M.; Mammola, C. L.; Verdiglione, R. (June 2004). "Structural and ultrastructural comparison of photophores of two species of deep-sea fishes: Argyropelecus hemigymnus and
Maurolicus muelleri: comparison of photophores in two species of fishes".
1253:
Cartes, Joan E.; Hidalgo, Manuel; Papiol, Vanesa; Massutí, Enric; Moranta, Joan (March 2009). "Changes in the diet and feeding of the hake
Merluccius merluccius at the shelf-break of the Balearic Islands: Influence of the mesopelagic-boundary community".
978:
de
Busserolles, Fanny; Cortesi, Fabio; Helvik, Jon Vidar; Davies, Wayne I. L.; Templin, Rachel M.; Sullivan, Robert K. P.; Michell, Craig T.; Mountford, Jessica K.; Collin, Shaun P.; Irigoien, Xabier; Kaartvedt, Stein; Marshall, Justin (2017-11-03).
770:
forays into shallower waters above scattering layers, presumably in order to feed in move favourable light levels. It is unknown whether these bold individuals are atypical or whether a change in individual state (e.g. hunger) prompts these forays.
1528:
Klimpel, Sven; Kellermanns, Esra; Palm, Harry W.; Moravec, František (2007-05-30). "Zoogeography of fish parasites of the pearlside (Maurolicus muelleri), with genetic evidence of
Anisakis simplex (s.s.) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge".
710:
having a "light comfort zone", inhabiting depths where light levels are neither too bright nor too dark. Individual fish may move between scattering layers, indicating that the comfort zones are broader than suggested in the typical
2004:
Eduardo
Grimaldo; Leif Grimsmo; Paula Alvarez; Bent Herrmann; Guro Møen Tveit; Rachel Tiller; Rasa Slizyte; Naroa Aldanondo; Trude Guldberg; Bendik Toldnes; Ana Carvajal; Marte Schei; Merethe Selnes (December 2020).
404:
are made up of several parts. The photogenic chamber, made up of small, spherical light-producing cells, is split into a subspherical tank and conic projector, embedded inside a reflector made of
687:
than that descriptor usually entails. The specific nature of this migration can vary seasonally, between years, an across geography, as well as across the ontogeny of individual fishes.
719:
displayed consistent, typical DVM patterns (i.e. remaining at depth during the day and ascending to the surface at night) during summer months only, with individuals feeding at
1085:
Young, J. W.; Blaber, S. J. M. (October 1986). "Feeding ecology of three species of midwater fishes associated with the continental slope of eastern
Tasmania, Australia".
597:
host to a variety of parasitic taxa, with very few parasites reaching adulthood while infecting the pearlside. For example, in a study that examined 1329 individual
2195:
2381:
2260:
2366:
1918:
Lopes, Plàcida do Carmo (1979). "Eggs and larvae of Maurolicus muelleri (Gonostomatidae) and other fish eggs and larvae from two fjords in western Norway".
706:, with the deepest layer composed of adults and a shallow layer composed of post-larvae. The depth of these scattering layers is thought to be a result of
520:
inhabits a tertiary trophic position and, as such, provides a trophic link between zooplankton and larger predators. A wide range of fish species prey on
455:
is found in cells transmuted into a rod-like morphology. These rod-like cone receptors are tuned to the blue-shifted mesopic light conditions dominant in
1806:"Reproductive biology and spawning of the myctophid Lampanyctodes hectoris and the sternoptychid Maurolicus muelleri in the southern Benguela Ecosystem"
1493:
Hamre, Lars Are; Karlsbakk, Egil (March 2002). "Metazoan parasites of Maurolicus muelleri (Gmelin) (Sternoptychidae) in Herdlefjorden, western Norway".
1721:
Armstrong, M. J.; Prosch, R. M. (June 1991). "Abundance and distribution of the mesopelagic fish Maurolicus muelleri in the southern Benguela system".
2169:
786:
Individual females can contain as many as 738 ova, and in enclosed spaces eggs can be extremely abundant, reaching numbers as high as 5.8x10^11 in
2208:
2051:
1756:
Kaartvedt, S; Knutsen, T; Holst, JC (1998). "Schooling of the vertically migrating mesopelagic fish Maurolicus muelleri in light summer nights".
745:, DVM is known to occur, with fish ascending to within 10m of the surface in response to the first light of dawn before diving into deep waters.
459:'s habitat and are likely a more efficient method of mesopic vision than would be feasible with two improperly-functioning photoreceptor types.
1143:
Rasmussen, O. I.; Giske, J. (1994-11-01). "Life-history parameters and vertical distribution of Maurolicus muelleri in Masfjorden in summer".
490:
of secondary importance near Japan. Euphausiids and copepods are the dominant prey items year-round off near the eastern continental slope of
2286:
46:
790:. Eggs settle at a depth of around 200m in the Benguela system. The eggs are surrounded by a distinctive hexagonal-patterned membrane.
2143:
2074:
1591:
926:
68:
1616:"Long-term acoustical observations of the mesopelagic fish Maurolicus muelleri reveal novel and varied vertical migration patterns"
893:
2338:
1234:
Ankenbrandt, Lisa (1985). "Food habits of bait-caught Skipjack Tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean".
2376:
408:
crystals. Ventral to the photogenic chamber is a cellular lens that is itself covered on the ventral surface by a gelatinous
2213:
2047:
2247:
1670:
Christiansen, Svenja; Klevjer, Thor A; Røstad, Anders; Aksnes, Dag L; Kaartvedt, Stein (2021-09-07). Proud, Roland (ed.).
472:
Mueller's pearlside is a zooplanktivore, with exact diet composition varying geographically and seasonally. For example,
2117:
39:
33:
134:
695:
2265:
981:"Pushing the limits of photoreception in twilight conditions: The rod-like cone retina of the deep-sea pearlsides"
50:
2371:
1045:"Diet composition and prey size of the mesopelagic fish Maurolicus muelleri (Sternoptychidae) in the Japan sea"
452:
2007:"Investigating the potential for a commercial fishery in the Northeast Atlantic utilizing mesopelagic species"
1289:
Bjelland, Otte; Monstad, Terje (1997). "Blue whiting in the Norwegian Sea, spring and summer 1995 and 1996".
680:
554:
246:
2085:
762:
2312:
2122:
703:
533:
229:
1392:
Kawamura, Akito (1973). "Food and feeding of Sei Whales in waters south of 40°N in the North Pacific".
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1044:
2343:
389:
355:
863:
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to provide camouflage in the open-ocean, with a dark dorsal surface, silvered flanks and clustered
99:
2239:
548:
495:
486:
281:
129:
2317:
1413:"Distribution and population separation of Bryde's whale Balaenoptera edeni off southern Africa"
1304:
Lordan, C.; Burnell, G. M.; Cross, T. F. (December 1998). "The diet and ecological importance of
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196:
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Diel vertical migration and feeding pattern of M. muelleri in Masfjorden in late autumn
1013:
980:
562:
432:
381:
318:
298:, from the surface to depths of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). It can grow to a maximum
295:
277:
269:
176:
836:
2360:
2221:
1066:
Cha, Byung-Yul (1998). "Spawning ecology and feeding habits of Maurolicus muelleri".
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811:
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602:
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119:
114:
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1931:
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186:
90:
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1954:
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maximum. It lives in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters in the deep sea.
2252:
2234:
2182:
787:
726:
Their behaviour, however, varied in the autumn and winter. In years where their
720:
503:
2108:
1506:
1369:
1348:
1325:
1195:, Caught in the Northeast AtlanticAlbacore Drift-net Fishery:A Progress Report"
2023:
2006:
1822:
1805:
1734:
1688:
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1542:
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440:
385:
286:
206:
2148:
1990:
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1787:
1742:
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1474:
1466:
1438:
1378:
1333:
1275:
1220:
1164:
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1004:
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specimens, 3720 parasites were found with only 5 individual adult parasites.
1886:
936:
610:
594:
574:
566:
511:
507:
436:
409:
146:
1022:
996:
656:. A "fungoid mass", tentatively identified as being from the protist genus
2156:
2102:
2033:
1981:
902:
540:. They are also predated on by several cephalopods, including the squids
525:
491:
330:
166:
2278:
1778:
1698:
1642:
2174:
1769:
1429:
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is of minor importance to fisheries, with several countries, including
728:
712:
617:
502:, copepods are most important in the autumn, while earlier in the year
473:
405:
2187:
2161:
1895:
1632:
1615:
1211:
1182:
1129:
753:
In latitudes where summer nights are short and bright, such as in the
376:
has a fusiform body shape with a moderately sized, subvertical mouth.
1846:
803:
499:
156:
2079:
614:
Derogenes varicose, Brachyphallus crenatus, and Lecithaster confusus
431:
inhabits surface waters only during twilight hours, requiring acute
362:
2325:
1955:"Institutional nuts and bolts for a mesopelagic fishery in Norway"
1672:"Flexible behaviour in a mesopelagic fish ( Maurolicus muelleri )"
481:
448:
435:
which in most vertebrates is achieved through combining dim-light
361:
345:
290:, found in deep tropical, subtropical and temperate waters of the
2291:
854:
2083:
2069:, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982)
765:
in shallow waters at night to reduce the threat of predation.
423:
has large eyes with a retina uniquely adapted to the animal's
18:
683:(DVM), however this behaviour is more complex and varied in
694:
has been best studied in Masfjorden, where a fifteen-month
662:, has been identified in pearlsides caught near Australia.
919:
Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean
1577:
Distribution, Growth, and Reproduction of the Lightfish
644:
One of the only species to reach adulthood parasitising
1256:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
321:
from subpolar waters to the equator, as well as in the
329:
is most abundant around bathymetric features such as
815:
to make pearlsides a cost-effective fishery target.
2092:
1181:Hassani, S; Antoine, L; Ridoux, V (December 1997).
524:, including commercially-important species such as
447:have developed a unique photoreceptor where a cone
1875:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
1394:Scientific Reports of the Whale Research Institute
1614:Staby, A; Røstad, A; Kaartvedt, S (2011-11-15).
1312:(Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in Irish waters".
864:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T198760A21913754.en
514:have also been reported from stomach contents.
325:, however they are absent in the Indian Ocean.
2067:Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand
1953:Standal, Dag; Grimaldo, Eduardo (2020-09-01).
476:are the main constituent of their diet in the
1586:(Report). CSIRO Marine Laboratories Reports.
1199:Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science
8:
1124:(Master thesis). The University of Bergen.
1043:Ikeda, T; Hirakawa, K; Kajihara, N (1994).
2080:
1581:(Sternoptychidae) off South-East Australia
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
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480:and in waters surrounding Korea, with the
400:Photophores are glandular organs that, in
108:
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
32:This article includes a list of general
2052:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1810:South African Journal of Marine Science
1723:South African Journal of Marine Science
1357:South African Journal of Marine Science
1314:South African Journal of Marine Science
824:
830:
828:
2382:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
1851:(Gonostomatidae) in Norwegian waters"
1799:
1797:
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1663:
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1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
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1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1176:
1174:
1049:Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan
917:Peter James Palmer Whitehead (1986).
7:
2331:1C2C4D64-2465-B63A-9B7F-D0B5C35F9B45
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
2367:IUCN Red List least concern species
846:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
354:, showing the photophores used for
675:As with many mesopelagic species,
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2065:Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox,
965:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00410.x
302:of 8 centimetres (3.1 in).
133:
23:
835:A. Harold; R. Milligan (2019).
698:was undertaken. In Masfjorden,
2011:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1932:10.1080/00364827.1979.10411382
1758:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1676:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1620:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1417:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1349:"Diet and mandibular growth of
1:
1847:"Life history and ecology of
1068:Korean Journal of Ichthyology
585:Due to its trophic position,
561:and marine mammals including
276:(not to be confused with the
268:(not to be confused with the
1972:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104043
1855:FiskDir. Skr. Ser. HauUnders
1347:Villanueva, R. (June 1993).
266:Mueller's bristle-mouth fish
1804:Prosch, R. M. (June 1991).
1120:Srisomwong, Jantra (2009).
388:on the ventral surface for
2398:
1507:10.1080/003648202753631721
1370:10.2989/025776193784287239
1326:10.2989/025776198784126214
690:The vertical migration of
261:, commonly referred to as
1823:10.2989/02577619109504635
1735:10.2989/02577619109504615
1575:Clarke, Thomas A (1982).
1543:10.1007/s00227-007-0727-8
1268:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.09.009
453:phototransduction cascade
366:Fresh-caught specimen of
235:
228:
130:Scientific classification
128:
106:
97:
88:
83:
1845:Gjøsæter, Jakob (1981).
1467:10.1578/am.42.4.2016.417
892:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
633:Hysterothylacium aduncum
306:Distribution and habitat
84:Mueller's pearlside
2024:10.1093/icesjms/fsaa114
1887:10.1139/cjfas-2015-0040
1689:10.1093/icesjms/fsab075
953:Journal of Fish Biology
794:Importance to Fisheries
681:diel vertical migration
671:Diel vertical migration
555:Enteroctopus magnificus
53:more precise citations.
2377:Fish described in 1789
1193:Stenella coerulaeoalba
997:10.1126/sciadv.aao4709
857:: e.T198760A21913754.
370:
359:
2313:Paleobiology Database
2048:"Maurolicus muelleri"
906:. March 2006 version.
365:
349:
732:copepod prey, which
506:are most important.
443:. Fish in the genus
313:is found across the
263:Mueller's pearlside,
2094:Maurolicus muelleri
1849:Maurolicus muelleri
1579:Maurolicus muelleri
1183:"Diets of Albacore,
896:Maurolicus muelleri
839:Maurolicus muelleri
780:Maurolicus muelleri
767:Maurolicus muelleri
677:Maurolicus muelleri
654:Sarcotretes scopeli
629:Scolex pleuronectis
607:Maurolicus muelleri
599:Maurolicus muelleri
589:plays a role as an
518:Maurolicus muelleri
421:Maurolicus muelleri
390:counterillumination
374:Maurolicus muelleri
368:Maurolicus muelleri
356:counterillumination
311:Maurolicus muelleri
258:Maurolicus muelleri
239:Maurolicus muelleri
100:Conservation status
2017:(7–8): 2541–2556.
1770:10.3354/meps170287
1430:10.3354/meps220277
1351:Octopus magnificus
1310:Todaropsis eblanae
1157:10.1007/BF00350086
1099:10.1007/bf00428663
715:hypothesis. Here,
549:Todaropsis eblanae
487:Euphausia pacifica
371:
360:
282:marine hatchetfish
2354:
2353:
2300:Open Tree of Life
2086:Taxon identifiers
1633:10.3354/meps09363
1411:Best, PB (2001).
1212:10.2960/j.v22.a10
1189:Delphinus delphis
921:. Paris: Unesco.
704:scattering layers
439:and bright-light
335:continental shelf
274:silvery lightfish
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1682:(5): 1623–1635.
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959:(6): 1552–1567.
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778:Spawn timing in
749:Predator evasion
702:formed distinct
638:Anisakis simplex
631:, the nematodes
552:and the octopus
350:Ventral view of
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221:M. muelleri
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1754:
1750:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1594:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1558:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1455:Aquatic Mammals
1451:
1450:
1446:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1306:Illex coindetii
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1187:, and Dolphins,
1180:
1179:
1172:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1042:
1041:
1030:
977:
976:
972:
949:
948:
944:
929:
916:
915:
911:
888:
887:
872:
834:
833:
826:
821:
796:
776:
751:
739:Benguela system
696:acoustic survey
673:
668:
623:Bothriocephalus
583:
563:common dolphins
543:Illex coindetii
470:
468:Trophic ecology
465:
418:
398:
344:
319:Atlantic Oceans
308:
250:
243:
237:
224:
197:Sternoptychidae
132:
124:
113:
109:
102:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2309:
2296:
2283:
2270:
2257:
2244:
2231:
2218:
2205:
2192:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2140:
2127:
2114:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2063:
2041:
2040:
1996:
1945:
1926:(3): 199–210.
1910:
1881:(2): 163–176.
1864:
1837:
1816:(1): 241–252.
1793:
1748:
1713:
1657:
1599:
1592:
1556:
1537:(3): 725–732.
1531:Marine Biology
1520:
1480:
1461:(4): 417–420.
1444:
1403:
1384:
1363:(1): 121–126.
1353:(Cephalopoda)"
1339:
1320:(1): 153–163.
1296:
1281:
1262:(3): 344–365.
1245:
1226:
1170:
1151:(4): 649–664.
1145:Marine Biology
1135:
1112:
1093:(1): 147–156.
1087:Marine Biology
1077:
1058:
1028:
970:
942:
927:
909:
890:Froese, Rainer
870:
823:
822:
820:
817:
795:
792:
775:
772:
750:
747:
672:
669:
667:
664:
605:recorded from
582:
579:
571:Bryde's whales
469:
466:
464:
461:
433:mesopic vision
417:
414:
397:
394:
343:
340:
307:
304:
296:Atlantic Ocean
278:Phosichthyidae
270:Gonostomatidae
252:
251:
244:
233:
232:
226:
225:
218:
216:
212:
211:
204:
200:
199:
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190:
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184:
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177:Actinopterygii
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
126:
125:
107:
104:
103:
98:
95:
94:
86:
85:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2394:
2383:
2380:
2378:
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2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2345:
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2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2075:0-00-216987-8
2072:
2068:
2064:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2034:11250/2685454
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1982:11250/2675582
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:Marine Policy
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
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1876:
1868:
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1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:. Report 145.
1595:
1593:0-643-02764-5
1589:
1582:
1580:
1571:
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1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1246:
1242:(3): 373–393.
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1177:
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1162:
1158:
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1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1074:(2): 176–183.
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
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1033:
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928:92-3-002215-2
924:
920:
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865:
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848:
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840:
831:
829:
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818:
816:
813:
812:Faroe Islands
809:
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
784:
781:
773:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:Arctic Circle
748:
746:
744:
740:
735:
731:
730:
724:
722:
721:dawn and dusk
718:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
670:
665:
663:
661:
660:
659:Ichthyophonus
655:
651:
650:ectoparasitic
647:
643:
640:
639:
634:
630:
626:
624:
619:
615:
612:
608:
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603:Endoparasites
600:
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588:
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576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
535:
531:
530:skipjack tuna
527:
523:
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
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387:
383:
382:countershaded
379:
375:
369:
364:
357:
353:
348:
341:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Mediterranean
320:
316:
312:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
292:Pacific Ocean
289:
288:
284:in the genus
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
259:
248:
242:
240:
234:
231:
230:Binomial name
227:
223:
222:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
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188:
185:
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162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
127:
121:
116:
115:Least Concern
105:
101:
96:
92:
87:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2093:
2066:
2055:. Retrieved
2014:
2010:
1999:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1840:
1813:
1809:
1779:11250/108326
1761:
1757:
1751:
1729:(1): 13–28.
1726:
1722:
1716:
1699:10754/668858
1679:
1675:
1643:10754/555768
1623:
1619:
1578:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1501:(1): 47–54.
1498:
1494:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1342:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1259:
1255:
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1239:
1235:
1229:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1184:
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1121:
1115:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1061:
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984:
973:
956:
952:
945:
918:
912:
901:
895:
850:
844:
838:
799:
798:At present,
797:
785:
779:
777:
774:Life History
766:
758:
752:
743:Gulf of Oman
727:
725:
716:
707:
699:
691:
689:
684:
676:
674:
657:
653:
645:
641:
636:
632:
628:
621:
613:
609:include the
606:
598:
591:intermediate
586:
584:
581:Parasitology
558:
553:
547:
541:
538:blue whiting
521:
517:
516:
485:
478:Sea of Japan
471:
456:
444:
428:
420:
419:
402:M. muelleri,
401:
399:
377:
373:
372:
367:
351:
326:
310:
309:
300:total length
285:
273:
265:
262:
257:
256:
255:
247:J. F. Gmelin
238:
236:
220:
219:
207:
187:Stomiiformes
65:
59:October 2021
56:
37:
2235:NatureServe
2183:iNaturalist
1764:: 287–290.
1626:: 241–255.
1423:: 277–289.
1205:: 119–123.
800:M. muelleri
788:Fensfjorden
759:M. muelleri
741:and in the
717:M. muelleri
708:M. muelleri
700:M. muelleri
692:M. muelleri
685:M. muelleri
646:M. muelleri
587:M. muelleri
522:M. muelleri
504:Cladocerans
457:M. muelleri
429:M. muelleri
425:mesopelagic
396:Photophores
386:photophores
378:M. muelleri
352:M. muelleri
342:Description
327:M. muelleri
51:introducing
2361:Categories
1965:: 104043.
1896:1956/13128
1861:: 109–131.
1400:: 219–236.
1130:1956/21213
819:References
810:, and the
734:overwinter
679:undergoes
620:including
611:trematodes
575:fin whales
567:sei whales
496:Masfjorden
482:euphausiid
445:Maurolicus
441:cone cells
287:Maurolicus
272:), or the
208:Maurolicus
34:references
1991:0308-597X
1940:0036-4827
1905:0706-652X
1832:0257-7615
1788:0171-8630
1743:0257-7615
1708:1054-3139
1652:0171-8630
1551:0025-3162
1515:0036-4827
1475:0167-5427
1439:0171-8630
1379:0257-7615
1334:0257-7615
1276:0967-0637
1221:0250-6408
1165:1432-1793
1107:0025-3162
1005:2375-2548
595:paratenic
526:albacores
512:pteropods
508:Amphipods
437:rod cells
427:habitat.
331:seamounts
215:Species:
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
2240:2.932275
2201:10148249
2157:FishBase
2109:Q1817658
2103:Wikidata
2057:18 April
1023:29134201
937:13186416
903:FishBase
666:Behavior
652:copepod
618:cestodes
492:Tasmania
484:species
474:Copepods
410:dioptric
294:and the
280:), is a
193:Family:
167:Chordata
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
120:IUCN 3.1
2175:2347501
1014:5677336
808:Iceland
729:Calanus
713:isolume
648:is the
463:Ecology
412:layer.
406:guanine
315:Pacific
249:, 1789)
203:Genus:
183:Order:
173:Class:
118: (
47:improve
2344:127312
2318:246626
2305:540470
2292:127312
2227:198760
2214:162187
2188:459325
2149:124161
2073:
1989:
1938:
1920:Sarsia
1903:
1830:
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1741:
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1495:Sarsia
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1105:
1021:
1011:
1003:
935:
925:
804:Russia
763:school
573:, and
536:, and
500:Norway
36:, but
2339:WoRMS
2326:Plazi
2266:68502
2196:IRMNG
2144:EUNIS
2136:3YG5C
2123:70927
1584:(PDF)
494:. In
449:opsin
2287:OBIS
2279:2060
2261:NCBI
2222:IUCN
2209:ITIS
2170:GBIF
2118:BOLD
2071:ISBN
2059:2006
1987:ISSN
1936:ISSN
1901:ISSN
1828:ISSN
1784:ISSN
1739:ISSN
1704:ISSN
1648:ISSN
1588:ISBN
1547:ISSN
1511:ISSN
1471:ISSN
1435:ISSN
1375:ISSN
1330:ISSN
1291:ICES
1272:ISSN
1217:ISSN
1161:ISSN
1103:ISSN
1019:PMID
1001:ISSN
933:OCLC
923:ISBN
855:IUCN
851:2019
761:may
635:and
627:and
546:and
534:hake
510:and
451:and
416:Eyes
333:and
317:and
2248:NBN
2162:754
2131:CoL
2029:hdl
2019:doi
1977:hdl
1967:doi
1963:119
1928:doi
1891:hdl
1883:doi
1818:doi
1774:hdl
1766:doi
1762:170
1731:doi
1694:hdl
1684:doi
1638:hdl
1628:doi
1624:441
1539:doi
1535:152
1503:doi
1463:doi
1425:doi
1421:220
1365:doi
1322:doi
1308:and
1264:doi
1207:doi
1191:and
1153:doi
1149:120
1126:hdl
1095:doi
1009:PMC
993:doi
961:doi
859:doi
625:sp.
593:or
380:is
2363::
2341::
2328::
2315::
2302::
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2172::
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2120::
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2050:.
2027:.
2015:77
2013:.
2009:.
1985:.
1975:.
1961:.
1957:.
1934:.
1924:64
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1979::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
