320:
30:
3976:, two Egyptian intellectuals, agreed with Musa and supported the push for romanization. The idea that romanization was necessary for modernization and growth in Egypt continued with Abd Al Aziz Fahmi in 1944. He was the chairman for the Writing and Grammar Committee for the Arabic Language Academy of Cairo. He believed and desired to implement romanization in a way that allowed words and spellings to remain somewhat familiar to the Egyptian people. However, this effort failed as the Egyptian people felt a strong cultural tie to the Arabic alphabet, particularly the older generation.
3968:, agreed with the idea of applying a Latin alphabet to Egyptian Arabic, as he believed that would allow Egypt to have a closer relationship with the West. He also believed that Latin script was key to the success of Egypt as it would allow for more advances in science and technology. This change in script, he believed, would solve the problems inherent with Arabic, such as a lack of written vowels and difficulties writing foreign words.
6379:
3940:, a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damascus in 1928. Massignon's attempt at romanization failed as the Academy and the population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country. Sa'id Afghani, a member of the Academy, asserted that the movement to romanize the script was a
3671:
One criticism is that a fully accurate system would require special learning that most do not have to actually pronounce names correctly, and that with a lack of a universal romanization system they will not be pronounced correctly by non-native speakers anyway. The precision will be lost if special
3667:
A fully accurate transcription may not be necessary for native Arabic speakers, as they would be able to pronounce names and sentences correctly anyway, but it can be very useful for those not fully familiar with spoken Arabic and who are familiar with the Roman alphabet. An accurate transliteration
3914:
3301:), making the result difficult to interpret except for a subset of trained readers fluent in Arabic. Even if vowels are added, a transliteration system would still need to distinguish between multiple ways of spelling the same sound in the Arabic script, e.g.
3539:
in the mosque or a TV newsreader. A transcription is free to add phonological (such as vowels) or morphological (such as word boundaries) information. Transcriptions will also vary depending on the writing conventions of the target language; compare
English
3668:
serves as a valuable stepping stone for learning, pronouncing correctly, and distinguishing phonemes. It is a useful tool for anyone who is familiar with the sounds of Arabic but not fully conversant in the language.
700:
3523:: what is true elsewhere is also true for nunation: transliteration renders what is seen, transcription what is heard, when in the Arabic script, it is written with diacritics, not by letters, or omitted.
209:
and non-standard Latin characters and are used in academic settings or for the benefit of non-speakers, contrast with informal means of written communication used by speakers such as the Latin-based
216:
Different systems and strategies have been developed to address the inherent problems of rendering various Arabic varieties in the Latin script. Examples of such problems are the symbols for Arabic
3584:
A transliteration is ideally fully reversible: a machine should be able to transliterate it back into Arabic. A transliteration can be considered as flawed for any one of the following reasons:
3952:
After the period of colonialism in Egypt, Egyptians were looking for a way to reclaim and reemphasize
Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the
232:, which is always spelled the same way in written Arabic but has numerous pronunciations in the spoken language depending on context; and the representation of short vowels (usually
480:
romanization (2007) is different from UNGEGN in two ways: (1) ظ is d͟h instead of z̧; (2) the cedilla is replaced by a sub-macron (_) in all the characters with the cedilla.
3821:
472:
or "Variant B of the
Amended Beirut System", that conforms to the French orthography and is preferred to the Variant A in French-speaking countries as in Maghreb and Lebanon.
4039:
3277:. However, unvocalized systems match exactly to written Arabic, unlike vocalized systems such as Arabic chat, which some claim detracts from one's ability to spell.
161:
4386:
4116:
3588:
A "loose" transliteration is ambiguous, rendering several Arabic phonemes with an identical transliteration, or such that digraphs for a single phoneme (such as
4682:
21. The prime (ʹ) is used: (a) To separate two letters representing two distinct consonantal sounds, when the combination might otherwise be read as a digraph.
4130:«La lengua de la gente común y no los priores de la gramática arábiga».La Doctrina christiana en lengua arábiga y castellana (1566) de Martín Pérez de Ayala
319:
3293:: Instead of transliterating each written letter, they try to reproduce the sound of the words according to the orthography rules of the target language:
6514:
4319:
29:
4784:
4508:
282:
of the language, since short vowels and geminate consonants, for example, do not usually appear in Arabic writing. As an example, the above rendering
554:
501:
6509:
2943:
In the original German edition of his dictionary (1952) Wehr used ǧ, ḫ, ġ for j, ḵ, ḡ respectively (that is all the letters used are equal to DMG/
6415:
4835:
4429:
2907:
digraphs are underlined, that is t͟h, d͟j, k͟h, d͟h, s͟h, g͟h. In BGN/PCGN on the contrary the sequences
4225:
2008:
3406:
1873:
154:
5378:
3365:
Most issues related to the romanization of Arabic are about transliterating vs. transcribing; others, about what should be romanized:
2885:⟩ are used instead, but Unicode defines those as punctuation marks, and they can cause compatibility issues. The glottal stop (
4266:
463:(1972). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, or "Variant A of the Amended Beirut System". Adopted from BGN/PCGN.
570:
467:
476:
4568:
4172:
1393:
3362:). This sort of detail is needlessly confusing, except in a very few situations (e.g., typesetting text in the Arabic script).
6704:
6025:
4640:
3737:
2873:⟩ (for the Wehr and Survey of Egypt System (SES)), all of which Unicode defines as letters. Often right and left single
1768:
688:
339:. It transcribed the four arabic letters that the latin alphabet couldn't represent as: ḧa (خ), ḋil (ذ), c̈̇e (ث) and a͑y (ع).
5552:
4818:
4367:
4176:
2866:
1103:
147:
108:
4477:
3247:
does not give a reader unfamiliar with the language sufficient information for accurate pronunciation. As a result, a pure
3960:
would be combined into one language and the Latin alphabet would be used. There was also the idea of finding a way to use
6000:
4777:
3663:
ASCII transliterations using capital letters to disambiguate phonemes are easy to type, but may be considered unaesthetic.
1045:
1033:
5317:
4868:
3297:. This applies equally to scientific and popular applications. A pure transliteration would need to omit vowels (e.g.
2858:
1360:
606:(1984), letter-to-letter; vowels are transliterated only if they are shown with diacritics, otherwise they are omitted.
491:
6699:
3527:
A transcription may reflect the language as spoken, typically rendering names, for example, by the people of
Baghdad (
3286:
3266:
2486:
2359:
1975:
1640:
344:
201:
when used instead of or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by
4285:
426:
369:
4445:
6643:
6633:
6628:
6588:
6546:
6526:
6408:
5961:
5440:
3370:
2850:
2439:
2321:
2057:
986:
950:
644:
6623:
6618:
6561:
6531:
6453:
5714:
5704:
5681:
3779:
2779:
Hans Wehr transliteration does not capitalize the first letter at the beginning of sentences nor in proper names.
1327:
1151:
715:
579:
6598:
6573:
6521:
6484:
6382:
6290:
5772:
4770:
4015:
3196:
3091:
pronunciation rules apply, although it is acceptable to ignore them. The UN system and ALA-LC prefer lowercase
3069:
2534:
2398:
1804:
4323:
4569:"Egyptian Romanized Arabic: A Study of Selected Features from Communication Among Egyptian Youth on Facebook"
596:
Spanish romanization, identical to DMG/DIN with the exception of three letters: ǧ > ŷ, ḫ > j, ġ > g.
6638:
6556:
6551:
6504:
6499:
6489:
5839:
5537:
5480:
4883:
4034:
1840:
1245:
1212:
914:
389:
229:
130:
4512:
6658:
6608:
6583:
6541:
5645:
5605:
5530:
5525:
5289:
4129:
4029:
3681:
3556:
3532:
3514:
3467:
3451:
3416:
3412:
3330:
3044:
3040:
2798:
2748:
2702:
2656:
2619:
2580:
2270:
2168:
2164:
2102:
2062:
2013:
1704:
868:
710:
532:
274:
179:
6673:
6603:
6578:
6494:
6443:
6401:
6371:
6204:
6156:
5966:
5948:
5941:
5931:
5926:
5918:
5738:
5473:
5445:
5435:
5239:
4863:
4005:
3973:
1939:
1906:
1294:
693:
451:
440:
3431:
is not transliterated (since it is strictly not a letter), a strictly literal transliteration would be
6663:
6107:
5867:
5787:
5267:
3985:
3969:
3404:
3194:
3159:
3157:
3084:
1039:
748:
658:
210:
4205:
3243:
are not written out, and must be supplied by a reader familiar with the language. Hence unvocalized
648:
6678:
6613:
6593:
6438:
6166:
5976:
5849:
5672:
5223:
5137:
4061:
4019:
3758:
3411:
removed for the convenience of the uninformed non-Arabic speaker, who would otherwise pronounce an
3227:
system has to make a number of decisions which are dependent on its intended field of application.
2794:
495:
421:
183:
4594:
6334:
6020:
5936:
5733:
5658:
4622:
4380:
4110:
379:
336:
198:
4595:"A new writing system? Developing orthographies for writing Arabic dialects in electronic media"
351:
328:
2947:). The variant presented in the table is from the English translation of the dictionary (1961).
193:. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles,
6458:
6081:
5834:
5754:
5694:
5457:
5364:
5349:
5260:
4922:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4709:
The
Question of Romanisation of the Script and The Emergence of Nationalism in the Middle East
4614:
4425:
4083:
3990:
3913:
3712:
2727:
2681:
2635:
2596:
2557:
2509:
2462:
2415:
2376:
2338:
2300:
1586:
1580:
1532:
1484:
1439:
332:
118:
59:
51:
43:
4419:
3833:
3826:
617:
6536:
6244:
6102:
5900:
5881:
5844:
5723:
5653:
5596:
5581:
5508:
5354:
5339:
5284:
5246:
4950:
4893:
4853:
4606:
4549:
4541:
4363:
4073:
4023:
4010:
3374:
221:
37:
6648:
6285:
6214:
6151:
6145:
6014:
5889:
5829:
5689:
5633:
5618:
5613:
5586:
5576:
5520:
5493:
5468:
5403:
5397:
5383:
5369:
5326:
5308:
4908:
4898:
4878:
4813:
4662:
4481:
4302:
3957:
3953:
3937:
3933:
3902:
3770:
3763:
3750:
3743:
3690:
3614:
3575:
3561:
3483:
3356:
3334:
3318:
3303:
3290:
3271:
3248:
3062:
3023:
2984:
2976:
2958:
2887:
2842:
2833:
2741:
2695:
2649:
2612:
2573:
2526:
2478:
2431:
2390:
2351:
2313:
2263:
2212:
2153:
2095:
2046:
2000:
1964:
1931:
1898:
1865:
1832:
1796:
1757:
1696:
1629:
1569:
1521:
1476:
1431:
1385:
1352:
1319:
1283:
1237:
1204:
1140:
1092:
1025:
975:
939:
903:
861:
775:
418:, praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzubadiique et aliorum libris confectum I–IV, Halle 1830–1837
291:
284:
264:
186:
91:
6474:
4757:
Comparative table of DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UN, ALA-LC, and
Encyclopædia of Islam
3672:
characters are not replicated and if a reader is not familiar with Arabic pronunciation.
4345:
398:, Leiden 1613. The first printed dictionary of the Arabic language in Arabic characters.
6653:
6566:
6365:
6295:
6229:
6134:
5908:
5797:
5792:
5777:
5762:
5728:
5513:
4888:
4830:
3995:
3601:
3528:
3440:
2874:
430:, 8 vols, London-Edinburgh 1863–1893. Highly influential, but incomplete (stops at Kaf)
401:
384:
Lexicon
Pentaglotton: Hebraicum, Chaldicum, Syriacum, Talmudico-Rabbinicum, et Arabicum
135:
5112:
5022:
4995:
335:
that has been called "the first
Western system of Arabic scientific transcription" by
298:
is a transcription, indicating the pronunciation; an example transliteration would be
17:
6693:
6448:
6327:
6322:
6308:
6254:
6189:
6171:
6057:
6042:
6036:
6005:
5824:
5819:
5804:
5767:
5628:
5623:
5547:
5503:
5359:
5333:
5074:
5065:
4858:
4845:
4626:
3961:
411:
262:
Romanization is often termed "transliteration", but this is not technically correct.
99:
33:
6424:
6300:
6259:
6199:
6179:
6139:
6052:
6047:
5814:
5809:
5699:
5422:
5408:
5200:
5182:
4975:
4756:
4000:
3596:) may be confused with two adjacent consonants—but this problem is resolved in the
3542:
3496:
3347:
3224:
783:
190:
6124:
559:, 1935), adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome.
393:
4610:
4474:
3607:
is used to separate two consonants when they do not form a digraph; for example:
408:, Leiden 1653. The dominant Arabic dictionary in Europe for almost two centuries.
6194:
6086:
6030:
5782:
5191:
4943:
3965:
3386:", and may be easily misread by non-Arabic speakers. For instance, "the light"
3383:
202:
5094:
5040:
4537:
Writing
Arabizi: Orthographic Variation in Romanized Lebanese Arabic on Twitter
3156:
when romanizing
Egyptian names or toponyms that are expectedly pronounced with
6668:
5344:
5253:
3424:
2914:
2828:
206:
194:
4618:
4087:
4078:
3020:
In Egypt, Sudan, and sometimes in other regions, the standard form for final-
665:: an ad hoc solution for conveniently entering Arabic using a Latin keyboard.
376:, 1556. Valencia. Prayers with an Arabic conventions and pronunciation annex.
6249:
4449:
4188:
3800:
2944:
733:
652:
638:
621:
563:
507:
444:
4494:
4145:
3022:
3010:, respectively, while the latter's dot is only added initially or medially.
637:(since 1992) has been modelled closely after the transliteration standards
609:
272:
using Latin symbols, while most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually
6125:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5174:
5165:
5156:
5147:
5138:
5129:
5120:
5110:
5102:
5092:
5084:
5075:
5066:
5057:
5048:
5038:
5030:
5020:
5012:
5003:
4993:
4985:
4976:
4967:
343:
Early Romanization of the Arabic language was standardized in the various
6234:
6224:
6117:
4927:
4453:
4211:
3921:
3520:
3211:
362:), 1505. A Spanish-Arabic glossary with its own system of transcription.
249:
81:
4268:
Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names
3435:, which presents similar problems for the uninformed non-Arabic speaker.
6269:
4933:
4545:
4192:
4149:
3941:
3863:
3842:
3473:
3428:
3236:
2991:
2962:
743:
738:
723:
680:
634:
602:
511:
217:
4553:
4403:
Reichmuth, Philipp (2009). "Transcription". In Versteegh, Kees (ed.).
2801:
on which the IPA table and the rest of the transliterations are based.
6184:
6112:
5164:
4808:
4793:
4249:
3657:
3597:
2813:
705:
486:
459:
242:
225:
71:
4346:"Encyclopaedia of Islam Romanization vs ALA Romanization for Arabic"
4535:
3631:
Symbols representing phonemes may be considered too similar (e.g.,
6264:
6219:
6209:
5128:
5083:
5056:
5029:
5002:
4966:
4938:
4762:
3912:
3351:
3244:
3240:
3088:
318:
123:
6239:
5209:
5155:
5146:
5119:
5101:
5047:
5011:
3901:
There have been many instances of national movements to convert
3653:
3536:
3050:
2841:
2249:
2032:
1782:
1743:
761:
6397:
6393:
4766:
3201:
in Francophone Arabic speaking countries in names and toponyms.
567:(1982), developed by the German Institute for Standardization (
5173:
4984:
4509:"Arabic Morphological Analyzer/The Buckwalter Transliteration"
4424:. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria. pp. 53–54.
4322:. International Journal of Middle East Studies. Archived from
3378:
2196:
510:, which is used internationally in scientific publications by
4060:
Adegoke, Kazeem Adekunle; Abdulraheem, Bashir (7 June 2017).
3875:
3868:
4446:"Standards, Training, Testing, Assessment and Certification"
612:(1993), simplified transliteration; vowels are always shown.
4418:
Millar, M. Angélica; Salgado, Rosa; Zedán, Marcela (2005).
3265:, is meaningless to an untrained reader. For this reason,
3117:
The EALL suggests ẓ "in proper names" (volume 4, page 517).
3395:
would be more literally transliterated along the lines of
832:
498:. This romanization is close to the romanization of the
386:, 1612. Arabic lemmas were printed in Hebrew characters.
4022:-based alphabet, which was replaced by the Latin-based
3644:
2893:) in these romanizations is not written word-initially.
2232:
2120:
2114:
876:
823:
810:
797:
36:
chart showing the changing English romanization of the
4226:"Romanization system for Arabic. BGN/PCGN 1956 System"
3640:
3214:
is ignored in all romanizations in names and toponyms.
2870:
1667:
1659:
1654:
3728:
3721:
3702:
3695:
3235:
One basic problem is that written Arabic is normally
828:
3567:
3259:
2862:
1646:
300:
6467:
6431:
6343:
6278:
6165:
6095:
6074:
5999:
5917:
5899:
5860:
5753:
5713:
5680:
5671:
5644:
5604:
5595:
5569:
5456:
5316:
5307:
5298:
5277:
5231:
5222:
4959:
4844:
4801:
4062:"Re-Thinking Romanization of Arabic-Islamic Script"
3509:, but it is transcribed in many schemes like alif,
3450:) faithfully. Many transcriptions render the sound
2878:
4711:. Mediterranean Language Review. pp. 179–196.
4484:Section 4.1 : ASCII Transliteration Encoding.
4421:Gramatica de la lengua arabe para hispanohablantes
3438:A transliteration should render the "closed tāʼ" (
2882:
2854:
2793:table is only a demonstration and is based on the
2108:
815:
802:
789:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4207:Christian doctrine in the Arabic-Spanish language
3791:
3784:
4132:, Teresa Soto González, University of Salamanca
4040:Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System
205:. These formal systems, which often make use of
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4405:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
4320:"IJMES Translation & Transliteration Guide"
4066:TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society
3905:into Latin script or to romanize the language.
591:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
4177:Arabic Linguistics: A Historiographic Overview
4103:El léxico árabe andalusí según Pedro de Alcalá
3932:, pushed for the change from Arabic script to
6409:
4778:
4369:Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift...
4189:Arte para ligeramente saber la lengua arauiga
3936:in 1922. The major head of this movement was
593:(edited by Kees Versteegh, Brill, 2006–2009).
366:, 1506. An Arabic grammar written in Spanish.
155:
64:) between the 19th and 20th centuries, using
8:
3648:
3608:
3551:
3504:
3490:
3445:
3387:
3341:
3324:
3309:
3252:
3149:
3056:
3048:
3031:
3004:
2996:
2908:
2725:
2679:
2633:
2594:
2555:
2507:
2460:
2413:
2374:
2336:
2298:
2247:
2194:
2140:
2082:
2030:
1987:
1951:
1918:
1885:
1852:
1819:
1780:
1741:
1683:
1616:
1556:
1508:
1463:
1418:
1372:
1339:
1306:
1270:
1224:
1191:
1127:
1079:
1011:
962:
926:
890:
848:
759:
568:
552:
522:International Journal of Middle East Studies
499:
356:Arabic vocabulary in the Castillian language
75:
65:
57:
49:
41:
3854:
3847:
3812:
3805:
3751:[/ʔila‿l.mamlakati‿l.maɣribij.jah/]
331:uses an innovative system for transcribing
6416:
6402:
6394:
5677:
5601:
5313:
5304:
5228:
4785:
4771:
4763:
4385:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4115:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3964:instead of the Latin alphabet. A scholar,
2865:⟩ (for the UNGEGN and BGN/PCGN) or
583:(1961, 1994), a modification to DIN 31635.
162:
148:
87:
4077:
3403:, a hyphen is added and the unpronounced
3269:are generally used that add vowels, e.g.
3039:in handwriting and print, for both final
536:(1st ed., 1913–1938; 2nd ed., 1960–2005).
228:languages; the means of representing the
4641:"Arabizi sparks concern among educators"
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
3686:
3055:for the latter pronunciation, is called
728:
673:
364:Art to lightly learn the Arabic language
325:Art to lightly learn the Arabic language
268:is the direct representation of foreign
28:
4398:
4396:
4366:; Ronkel, Philippus Samuel van (1935).
4146:Vocabulista arauigo en letra castellana
4052:
3503:, differentiating it from regular alif
97:
90:
4567:Bjørnsson, Jan Arild (November 2010).
4407:. Vol. 4. Brill. pp. 515–20.
4378:
4108:
3749:
3742:
3068:
2849:. Appropriate Unicode points would be
345:bilingual Arabic-European dictionaries
3560:
555:Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft
502:Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft
7:
6432:By publisher (for several languages)
3729:
3722:
3703:
3696:
3632:
3628:are two distinct consonantal sounds.
3604:
1672:
240:, accounting for variations such as
4495:"Buckwalter Arabic Transliteration"
4286:"Systèmes français de romanisation"
3956:in which the formal Arabic and the
3744:[/ʔamdʒadukaːnalahuːqasˤr/]
3730:إِلَى الْمَمْلَكَةِ الْمَغْرِبِيَّة
3649:
3609:
3552:
3505:
3495:) should be transliterated with an
3491:
3446:
3388:
3342:
3325:
3285:Most uses of romanization call for
3253:
3150:
3057:
3049:
3032:
3005:
2997:
2909:
2248:
2141:
2083:
2031:
1988:
1952:
1919:
1886:
1853:
1820:
1781:
1742:
1684:
1617:
1557:
1509:
1464:
1419:
1373:
1340:
1307:
1271:
1225:
1192:
1128:
1080:
1012:
963:
927:
891:
849:
760:
295:
76:
66:
6370:Languages between parentheses are
4350:University of Washington Libraries
3856:ʾˈilaỳ ʾˈalmamlakaẗ ʾˈalmaġribiȳaẗ
3636:
3620:('she honored her'), in which the
2126:
837:
310:Romanization standards and systems
25:
4593:Abu Elhija, Dua'a (3 July 2014).
3415:, perhaps not understanding that
3281:Transliteration vs. transcription
2533:
2485:
2438:
2397:
2358:
2320:
2056:
2007:
1974:
1938:
1905:
1872:
1839:
1803:
1767:
1703:
1639:
1585:
1579:
1531:
1483:
1438:
1392:
1359:
1326:
1293:
1244:
1211:
1150:
1102:
1044:
1038:
1032:
985:
949:
913:
782:
490:(first published 1991), from the
6378:
6377:
4672:. Library of Congress. p. 9
647:(1990s), developed at ALPNET by
4534:Sullivan, Natalie (July 2017).
4204:Pérez de Ayala, Martín (1556).
3897:Arabic alphabet and nationalism
3835:Ilá al-mamlakah al-maghribiyyah
3600:romanization system, where the
2827:Neither standard defines which
435:Mixed digraphic and diacritical
302:mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf alʻrbyḧ
296:مناظرة الحروف العربية
286:munāẓaratu l-ḥurūfi l-ʻarabīyah
178:is the systematic rendering of
6374:of the language on their left.
3877:il_A almamlakaT alma.gribiyyaT
3814:ʾIlā l-mamlakah al-Maġribiyyah
3772:Ilá al-mamlakah al-Maghribīyah
3562:[ˈʕomɑr xæjˈjæːm]
3340:, and the six different ways (
3070:[ˈʔælef læjˈjenæ]
2867:modifier letter reversed comma
571:Deutsches Institut für Normung
1:
6468:By language or writing system
4101:Corriente, Francisco (1988).
3531:), or the official standard (
3369:Some transliterations ignore
3099:; BGN/PCGN prefers uppercase
2990:are traditionally written in
2797:which vary considerably from
622:British Standards Institution
278:systems, which represent the
4869:Ancient South Arabian script
4836:Influence on other languages
4707:Shrivtiel, Shraybom (1998).
4611:10.1080/17586801.2013.868334
4274:. UNGEGN. 2007. p. 12 .
3876:
3869:
3855:
3848:
3834:
3827:
3813:
3806:
3792:
3785:
3771:
3764:
2859:modifier letter turned comma
492:American Library Association
6126:
5211:
5202:
5193:
5184:
5175:
5166:
5157:
5148:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5111:
5103:
5093:
5085:
5076:
5067:
5058:
5049:
5039:
5031:
5021:
5013:
5004:
4994:
4986:
4977:
4968:
4909:
4303:"Arabic romanization table"
3615:
3576:
3568:
3484:
3357:
3335:
3319:
3304:
3272:
3260:
3206:
3169:
3122:
3112:
3078:
3063:
3024:
2985:
2977:
2888:
2843:
2834:
2742:
2696:
2650:
2613:
2574:
2527:
2479:
2432:
2391:
2352:
2314:
2264:
2213:
2154:
2096:
2047:
2001:
1965:
1932:
1899:
1866:
1833:
1797:
1758:
1697:
1630:
1570:
1522:
1477:
1432:
1386:
1353:
1320:
1284:
1238:
1205:
1141:
1093:
1026:
976:
940:
904:
862:
776:
301:
285:
6721:
4670:ALA-LC Romanization Tables
4643:. GulfNews.com. 9 May 2013
4308:. The Library of Congress.
3944:plan to dominate Lebanon.
3793:ilā l-mamlaka al-maḡribīya
3015:
2970:
2952:
2938:
2898:
2851:modifier letter apostrophe
2822:
2806:
2784:
2774:
2623:
2584:
2403:
2364:
2326:
2291:
1980:
1944:
1911:
1878:
1845:
1809:
1773:
1365:
1332:
1299:
1217:
955:
919:
645:Buckwalter Transliteration
438:
347:of the 16–19th centuries:
6357:
6350:Islam and Arabic language
4734:History of Arabic Writing
4540:(Plan II Honors Thesis).
3723:أَمْجَدُ كَانَ لَهُ قَصْر
3310:
2755:
2752:
2709:
2706:
2663:
2660:
2595:
2556:
2539:
2508:
2491:
2461:
2444:
2414:
2277:
2274:
2225:
2195:
2178:
2172:
2113:
2106:
2066:
2017:
1728:
1709:
1666:
1645:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1543:
1537:
1495:
1489:
1450:
1444:
1405:
1398:
1257:
1250:
1156:
1114:
1108:
1066:
1060:
1050:
998:
991:
872:
788:
620:(1968), developed by the
580:Hans Wehr transliteration
524:, very similar to ALA-LC.
6291:Arabic script in Unicode
6026:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
5386:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
4599:Writing Systems Research
4191:, second edition, 1506.
4079:10.15408/tjems.v4i1.5549
4016:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
3890:To the Moroccan Kingdom
3513:, because it stands for
3427:. Alternatively, if the
2910:ـتـهـ, ـكـهـ, ـدهـ, ـسهـ
5553:Western Egyptian Bedawi
4511:. Xerox. Archived from
4035:Romanization of Persian
3476:has a unique symbol, ẗ.
3399:. In the transcription
3073:, 'flexible alif'.
2957:BGN/PCGN allows use of
416:Lexicon Arabico-Latinum
406:Lexicon Arabico-Latinum
390:Franciscus Raphelengius
230:Arabic definite article
197:Arabic language works,
6705:Romanization of Arabic
4030:Romanization of Hebrew
3925:
3870:am^gad kAna lahu qa.sr
3849:ʾˈamǧad kāna lahu qaṣr
3354:, usually transcribed
2913:may be romanized with
2905:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2817:for its various forms.
2726:
2680:
2634:
2375:
2337:
2299:
569:
553:
533:Encyclopaedia of Islam
500:
427:Arabic–English Lexicon
340:
176:romanization of Arabic
85:
58:
50:
42:
18:Arabic transliteration
6157:Quranic Arabic Corpus
4864:Ancient North Arabian
4480:10 April 2021 at the
4006:Glottal stop (letter)
3924:alphabet (issue #686)
3916:
3807:ʾAmǧad kāna lahu qaṣr
3189:use the French-based
441:Digraph (orthography)
439:Further information:
370:Martín Pérez de Ayala
322:
220:that do not exist in
32:
6108:Sun and moon letters
5268:Pre-classical Arabic
4759:(PDF; not normative)
4574:. University of Oslo
4515:on 26 September 2015
3986:Arabic chat alphabet
3970:Ahmad Lutfi As Sayid
3928:A Beirut newspaper,
3828:Amjad kāna lahu qaşr
3786:amjad kāna lahū qaṣr
3765:Amjad kāna lahu qaṣr
3704:إلى المملكة المغربية
3557:/ʕumar xajjaːm/
3239:; i.e., many of the
3085:sun and moon letters
455:romanization (1956).
211:Arabic chat alphabet
5962:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5441:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4475:ArabTex User Manual
3481:"Restricted alif" (
3219:Romanization issues
3105:Al Baṣrah, Ar Riyāḍ
3097:al-Baṣrah, ar-Riyāḍ
2992:Northwestern Africa
651:; does not require
496:Library of Congress
422:Edward William Lane
38:Arabic short vowels
6700:Arabic orthography
6335:MacArabic encoding
4546:10.15781/T2W951823
3926:
3887:Amjad had a palace
3717:(normally omitted)
3577:ʻUmar Khayyām
3320:alif maqṣūrah
3251:, e.g., rendering
3191:⟨ou⟩
3064:alif layyinah
2881:⟩, ⟨
380:Valentin Schindler
374:Doctrina Cristiana
341:
337:Federico Corriente
315:Early Romanization
199:language education
86:
6687:
6686:
6391:
6390:
6366:extinct languages
6305:MS-DOS codepages
6070:
6069:
6066:
6065:
5749:
5748:
5667:
5666:
5565:
5564:
5261:Old Hijazi Arabic
4743:Shrivtiel, p. 188
4456:on 7 October 2008
4431:978-956-11-1799-0
4364:Brockelmann, Carl
4326:on 1 January 2016
3991:Arabic diacritics
3958:colloquial Arabic
3894:
3893:
3718:
3535:) as spoken by a
3346:) of writing the
3144:⟨g⟩
3038:
2769:
2768:
2223:
543:Fully diacritical
333:Andalusian Arabic
252:/Muhammad/Mohamed
172:
171:
16:(Redirected from
6712:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6395:
6381:
6380:
6129:
5678:
5602:
5538:Western Algerian
5485:Eastern Algerian
5481:Algerian Saharan
5411:(Lesser Kabylia)
5314:
5305:
5247:Nabataean Arabic
5229:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5187:
5178:
5169:
5160:
5151:
5142:
5133:
5124:
5116:
5106:
5098:
5088:
5079:
5070:
5061:
5052:
5044:
5034:
5026:
5016:
5007:
4999:
4989:
4980:
4971:
4951:Maltese alphabet
4914:
4894:Algerian Braille
4884:Eastern numerals
4854:Nabataean script
4787:
4780:
4773:
4764:
4744:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4713:
4712:
4704:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4667:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4573:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4485:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4452:. Archived from
4442:
4436:
4435:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4376:
4374:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4246:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4201:
4195:
4186:
4180:
4170:
4153:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4114:
4106:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4057:
4024:Turkish alphabet
4011:Maltese alphabet
3879:
3872:
3858:
3851:
3837:
3830:
3816:
3809:
3795:
3788:
3774:
3767:
3753:
3746:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3687:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3579:
3571:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3469:
3466:when it denotes
3453:
3449:
3448:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3391:
3390:
3375:definite article
3360:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3275:
3263:
3256:
3255:
3210:
3200:
3192:
3173:
3163:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3126:
3116:
3103:and no hyphens:
3082:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2956:
2942:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2891:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2846:
2837:
2826:
2810:
2795:spoken varieties
2788:
2778:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2252:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2043:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1771:
1764:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1535:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1112:
1106:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1014:
995:
989:
982:
972:
966:
965:
953:
946:
936:
930:
929:
917:
910:
900:
894:
893:
878:
870:
865:
858:
852:
851:
839:
834:
830:
825:
820:
817:
812:
807:
804:
799:
794:
791:
786:
779:
772:
765:
764:
753:
730:
725:
720:
674:
670:Comparison table
574:
558:
505:
478:
395:Lexicon Arabicum
304:
297:
288:
164:
157:
150:
88:
79:
78:
69:
68:
63:
55:
47:
21:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6463:
6427:
6422:
6392:
6387:
6353:
6339:
6286:Arabic keyboard
6274:
6169:
6161:
6146:Mater lectionis
6140:Triliteral root
6091:
6062:
6003:
5995:
5913:
5895:
5856:
5745:
5709:
5663:
5640:
5591:
5561:
5452:
5432:Judeo-Maghrebi
5300:
5294:
5290:Modern Standard
5273:
5218:
4955:
4899:Maltese Braille
4879:Arabic numerals
4840:
4797:
4791:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4716:
4706:
4705:
4688:
4675:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4482:Wayback Machine
4473:
4469:
4459:
4457:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4377:
4372:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4291:. UNGEGN. 2009.
4288:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4187:
4183:
4173:Edward Lipiński
4171:
4156:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4107:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4049:
3982:
3954:Arabic language
3950:
3938:Louis Massignon
3911:
3899:
3715:
3697:أمجد كان له قصر
3682:Literary Arabic
3678:
3533:Literary Arabic
3311:
3291:transliteration
3283:
3249:transliteration
3233:
3221:
3204:
3190:
3167:
3147:
3143:
3120:
3110:
3076:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2968:
2950:
2936:
2896:
2875:quotation marks
2820:
2804:
2799:Literary Arabic
2782:
2772:
2736:
2732:
2690:
2686:
2644:
2640:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2385:
2381:
2346:
2343:
2308:
2305:
2258:
2254:
2227:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2158:
2148:
2145:
2129:
2090:
2087:
2071:
2051:
2041:
2037:
1995:
1992:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1926:
1923:
1893:
1890:
1860:
1857:
1827:
1824:
1791:
1787:
1762:
1752:
1748:
1718:
1711:
1691:
1688:
1662:
1649:
1633:
1624:
1621:
1593:
1574:
1564:
1561:
1539:
1526:
1516:
1513:
1491:
1471:
1468:
1446:
1426:
1423:
1400:
1380:
1377:
1347:
1344:
1314:
1311:
1288:
1278:
1275:
1252:
1232:
1229:
1199:
1196:
1165:
1158:
1145:
1135:
1132:
1110:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1062:
1055:
1020:
1016:
993:
980:
970:
967:
944:
934:
931:
908:
898:
895:
856:
853:
818:
805:
792:
770:
766:
751:
718:
695:
672:
631:
545:
447:
437:
352:Pedro de Alcalá
329:Pedro de Alcalá
317:
312:
265:Transliteration
260:
168:
114:Transliteration
98:
92:Arabic alphabet
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6718:
6716:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6692:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6398:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6375:
6368:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6303:
6298:
6296:ISO/IEC 8859-6
6293:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6230:Naskh (script)
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6010:
6008:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5967:Judeo-Tunisian
5964:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5949:Judeo-Moroccan
5946:
5945:
5944:
5934:
5932:Judeo-Egyptian
5929:
5927:Judeo-Algerian
5923:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5909:Bedouin Arabic
5905:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5521:Moroccan koiné
5518:
5517:
5516:
5506:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5494:Tunisian koiné
5490:Eastern Hilal
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5474:Judeo-Algerian
5469:Algerian koiné
5465:Central Hilal
5462:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5446:Judeo-Tunisian
5443:
5438:
5436:Judeo-Moroccan
5430:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5406:
5401:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5330:
5322:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5235:
5233:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5207:
5198:
5189:
5180:
5171:
5162:
5153:
5144:
5135:
5126:
5117:
5108:
5099:
5090:
5081:
5072:
5063:
5054:
5045:
5036:
5027:
5018:
5009:
5000:
4991:
4982:
4973:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4889:Arabic Braille
4886:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4752:
4751:External links
4749:
4746:
4745:
4736:
4714:
4686:
4654:
4632:
4605:(2): 190–214.
4585:
4559:
4526:
4500:
4486:
4467:
4437:
4430:
4410:
4392:
4355:
4337:
4311:
4294:
4277:
4258:
4234:
4217:
4196:
4181:
4154:
4138:
4122:
4093:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3996:Arabic grammar
3993:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3949:
3946:
3910:
3907:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3677:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3629:
3529:Baghdad Arabic
3525:
3524:
3518:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3436:
3329:for the sound
3282:
3279:
3267:transcriptions
3245:Arabic writing
3232:
3229:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3202:
3165:
3118:
3108:
3074:
3037:(without dots)
3011:
3003:
2995:
2966:
2948:
2934:
2894:
2818:
2802:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2765:oun/on/oon/un
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:a/e(h); et/at
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
990:
983:
978:
973:
968:
961:
958:
957:
954:
947:
942:
937:
932:
925:
922:
921:
918:
911:
906:
901:
896:
889:
886:
885:
882:
879:
874:
871:
866:
859:
854:
847:
844:
843:
840:
835:
826:
821:
813:
808:
800:
795:
787:
780:
773:
768:
758:
755:
754:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
713:
708:
703:
698:
691:
686:
683:
678:
671:
668:
667:
666:
656:
649:Tim Buckwalter
642:
641:and DIN 31635.
630:
627:
626:
625:
615:
614:
613:
599:
598:
597:
594:
584:
576:
544:
541:
540:
539:
538:
537:
525:
483:
482:
481:
473:
456:
436:
433:
432:
431:
419:
409:
402:Jacobus Golius
399:
387:
377:
367:
316:
313:
311:
308:
259:
256:
170:
169:
167:
166:
159:
152:
144:
141:
140:
139:
138:
133:
128:
127:
126:
116:
111:
103:
102:
95:
94:
84:) as examples.
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6717:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6414:
6412:
6407:
6405:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6384:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6255:Sini (script)
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6245:Ruqʿah script
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6190:Hijazi script
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5868:Central Asian
5866:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5840:Taʽizzi-Adeni
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5424:
5421:
5419:Traras-Msirda
5418:
5417:
5415:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:Arabic script
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4671:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4586:
4570:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4530:
4527:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4414:
4411:
4406:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4179:, pages 32–33
4178:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3974:Muhammad Azmi
3971:
3967:
3963:
3962:hieroglyphics
3959:
3955:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3903:Arabic script
3896:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3727:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3569:ʿmr ḫyām
3565:(unvocalized
3563:
3553:عمر خيام
3549:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3519:
3512:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3485:alif maqṣūrah
3480:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3323:
3321:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:transcription
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3142:use a normal
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3095:and hyphens:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3058:ألف لينة
3052:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3012:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2933:respectively.
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2857:⟩ and
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2292:Vocalization
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2269:
2266:
2265:alif maqṣūrah
2262:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2163:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2076:y/i/ee/ei/ai
2075:
2069:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1658:
1653:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
988:
984:
981:
974:
969:
960:
959:
952:
948:
945:
938:
933:
924:
923:
916:
912:
909:
902:
897:
888:
887:
883:
880:
875:
867:
864:
860:
855:
846:
845:
841:
836:
827:
822:
814:
809:
801:
796:
785:
781:
778:
774:
769:
763:
757:
756:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
727:
722:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
692:
690:
687:
684:
682:
679:
676:
675:
669:
664:
662:
657:
654:
650:
646:
643:
640:
636:
633:
632:
628:
623:
619:
616:
611:
608:
607:
605:
604:
600:
595:
592:
588:
585:
582:
581:
577:
573:
572:
566:
565:
561:
560:
557:
556:
550:
547:
546:
542:
535:
534:
529:
526:
523:
519:
516:
515:
513:
509:
504:
503:
497:
493:
489:
488:
484:
479:
474:
471:
469:
465:
464:
462:
461:
457:
454:
453:
449:
448:
446:
442:
434:
429:
428:
423:
420:
417:
413:
412:Georg Freytag
410:
407:
403:
400:
397:
396:
391:
388:
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
349:
348:
346:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
314:
309:
307:
305:
303:
293:
289:
287:
281:
277:
276:
275:transcription
271:
267:
266:
257:
255:
253:
251:
246:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
165:
160:
158:
153:
151:
146:
145:
143:
142:
137:
134:
132:
129:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:Arabic script
96:
93:
89:
83:
73:
62:
61:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
35:
34:Google Ngrams
31:
27:
19:
6515:in Singapore
6479:
6425:Romanization
6361:
6301:Windows-1256
6260:Taliq script
6200:Jeli Thuluth
6180:Ajami script
6144:
6048:Pidgin madam
6035:
6013:
5977:Judeo-Yemeni
5919:Judeo-Arabic
5901:Sociological
5888:
5850:Judeo-Yemeni
5673:Mesopotamian
5548:Libyan koiné
5332:
5325:
5318:Pre-Hilalian
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5240:Proto-Arabic
5238:
4873:Zabūr script
4826:Romanization
4825:
4739:
4708:
4681:
4674:. Retrieved
4669:
4657:
4645:. Retrieved
4635:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4562:
4536:
4529:
4517:. Retrieved
4513:the original
4503:
4497:. QAMUS LLC.
4489:
4470:
4458:. Retrieved
4454:the original
4440:
4420:
4413:
4404:
4368:
4358:
4349:
4340:
4328:. Retrieved
4324:the original
4314:
4297:
4280:
4267:
4261:
4220:
4206:
4199:
4184:
4141:
4134:(in Spanish)
4125:
4102:
4096:
4072:(1): 22–31.
4069:
4065:
4055:
4020:Perso-Arabic
4001:Arabic names
3951:
3934:Latin script
3929:
3927:
3920:in proposed
3917:
3900:
3711:Arabic with
3680:Examples in
3679:
3670:
3666:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3610:أَكْرَمَتْها
3602:prime symbol
3593:
3592:rather than
3589:
3583:
3574:
3573:, vocalized
3566:
3548:Omar Chajjam
3547:
3546:with German
3543:Omar Khayyam
3541:
3526:
3510:
3500:
3497:acute accent
3482:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3441:tāʼ marbūṭah
3439:
3432:
3420:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3382:before the "
3377:
3371:assimilation
3364:
3355:
3348:glottal stop
3333:
3317:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:rather than
3284:
3270:
3258:
3234:
3225:romanization
3222:
3205:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3077:
3061:
3021:
3014:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2951:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2904:
2897:
2886:
2840:
2832:
2821:
2812:
2805:
2790:
2783:
2773:
2588:ay/ai/ey/ei
2220:
2024:w/ou/oo/u/o
1714:(g͟h)
1403:(s͟h)
1255:(d͟h)
1161:(k͟h)
1058:(d͟j)
996:(t͟h)
660:
601:
590:
586:
578:
562:
548:
531:
527:
521:
517:
485:
475:
466:
458:
450:
425:
415:
405:
394:
383:
373:
363:
359:
355:
342:
324:
299:
283:
279:
273:
269:
263:
261:
248:
241:
237:
233:
215:
191:Latin script
175:
173:
113:
26:
6195:Jawi script
6167:Calligraphy
6096:Linguistics
6021:Gulf Pidgin
5937:Judeo-Iraqi
5878:Kashkadarya
5734:Judeo-Iraqi
5659:Palestinian
5570:Nile Valley
5232:Pre-Islamic
4944:Dagger alif
4330:30 November
3966:Salama Musa
3550:, both for
3384:sun letters
3343:ء إ أ آ ؤ ئ
3237:unvocalized
3089:hamzat waṣl
2961:instead of
2831:to use for
2433:fatḥah alif
2097:alif maddah
1610:z/dh/6'/th
629:ASCII-based
470:System 1973
360:Vocabulista
6694:Categories
6679:Vietnamese
6547:Macedonian
6527:Belarusian
6082:Literature
5755:Peninsular
5695:Khuzestani
5425:(Mountain)
5345:Australian
5254:Old Arabic
4904:Diacritics
4831:Numerology
4554:2152/72420
4375:. Leipzig.
4136:. Page 133
4047:References
3713:diacritics
3616:akramatʹhā
3043:and final
2915:middle dot
2829:code point
2614:fatḥah wāw
2575:fatḥah yāʼ
2528:ḍammah wāw
2480:kasrah yāʼ
1813:2/g/q/8/9
1264:z/dh/th/d
653:diacritics
520:, used by
327:(1506) by
207:diacritics
195:cataloging
136:Numeration
119:Diacritics
6624:Maldivian
6619:Malayalam
6594:Inuktitut
6562:Ukrainian
6532:Bulgarian
6510:in Taiwan
6372:varieties
6364:indicate
6279:Technical
6250:Shahmukhi
6205:Kairouani
6103:Phonology
5882:Khorasani
5872:Bakhtiari
5724:Anatolian
5654:Jordanian
5634:Damascene
5597:Levantine
5509:Hassaniya
5350:Cottenera
5285:Classical
5224:Varieties
4802:Overviews
4627:219568845
4619:1758-6801
4450:BSI Group
4381:cite book
4255:. UNGEGN.
4111:cite book
4105:. Madrid.
4088:2442-9848
3801:DIN 31635
3780:Hans Wehr
3425:geminated
3187:DIN 31635
3140:DIN 31635
3006:ڧـ ـڧـ ـٯ
2959:underdots
2945:DIN 31635
1412:sh/ch/$
639:ISO/R 233
610:ISO 233-2
564:DIN 31635
508:Hans Wehr
445:Diacritic
224:or other
203:linguists
6644:Sanskrit
6599:Japanese
6574:Georgian
6522:Cyrillic
6485:Armenian
6444:BGN/PCGN
6383:Category
6235:Nastaliq
6225:Muhaqqaq
6215:Maghrebi
6075:Academic
6015:Bimbashi
5971:Tunisene
5942:Baghdadi
5890:Shirvani
5830:Hadhrami
5788:Bahraini
5739:Baghdadi
5690:Baghdadi
5629:Aleppine
5619:Lebanese
5614:Cilician
5587:Sudanese
5577:Egyptian
5458:Hilalian
5416:Western
5394:Eastern
5391:Village
5370:Żurrieqi
5334:Sicilian
5327:Andalusi
5309:Maghrebi
5278:Literary
4930:(tanwin)
4928:Nunation
4814:Alphabet
4809:Language
4796:language
4663:"Arabic"
4578:31 March
4519:30 April
4478:Archived
4250:"Arabic"
4212:Valencia
4175:, 2012,
3980:See also
3930:La Syrie
3922:Said Akl
3884:English
3676:Examples
3537:preacher
3521:Nunation
3212:Nunation
3175:BGN/PCGN
3154:⟩
3148:⟨
3128:BGN/PCGN
3030:is only
2877:⟨
2869:⟨
2861:⟨
2853:⟨
2743:ḍammatān
2733:
2697:kasratān
2687:
2651:fatḥatān
2641:
2549:ou/oo/u
2515:
2382:
2255:
2214:alif lām
2159:marbūṭah
2038:
1788:
1749:
1735:gh/3'/8
1321:zayn/zāy
1185:kh/7'/5
1017:
767:
663:alphabet
512:Arabists
494:and the
452:BGN/PCGN
250:Mohammed
238:e o
234:i u
226:European
218:phonemes
131:Numerals
82:Muhammad
77:مُحَمَّد
6654:Tibetan
6639:Persian
6629:Marathi
6557:Serbian
6552:Russian
6505:Chinese
6500:Burmese
6490:Bengali
6475:Amharic
6362:Italics
6270:Thuluth
6135:Grammar
6006:pidgins
6001:Creoles
5990:Sanʽani
5875:Bukhara
5835:Sanʽani
5798:Kuwaiti
5793:Emirati
5778:Dhofari
5763:Bahrani
5729:Cypriot
5717:(Qeltu)
5544:Sulaym
5531:Western
5526:Eastern
5404:Sfaxian
5400:(Sahel)
5355:Gozitan
5340:Maltese
4960:Letters
4934:Shaddah
4923:Harakat
4918:Tashkil
4846:Scripts
4819:History
4676:14 June
4193:Granada
4150:Granada
4042:(SATTS)
4026:in 1928
3942:Zionist
3918:LEBNAAN
3909:Lebanon
3864:ArabTeX
3843:ISO 233
3474:ISO 233
3429:shaddah
3373:of the
3358:ʼ
2963:cedilla
2811:Review
2627:aw/aou
2407:ou/o/u
1502:d/9'/D
1073:j/g/dj
1005:s/th/t
831:,
749:Arabizi
744:ArabTeX
681:Unicode
677:Letter
659:Arabic
635:ArabTeX
618:BS 4280
603:ISO 233
290:of the
270:letters
245:/Moslem
222:English
189:in the
180:written
109:History
67:مُسْلِم
6674:Uyghur
6659:Telugu
6649:Syriac
6634:Nepali
6609:Korean
6584:Hebrew
6542:Kyrgyz
6537:Kazakh
6495:Berber
6480:Arabic
6439:ALA-LC
6185:Diwani
6172:Script
6130:(case)
6127:ʾIʿrāb
6113:Tajwid
6058:Bongor
6037:Maridi
5987:Habban
5861:Others
5845:Tihami
5825:Yemeni
5820:Shihhi
5805:Hejazi
5773:Bedawi
5768:Bareqi
5624:Syrian
5582:Saʽidi
5514:Nemadi
5500:Maqil
5398:Sahili
5365:Żejtun
5301:spoken
5299:Modern
4794:Arabic
4647:18 May
4625:
4617:
4460:18 May
4428:
4152:, 1505
4086:
3822:UNGEGN
3759:ALA-LC
3691:Arabic
3658:hamzah
3598:ALA-LC
3401:an-nūr
3393:an-nūr
3241:vowels
3231:Vowels
3185:, and
3183:ALA-LC
3179:UNGEGN
3138:, and
3136:ALA-LC
3132:UNGEGN
2889:hamzah
2835:hamzah
2814:hamzah
2719:in/en
2392:ḍammah
2368:i/e/é
2353:kasrah
2330:a/e/é
2315:fatḥah
2241:el/al
2228:
2221:(var.)
2134:2a/aa
1719:
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1550:t/6/T
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884:a/e/é
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706:ALA-LC
701:UNGEGN
487:ALA-LC
460:UNGEGN
292:Arabic
258:Method
243:Muslim
187:Arabic
184:spoken
74:) and
72:Muslim
6604:Khmer
6589:Hindi
6579:Greek
6567:Uzbek
6344:Other
6265:Tawqi
6220:Mashq
6210:Kufic
6118:Imāla
6087:Names
6053:Turku
5981:Adeni
5815:Omani
5810:Najdi
5715:North
5705:South
5700:Shawi
5682:Gilit
5646:South
5606:North
5504:Fessi
5423:Jebli
5409:Jijel
5384:Tunis
5379:Urban
5360:Qormi
4969:ʾAlif
4939:Hamza
4911:i‘jām
4666:(PDF)
4623:S2CID
4572:(PDF)
4373:(PDF)
4306:(PDF)
4289:(PDF)
4272:(PDF)
4253:(PDF)
4229:(PDF)
3948:Egypt
3433:alnūr
3397:alnūr
3389:النور
3352:hamza
3295:Qaṭar
3273:qaṭar
3045:/-aː/
3041:/-iː/
2546:U/uw
2501:i/ee
2498:I/iy
2451:A/aa
2179:h; t
2176:—; t
2173:h; t
2067:y; ī
2021:w; U
2018:w; ū
1698:ghayn
1601:ḏ̣/ẓ
685:Name
518:IJMES
477:ADEGN
280:sound
124:Hamza
6669:Urdu
6664:Thai
6459:Yale
6449:GOST
6240:Rasm
6043:Nubi
6031:Juba
6004:and
5984:Beda
5956:Wqal
5953:Kjal
5783:Gulf
5131:Ġayn
5122:ʿAyn
4678:2013
4649:2014
4615:ISSN
4580:2019
4521:2017
4462:2014
4426:ISBN
4387:link
4332:2015
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4084:ISSN
4018:– a
3972:and
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3647:for
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2839:and
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2737:064C
2691:064D
2645:064B
2608:0648
2605:064E
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1960:0647
1927:0646
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1427:0635
1387:shīn
1381:0634
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1279:0631
1239:dhāl
1233:0630
1200:062F
1136:062E
1121:7/h
1088:062D
1021:062C
971:062B
935:062A
899:0628
863:alif
857:0627
771:0621
724:EALL
716:Wehr
696:PCGN
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661:chat
587:EALL
506:and
443:and
323:The
182:and
174:The
56:and
6614:Lao
6454:ISO
6328:864
6323:720
6319:711
6316:710
6313:709
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6152:IPA
5212:Yāʾ
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