71:(Geneva, 24 May 1980) (which will only enter into force 12 months after 30 countries ratify; as of May 2019, only 6 countries have ratified the treaty) defines multimodal transport as follows: "'International multimodal transport' means the carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport on the basis of a multimodal transport contract from a place in one country at which the goods are taken in charge by the multimodal transport operator to a place designated for delivery situated in a different country".
124:(USDOT) chairs an inter-agency Research, Development and Technology (RD&T) Planning Team. The University Transportation Center (UTC) program, which consists of more than 100 universities nationwide conducts multi-modal research and education programs. The European Commission has invested heavily in multimodal research under the H2020 programme – examples are CORE and SYNCHRO-NET.
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sender's premises (usually located inland) to the receiver's premises (also usually situated inland), rather than offering traditional tackle-to-tackle or pier-to-pier service. MTOs not in the possession of a sea vessel (even though the transport includes a sea leg) are referred to as Non-Vessel
Operating Carriers (
103:. However, it is important to remember that multimodal transport is not equivalent to container transport; multimodal transport is feasible without any form of container. The MTO works on behalf of the supplier; it assures the supplier (and the buyer) that their goods will be effectively managed and supplied.
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have become important MTOs; they have moved away from their traditional role as agents for the sender, accepting a greater liability as carriers. Large sea carriers have also evolved into MTOs; they provide customers with so-called door-to-door service. The sea carrier offers transport from the
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has occurred (where the goods have been damaged during transport, for example). However, problems arise if the breach of contract is systemic (not localized).
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From a legal standpoint, multimodal transport creates several problems. Unimodal transports are currently governed by different, often-mandatory
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Horizon 2020 Work
Programme: Smart, green and integrated transport (European Commission Decision C(2017)7124 of 27 October 2017).
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Multimodal transport research is being conducted across a wide range of government, commercial and academic centers. The
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Multimodal transport developed in connection with the "container revolution" of the 1960s and 1970s; as of 2011,
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United
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under a single contract, but performed with at least two different
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Multimodal transport: carrier liability and documentation
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transports are by far the most important multimodal
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263:https://www.mjc2.com/synchronet.htm
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122:U.S. Department of Transportation
282:. Lloyd's of London Press, 1995.
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134:international conventions
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