1500:
142:
441:
1991:
2081:
122:
1997:
271:
630:
Grealy, Alicia; Miller, Gifford H.; Phillips, Matthew J.; Clarke, Simon J.; Fogel, Marilyn; Patalwala, Diana; Rigby, Paul; Hubbard, Alysia; Demarchi, Beatrice; Collins, Matthew; Mackie, Meaghan; Sakalauskaite, Jorune; Stiller, Josefin; Clarke, Julia A.; Legendre, Lucas J. (2023-02-28).
709:
Christopher R. Torres & Julia A. Clarke. 2018. Nocturnal giants: evolution of the sensory ecology in elephant birds and other palaeognaths inferred from digital brain reconstructions. Proc. R. Soc. B 285 (1890); doi:
699:
Hansford, J. P.; Turvey, S. T. (2018-09-26). "Unexpected diversity within the extinct elephant birds (Aves: Aepyornithidae) and a new identity for the world's largest bird". Royal
Society Open Science. 5 (9): 181295.
819:
Burney, David A.; Burney, Lida Pigott; Godfrey, Laurie R.; Jungers, William L.; Goodman, Steven M.; Wright, Henry T.; Jull, A. J. Timothy (2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric
Madagascar".
2200:
2213:
507:
probably was nocturnal based on the small size of its optic lobes, though it shows less optical lobe reduction than these other taxa, implying slightly more
1499:
2174:
921:
781:
Burney, David A.; James, Helen F.; Grady, Frederick V.; Rafamantanantsoa, Jean-Gervais; Ramilisonina; Wright, Henry T.; Cowart, James B. (1997).
2277:
593:
857:
2272:
852:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 103โ104.
782:
625:
623:
2161:
1990:
914:
141:
2218:
992:
462:
with a still substantial body mass of approximately 80 kilograms (180 lb). A bone possibly belonging to
381:
The genus is named after
Georges Muller, a French explorer, who was killed in 1892 by hostile members of the
2267:
2101:
907:
2166:
2239:
2084:
867:
MacPhee, R. D. E.; Burney, David A.; Wells, N. A. (1985). "Early
Holocene chronology and environment of
1542:
2153:
1329:
1276:
1046:
543:, weighting approximately 0.86 kilograms (1.9 lb), with a shell thickness of about 1.1 mm (
524:
1399:
1996:
1385:
1312:
2061:
2026:
1739:
1284:
1019:
888:
508:
467:
287:
136:
2244:
2054:
1719:
1392:
722:"Dietary isotopes of Madagascar's extinct megafauna reveal Holocene browsing and grazing guilds"
721:
1602:
1406:
2226:
2205:
2047:
1518:
1466:
1361:
1298:
853:
836:
759:
741:
654:
589:
440:
2139:
583:
2231:
2033:
1681:
1354:
1227:
880:
828:
805:
797:
749:
733:
662:
644:
129:
783:"Environmental change, extinction and human activity: Evidence from caves in NW Madagascar"
482:
species described by Milne-Edwards and
Grandidier (1894), resulting in the new combination
1559:
1375:
1291:
1211:
977:
382:
633:"Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird"
1912:
1174:
754:
667:
471:
2261:
1885:
1821:
1729:
1439:
1417:
1204:
1116:
1103:
1058:
930:
801:
632:
364:
206:
193:
72:
892:
17:
2040:
1843:
1759:
1269:
1259:
232:
474:, suggesting that the animal was still extant at the end of the first millennium.
121:
832:
2187:
2133:
1940:
1928:
1861:
1852:
1800:
1766:
1674:
1609:
1551:
1429:
1137:
1031:
500:
47:
2124:
649:
2014:
1871:
1814:
1784:
1688:
1647:
1582:
1530:
1190:
1148:
478:
was shown by
Hansford and Turvey (2018) to be a senior synonym of all nominal
279:
270:
92:
57:
745:
658:
1949:
1894:
1828:
1750:
1344:
1322:
1244:
1197:
1183:
1159:
1004:
457:
153:
97:
840:
763:
737:
848:
Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003). "Elephant birds". In
Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
2118:
1966:
1956:
1793:
1667:
1640:
1592:
955:
810:
173:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
2179:
2148:
1807:
1773:
1703:
1658:
1570:
1447:
884:
102:
77:
2192:
949:
899:
163:
2095:
439:
261:(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1869) Hansford & Turvey 2018
961:
183:
2099:
2012:
1516:
1101:
942:
903:
1627:
1962:
1924:
1882:
1867:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1624:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1539:
1435:
1425:
1372:
1341:
1309:
1256:
1240:
1171:
1155:
1144:
1133:
720:
Hansford, James P.; Turvey, Samuel T. (April 2022).
2108:
1939:
1911:
1881:
1851:
1842:
1783:
1749:
1702:
1657:
1623:
1569:
1538:
1529:
1465:
1416:
1371:
1340:
1308:
1255:
1225:
1170:
1114:
1057:
1030:
1003:
976:
340:(Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894) Andrews 1895
915:
8:
2096:
2009:
1917:
1848:
1708:
1632:
1535:
1526:
1513:
1462:
1233:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1098:
1036:
1009:
982:
973:
939:
922:
908:
900:
269:
120:
31:
809:
753:
666:
648:
582:Julian P. Hume; Michael Walters (2012).
568:
566:
539:are substantially smaller than those of
282:showing where specimens have been found
562:
431:(holotype destroyed in a fire in 1995)
617:MacPhee, et al. (1985), table II
7:
873:International Journal of Primatology
871:, a Malagasy subfossil lemur site".
455:is smaller than the more well-known
419:Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894
410:Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894
401:Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894
332:Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894
324:Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894
316:Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894
367:, and the only member of the genus
308:Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1869
244:Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894
226:Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894
850:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
608:Burney, et al. (1997), p. 763
499:Like other elephant birds and its
25:
681:Burney, et al. (2004), p. 50
2080:
2079:
1995:
1989:
1498:
802:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1997.00146.x
690:Burney et al. (2004), p. 25
588:. T&AD Poyser. p. 544.
519:Isotopic evidence suggests that
140:
1:
2278:Fossil taxa described in 1894
448:pair roosting during the day.
412:(agile/coastal elephant bird)
833:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005
2294:
821:Journal of Human Evolution
650:10.1038/s41467-023-36405-3
572:Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
2075:
2021:
2008:
1986:
1920:
1711:
1635:
1525:
1512:
1495:
1461:
1236:
1129:
1125:
1110:
1097:
1039:
1012:
985:
972:
938:
363:is an extinct species of
293:
286:
277:
268:
254:
249:
238:
231:
137:Scientific classification
135:
128:
119:
34:
700:doi:10.1098/rsos.181295.
403:(Betsileo elephant bird)
27:Extinct species of birds
790:Journal of Biogeography
738:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0094
710:10.1098/rspb.2018.1540
449:
421:(robust elephant bird)
2240:Paleobiology Database
637:Nature Communications
443:
2273:Holocene extinctions
484:Mullerornis modestus
398:Mullerornis betsilei
391:Mullerornis modestus
360:Mullerornis modestus
321:Mullerornis betsilei
240:Mullerornis betsilei
18:Mullerornis modestus
426:Mullerornis grandis
346:Mullerornis grandis
885:10.1007/BF02735571
476:Aepyornis modestus
450:
407:Mullerornis agilis
313:Mullerornis agilis
305:Aepyornis modestus
2255:
2254:
2227:Open Tree of Life
2102:Taxon identifiers
2093:
2092:
2071:
2070:
2004:
2003:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1838:
1837:
1698:
1697:
1619:
1618:
1543:Opisthodactylidae
1519:Notopalaeognathae
1508:
1507:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1467:Notopalaeognathae
1457:
1456:
1221:
1220:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
468:radiocarbon dated
444:Restoration of a
430:
420:
416:Mullerornis rudis
411:
402:
356:
355:
350:
341:
333:
329:Mullerornis rudis
325:
317:
309:
301:
262:
227:
207:Aepyornithiformes
16:(Redirected from
2285:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2156:
2154:1729E82C797E1C5A
2144:
2143:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2097:
2083:
2082:
2034:Incognitoolithus
2010:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1964:
1926:
1918:
1884:
1869:
1849:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1709:
1633:
1628:Dinornithiformes
1626:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1541:
1536:
1527:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1463:
1437:
1427:
1374:
1343:
1311:
1258:
1242:
1234:
1228:Struthioniformes
1173:
1157:
1146:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1099:
1037:
1010:
983:
974:
967:
966:
940:
924:
917:
910:
901:
896:
863:
844:
815:
813:
787:
768:
767:
757:
717:
711:
707:
701:
697:
691:
688:
682:
679:
673:
672:
670:
652:
627:
618:
615:
609:
606:
600:
599:
579:
573:
570:
552:
551:
547:
428:
418:
409:
400:
348:
339:
337:Flacourtia rudis
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
273:
260:
225:
218:
205:
145:
144:
130:Life restoration
124:
114:
44:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2104:
2094:
2089:
2067:
2017:
2000:
1988:
1972:
1935:
1907:
1877:
1834:
1779:
1745:
1694:
1653:
1615:
1565:
1560:Opisthodactylus
1521:
1504:
1497:
1481:
1453:
1412:
1376:Ergilornithidae
1367:
1336:
1330:Galligeranoides
1304:
1292:Palaeophasianus
1277:Galligeranoides
1251:
1230:
1217:
1212:Pseudocrypturus
1166:
1119:
1106:
1073:
1053:
1026:
999:
993:Avemetatarsalia
978:Avemetatarsalia
968:
945:
944:
934:
928:
866:
860:
847:
818:
785:
780:
777:
772:
771:
732:(4): 20220094.
726:Biology Letters
719:
718:
714:
708:
704:
698:
694:
689:
685:
680:
676:
629:
628:
621:
616:
612:
607:
603:
596:
581:
580:
576:
571:
564:
559:
549:
545:
544:
533:
517:
497:
492:
438:
394:
383:Sakalava people
379:
245:
242:
224:
216:
203:
139:
115:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2268:Elephant birds
2260:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2236:
2223:
2210:
2197:
2184:
2171:
2158:
2145:
2130:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1915:
1913:Casuariiformes
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1886:Aepyornithidae
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1433:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1400:Sinoergilornis
1396:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1175:Lithornithidae
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1153:
1142:
1130:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
996:
995:
986:
980:
970:
969:
965:
964:
958:
952:
943:
936:
935:
929:
927:
926:
919:
912:
904:
898:
897:
879:(5): 463โ489.
869:Ampasambazimba
864:
858:
845:
827:(1โ2): 25โ63.
816:
796:(6): 755โ767.
776:
773:
770:
769:
712:
702:
692:
683:
674:
619:
610:
601:
595:978-1408158616
594:
574:
561:
560:
558:
555:
532:
529:
516:
513:
496:
493:
491:
488:
470:to about 1260
437:
434:
433:
432:
429:Lamberton 1934
422:
413:
404:
393:
387:
378:
375:
354:
353:
352:
351:
349:Lamberton 1934
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
291:
290:
284:
283:
275:
274:
266:
265:
264:
263:
252:
251:
247:
246:
243:
236:
235:
229:
228:
214:
210:
209:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
133:
132:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2290:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:Querandiornis
1724:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1668:Anomalopteryx
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1577:
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1442:
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1440:Pachystruthio
1434:
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1424:
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1418:Struthionidae
1415:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
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1397:
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1388:
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1386:Amphipelargus
1383:
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1313:Palaeotididae
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1140:
1139:
1132:
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1128:
1124:
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1117:Palaeognathae
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Palaeognathae
1100:
1096:
1067:
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1059:Palaeognathae
1056:
1048:
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865:
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859:0-7876-5784-0
855:
851:
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834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
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811:2027.42/75139
807:
803:
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585:Extinct birds
578:
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569:
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563:
556:
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542:
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530:
528:
526:
523:was likely a
522:
514:
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489:
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366:
365:elephant bird
362:
361:
347:
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306:
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298:
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194:Palaeognathae
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84:
79:
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69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2109:
2062:Tsondabornis
2060:
2053:
2046:
2041:Medioolithus
2039:
2032:
2027:Diamantornis
2025:
1965:
1955:
1948:
1927:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1870:
1860:
1844:Novaeratitae
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1772:
1765:
1760:Crypturellus
1758:
1740:Roveretornis
1738:
1728:
1718:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1648:Megalapteryx
1646:
1639:
1608:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1558:
1550:
1446:
1438:
1428:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1360:
1353:
1328:
1321:
1297:
1290:
1285:Geranodornis
1283:
1275:
1270:Eogeranoides
1268:
1260:Geranoididae
1243:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1158:
1147:
1136:
876:
872:
868:
849:
824:
820:
793:
789:
729:
725:
715:
705:
695:
686:
677:
640:
636:
613:
604:
584:
577:
540:
536:
535:The eggs of
534:
531:Reproduction
520:
518:
504:
498:
495:Nocturnality
483:
479:
475:
463:
456:
452:
451:
445:
425:
415:
406:
397:
390:
389:Synonyms of
380:
369:
368:
359:
358:
357:
345:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
300:Andrews 1895
296:
257:
239:
233:Type species
220:
219:
190:Infraclass:
35:
29:
2188:iNaturalist
2140:Mullerornis
2134:Wikispecies
2110:Mullerornis
1941:Casuariidae
1929:Diogenornis
1902:Mullerornis
1853:Apterygidae
1801:Nothoprocta
1767:Nothocercus
1682:Euryapteryx
1552:Diogenornis
1430:Orientornis
1138:Asteriornis
1047:Maniraptora
1032:Maniraptora
931:Palaeognath
553: in).
537:Mullerornis
527:herbivore.
521:Mullerornis
509:crepuscular
505:Mullerornis
503:relatives,
480:Mullerornis
464:Mullerornis
453:Mullerornis
446:M. modestus
436:Description
370:Mullerornis
258:M. modestus
221:Mullerornis
36:Mullerornis
2262:Categories
2055:Psammornis
1872:Proapteryx
1815:Rhynchotus
1785:Nothurinae
1720:Miniothura
1689:Pachyornis
1583:Heterorhea
1531:Rheiformes
1476:see belowโ
1393:Ergilornis
1191:Fissuravis
1149:Eremopezus
1068:see belowโ
775:References
643:(1): 914.
297:Flacourtia
280:Madagascar
43:Quaternary
1950:Casuarius
1895:Aepyornis
1829:Tinamotis
1822:Taoniscus
1751:Tinaminae
1704:Tinamidae
1603:Protorhea
1407:Urmiornis
1345:Eogruidae
1323:Palaeotis
1245:Remiornis
1198:Lithornis
1184:Calciavis
1160:Limenavis
1020:Theropoda
1005:Theropoda
948:Kingdom:
746:1744-957X
659:2041-1723
557:Footnotes
541:Aepyornis
466:has been
458:Aepyornis
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
2125:Q3504307
2119:Wikidata
2085:Category
2048:Namornis
1967:Emuarius
1957:Dromaius
1794:Eudromia
1641:Dinornis
1593:Hinasuri
1448:Struthio
1362:Sonogrus
1299:Paragrus
956:Chordata
954:Phylum:
950:Animalia
893:44449535
841:15288523
764:35414222
525:browsing
511:habits.
377:Taxonomy
288:Synonyms
250:Species
174:Chordata
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
2206:1203136
2180:4844161
2149:Avibase
1862:Apteryx
1808:Nothura
1774:Tinamus
1659:Emeidae
1571:Rheidae
960:Class:
755:9006009
668:9974994
548:⁄
278:Map of
213:Genus:
200:Order:
180:Class:
109:↓
2245:158291
2232:747910
2219:147493
2193:570883
2167:717925
2015:Ootaxa
1355:Eogrus
933:genera
891:
856:
839:
762:
752:
744:
665:
657:
592:
2201:IRMNG
1675:Emeus
889:S2CID
786:(PDF)
2214:NCBI
2175:GBIF
2162:BOLD
1610:Rhea
1045:see
1018:see
991:see
962:Aves
854:ISBN
837:PMID
760:PMID
742:ISSN
655:ISSN
590:ISBN
515:Diet
501:kiwi
184:Aves
48:Pre๊
881:doi
829:doi
806:hdl
798:doi
750:PMC
734:doi
663:PMC
645:doi
373:.
2264::
2242::
2229::
2216::
2203::
2190::
2177::
2164::
2151::
2136::
2121::
887:.
875:.
835:.
825:47
823:.
804:.
794:24
792:.
788:.
758:.
748:.
740:.
730:18
728:.
724:.
661:.
653:.
641:14
639:.
635:.
622:^
565:^
550:64
486:.
472:BP
385:.
98:Pg
1963:โ
1932:?
1925:โ
1883:โ
1868:โ
1736:โ
1726:โ
1716:โ
1625:โ
1599:โ
1589:โ
1579:โ
1555:?
1540:โ
1443:?
1436:โ
1426:โ
1378:?
1373:โ
1347:?
1342:โ
1333:?
1315:?
1310:โ
1280:?
1262:?
1257:โ
1248:?
1241:โ
1172:โ
1163:?
1156:โ
1152:?
1145:โ
1141:?
1134:โ
923:e
916:t
909:v
895:.
883::
877:6
862:.
843:.
831::
814:.
808::
800::
766:.
736::
671:.
647::
598:.
546:3
460:,
424:?
344:?
217:โ
204:โ
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:๊
20:)
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