439:
was carried out; including in his "Note on the Chams" military report of 16 October 1945 a brief description of the situation that led to the
Paramythia events: "Chams are racially part Turk, part Albanian, part Greek. In 1941-3 they collaborated with Italians, making the organization of guerilla resistance in that area difficult. I never heard of any of them taking part in any resistance against enemy. Zervas encouraged by the Allied Mission under myself, chased them out of their homes in 1944 in order to facilitate operations against the enemy. They mostly took refuge in Albania, where they were not popular either. Their eviction from Greece was bloodily carried out, owing to the usual vendetta spirit, which was fed by many brutalities committed by the Chams in league with the Italians. Zervas' work was completed by an inexcusable massacre of Chams in Philliates in March 1945, carried out by remnants of Zervas' dissolved forces under Zotos. The Chams deserved what they got, but Zervas' methods were pretty bad – or rather, his subordinate officers got out of hand. The result has been in effect a shift of populations, removing an unwanted minority from Greek soil. Perhaps it would be best to leave things at that."(PRO/FO,371/48094). During this time, small numbers of Muslim Roma from Filiates also fled to Albania alongside the Muslim Chams. They settled in village of Shkallë, near
384:, but their response was negative. After that and in accordance to orders given specifically to EDES by the Allied forces to push them out of the area, fierce fighting occurred between the two sides. According to British reports, the Cham collaborationist bands managed to flee to Albania with all of their equipment, together with half million stolen cattle as well as 3,000 horses, leaving only the elderly members of the community behind. On 18 June 1944, EDES forces with Allied support launched an attack on Paramythia. After short-term conflict against a combined Cham-German garrison, the town was finally under Allied command. Soon after, violent reprisals were carried out against the town's Muslim community, which was considered responsible for
392:
273:(1828–1901) who traveled in the region at the time writes in his biography of the Montenegrin forces who, on the orders of the Prince, began to bomb the Studenica fortress in Nikšić with artillery. Around 20 Albanian nizams were inside the fortress who resisted and when the walls breached, they surrendered and asked Stillman if they were going to be decapitated. An Albanian accompanying Stillman translated his words saying they were not going to be killed in which the Albanians celebrated. Shortly after the treaty, the Montenegrin prince began expelling the Albanians from Nikšić,
821:. "Refugees from the Niš region that became Serbia after 1878, for instance, settled in large numbers in the regions of Drenica and Gjakova in Kosova since the late 1870s. They are known today as muhaxhir (derived from Arabic, via Ottoman, meaning exile or sometimes a more neutral, immigrant). Like similar groups throughout the world who have informed the nationalist lexicon—Heimatvertriebene, Galut/Tefutzot, al-Laj’iyn, Prosfyges, Pengungsi, Wakimbizi, P’akhstakanner—the "Nish muhaxhir" constitute a powerful sub-group in present-day Kosova's domestic politics and economy."
897:"All these new arrivals were known as muhaxhirs (Trk.: muhacir Srb.: muhadžir), a general word for Muslim refugees. The total number of those who settled in Kosovo is not known with certainty: estimates ranged from 20,000 to 50,000 for Eastern Kosovo, while the governor of the vilayet gave a total of 65,000 in 1881, some of whom were in the sancaks of Skopje and Novi Pazar. At a rough estimate, 50,000 would seem a reasonable figure for those muhaxhirs of 1877–8 who settled in the territory of Kosovo itself."
921:. "Pra, këtu në vazhdim, pas dëbimit të tyre me 1877–1878 do të shënohen vetëm disa patronime (mbiemra) të shqiptarëve të Toplicës dhe viseve tjera shqiptare të Sanxhakut të Nishit. Kjo do të thotë se, shqiptaret e dëbuar pas shpërnguljes, marrin atributin muhaxhirë (refugjatë), në vend që për mbiemër familjar të marrin emrin e gjyshit, fisit, ose ndonjë tjetër, ato për mbiemër familjar marrin emrin e fshatit të Sanxhakut të Nishit, nga janë dëbuar. "
197:. The majority of Albanians were concentrated in the District of Toplica, which included the regions of Jablanica, Kosanica, Prokuplje and the town of Prokuplje, the District of Niš, which included the regions of Vlasotince, Leskovac, Niš and the city of Niš, the District of Vranje with regions of Masurica, Poljanica, Pčinja and the city of Vranje and Pirot District (Nišava). Albanian residents were also in other places, especially in cities, like
1339:. (1): 5. "In general terms, it seems that previous ties of any kind with Greece facilitate not only the migration but also a more permanent way of living in the country. This is the case with the Muslim Roma of Filiati in Thesprotia who, following the expulsion of the Muslim Albanian Chams from Greece in 1944–1945, were settled in Tirana,
221:
created a platform and a program for the expulsion of the
Albanians and Muslims from Serbia. After 16 December 1877, the Serbian army started the a campaign in the Balkans area against the defenseless Albanian population of Sanjak of Nis. The Serbian army attacked the civilian population, killing and
162:
The displacement of
Albanians began earlier in northern Albania. The first known deportations date back to the 1877s. At this time, Albanians living in the northernmost parts of the Novi Pazar, Kuršumlija and also the Niš vilayet were deported. At this time all those who could not escape were killed,
111:
in 1912, a large influx of
Albanians, as well as other Muslims, from Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Greece, Egypt, Bulgaria and Serbia continued to arrive in the region, most of which settled in north and central Albania. Today, between a third and a quarter of Albania's and Kosovo's population
395:
Maximum extent of Cham
Albanian dialect: 19th century till 1912/1913 (Hatched line). Population (irrespective of linguistic background) shown by religion: Muslim majority (Brown), Orthodox majority (Pink), Mixed (Light Brown). Colored areas do not imply that Albanian-speakers formed the majority of
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in
December 1912 to settle the outstanding issues raised by the conflict. With support given to the Albanians by Austria-Hungary and Italy, the conference agreed to create an independent state of Albania, which became a reality in 1913. However, the boundaries of the new state were drawn in such a
438:
On the other hand Chris
Woodhouse, the head of the Allied Military Mission in Greece during the Axis occupation, who was present in the area at the time, officially accepted the full responsibility of the decision for the expulsion of the Chams although he criticized the vendetta way in which this
229:, in order to achieve this goal, had distributed to his Serbian soldiers a proclamation saying: "... the fewer Albanians left in the territories liberated from Turkey, the more you contribute to the state. The more displaced Albanians, the greater merits for your country. " Serbian writer
233:
explains the
Serbian government's intentions of invading territories in the South. He writes that the expulsion of Albanians was intended to "make Serbia a pure nation state" and to create the possibility "that the Serbian actions in the future be directed towards parts of Kosovo".
471:
in Kosovo. The reason for the immigration was the
Islamic religion, which the Bosniaks and other Muslims in Bosnia wanted to remain. Being the only Muslim country in Europe, Albania was the only possible destination for the refugees. With the creation of
909:
E drejta mbi vatrat dhe pasuritë reale dhe autoktone nuk vjetërohet: të dhëna në formë rezimeje [The rights of homes and assets, real and autochthonous that does not disappear with time: Data given in the form of estate portions regarding
404:, eager to gain revenge for the burning of their own homes. According to Cham claims, which are not confirmed by British reports, the most infamous massacre of Albanian Muslims by Greek irregulars occurred on 27 June 1944 in the district of
1137:(in Albanian) (Translation: 118/5000 the process of expelling Albanians from their lands in Kolašin, Nikšić Field, Žabjak and elsewhere ”. ed.). Akademia e Shkencave e RSH, Instituti i Kulturës Popullore. 1991. p. 25
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from their historical homeland in the
Caucasus, resulted in the death of approximately at least 600,000 Caucasian natives up to 1,500,000 deaths, and the successful migration of the remaining of 40,000
281:
who then fled to Turkey, Kosovo (Prishtina) and Macedonia. The Montenegrin forces also robbed the Albanians before the expulsion. After the fall of Nikšić, Prince Nikola wrote a poem of the victory.
520:
The Circassians quickly assimilated into the Muslim Albanian culture and have only limited contact with the Circassian diaspora today. The Circassians founded many villages in Kosovo like
831:
Frantz, Eva Anne (2009), "Violence and its Impact on Loyalty and Identity Formation in Late Ottoman Kosovo: Muslims and Christians in a Period of Reform and Transformation",
430:
The bishop of Paramythia joined in the searching of houses for booty and came out of one house to find his already heavily laden mule had been meanwhile stripped by some
575:
experienced a period of discrimination. They had neither political rights, let alone religious rights. Characterized by poverty and also by political persecution, many
452:
1162:(in Albanian) (Montenegrin army violence and property theft forced them to flee from Kolasin, Niksic, Shpuza, ... ed.). Qendra për Informim e Kosovës
222:
massacring elders, women, children and others. They set fire to Albanian and Muslim settlements, burned houses and other objects of the Albanian owners.
81:
408:, when this forces captured the town, killing approximately 600 Muslim Chams, men women and children, many having been raped and tortured before death.
97:
610:
792:
Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939."
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1289:: Die 1. Gebirgs-division im zweiten Weltkrieg Bloodstained Edelweiss. The 1st Mountain-Division in WWII Ch. Links Verlag, 2008. (in German)
1109:
1051:
1017:
720:
Pllana, Emin (1985). "Les raisons de la manière de l'exode des refugies albanais du territoire du sandjak de Nish a Kosove (1878–1878) ".
167:
1485:
237:
The Muhaxhirs were settled mostly in the areas neighboring the border of today's Serbia, in the territory of Kosovo and in cities like
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217:, Karanovac (Kraljevo) and even in Belgrade. In the Serbia lived 30–70 thousand Muslims (Albanians, Circassians, Bosniaks and Turks).
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The term is used for Muslims (including Turks, Bosniaks, Circassians and Romani) and Muslim Albanians whom were expelled by the
579:, from northern Macedonia settled in the new state of Albania. The immigrants' destinations were Tirana, Elbasan and Shkoder.
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way that large areas with Albanian populations remained outside of Albania, including the area that would go on to become the
1465:
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massacred by various Serbian-Montenegrin forces. Thus, a profound change has been made to the demographic map of the region.
476:, another wave of immigration continued towards Albania. The Albanian government settled the Bosniaks in Tirana and Durres.
178:, Muslim Albanians were deported from Christian territories, and settled in the Ottoman Empire, as far as the Middle East.
96:, that is by 1881. An estimated 49–130,000, or anywhere between 30 and 70% of local Albanians and Muslims were killed or
1393:
230:
1331:
Lambros Baltsiotis (2015). "Balkan Roma immigrants in Greece: An initial approach to the traits of a migration flow."
605:
400:
Moreover, two attacks took place in July and August with the participation of EDES Tenth Division and the local Greek
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559:, a conference of ambassadors of the Great Powers (Britain, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, France, and Italy)
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324:. During World War I, Albanian immigrants from Nikšić who had been expelled to Cetinje sent a letter to
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Albanians until the second half of the 19th century lived also in the cities, towns and villages of the
1077:
The Autobiography of a Journalist, Volume II by William James Stillman – Full Text Free Book (Part 3/5)
289:
288:, new territories inhabited by Albanians became part of Montenegro. Montenegro then gained a part of
1422:
485:
254:
108:
737:
Rizaj, Skënder (1981). "Nënte Dokumente angleze mbi Lidhjen Shqiptare të Prizrenit (1878–1880) ".
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which were expelled from Montenegro were resettled in Northern and central Albania in Cities like
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The Thistle and the Drone: How America's War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam
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in Albania. The majority of the families, more than fifteen, gradually settled in Greece."
373:
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74:
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455:, many Muslim Bosniaks left Bosnia and settled in Albania. The popular destinations were
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was annexed by the Montenegrins in accordance with the Treaty of Berlin. American author
1245:
After The War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation and State in Greece, 1943–1960
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100:. Today, only a fraction of Albanians remain is Southern Serbia, most of them in
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International Journal of Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication
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During the summer of 1944, the head of the local resistance organization,
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saying that they risked starving if he did not send them money for food.
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This article is about the social group in Albania. For other uses, see
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and were known by the Albanian society as brave and honest people.
1315:
The Cham Issue – Albanian National & Property Claims in Greece
683:"The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878"
539:
390:
120:"Muhaxhir" (and its variant singular and plural spellings) is the
468:
377:
301:
811:
Foundations of modernity: human agency and the imperial state
869:) took refuge predominantly in the eastern parts of Kosovo.
1159:
Dëbimet e shqiptarëve dhe kolonizimi i Kosovës (1877–1995)
756:
Rumeli’den Türk göçleri. Emigrations turques des Balkans
571:
During the 20th Century the Albanians and Muslims in the
547:'s family lived in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to
524:
in Prishtina. They settled in the cities of Prishtina,
517:
due to intermittent Russian attacks from 1768 to 1917.
253:. Many others Muhaxhirs families also settled in the
1318:. Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. p. 21.
1043:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
739:
Gjurmine Albanologjike (Seria e Shkencave Historike)
711:
para. 29. "The Albanian refugees (Turk. muchageers)"
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1277:
1275:
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Gjurmime albanologjike: Seria e shkencave historike
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1325:
1417:
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687:Balkanologie. Revue d'Études Pluridisciplinaires
1247:(illustrated ed.). Princeton, New Jersey:
453:Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1241:"Three Forms of Political Justice, 1944-1945"
676:
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8:
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1210:(in Albanian). Instituti. 1988. p. 251
913:. Shoqata e Muhaxhirëvë të Kosovës. p. 52.
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1012:(in Albanian). Botimet Toena. p. 81.
422:looting and wantonly destroying everything
170:from the captured areas seeking refuge in
611:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
1307:
1305:
1303:
124:form of the word, and was borrowed from
622:
1423:"historia-e-popullit-cerkez-ne-kosove"
631:"olsi-jazexhi-ne-emisionin-maqedonas"
557:defeat of Turkey by the Balkan allies
7:
758:. Vol I. Belgeler-Documents. p. 737.
129:
112:have ancestry from these Muhaxhirs.
587:For a more comprehensive list, see
380:in its fight against the left-wing
376:, asked the Cham Albanians to join
150:
77:during and following various wars.
833:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
772:. Scarecrow Press. p. XXXII.
142:), itself originating from Arabic
25:
1392:Ahmed, Akbar (27 February 2013).
1365:Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013).
1074:Stillman, William James (1877).
1398:. Brookings Institution Press.
1009:Kosova në vështrim enciklopedik
770:Historical Dictionary of Kosovo
566:Socialist Republic of Macedonia
168:expelled, fled and/or retreated
49:, meaning "Muslim refugees" in
982:"Debimi nga Sanxhaku i Nishit"
957:"Debimi nga Sanxhaku i Nishit"
932:"Debimi nga Sanxhaku i Nishit"
386:the massacre of September 1943
107:With the establishment of the
1:
94:Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78)
1476:Social history of Montenegro
1371:. Rutgers University Press.
857:The displaced persons (Alb.
98:expelled by the Serbian army
606:Expulsion of Cham Albanians
368:Expulsion of Cham Albanians
1502:
1486:Albanian words and phrases
1425:(in Albanian). 2 July 2018
1249:Princeton University Press
1104:. Macmillan. p. 229.
885:. Macmillan. p. 229.
794:European History Quarterly
589:List of Muhaxhir Albanians
586:
420:with the local guerrillas
412:officers described it as "
365:
26:
1471:Social history of Albania
845:10.1080/13602000903411366
754:ĹžimĹźir, Bilal N, (1968).
633:(in Albanian). 2 May 2018
414:a most disgraceful affair
1461:History of modern Greece
1451:History of the Albanians
699:10.4000/balkanologie.265
29:Muhajir (disambiguation)
1368:The Circassian Genocide
1101:Kosovo: A Short History
1040:Houtsma, M. Th (1993).
883:Kosovo: A short history
681:Jagodić, Miloš (1998).
500:of the majority of the
84:from most parts of the
73:and to a lesser extent
1156:Maloku, Enver (1997).
1098:Malcolm, Noel (1998).
1046:. BRILL. p. 559.
1006:Qosja, Rexhep (1999).
881:Malcolm, Noel (1998).
768:Elsie, Robert (2010).
552:
397:
271:William James Stillman
231:Jovan Hadži-Vasiljević
166:Albanians were either
137:
1466:Historical migrations
1283:Hermann Frank Meyer.
653:"eni-koci/biografia/"
573:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
543:
474:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
451:During the Christian
394:
92:during and after the
813:. Routledge. p. 79.
509:which immigrated to
18:Muhaxhir (Albanians)
1186:. 1878. p. 187
906:Uka, Sabit (2004).
809:Blumi, Isa (2011).
693:(2). Balkanologie.
486:Circassian genocide
255:Republic of Albania
109:Republic of Albania
1312:Vickers, Miranda.
1251:. pp. 25–26.
583:Muhaxhir-Albanians
561:convened in London
555:Shortly after the
553:
484:The events of the
418:an orgy of revenge
398:
1456:History of Kosovo
1295:978-3-86153-447-1
1286:Blutiges EdelweiĂź
1134:Kultura popullore
1111:978-0-333-66612-8
1053:978-90-04-09791-9
1019:978-99927-1-170-5
227:Milan I of Serbia
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