995:(a non-Arab movement), and subversive activities against the Umayyad rule in Iberia. The Shu'ubiyyah of Al-Andalus were active like the Arabs in promoting Arab-Islamic culture and language and claimed their integration with the Arab ethnic groups. The Shu'ubiyyah movement demanded equality of power, wealth and status for non-Arab Berbers and the Muwalladun from the Arabs. Some judges of Huesca upheld the cause of the Muwalladun in the beginning of the 10th century, and a literary
392:
440:
668:
844:
981:
in social status. Prominent positions in government and society were usually not available to individuals of Muladi descent. In spite of the
Islamic doctrine of equality and brotherhood of Muslims, the Muwalladun were often looked down upon with the utmost contempt by the Arab and Berber aristocrats and were usually pejoratively referred to as "the sons of slaves".
829:(Iberian Christians under Muslim rule in the Al-Andalus who remained unconverted to Islam), the Muslims of Al-Andalus were notoriously heavy drinkers. The Muslims also celebrated traditional Christian holidays, sometimes with the sponsorship of their leaders, despite the fact that such fraternisation was generally opposed by the
208:
980:
The
Muwalladun were the mainstay of the economic framework of the country. Together with the Mozarabs they constituted the productive classes which were craftsmen and small tradesmen in the towns, and farmers and labourers in the rural countryside. However, they were inferior to the Arabs and Berbers
1022:
as his residence. He rallied disaffected muwallads and mozárabs to his cause. Ibn Hafsun eventually renounced Islam with his sons and became a
Christian, taking the name Samuel and proclaimed himself not only the leader of the Christian nationalist movement, but also the champion at the same time of
816:
The conversion of the native
Christians to Islam did not mean the total erasure of previous beliefs and social practises. There is some evidence of a limited cultural borrowing from the Christians by the Muwalladun and other Muslims in Al-Andalus. For instance, the Muslims' adoption of the Christian
1047:
In 805, the
Muwallads of Córdoba, incited by certain theologians, revolted against the Umayyads under Hakim I, but the uprising was suppressed. In 814, there was a second revolt of Muwallads in Corboba, and this time the revolt was put down with the utmost severity, and resulted in the expulsion of
659:
groups became increasingly blurred in the 11th and 12th centuries. The populations mixed with such rapidity that it was soon impossible to distinguish ethnically the elements of foreign origin from the natives. Thus they merged into a more homogeneous group of
Andalusi Arabs, generally also called
778:
The intermarriage of foreign
Muslims with native Christians made many Muwallads heedless of their Iberian origin. As a result, their descendants and many descendants of Christian converts forgot the descent of their ancestors and assumed forged Arab
323:
means "Christian who, during the domination of the Arabs in Spain, converted to Islam and lived among the
Muslims", while Bernards and Nawas say the plural form of the word seems to be restricted to al-Andalus, almost exclusively to the areas of
984:
The
Muwallads, in turn, in spite of their profession of faith, despised the Arabs whom they viewed as colonialists and foreign intruders. This mutual feeling of hatred and suspicion provoked frequent revolts and led the Muwallads to support the
1005:
The
Muwallads were in almost constant revolt against the Arab and Berber immigrants who had carved out large estates for themselves, farmed by Christian serfs or slaves. The most famous of these revolts were led by a Muwallad rebel named
1067:
The Muwallads were sometimes assisted by the local Mozarab population, and occasionally by the Christian powers in their revolts. For instance, when the Muwalladun of Toledo revolted, aided by the large Mozarabic population of the city,
746:
who became an important social group in Al-Andalus during the 10th and 11th centuries. Upon adopting the ethnic name of their patrons, the emancipated slaves gradually forgot their own ethnic origin. The Muslim slaves were the
1043:
between the two Arab aristocratic families, Banu Hajjaj and Banu Khaldun, and two Muwallad noble families, Banu Angelino and Banu Sabarico, which finally left Ibrahim ibn Hajjaj as the ruler of an independent city-state.
1060:, led by Ibn Marwan. The Muwallads complained of the taxation of their lands as if they were still Christian. The revolt's outcome was the defeat of Ibn Marwan. Mérida was subdued, but the centre of revolt soon moved to
596:. Conversion to Islam also opened up new horizons to the native Christians, alleviated their social position, ensured better living conditions, and broadened their scope for more technically skilled and advanced work.
1023:
a regular crusade against Islam. However, his conversion soon cost him the support of most of his Muwallad supporters who had no intention of ever becoming Christians, and led to the gradual erosion of his power.
309:
means "anyone who, without being of Muslim origin, is born among the Muslims and has been raised as an Arab". The word, according to him, does not necessarily imply Arab ancestry, either paternal or maternal.
1026:
There were also other Muwallad revolts throughout Al-Andalus. In the Elvira region, for instance, discord sprang up between the Muwallads and Moors, the latter being led by Sawar ibn Hamdub, and the poet,
264:, referring to Arabic-speaking Muslims of Hispanic origin who showed the same behaviour patterns as rebels of Arab and Berber origin who had rebelled against Arab rule, such as during the Great
1002:
In Al-Andalus, the large numbers of Christians adopting Islam prompted concern among the authorities about the weakening of the tax base and further inflamed resentment towards the Muwallads.
1577:
248:
is 'a person of mixed ancestry', especially a descendant of one Arab and one non-Arab parent, who grew up under the influence of an Arabic society and were educated within the
1625:
1741:
161:
from the population of Arab and Berber extraction was relevant in the first centuries of Islamic rule, however, by the 10th century, they diluted into the bulk of the
1804:
1087:
Many minor rebels from among the Muladi leadership took possession of various sites, their descendants eventually becoming semi-independent Emirs. These included:
1756:
1919:
945:
Several Muwalladun became rich and powerful magnates by means of trade, agriculture, and political activity. The Muwallads of the town the Christians called
352:, denoting a person of African (black) and European (white) ancestry; however, the dictionary of the Real Academia Española and several authorities trace
547:
1171:
On the western frontier of Al-Andalus, the Muwalladun and Berber families divided control of the region containing Mérida, Badajoz, and their environs.
450:
1914:
574:
by the century's end. However, the majority of Muwallads had converted to Islam early, but retained many pre-Islamic customs and characteristics.
1800:
1737:
1713:
1621:
1513:
1479:
1440:
1377:
1352:
1404:
783:. However, there were a few who were proud of their Roman and Visigothic origins. These included the Banu Angelino and Banu Sabarico of
605:, or clients attached to an Arab tribe, and as such, were thoroughly Islamized, adopting the Arabic dress code, customs, and language.
402:
1894:
1876:
1857:
837:
1703:
825:
was supplemented by the local solar calendar, which was more useful for agricultural and navigational purposes. Like the local
718:
1185:
954:
465:
508:
480:
1868:
1753:
1265:
870:
in 797. Towards the end of the 11th century, the Muwalladun held distinctive posts in the judicial departments. The
733:
487:
1788:
684:
314:
714:
154:
1146:
546:
of the Iberian Peninsula, parts of the indigenous until-then Christian population (basically a mixture of the
346:
has been offered as one of the possible etymological origins of the still-current Spanish and Portuguese term
1394:
494:
1270:
1069:
848:
1305:, a Muladi family descending from a Visigothic lord Cassius who became the independent rulers of their own
114:
1220:
907:
854:
Many Muwallads held key posts in the departments of civil administration, justice, and the armed forces.
566:
in the 8th and 9th centuries. In the 10th century a massive conversion of Christians took place, so that
1028:
834:
476:
300:
is sometimes used in Arabic to this day to describe the children of Muslim fathers and foreign mothers.
199:
is used to describe Arabs of mixed parentage, especially those not living in their ancestral homelands.
1036:
585:
1549:
699:. This local dialect of Arabic was also spoken by the Berbers and Arabs from the 9th century onwards.
871:
539:
1637:
1077:
577:
57:
48:
1909:
1190:
1081:
891:
806:
637:
123:
39:
1344:
1890:
1872:
1853:
1796:
1733:
1709:
1617:
1509:
1475:
1436:
1430:
1400:
1373:
1367:
1180:
1165:
895:
875:
710:
703:
688:
680:
166:
150:
1886:
1849:
1235:
1057:
903:
772:
768:
692:
325:
89:
77:
68:
34:
25:
1031:, both of whom fluctuated between insurrection against Abd'Allah and submission to him. In
1018:. Ibn Hafsun ruled over several mountain valleys for nearly forty years, having the castle
1833:
1760:
1598:
1572:
1396:
Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples
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1215:
1135:
1007:
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in the 9th and 10th centuries, became strong enough to break free from the control of the
855:
530:
106:
1369:
Counter-Narratives: History, Contemporary Society, and Politics in Saudi Arabia and Yemen
501:
1072:, promptly responded to their appeal for help, but the Emir's forces were routed by the
1455:
1150:
1128:
1096:
822:
818:
414:
337:
249:
1903:
1690:
Some aspects of the socio-economic and cultural history of Muslim Spain 711–1492 A.D.
1593:
1225:
1073:
991:
915:
863:
752:
652:
265:
1245:
999:
of the middle of the 11th century repeated arguments of Eastern Shu'ubite writers.
931:
632:), in reference to the society from which they sprang. They later were denominated
551:
736:. A significant part of the Muwalladun was formed by freed slaves. These were the
1503:
1469:
1471:
On the Edge of Empire: Hadhramawt, Emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s
966:
821:
and holidays was an exclusively Andalusí phenomenon. In Al-Andalus, the Islamic
722:
644:
588:
but it was not directly forced. Many Christians converted to Islam to avoid the
439:
294:
referred to the offspring of Muslim men and foreign, non-Muslim women. The term
1505:
White Fears and Fantasies: Writing the Nation in Post-abolition Brazil and Cuba
882:
of Córdoba on a Christian convert, whose parents were still Christian, and the
1312:
1260:
1255:
1240:
1210:
1139:
1049:
923:
795:, Banu l' Longo and Banu Qabturno. Several Muwallad nobles also used the name
571:
543:
162:
886:
found much difficulty in dissuading him. The secretary of the Córdoban emir,
1302:
1230:
1195:
962:
887:
788:
780:
672:
667:
633:
555:
211:
178:
1645:
1011:
843:
413:
by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
1819:
973:
of Córdoba and turn from a semi-autonomous governorship to an independent
1347:[Border identities in the context of Al-Andalus: the Muwallads].
1318:
1250:
1205:
1092:
1019:
957:
that they rose under a chieftain called Nabil and successfully drove the
927:
899:
748:
738:
721:
a vast but silent majority of Muladi Muslims thrived, especially in the
1641:
1324:
1292:
1200:
1161:
1154:
1117:
1061:
1032:
996:
986:
919:
911:
867:
833:. The Muslims also hedged their religious devotions through the use of
826:
810:
784:
756:
706:
581:
348:
333:
329:
1820:
El caudillo muladí Umar bin Hafsún, pesadilla de los emires de Córdoba
1458:, et al. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, BRILL, 2006.
1419:
Dozy, the history of Islamic Spain, Arabic translation, vol 1, p: 156.
207:
1296:
1124:
1103:
939:
910:
was descended directly on the maternal side from the Visigothic King
859:
805:'), and some may have been actual descendants from the family of the
792:
763:. The Saqaliba managed to free themselves and gain dominion over the
656:
601:
593:
538:
designates in a broader sense non-Arab Muslims or the descendants of
170:
1838:
1550:"Diccionario de la lengua española | Edición del Tricentenario"
702:
In the process of acculturation, Muwallads may well have adopted an
655:
and Arabs present in Iberia, the distinctions between the different
1306:
1282:
1110:
1015:
974:
958:
935:
883:
842:
830:
802:
764:
760:
726:
696:
666:
661:
589:
563:
559:
206:
174:
1040:
879:
759:
Caliphate's superstructure to gain control over the province of
369:
1345:"Identidades fronterizas en el contexto andalusí: los muladíes"
732:
Among the Muwalladun were the free-born, the enfranchised, and
1053:
433:
385:
1091:
Ubayd Allah ibn Umayya ibn Shaliya in Shumantan (present-day
890:, was a Muwallad. The commander of the Córdoban force in the
457:
1578:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1048:
9,500 Muwallads from Córdoba, with over 1,500 going to
461:
410:
1537:
Patronate and patronage in early and classical Islam.
755:, who profited from the progressive crumbling of the
1839:
Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages
1614:
Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages
1432:
Patronate And Patronage in Early And Classical Islam
796:
627:
621:
615:
609:
533:
304:
295:
289:
288:), which means 'descendant, offspring, scion, son'.
277:
271:
259:
243:
237:
194:
188:
182:
144:
132:
117:
949:(nowadays Granada), after the former Iberian name
636:because of their non Arabic-tongue, that is, the
1846:Muslim Spain 711–1492 A.D.: A Sociological Study
1160:Muhammad ibn ʿUmar ibn Khattab ibn Angelino, of
225:
62:
1754:Description of annular gourd at Qantara website
16:Mixed or Iberian Muslims in medieval Al-Andalus
1429:Monique Bernards; John Abdallah Nawas (2005).
1321:, former Muslims who converted to Catholicism.
1295:, local population who remained Christians as
651:and their increasing inter-marriage with some
599:Some christians who converted to Islam became
1865:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614: 1500 to 1614
1705:The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1399:. University of Illinois Press. p. 145.
953:, had become so powerful during the reign of
363:
353:
341:
318:
253:
231:
219:
157:in the early 8th century. The demarcation of
100:
94:
82:
42:
8:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
570:comprised the majority of the population of
466:introducing citations to additional sources
283:
138:
126:
1366:M. Al-Rasheed; R. Vitalis (17 March 2004).
847:Depiction of the Muwallads in Iberia, from
373:
1535:cited by Monique Bernards and John Nawas.
548:pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
218:The Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan words
193:('Islamized'). In broader usage, the word
181:origin were also sometimes referred to as
1783:
1781:
1056:. In 858, there was a Muwallad revolt in
771:, and their capital, Madina Mayurqa (now
767:, which extended its reach as far as the
1795:, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 2002,
1315:, Muslims living under Christian rulers.
456:Relevant discussion may be found on the
155:Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
1335:
691:was a mixture of Iberian languages and
1372:. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 136.
914:. In about 889 a ship carrying twenty
906:. The 10th century Muwallad historian
1881:Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Manuela Marín.
1353:Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
858:, a Muwallad who was originally from
88:
76:
56:
33:
7:
1732:, Cambridge University Press, 2004,
149:) were the native population of the
1920:People from al-Andalus by ethnicity
1343:Miteva, Yuliya Radoslavova (2018).
1134:ʿAbd al-Malik ibn ʿAbd-al Jamal in
1116:Saʿid ibn Hudhayl in al-Muntliyun (
989:political agents, the preachers of
313:According to the dictionary of the
284:
139:
127:
110:
878:, once bestowed the post of chief
14:
1647:Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain
1145:Bakr ibn Yahya in Shantamariyyat
695:, though derived especially from
1915:Medieval ethnic groups of Europe
1035:, the second largest city after
592:which they were subjected to as
449:relies largely or entirely on a
438:
390:
258:is the Spanish form of the term
1562:Bernards and Nawas 2005, p. 220
719:Abu Jafar ibn Harun of Trujillo
683:, along with a wide variety of
608:The Muwallads were also called
1730:The victors and the vanquished
1599:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1581:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
1186:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
965:dynasty which ruled the upper
955:Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi
679:The Muwallads primarily spoke
1:
1650:, Cambridge University Press.
1109:Khayr ibn Shakir in Shudhar (
1102:Saʿid ibn Mastanna in Baghu (
934:in Provence. They spoke both
709:, but without abandoning the
1771:Enderwitz, S. "Shu'ubiyya".
1642:Christians in Muslim Córdoba
862:, was appointed governor of
236:are derived from the Arabic
153:who adopted Islam after the
1869:University of Chicago Press
1266:Muhammad al-Tawil of Huesca
849:The Cantigas de Santa Maria
807:Visigothic King of Hispania
797:
628:
622:
616:
610:
534:
305:
296:
290:
278:
272:
260:
244:
238:
195:
189:
183:
145:
133:
118:
1936:
1883:The Legacy of Muslim Spain
1787:Bat Yeʼor, Miriam Kochan,
1775:. Vol. IX (1997), pp. 513.
1474:. SUNY Press. p. 52.
926:established a fortress in
918:Muwallad adventurers from
1702:Alberto Ferreiro (1998).
1149:(the present-day city of
1070:Ordoño I of Asturias
685:Iberian Romance languages
405:toward certain viewpoints
1502:Lyle Scott Nash (2008).
1468:Linda Boxberger (2002).
1435:. BRILL. pp. 219–.
1393:D. Forbes, Jack (1993).
187:. They were also called
1271:Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi
242:. The basic meaning of
1708:. Brill. p. 304.
1583:Retrieved 26 Sept 2017
1539:BRILL, 2005. Page 220.
1166:Abd ar-Rahman III
1039:, there was a vicious
876:Abd ar-Rahman III
851:
676:
580:was encouraged by the
374:
364:
358:(and from it, English
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342:
319:
315:Real Academia Española
254:
232:
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220:
215:
101:
95:
83:
72:
63:
52:
43:
29:
1773:Encyclopedia of Islam
1351:(24). Mar del Plata:
1157:, Southern Portugal).
961:out of the city. The
846:
670:
643:Through the cultural
210:
163:society of al-Andalus
1793:Islam and Dhimmitude
1626:Google Print, p. 187
1349:Cuadernos Medievales
1206:Ibn-Rushd (Averroes)
1123:Daysam ibn Ishaq in
462:improve this article
214:text in 16th century
173:descent or of mixed
1805:Google Print, p. 62
1742:Google Print, p. 33
1638:Kenneth Baxter Wolf
892:battle of Alhandega
638:Mozarabic languages
614:('Islamized'), and
578:Conversion to Islam
411:improve the article
303:According to Dozy,
268:of 739/740–743 AD.
78:[muləˈðitə]
1759:2011-10-08 at the
1602:. Merriam-Webster.
1191:Abu Taur of Huesca
852:
677:
544:Muslim-ruled parts
216:
1844:S. M. Imamuddin,
1801:978-0-8386-3943-6
1738:978-0-521-82234-3
1728:Brian A. Catlos,
1715:978-90-04-11206-3
1688:S. M. Imamuddin,
1622:978-90-04-14771-3
1612:Thomas F. Glick,
1515:978-0-549-89033-1
1481:978-0-7914-8935-2
1442:978-90-04-14480-4
1379:978-1-4039-8131-8
1164:rebelled against
1095:in the region of
1010:in the region of
930:, on the Gulf of
900:neo-Muslim Slavic
872:Caliph of Córdoba
689:Andalusian Arabic
681:Andalusian Arabic
527:
526:
512:
432:
431:
151:Iberian Peninsula
90:[muləˈði]
58:[mulɐˈði]
35:[mulaˈði]
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773:Palma de Majorca
769:Balearic Islands
707:model of descent
693:Classical Arabic
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586:Emirs of Córdoba
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1616:, BRILL, 2005,
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1288:Umar ibn Hafsun
1279:
1216:Amrus ibn Yusuf
1177:
1008:Umar ibn Hafsun
971:Umayyad dynasty
856:Amrus ibn Yusuf
717:. According to
562:) converted to
531:Islamic history
523:
517:
514:
471:
469:
455:
443:
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250:Islamic culture
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1175:Notable Muladi
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1029:Sa'ad ibn Judi
908:Ibn al-Qūṭiyya
902:general named
835:Roman Catholic
823:lunar calendar
819:solar calendar
552:ancient Romans
525:
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460:. Please help
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479: –
478:
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473:Find sources:
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451:single source
447:This article
445:
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406:
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399:This article
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362:) to Spanish
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1519:. Retrieved
1504:
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1485:. Retrieved
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1431:
1424:
1415:
1395:
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1368:
1361:
1348:
1338:
1246:Ibn Gharsiya
1231:Ibn at-Tafiz
1170:
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1046:
1025:
1004:
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932:Saint-Tropez
894:against the
868:Hakam I
853:
815:
777:
743:
737:
734:the enslaved
731:
711:bilaterality
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20:
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18:
1692:, pp. 26–29
1127:and Lurqa (
1120:near Jaén),
1082:Guadacelete
967:Ebro valley
781:genealogies
723:Extremadura
645:Arabization
1904:Categories
1828:References
1261:Ibn Quzman
1256:Ibn Marwan
1241:Ibn Faradi
1211:Al-Qurtubi
1050:Alexandria
992:Shu'ubiyya
838:sacraments
725:region of
634:Aljamiados
626:, plural:
572:Al-Andalus
535:muwalladun
488:newspapers
403:unbalanced
297:muwalladin
261:muwalladun
146:muwalladīn
134:muwalladūn
49:Portuguese
1910:Muwallads
1640:(1988), "
1594:"mulatto"
1573:"mulatto"
1331:Footnotes
1303:Banu Qasi
1236:Ibn Ammar
1196:Al-Tutili
1078:Asturians
963:Banu Qasi
888:Abd Allah
789:Banu Qasi
751:, led by
673:Aljamiado
671:Poems in
590:jizya tax
556:Visigoths
542:. In the
518:June 2023
458:talk page
423:June 2023
415:talk page
212:Aljamiado
203:Etymology
190:Musalimah
96:muladites
1889:, 1992.
1871:, 2005.
1852:(1981),
1757:Archived
1355:: 15–17.
1319:Moriscos
1313:Mudéjars
1293:Mozarabs
1277:See also
1251:Ibn Hazm
1181:Abu Hafs
1147:al-Gharb
1093:Somontin
1084:in 854.
1074:Toledans
1020:Bobastro
928:Fraxinet
896:Zamorans
827:Mozarabs
801:, ('the
749:Saqaliba
739:Saqaliba
713:of late
649:muladies
568:muladies
540:converts
477:"Muladí"
306:Muwallad
291:Muwallad
273:Muwallad
245:muwallad
239:muwallad
233:muladita
196:muwallad
184:Muwallad
179:Sicilian
159:muladíes
119:muwallad
73:muladita
44:muladíes
1325:Wulayti
1297:dhimmis
1201:Al-Udri
1162:Seville
1155:Algarve
1140:Mértola
1118:Monleon
1080:on the
1062:Badajoz
1037:Córdoba
1033:Seville
997:epistle
987:Abbasid
924:Almería
920:Pechina
912:Wittiza
811:Wittiza
798:Al-Quti
785:Seville
757:Umayyad
704:agnatic
653:Berbers
611:Muslima
594:dhimmis
582:Umayyad
502:scholar
409:Please
401:may be
382:History
360:mulatto
334:Seville
330:Granada
102:muladís
69:Catalan
64:muladis
26:Spanish
1893:
1875:
1856:
1799:
1736:
1712:
1644:", in
1620:
1521:26 May
1512:
1487:26 May
1478:
1439:
1403:
1376:
1125:Murcia
1104:Priego
1058:Mérida
1012:Málaga
951:Ilbira
947:Elvira
940:Arabic
916:Berber
904:Najdah
884:Fuqaha
864:Toledo
860:Huesca
793:Aragon
657:Muslim
617:elches
602:Mawali
504:
497:
490:
483:
475:
355:mulato
349:mulato
343:Muladí
326:Mérida
320:muladí
255:Muladi
227:muladi
221:muladí
177:, and
167:Sicily
140:مولدين
128:مولدون
115:trans.
107:Arabic
93:, pl.
84:muladí
61:, pl.
53:muladi
30:muladí
21:Muladí
1887:BRILL
1850:BRILL
1307:taifa
1283:Moors
1129:Lorca
1111:Jodar
1016:Ronda
975:taifa
959:Moors
936:Latin
922:near
831:Ulema
765:taifa
761:Denia
744:Slavs
742:, or
727:Spain
697:Latin
662:Moors
564:Islam
560:Suebi
509:JSTOR
495:books
375:mūlus
279:walad
171:local
165:. In
1891:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1797:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1523:2013
1510:ISBN
1489:2013
1476:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1151:Faro
1136:Beja
1097:Jaén
1076:and
1041:feud
1014:and
938:and
880:qadi
803:Goth
629:ulus
558:and
481:news
370:mule
365:mulo
338:Jaén
336:and
175:Arab
111:مولد
1153:in
1054:Fez
866:by
791:of
775:).
647:of
623:ilj
529:In
464:by
285:ولد
230:or
137:or
124:pl.
99:or
81:or
40:pl.
1906::
1885:.
1867:.
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