712:, based on the 2004 data, stated that the species would experience a population reduction of 80% by 2030. In 2019 it was again assessed as 'critically endangered', with the authors claiming that there were fewer than 50 mature trees left, and blaming this on foreign export. They make this claim based on the area being near the border, what they claim is bad policing by Malawi, and their claim that the wood is not used or sold in Malawi. Despite these assertions, the Malawi government and partners such as the MMCT have planted some 250,000 seedlings each year for the past few years as of 2019 (see previous paragraph). In addition to the risk of losing this tree, there is also the potential loss of the other endemic plant and animal species that inhabit these unique forests.
148:
141:
588:
564:
669:, meaning that it is good at taking advantage of sites that become free of other competing species but it is less successful in open competition. When fire destroys the trees in an area of woodland, Mulanje cedar will normally be the first tree species to re-establish itself. Other species will come in later, but because the cedar is relatively fast growing, it will not face much competition for sunlight.
29:
681:
the illegal market for cedar is strong and cedar harvesting has not yet been stopped. All cedar wood sawn after 2007 is illegal wood, and can be confiscated by the
Department of Forestry and the Malawi Police. In 2010 there was a significant increase in law-enforcement action involving armed forestry teams patrolling the cedar forests to stop the illegal pit sawyers.
680:
As well as providing protection from fires, the
Department of Forestry is responsible for controlling the use of the trees for timber. In the past the department issued annual sawing licences but, due to a sharp increase in illegal harvesting, the sawing season has been closed since 2007. However,
559:
level, at around 2,000 metres above sea level, annually experiences more than 2500 mm (100 inches) of rain, however, in the low plains around the foot of the Massif, the annual rainfalls range around 40 inches. In the plains around the
Mountain it normally only rains in the rainy season,
676:
are cleared of vegetation to provide barriers that will impede the advance of wildfires. In addition, controlled early burning is carried out to reduce the build-up of combustible material that might cause intense and damaging fires later in the dry season. For further safety, gangs equipped with
653:
Cedar timber is pale red, straight grained and pleasantly fragrant. Its major qualities are that it is worked easily and is extremely durable, being naturally resistant to attacks from termites, wood-boring insects and fungi. The sap is poisonous to insects. For these reasons, the timber achieved
571:
There are still differences in the amounts of rain around the Massif. The south-west face of the mountain around
Likhubula, Lichenya and Mulanje Boma is the windward side. This experiences the highest amounts of rain due to the south-east trades of the southern hemisphere that drive the moist air
688:
Mulanje cedar seedlings in the plastic-covered greenhouses that can be seen across the mountain. In the 2008/09 rainy season, nurseries were established on the mountain to raise over 50,000 seedlings that were then planted out with an estimated survival rate of over 30%. In the 2009/10 season,
554:
The
Mulanje Massif, because its unique position as a “mountain island” rising more than 2,500 metres above the surrounding plains, is strongly affected by the ITCZ, acting as a rain barrier. This becomes very visible when comparing the annual normal rainfalls, on and around the massif. The
583:
The months of the dry season (May–August) are the coolest months of the year and most suitable for hiking in the massif. The wet season (November–April) is not recommended for hiking in the Massif, as the hiker faces heavy rains on the plateau and high temperatures during the ascent.
314:
The Massif is popular for hiking and climbing, and has several mountain huts scattered across it which are maintained by the Malawi
Mountain Club and the Malawi Forestry Department. Sapitwa peak was first climbed in 1894, and is now the most popular climb on the plateau.
281:) has been so heavily logged that it is considered endangered and the park contains the last remaining stands of this tree, as well as a number of other plant and animal species—many of them endemic to the area. Examples include forest butterflies, birds such as the
257:
onwards. The elevation of the mountain is high enough for it to disturb upper level air flow and induce rain clouds to form around it, making it an important source of rain water at the head of almost every river that runs through this part of Malawi.
658:, becoming a principal resource for building and woodworking. As of 2010 the timber is most used in the making of local arts and crafts, fishing boats for Lake Malawi, and in the construction and decoration of many prestigious buildings.
635:. The cedar forests on Mulanje were estimated in 2004 to have been reduced to a total area of 8.5 km, half of the estimated original forest cover. This area may have been diminished as a result of continued illegal cutting.
297:, the squeaker frog, and a rare limbless burrowing skink species. The land around the park is threatened by growing population, land use patterns such as forest clearing for farming and firewood, and invasive species such as
649:
is more rounded, with a lower canopy height. On the mountain, the
Mulanje cedar is limited to altitudes between 1,800-2,550 m and is normally confined to hollows and valleys where there is some protection from fire.
265:
industry. At one time there was a cableway to transport timber from the edge of the plateau down to the
Likhubula Forestry Station but it fell into disrepair and currently planks are carried down manually.
728:
and offer rustic accommodation to hikers and climbers. These include
Sombani, Chinzama, Minunu, Tuchila, Chombe, Lychenya, and others. The highest peak, Sapitwa, is best accessed from the Chisepo hut.
230:
Much of the Massif consists of rolling grassland at elevations of 1800–2200 m, intersected by deep forested ravines. It has many individual peaks reaching heights of over 2500 m, including
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720:
Mulanje offers excellent hiking and climbing. The plateau is accessed in 3 to 6 hours by one of several trails. From the plateau, numerous peaks can be climbed. Several huts are maintained by the
2222:
625:, depending on if that population is considered conspecific). Scientists disagree about whether this is a distinct species or a giant form of the other cedar found on the mountain,
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The Malawi
Department of Forestry is responsible for protecting the cedar forests from damaging fires. Each year, at the beginning of the dry season,
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492:. Although there is territorial distinction through their tribal traditional authorities, there is a widespread intermixing of the peoples.
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2005:
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relationship, conflict with the Yao increased and this soon led to violence. By the 1890s, the British had seen the need to establish a
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people settling in a number of sites around the Mulanje Area. These were peaceful people who built a livelihood from the soil and local
140:
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nursery plans were to raise more than 20,000 seedlings, with an improved planting-out strategy to ensure an even higher success rate.
79:
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into the Earth's crust about 130 million years ago. The surrounding rock eroded away over time, leaving behind the erosion-resistant
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Snow is a very rare event. Brief snowfalls are possible but the last major snowfall with ground accumulation was in June 1954.
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214:. Sapitwa Peak, the highest point on the massif at 3,002 m, is the highest point in Malawi. It lies 65 km east of
830:
UNESCO World Heritage Committee, 38th Session, Doha: Decision : 38 COM 8B.18 Mount Mulanje Cultural Landscape (Malawi)
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outside its countries of origin. The missions also continue to expand their services in education and primary health care.
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from the Portuguese east, escaping both colonial and Yao strife, who largely settled among the European estates and the
90:
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in the Equatorial region, the main effect of the ITCZ is the creation of dry and rainy seasons in the Equatorial area.
406:
into the Mang'anja villages sharply increased and the settlements were often scattered. This situation was noted by
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into the Mulanje region. The north-west face of the Massif experiences lesser rains, due to a rain-shadow effect.
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at the north of the mountain at Fort Lister and to the south at Fort Anderson. The staffing of these forts with
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fire-fighting equipment are stationed on each of the main plateau areas whenever there is a fire hazard.
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218:, rising sharply from the surrounding plains of Phalombe and the Mulanje district. It forms part of a proposed
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into the area who established themselves by setting up a mission on the slopes of the mountain and in
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area is strongly influenced by the equatorial low pressure area, where the north-east trades of the
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696:(MMCT) claimed the species would probably be extinct by 2020. Mulanje cedar was first assessed as '
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2020:
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As the demand for its timber is high, the tree is under threat of extinction. Mulanje cedar is a
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in 1859, but archeological investigation reveals evidence of human visits to the Massif from the
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commercial significance from the 1940s onward, as described by Laurens van der Post in his book
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398:(then Lake Nyasa) and highland areas of Malawi in the 1800s, escaping from their own internal
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has been discovered on the nearby hills at Machemba and Mikolongwe. Recent work by the
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rock of the Mulanje Massif. The first European to report seeing the Massif was
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has unearthed tool-making sites along the Thuchila shelf dating back to the
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609:) was proclaimed the National Tree of Malawi in 1984 by the late president
330:
legend, the people living in Malawi before their arrival were the Akafula.
410:
when he travelled into this area in the middle of the nineteenth century.
1470:
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In 2014 the site was unsuccessfully nominated for World Heritage Status.
853:
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2010:
1945:
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810:"Hundreds Of New Species Discovered On Africa's Isolated Sky Islands"
591:
Western side of Mulanje Mountain in Sunset, seen from Likhubula Falls
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222:, to be called the South East Africa Montane Archipelago (SEAMA).
1339:
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1797:
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367:. There was contact with the outside world through the coastal
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of Yao people from the north-east towards the south shore of
466:. This immigration has continued to recent times during the
481:
continue to live around the Mountain in one of the highest
977:}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch, |date= / |doi= mismatch (
503:
that represent the first significant cultivation of this
458:
From this time, there were also inward migrations of the
684:
There has also been a substantial planting programme to
992:
692:
Conservation of the cedars is not secure. In 2010 the
261:
The forested slopes of the Massif support a sizeable
2139:
2114:
1831:
1732:
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1431:
1338:
1270:
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621:in 1894 and it is only found on Mount Mulanje (and
567:
Mount Mulanje in the distance, seen from a pathway.
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169:
128:
89:
73:
63:
53:
43:
38:
21:
435:, respectively. Despite attempts at developing an
451:started Malawi's now longstanding links with the
840:Nurse, G. T. (July 1967). "The Name "Akafula"".
560:while it rains year round on the plateau level.
921:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T33216A126090798.en
702:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1809:
1079:
967:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T33216A2835167.en
774:"Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!"
708:' by the IUCN in 2011, wherein the assessor,
379:traders who brought in goods to exchange for
269:The mountain itself is part of the protected
8:
2223:South Malawi montane forest–grassland mosaic
896:Chanyenga, T.; Shaw, K.; Mitole, I. (2019).
535:converge with the south-east trades of the
1816:
1802:
1794:
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1072:
1064:
745:
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645:tree, growing up to 40–50 m tall, whereas
413:Livingstone's call for help in ending the
241:The Massif was formed by the intrusion of
18:
2182:Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha
965:
919:
390:The peacefulness came to an end with the
402:strife. With the strong coastal demand,
234:, the West Face of which is the longest
33:Composite satellite image of Mt. Mulanje
789:
787:
785:
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891:
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797:. Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust.
795:Mount Mulanje Global Biosphere Reserve
2162:French Southern & Antarctic Lands
869:Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations
700:' in 1997, and again in 1998, by the
333:Although yet to be found on Mulanje,
322:The human history of the Mulanje Area
147:
7:
1418:West and Central African Rift System
499:flourished to develop the extensive
1094:Major African geological formations
953:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
907:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
694:Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust
160:Location of Mount Mulanje in Malawi
14:
547:is mostly seen as a long band of
2126:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1896:Democratic Republic of the Congo
578:Democratic Republic of the Congo
543:(ITCZ). On satellite Images the
146:
139:
27:
722:Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve
704:(IUCN). It was re-assessed as '
541:Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
271:Mulanje Mountain Forest Reserve
2228:Important Bird Areas of Malawi
808:GrrlScientist (2 April 2024).
1:
842:The Society of Malawi Journal
2167:Heard & McDonald Islands
539:. This area is known as the
59:2,319 m (7,608 ft)
49:3,002 m (9,849 ft)
2208:Highest points of countries
942:Farjon, A. (12 July 2011).
69:1,272 km (790 mi)
2244:
1232:Central African Shear Zone
750:"Africa Ultra-Prominences"
345:, some 100,000 years ago.
299:golden Himalayan raspberry
1609:Central Pangean Mountains
1262:Western Meseta Shear Zone
631:, which is common across
133:
26:
1881:Central African Republic
1825:Highest points of Africa
1042:"Mount Mulanje, Malawi"
1022:Mountain Club of Malawi
997:Mountain Club of Malawi
726:Mountain Club of Malawi
656:Venture to the Interior
468:Mozambican independence
445:military administration
359:in the 1600s, with the
1629:Eastern Rift mountains
1551:Tanzania Coastal Basin
1330:Terra Australis Orogen
1046:NASA Earth Observatory
914:: e.T33216A126090798.
763:accessed 2017 March 19
592:
568:
520:
2041:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1901:Republic of the Congo
1644:Great Karas Mountains
1624:Eastern Arc Mountains
1164:Arabian-Nubian Shield
706:critically endangered
590:
566:
518:
289:, a dwarf chameleon,
113:15.94972°S 35.59361°E
2213:Inselbergs of Africa
1541:Somali Coastal Basin
1252:Mwembeshi Shear Zone
960:: e.T33216A2835167.
946:Widdringtonia whytei
900:Widdringtonia whytei
812:. forbes.com. Forbes
606:Widdringtonia whytei
486:population densities
453:Indian sub-continent
306:Mexican weeping pine
279:Widdringtonia whytei
2218:Mountains of Malawi
2118:limited recognition
1719:Teffedest Mountains
1634:Ethiopian Highlands
1325:Pan-African orogens
1295:East African Orogen
1227:Broodkop Shear Zone
1199:West African Craton
1142:Victoria Microplate
603:The Mulanje cedar (
537:Southern Hemisphere
533:Northern Hemisphere
477:Today, these three
339:Catholic University
287:white-winged apalis
118:-15.94972; 35.59361
109: /
1783:List of inselbergs
1753:Jugurtha Tableland
1704:Sankwala Mountains
1699:Rwenzori Mountains
1516:Ouled Abdoun Basin
1511:Orange River Basin
1433:Sedimentary basins
1242:Foumban Shear Zone
1184:Saharan Metacraton
613:. This tall tree,
593:
569:
521:
443:and they set up a
302:(Rubus ellipticus)
80:Country high point
39:Highest point
16:Mountain in Malawi
2190:
2189:
2145:other territories
1916:Equatorial Guinea
1791:
1790:
1724:Tibesti Mountains
1684:Mitumba Mountains
1674:Mandara Mountains
1659:Imatong Mountains
1614:Chaillu Mountains
1594:Bambouk Mountains
1531:Rio del Rey Basin
1501:Niger Delta Basin
1486:Iullemmeden Basin
1378:Gulf of Suez Rift
1373:East African Rift
1358:Bahr el Arab rift
1305:Gondwanide Orogen
1237:Chuan Shear Zones
599:The Mulanje cedar
519:Mulanje Massif 3D
464:Catholic missions
408:David Livingstone
365:natural resources
251:David Livingstone
196:
195:
2235:
1833:Sovereign states
1818:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1679:Marrah Mountains
1654:Hoggar Mountains
1649:Guinea Highlands
1639:Great Escarpment
1403:Sangha Aulacogen
1320:Mauritanide Belt
1247:Kandi Fault Zone
1222:Aswa Dislocation
1137:Seychelles Plate
1127:Madagascar Plate
1088:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1048:. Archived from
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716:Visiting Mulanje
343:Middle Stone Age
202:, also known as
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1827:
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1792:
1787:
1748:Mount Gorongosa
1728:
1589:Aurès Mountains
1584:Atlas Mountains
1571:Mountain ranges
1565:
1451:Blue Nile Basin
1427:
1423:White Nile rift
1334:
1300:Eburnean Orogen
1266:
1257:Todi Shear Zone
1208:
1204:Zimbabwe Craton
1189:Tanzania Craton
1179:Kalahari Craton
1174:Kaapvaal Craton
1146:
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663:pioneer species
633:Southern Africa
623:Mchese Mountain
601:
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479:tribal cultures
449:Indian soldiers
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275:Mulanje cypress
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1768:Mont Niénokoué
1765:
1763:Mulanje Massif
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1755:
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1714:Serra da Chela
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1689:Nuba Mountains
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1669:Loma Mountains
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1606:
1601:
1599:Blue Mountains
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Taoudeni Basin
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
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1488:
1483:
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1428:
1426:
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1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:Lamu Embayment
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:Blue Nile rift
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:Kibaran Orogen
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:Cape Fold Belt
1282:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
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1144:
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1129:
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1118:
1114:Minor plates:
1112:
1108:Major plates:
1105:
1103:
1097:
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1076:
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1035:
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878:
859:
832:
823:
800:
779:
765:
754:
736:
735:
733:
730:
717:
714:
667:climax species
611:Hastings Banda
600:
597:
527:of the larger
512:
509:
355:came from the
323:
320:
309:(Pinus patula)
227:
224:
200:Mulanje Massif
194:
193:
188:
182:
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177:
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171:
167:
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159:
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138:
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93:
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51:
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36:
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32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2240:
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2211:
2209:
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2201:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Bouvet Island
2155:
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2150:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
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2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
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1956:Guinea-Bissau
1954:
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1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Serra da Leba
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Rif Mountains
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:Jebel Uweinat
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Cameroon line
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:AĂŻr Mountains
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1561:Turkana Basin
1559:
1557:
1556:Tindouf Basin
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Reggane Basin
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
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1401:
1399:
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1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Afar Triangle
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Kuunga Orogen
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Damara Orogen
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Alpine Orogen
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
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1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:Tuareg Shield
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:Lwandle Plate
1120:Microplates:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1110:African Plate
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1052:on 2004-10-10
1051:
1047:
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1038:
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988:
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879:9780471748335
875:
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796:
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762:
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723:
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454:
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438:
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431:
427:
423:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
404:slave raiding
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
326:According to
321:
319:
316:
312:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:. The native
272:
267:
264:
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:, is a large
205:
204:Mount Mulanje
201:
192:
189:
187:
186:Mountain type
183:
178:
175:
172:
168:
154:Mount Mulanje
142:
132:
127:
122:
94:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
76:
72:
68:
66:
62:
58:
56:
52:
48:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
22:Mount Mulanje
20:
2141:Dependencies
2066:South Africa
2056:Sierra Leone
1990:
1861:Burkina Faso
1762:
1736:(aka koppie)
1521:Owambo Basin
1506:Ogaden Basin
1496:Murzuq Basin
1466:Douala Basin
1441:Angola Basin
1413:Urema Valley
1398:Red Sea Rift
1393:Muglad Basin
1363:Benue Trough
1169:Congo Craton
1132:Rovuma Plate
1116:Somali Plate
1054:. Retrieved
1050:the original
1025:. Retrieved
1021:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
996:
987:
957:
951:
945:
937:
925:. Retrieved
911:
905:
899:
868:
862:
848:(2): 17–22.
845:
841:
835:
826:
814:. Retrieved
803:
794:
768:
757:
752:Peaklist.org
719:
710:Aljos Farjon
691:
683:
679:
671:
660:
655:
652:
647:W. nodiflora
646:
638:
637:
628:W. nodiflora
627:
614:
604:
602:
594:
582:
570:
553:
522:
494:
476:
460:Lomwe people
457:
441:protectorate
422:missionaries
412:
389:
347:
332:
325:
317:
313:
308:
301:
283:cholo alethe
278:
268:
260:
240:
229:
210:in southern
203:
199:
197:
2203:Afromontane
2116:States with
2071:South Sudan
1961:Ivory Coast
1619:Drakensberg
1536:Sirte Basin
1491:Kufra Basin
1481:Gabon Basin
1476:Karoo Basin
1461:Congo Basin
1408:Atbara rift
1388:Melut Basin
1353:Anza trough
1214:Shear zones
927:12 November
641:is a large
501:tea estates
433:agriculture
415:slave trade
396:Lake Malawi
357:Congo Basin
353:immigration
238:in Africa.
232:Chambe Peak
116: /
91:Coordinates
2197:Categories
2131:Somaliland
2051:Seychelles
2016:Mozambique
2001:Mauritania
1986:Madagascar
1876:Cape Verde
1758:Mount Mabu
1743:Anti-Atlas
1734:Inselbergs
1456:Chad Basin
1056:2006-05-22
732:References
698:endangered
674:firebreaks
497:settlement
472:civil wars
373:Portuguese
236:rock climb
104:35°35′37″E
101:15°56′59″S
55:Prominence
2152:Bir Tawil
2006:Mauritius
1926:Swaziland
1778:Zuma Rock
1773:Wase Rock
993:"Welcome"
975:cite iucn
643:evergreen
639:W. whytei
619:described
615:W. whytei
495:European
392:migration
361:Mang'anja
348:The main
255:Stone Age
226:Geography
220:ecoregion
208:inselberg
191:Inselberg
129:Geography
65:Isolation
45:Elevation
2106:Zimbabwe
2081:Tanzania
1931:Ethiopia
1906:Djibouti
1871:Cameroon
1856:Botswana
1471:El Djouf
1027:March 5,
1002:March 5,
872:. 1976.
854:29778159
816:10 April
724:and the
686:reforest
665:, not a
576:and the
437:amicable
426:settlers
419:Scottish
417:brought
335:rock art
216:Blantyre
170:Location
2177:RĂ©union
2172:Mayotte
2091:Tunisia
2061:Somalia
2046:Senegal
2031:Nigeria
2021:Namibia
2011:Morocco
1976:Liberia
1971:Lesotho
1921:Eritrea
1891:Comoros
1866:Burundi
1841:Algeria
1272:Orogens
1156:shields
1152:Cratons
557:plateau
529:Mulanje
525:climate
511:Climate
247:igneous
180:Geology
75:Listing
2101:Zambia
2096:Uganda
2036:Rwanda
1991:Malawi
1951:Guinea
1941:Gambia
1846:Angola
1446:Aoukar
1101:Plates
1018:"Huts"
876:
852:
574:Zambia
549:clouds
490:Africa
430:estate
400:tribal
385:slaves
375:, and
295:skinks
291:geckos
263:timber
212:Malawi
174:Malawi
2076:Sudan
2026:Niger
1981:Libya
1966:Kenya
1946:Ghana
1936:Gabon
1911:Egypt
1851:Benin
1340:Rifts
850:JSTOR
572:from
483:rural
381:ivory
369:Arabs
350:Bantu
328:Chewa
243:magma
84:Ultra
2086:Togo
1996:Mali
1886:Chad
1154:and
1029:2023
1004:2023
979:help
958:2013
929:2021
912:2019
874:ISBN
818:2024
545:ITCZ
523:The
505:crop
470:and
424:and
383:and
371:and
304:and
285:and
198:The
2143:and
962:doi
916:doi
488:in
377:Yao
2199::
1044:.
1020:.
995:.
973:{{
956:.
950:.
910:.
904:.
888:^
846:20
844:.
782:^
740:^
474:.
455:.
387:.
311:.
293:,
1817:e
1810:t
1803:v
1087:e
1080:t
1073:v
1059:.
1031:.
1006:.
981:)
970:.
964::
948:"
944:"
931:.
918::
902:"
898:"
882:.
856:.
820:.
776:.
277:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
