Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

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drug class. If it is difficult finding five drugs to treat then the clinician can request that high-level INH-resistance be looked for. If the strain has only low-level INH-resistance (resistance at 0.2 mg/L INH, but sensitive at 1.0 mg/L INH), then high dose INH can be used as part of the regimen. When counting drugs, PZA and interferon count as zero; that is to say, when adding PZA to a four-drug regimen, another drug must be chosen to make five. It is not possible to use more than one injectable (STM, capreomycin or amikacin), because the toxic effect of these drugs is additive: If possible, the aminoglycoside should be given daily for a minimum of three months (and perhaps thrice weekly thereafter). Ciprofloxacin should not be used in the treatment of tuberculosis if other fluoroquinolones are available. As of 2008, Cochrane reports that trials of other fluoroquinolones are ongoing. While Rifampin is an effective drug, lack of adherence has led to relapse. This is why the use of various first-line drugs, along with developing new drugs that are specific towards drug-resistant strains, is essential. There are a number of new anti-TB medications that are currently in the developmental stage that are directed to treat drug resistant strains; a few of these drugs are PA-824 (now

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Shrinking the lung cavity, thoracoplasty, to fill void space caused by tuberculosis damage was done by either removing ribs, raising the diaphragm, or implanting fluids or solid materials into lung cavity as a less invasive alternative to artificial pneumothorax. These treatments fell out of favor with the invention anti-tuberculosis drugs in the mid-20th century and have not seen a revival with MDR-TB, except for thoracoplasty done with implanted muscle tissue. Surgically removing portions of the lung, called lung resectioning, was a mostly theoretical possibility until the improved surgical tools and techniques of the mid-20th century. As of 2016, surgery is typically performed after 6–8 months of unsuccessful anti-TB treatment by other means. Surgical treatment has a high success rate, upwards of 80%, but a similarly high failure rate of upwards of 10% including the risk of death. Surgery is first focused on stabilizing cavities, or "destroyed lung", caused by the disease, followed by the removal of

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as one of the main causes of interruption in prisoner's TB treatment, in addition to non-compliance within the prison and upon reintegration into civilian life. Fry et al.'s study also listed side effects of TB treatment medications (especially in HIV positive individuals), financial worries, housing insecurities, family problems, and fear of arrest as factors that prevented some prisoners from properly adhering to TB treatment. They also note that some researchers have argued that the short-term gains TB-positive prisoners receive, such as better food or work exclusion, may dis-incentivize becoming cured. In their World Health Organization article, Gelmanova et al. posit that non-adherence to TB treatment indirectly contributes to bacterial resistance. Although ineffective or inconsistent treatment does not "create" resistant strains, mutations within the high bacterial load in non-adherent prisoners can cause resistance.

802:. Infectious disease researchers Nachega & Chaisson report that 10% of the one million prisoners within the system have active TB. One of their studies found that 75% of newly diagnosed inmates with TB are resistant to at least one drug; 40% of new cases are multidrug-resistant. In 1997, TB accounted for almost half of all Russian prison deaths, and as Bobrik et al. point out in their public health study, the 90% reduction in TB incidence contributed to a consequential fall in the prisoner death rate in the years following 1997. Baussano et al. articulate that concerning statistics like these are especially worrisome because spikes in TB incidence in prisons are linked to corresponding outbreaks in surrounding communities. Additionally, rising rates of incarceration, especially in Central Asian and Eastern European countries like Russia, have been correlated with higher TB rates in civilian populations. Even as the 719: 485:

economic case for treating smear-negative and extra-pulmonary cases in DOTS programs along with treating smear-negative and extra-pulmonary cases in DOTS programs as a new WHO "STOP TB" approach and the second global plan for tuberculosis control. Last but not least, the study shows that a significant scaling-up of all interventions is needed in the next 10 years if the millennium development goal and related goals for tuberculosis control are to be achieved. If the case detection rate can be improved, this will guarantee that people who gain access to treatment facilities are covered and that coverage is widely distributed to people who do not now have access.

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Russian society will be greatly impacted by this change. Formerly incarcerated Russians will re-enter civilian life and remain within that sphere; as they live as civilians, they will infect others with the contagions they were exposed to in prison. Researcher Vivian Stern argues that the risk of transmission from prison populations to the general public calls for an integration of prison healthcare and national health services to better control both TB and MDR-TB. While second-line drugs necessary for treating MDR-TB are arguably more expensive than a typical regimen of DOTS therapy, infectious disease specialist

151:.) Currently the majority of multidrug-resistant cases of TB are due to one strain of TB bacteria called the Beijing lineage. This process accelerates if incorrect or inadequate treatments are used, leading to the development and spread of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Incorrect or inadequate treatment may be due to use of the wrong medications, use of only one medication (standard treatment is at least two drugs), or not taking medication consistently or for the full treatment period (treatment is required for several months). Treatment of MDR-TB requires second-line drugs (i.e., 42: 816:

correctional colony has 2 meters. Specialized hospitals and treatment facilities within the prison system, known as TB colonies, are intended to isolate infected prisoners to prevent transmission; however, as Ruddy et al. demonstrate, there are not enough of these colonies to sufficiently protect staff and other inmates. Additionally, many cells lack adequate ventilation, which increases likelihood of transmission. Bobrik et al. have also noted food shortages within prisons, which deprive inmates of the nutrition necessary for healthy functioning.

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the management of MDR-TB (and some physicians insist on hospitalisation if only for this reason). Some physicians will insist that these patients remain isolated until their sputum is smear-negative, or even culture-negative (which may take many months, or even years). Keeping these patients in hospital for weeks (or months) on end may be a practical or physical impossibility, and the final decision depends on the clinical judgement of the physician treating that patient. The attending physician should make full use of

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course completion or eradication of disease; 15% of those died while in treatment; 15% were lost to follow-up; 8% had treatment failure and there was no data on the remaining 6%. Treatment success rate was highest in the World Health Organization Mediterranean region at 65%. Treatment success rates were lower than 50% in the Ukraine, Mozambique, Indonesia and India. Areas with poor TB surveillance infrastructure had higher rates of loss to follow-up of treatment.

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Group C3 (conditional recommendation, very low certainty in the evidence). If the minimum number of effective TB medicines cannot be composed as given above, an agent from Group D2 and other agents from Group D3 may be added to bring the total to five. It is recommended that the regimen be further strengthened with high-dose isoniazid and/or ethambutol (conditional recommendation, very low certainty in the evidence)." Medicines recommended are the following:

576: 159:, and others), which in general are less effective, more toxic and much more expensive than first-line drugs. Treatment schedules for MDR-TB involving fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides can run for two years, compared to the six months of first-line drug treatment, and cost over US$ 100,000. If these second-line drugs are prescribed or taken incorrectly, further resistance can develop leading to XDR-TB. 625:), all of which are in Phase II of development. Pretomanid and delamanid are both in the nitroimidazole class and have mechanisms involving bioactive reductive activation. Bedaquiline is a diarylquinoline that has a different mechanism; this drug directly inhibits energy production, so this drug may be a better option because it may not require as long of a treatment course as other drugs. 410:"Opponents of a universal tuberculosis treatment, reasoning from misguided notions of cost-effectiveness, fail to acknowledge that MDRTB is not a disease of poor people in distant places. The disease is infectious and airborne. Treating only one group of patients looks inexpensive in the short run, but will prove disastrous for all in the long run." Paul Farmer 224:

M. tuberculosis cell wall is a major function of the PE11 protein. It is hypothesized that upregulating the production of PE11 protein can decrease the quantity of antibiotics that enter M. tuberculosis. The expression of M. tuberculosis PE11 protein in M. smegmatis can generate raised resistance levels to several antibiotics, including RIF.

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Asia and then spreading towards the West and South America. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has a variety of causes, but resistance usually due to treatment failure, drug combinations, coinfections, prior use of anti-TB medications, inadequate absorption of medication, underlying disease, and noncompliance with anti-TB drugs.

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are required to treat MDR-TB, are also more toxic, with side effects such as nausea, abdominal pain, and even psychosis. The Partners in Health team had treated patients in Peru who were sick with strains that were resistant to ten and even twelve drugs. Most such patients require adjuvant surgery for any hope of a cure.

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airborne pathogen, persons with active, pulmonary tuberculosis caused by a multidrug-resistant strain can transmit the disease if they are alive and coughing. TB strains are often less fit and less transmissible, and outbreaks occur more readily in people with weakened immune systems (e.g., patients with

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in that area. In New York City, a report issued by city health authorities states that fully 80 percent of all MDR-TB cases could be traced back to prisons and homeless shelters. When patients have MDR-TB, they require longer periods of treatment. Several of the less powerful second-line drugs, which

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Treatment success rates remain unacceptably low globally with variation between regions. 2016 data published by the WHO reported treatment success rates of multidrug-resistant TB globally. For those started on treatment for multidrug-resistant TB 56% successfully completed treatment, either treatment

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Patients with MDR-TB should be isolated in negative-pressure rooms, if possible. Patients with MDR-TB should not be accommodated on the same ward as immunosuppressed patients (HIV-infected patients, or patients on immunosuppressive drugs). Careful monitoring of compliance with treatment is crucial to

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For patients with RR-TB or MDR-TB, "not previously treated with second-line drugs and in whom resistance to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable agents was excluded or is considered highly unlikely, a shorter MDR-TB regimen of 9–12 months may be used instead of the longer regimens (conditional

484:

A study of cost-effective strategies for tuberculosis control supported three major policies. First, the treatment of smear-positive cases in DOTS programs must be the foundation of any tuberculosis control approach, and should be a basic practice for all control programs. Second, there is a powerful

2104:

Dalton, Tracy; Cegielski, Peter; Akksilp, Somsak; Asencios, Luis; Caoili, Janice Campos; Cho, Sang-Nae; Erokhin, Vladislav V; Ershova, Julia; Gler, Ma Tarcela; Kazennyy, Boris Y; Kim, Hee Jin; Kliiman, Kai; Kurbatova, Ekaterina; Kvasnovsky, Charlotte; Leimane, Vaira; Van Der Walt, Martie; Via, Laura

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Before the discovery of effective antibiotics in the early 1940s, a collapsed lung might be triggered deliberately as a treatment for tuberculosis. Gases such as nitrogen and oxygen would be injected into the chest cavity, collapsing the lung and so allowing it to heal more easily. This Pneumothorax

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There is no intermittent regimen validated for use in MDR-TB, but clinical experience is that giving injectable drugs for five days a week (because there is no-one available to give the drug at weekends) does not seem to result in inferior results. Directly observed therapy helps to improve outcomes

612:

In general, resistance to one drug within a class means resistance to all drugs within that class, but a notable exception is rifabutin: Rifampicin-resistance does not always mean rifabutin-resistance, and the laboratory should be asked to test for it. It is possible to use only one drug within each

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tests indicating susceptibility. Hence, a detailed knowledge of the treatment history of each patient is essential. In addition to the obvious risks (i.e., known exposure to a patient with MDR-TB), risk factors for MDR-TB include HIV infection, previous incarceration, failed TB treatment, failure to

396:

Completion of treatment: Previous treatment of TB is an indicator of MDR TB. If the patient does not complete their antibiotic treatment, or if the physician does not prescribe the proper antibiotic regimen, resistance can develop. Also, drugs that are of poor quality or less in quantity, especially

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molecules which act as a barrier to stop drugs from entering the cell. In order to lessen its vulnerability, M. tuberculosis can also stop medications from penetrating its cells. RIF resistance is linked to numerous genes and proteins that are involved in the formation of cell walls. Maintaining the

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first originated in the East African region approximately 3 million years ago, with modern strains mutating and arising 20,000 years ago; Archaeologists confirmed this with skeletal analysis of Egyptian remains. As migration out of East Africa increased, so did the spread of the disease, starting in

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Non-compliance with treatment plans is often cited as a contributor to MDR-TB transmission and mortality. Indeed, of the 80 newly released TB-infected inmates in Fry et al.'s study, 73.8% did not report visiting a community dispensary for further treatment. Ruddy et al. cite release from facilities

372:

In the past 10 years TB strains have emerged in Italy, Iran, India, and South Africa which are resistant to all available first and second line TB drugs, classified as totally drug-resistant tuberculosis, though there is some controversy over this term. Increasing levels of resistance in TB strains

835:

Nachega & Chaisson argue that inadequate TB control programs are the strongest driver of MDR-TB incidence. They note that prevalence of MDR-TB is 2.5 times higher in areas of poorly controlled TB. Russian-based therapy (i.e., not DOTS) has been criticized by Kimerling et al. as "inadequate" in

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Shin et al. emphasize another factor in MDR-TB prevalence in Russian prisons: alcohol and substance use. Ruddy et al. showed that risk for MDR-TB is three times higher among recreational drug users than non-users. Shin et al.'s study demonstrated that alcohol usage was linked to poorer outcomes in

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For treatment of RR- and MDT-TB, WHO treatment guidelines are as follows: "a regimen with at least five effective TB medicines during the intensive phase is recommended, including pyrazinamide and four core second-line TB medicines – one chosen from Group A, one from Group B, and at least two from

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within prison populations has also been shown to worsen health outcomes. Nachega & Chaisson articulate that while HIV-infected prisoners are not more susceptible MDR-TB infection, they are more likely to progress to serious clinical illness if infected. According to Stern, HIV infection is 75

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Cases of MDR tuberculosis have been reported in every country surveyed. MDR-TB most commonly develops in the course of TB treatment, and is most commonly due to doctors giving inappropriate treatment, or patients missing doses or failing to complete their treatment. Because MDR tuberculosis is an

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Shin S. S.; Pasechnikov A.; Gelmanova I.; Peremitin G.; Strelis A.; Andreev Y.; Golubchikova V.; Tonkel T.; Yanova G.; Nikiforov M.; Yedilbayev A.; Mukherjee J.; Furin J.; Barry D.; Farmer P.; Rich M.; Keshavjee S. (2006). "Treatment outcomes in an integrated civilian and prison MDR-TB treatment

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As Ruddy et al. note, Russia's early 2000s penal reforms could greatly reduce the number of inmates inside prison facilities and thus increase the number of ex-convicts integrated into civilian populations. Because the incidence of MDR-TB is strongly predicted by past imprisonment, the health of

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properly controlling TB incidence and transmission. Bobrik et al. note that treatment for MDR-TB is equally inconsistent; the second-line drugs used to treat the prisoners lack specific treatment guidelines, infrastructure, training, or follow-up protocols for prisoners reentering civilian life.

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Some supplements may be useful as adjuncts in the treatment of tuberculosis, but, for the purposes of counting drugs for MDR-TB, they count as zero (if four drugs are already in the regimen, it may be beneficial to add arginine or vitamin D or both, but another drug will be needed to make five).

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from an infected person to an uninfected person. In this case a previously untreated person develops a new case of MDR-TB. This is known as primary MDR-TB, and is responsible for up to 75% of cases. Acquired MDR-TB develops when a person with a non-resistant strain of TB is treated inadequately,

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In cases of extremely resistant disease, surgery to remove infection portions of the lung is, in general, the final option. Early surgical treatments beginning in the 19th century include inducing lung collapse, as standing tissue heals faster than tissue in use, called artificial pneumothorax.

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As of 2013, 3.7% of new tuberculosis cases have MDR-TB. Levels are much higher in those previously treated for tuberculosis – about 20%. WHO estimates that there were about 0.5 million new MDR-TB cases in the world in 2011. About 60% of these cases occurred in Brazil, China, India, the Russian

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The treatment of MDR-TB must be undertaken by physicians experienced in the treatment of MDR-TB. Mortality and morbidity in patients treated in non-specialist centers are significantly higher than those of patients treated in specialist centers. Treatment of MDR-TB must be done on the basis of

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In some TB bacteria, the acquisition of these mutations can be explained by other mutations in the DNA recombination, recognition and repair machinery. Mutations in these genes allow the bacteria to have a higher overall mutation rate and to accumulate mutations that cause drug resistance more

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Peter r. Donald, Frederick a. Sirge; Sirgel, FA; Venter, A; Parkin, DP; Van De Wal, BW; Barendse, A; Smit, E; Carman, D; Talent, J; Maritz, J (2001). "Early Bactericidal Activity of Amoxicillin in Combination with Clavulanic Acid in Patients with Sputum Smear-positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis".

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uses passive case finding. This means that the system depends on patients coming to health care providers, without conducting compulsory screenings. As medical anthropologists like Erin Koch have shown, this form of implementation does not suit all cultural structures. They urge that the DOTS

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57 countries reported outcomes for patients started on extreme-drug resistant TB, this included 9258 patients. 39% completed treatment successfully, 26% of patients died and treatment failed for 18%. 84% of the extreme drug resistant cohort was made up of only three countries; India, Russian

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There are several elements of the Russian prison system that enable the spread of MDR-TB and heighten its severity. Overcrowding in prisons is especially conducive to the spread of tuberculosis; an inmate in a prison hospital has (on average) 3 meters of personal space, and an inmate in a

178:, usually four or more anti-TB drugs for a minimum of 6 months, and possibly extending for 18–24 months if rifampin resistance has been identified in the specific strain of TB with which the patient has been infected. Under ideal program conditions, MDR-TB cure rates can approach 70%. 170:

MDR-TB caused an estimated 600,000 new TB cases and 240,000 deaths in 2016 and MDR-TB accounts for 4.1% of all new TB cases and 19% of previously treated cases worldwide. Globally, most MDR-TB cases occur in South America, Southern Africa, India, China, and the former Soviet Union.

2920:

Andries, Koen; Verhasselt, Peter; Guillemont, Jerome; Göhlmann, Hinrich W. H.; Neefs, Jean-Marc; Winkler, Hans; Van Gestel, Jef; Timmerman, Philip; Zhu, Min; Lee, Ennis; Williams, Peter; de Chaffoy, Didier; Huitric, Emma; Hoffner, Sven; Cambau, Emmanuelle (14 January 2005).

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Fry R.; Khoshnood K.; Vdovichenko E.; Granskaya J.; Sazhin V.; Shpakovskaya L; Zhemkov V.; Zhemkova M.; Rowhani-Rahbar A.; Funk M.; Kozlov A. (2005). "Barriers to completion of tuberculosis treatment among prisoners and former prisoners in St. Petersburg, Russia".

548:. The reason for maintaining the patient on INH is that INH is so potent in treating TB that it is foolish to omit it until there is microbiological proof that it is ineffective (even though isoniazid resistance so commonly occurs with rifampicin resistance). 2672:

Mitnick, Carole; Bayona, Jaime; Palacios, Eda; Shin, Sonya; Furin, Jennifer; Alcántara, Felix; Sánchez, Epifanio; Sarria, Madeleny; Becerra, Mercedes; Fawzi, Mary C. Smith; Kapiga, Saidi; Neuberg, Donna; Maguire, James H.; Kim, Jim Yong; Farmer, Paul (2003).

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drugs and have more adverse effects. The treatment and prognosis of MDR-TB are much more akin to those for cancer than to those for infection. MDR-TB has a mortality rate of about 15% with treatment, which further depends on a number of factors, including:

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Fischl, Margaret A.; Uttamchandani, RB; Daikos, GL; Poblete, RB; Moreno, JN; Reyes, RR; Boota, AM; Thompson, LM; Cleary, TJ; Lai, S (1992). "An Outbreak of Tuberculosis Caused by Multiple-Drug-resistant Tubercle Bacilli among Patients with HIV Infection".

741:, and then the removal of fluid and pus build up. Tuberculosis and lung cancer can coexist in patients as a possible complication, however the surgical therapies are similar as lung cancer surgery has its roots in aforementioned tuberculosis treatments. 824:

times more prevalent in Russian prison populations than in the civilian population. Therefore, prison inmates are both more likely to become infected with MDR-TB initially and to experience severe symptoms because of previous exposure to HIV.

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posits that the outcome of leaving infected prisoners untreated could cause a massive outbreak of MDR-TB in civilian populations, thereby inflicting a heavy toll on society. Additionally, as MDR-TB spreads, the threat of the emergence of

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Edlin, Brian R.; Tokars, Jerome I.; Grieco, Michael H.; Crawford, Jack T.; Williams, Julie; Sordillo, Emelia M.; Ong, Kenneth R.; Kilburn, James O.; Dooley, Samuel W.; Castro, Kenneth G.; Jarvis, William R.; Holmberg, Scott D. (1992).

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E; Volchenkov, Grigory V; Yagui, Martin A; Kang, Hyungseok; Global Petts, Investigators; Akksilp, R; Sitti, W; Wattanaamornkiet, W; Andreevskaya, SN; Chernousova, LN; Demikhova, OV; Larionova, EE; Smirnova, TG; Vasilieva, IA (2012).

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The resurgence of tuberculosis in the United States, the advent of HIV-related tuberculosis, and the development of strains of TB resistant to the first-line therapies developed in recent decades serve to reinforce the thesis that

392:

Rapid diagnosis & treatment of TB: One of the greatest risk factors for drug-resistant TB is problems in treatment and diagnosis, especially in developing countries. If TB is identified and treated soon, drug resistance can be

493:

sensitivity testing: it is impossible to treat such patients without this information. When treating a patient with suspected MDR-TB, pending the result of laboratory sensitivity testing, the patient could be started on SHREZ (

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threaten to complicate the current global public health approaches to TB control. New drugs are being developed to treat extensively resistant forms but major improvements in detection, diagnosis, and treatment will be needed.

3114:

Jagannath, C; Reddy, M V; Kailasam, S; O'Sullivan, J F; Gangadharam, P R (1995). "Chemotherapeutic activity of clofazimine and its analogues against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In vitro, intracellular, and in vivo studies".

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is available in some countries. This serves as a useful marker for MDR-TB, because isolated RMP resistance is rare (except when patients have a history of being treated with rifampicin alone). If the results of a gene probe

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and others. Amino acid replacements in the NADH binding site of InhA apparently result in INH resistance by preventing the inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis, which the bacterium uses in its cell wall. Mutations in the

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is expanded throughout Russian prisons, researchers such as Shin et al. have noted that wide-scale interventions have not had their desired effect, especially with regard to the spread of drug-resistant strains of TB.

695:) to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, the first new treatment in 40 years. Sirturo is to be used in a combination therapy for patients who have failed standard treatment and have no other options. Sirturo is an 368:

In a study of MDR-TB patients from 2005 to 2008 in various countries, 43.7% had resistance to at least one second-line drug. About 9% of MDR-TB cases are resistant to a drug from both classes and classified as XDR-TB.

422:(DOTS) initiative, have shown considerable success in the world. In these locales, these programs have proven to be a good option for proper treatment of MDR-TB in poor, rural areas. A successful example has been in 199:

The TB bacterium has natural defenses against some drugs, and can acquire drug resistance through genetic mutations. The bacterium does not have the ability to transfer genes for resistance between organisms through

116:. Almost one in four people in the world are infected with TB bacteria. Only when the bacteria become active do people become ill with TB. Bacteria become active as a result of anything that can reduce the person's 364:

The Group A drugs are currently levofloxacin or moxifloxacin, bedaquiline and linezolid, therefore XDR-TB is MDR/RR-TB that is resistant to a fluoroquinolone and at least one of bedaquiline or linezolid (or both).

4407:

Ruddy M.; Balabanova Y.; Graham C.; Fedorin I.; Malomanova N.; Elisarova E.; Kuznetznov S.; Gusarova G.; Zakharova S.; Melentyev A.; Krukova E.; Golishevskaya V.; Erokhin V.; Dorozhkova I.; Drobniewski F. (2005).

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A study in Los Angeles, California, found that only 6% of cases of MDR-TB were clustered. Likewise, the appearance of high rates of MDR-TB in New York City in the early 1990s was associated with the explosion of

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gene changes the sequence of amino acids and eventual conformation, or arrangement, of the beta subunit. In this case, rifampin can no longer bind or prevent transcription, and the bacterium is resistant.

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gene, which encodes the beta subunit of the bacterium's RNA polymerase enzyme. In non-resistant TB, rifampin binds the beta subunit of RNA polymerase and disrupts transcription elongation. Mutation in the

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Parida, S. K.; Axelsson-Robertson, R.; Rao, M. V.; Singh, N.; Master, I.; Lutckii, A.; Keshavjee, S.; Andersson, J.; Zumla, A. (1 April 2015). "Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies".

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In general, treatment courses are measured in months to years; MDR-TB may require surgery, and death rates remain high despite optimal treatment. However, good outcomes for patients are still possible.

360:

TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) strains that fulfill the definition of MDR/RR-TB and which are also resistant to any fluoroquinolone and at least one additional Group A drug.

6064: 1161:

Parwati, Ida; Crevel, Reinout van; Soolingen, Dick van (February 2010). "Possible underlying mechanisms for successful emergence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype strains".

711:, the causative organism, makes its own preferential option for the poor. The simple truth is that almost all tuberculosis deaths result from a lack of access to existing effective therapy. 477:

The majority of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis do not receive treatment, as they are found in underdeveloped countries or in poverty. Denial of treatment remains a difficult

3941:

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (March 1991). "Transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis from an HIV-positive client in a residential substance-abuse treatment facility—Michigan".

6109: 6099: 3539:

Butov, Dmitry A; Pashkov, Yuri N; Stepanenko, Anna L; Choporova, Aleksandra I; Butova, Tanya S; Batdelger, Dendev; Jirathitikal, Vichai; Bourinbaiar, Aldar S; Zaitzeva, Svetlana I (2011).

4826: 660:(in particular, of the aminoglycosides) both to monitor compliance and to avoid toxic effects. Response to treatment must be obtained by repeated sputum cultures (monthly if possible). 6084: 828:

MDR-TB treatment; they also noted that a majority of subjects within their study (many of whom regularly used alcohol) were nevertheless cured by their aggressive treatment regimen.

562:

Group C: Other core second-line agents (ethambutol, delamanid, pyrazinamide, imipenem-cilastatin/meropenem, amikacin/streptomycin, ethionamide/prothionamide, p-aminosalicylic acid)

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MDR-TB is widespread in Somalia, where 8.7% of newly discovered TB cases are resistant to Rifampicin and Isoniazid, in patients which were treated previously the share was 47%.

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Subotic, Dragan; Yablonskiy, Piotr; Sulis, Giorgia; Cordos, Ioan; Petrov, Danail; Centis, Rosella; D'Ambrosio, Lia; Sotgiu, Giovanni; Migliori, Giovanni Battista (July 2016).

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Refugees from Somalia brought an until then unknown variant of MDR tuberculosis with them to Europe. A few number of cases in four different countries were considered by the

1923:

Ford, Christopher B.; Shah, Rupal R.; Maeda, Midori Kato; Gagneux, Sebastien; Murray, Megan B.; Cohen, Ted; Johnston, James C.; Gardy, Jennifer; Lipsitch, Marc (July 2013).

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Hanekom, M.; Pittius, N.C. Gey van; McEvoy, C.; Victor, T.C.; Helden, P.D. Van; Warren, R.M. (2011). "Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype: A template for success".

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Identifying and diagnosing patients with HIV/AIDS as soon as possible. They lack the immunity to fight the TB infection and are at great risk of developing drug resistance.

3821:

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (August 1991). "Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV-infected persons—Florida and New York, 1988–1991".

787: 2235:

Zumla, Alimuddin; Abubakar, Ibrahim; Raviglione, Mario; Hoelscher, Michael; Ditiu, Lucica; Mchugh, Timothy D.; Squire, S. Bertel; Cox, Helen; Ford, Nathan (15 May 2012).

5765: 4198: 2336: 264:

Other mutations make the bacterium resistant to other drugs. For example, there are many mutations that confer resistance to isoniazid (INH), including in the genes

2107:"Prevalence of and risk factors for resistance to second-line drugs in people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in eight countries: A prospective cohort study" 1693:

Mousavi-Sagharchi, Seyyed Mohammad Amin; Afrazeh, Elina; Seyyedian-Nikjeh, Seyyedeh Fatemeh; Meskini, Maryam; Doroud, Delaram; Siadat, Seyed Davar (21 June 2024).

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Stoffels, Karolien; Allix-Béguec, Caroline; Groenen, Guido; Wanlin, Maryse; Berkvens, Dirk; Mathys, Vanessa; Supply, Philip; Fauville-Dufaux, Maryse (9 May 2013).

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Chambers, Henry F.; Kocagöz, Tanil; Sipit, Tugrul; Turner, Joan; Hopewell, Philip C. (1998). "Activity of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate in Patients with Tuberculosis".

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apparatus was made by the Genito-Urinary Manufacturing Co Ltd and would have been used in hospitals, especially those dedicated to treating tuberculosis patients.

6054: 4048: 419: 350:

TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) strains that fulfill the definition of MDR/RR-TB and which are also resistant to any fluoroquinolone.

5323: 1980:

Mestre, Olga; Luo, Tao; Vultos, Tiago Dos; Kremer, Kristin; Murray, Alan; Namouchi, Amine; Jackson, Céline; Rauzier, Jean; Bifani, Pablo (20 January 2011).

1925:"Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutation rate estimates from different lineages predict substantial differences in the emergence of drug resistant tuberculosis" 5318: 873: 6049: 3248:

Shubin, H; Sherson, J; Pennes, E; Glaskin, A; Sokmensuer, A (1958). "Prochlorperazine (compazine) as an aid in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis".

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gene make the enzyme catalase peroxidase unable to convert INH to its biologically active form. Hence, INH is ineffective and the bacterium is resistant.

3328:; Wells, Charles D (2005). "Clinical outcome of individualised treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Latvia: A retrospective cohort study". 1982:"Phylogeny of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Strains Constructed from Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in DNA Replication, Recombination and Repair" 1346:

Nathanson, Eva; Nunn, Paul; Uplekar, Mukund; Floyd, Katherine; Jaramillo, Ernesto; Lönnroth, Knut; Weil, Diana; Raviglione, Mario (9 September 2010).

466:

How co-operative the patient is with treatment (treatment is arduous and long, and requires persistence and determination on the part of the patient)

718: 167:

resulting in the development of antibiotic resistance in the TB bacteria infecting them. These people can in turn infect other people with MDR-TB.

5920: 5166: 1544:

Sandhu, P; Akhter, Y (26 September 2017). "Evolution of structural fitness and multifunctional aspects of mycobacterial RND family transporters".

335: 297: 104: 64: 2865:"Powerful Bactericidal and Sterilizing Activity of a Regimen Containing PA-824, Moxifloxacin, and Pyrazinamide in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis" 4508:"Barriers to successful tuberculosis treatment in Tomsk, Russian Federation: non-adherence, default and the acquisition of multidrug resistance" 6251: 6094: 5547: 4952: 3541:"Phase IIb randomized trial of adjunct immunotherapy in patients with first-diagnosed tuberculosis, relapsed and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) TB" 521:. There is evidence that previous therapy with a drug for more than a month is associated with diminished efficacy of that drug regardless of 4729: 4704: 4679: 4656: 4020: 3943: 3892:

Pitchenik, Arthure; Burr, Janice; Laufer, Marla; Miller, Gary; Cacciatore, Robert; Bigler, Williamj.; Witte, Johnj.; Cleary, Timothy (1990).

3823: 3677: 1638:"Mutations inside rifampicin-resistance determining region of rpoB gene associated with rifampicin-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis" 4839: 3498:

Zaitzeva, S. I.; Matveeva, S. L.; Gerasimova, T. G.; Pashkov, Y. N.; Butov, D. A.; Pylypchuk, V. S.; Frolov, V. M.; Kutsyna, G. A. (2009).

2863:

Nuermberger, Eric; Tyagi, Sandeep; Tasneen, Rokeya; Williams, Kathy N.; Almeida, Deepak; Rosenthal, Ian; Grosset, Jacques H. (April 2008).

120:, such as HIV, advancing age, diabetes or other immunocompromising illnesses. TB can usually be treated with a course of four standard, or 4750: 2047:

Viney, Kerri; Linh, Nguyen Nhat; Gegia, Medea; Zignol, Matteo; Glaziou, Philippe; Ismail, Nazir; Kasaeva, Tereza; Mirzayev, Fuad (2021).

1801:

Ramaswamy, S; Musser, JM (1998). "Molecular genetic basis of antimicrobial agent resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: 1998 update".

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Federation and Ukraine. Shorter treatment regimes for MDR-TB have been found to be beneficial having higher treatment success rates.

5861: 5161: 4881: 4844: 2800: 2766: 878: 448:

Usually, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis can be cured with long treatments of second-line drugs, but these are more expensive than

589:

of parts of this article (those related to Pretomanid, delamanid, bedaquiline approval & current clinical experience (if any))

3609: 6089: 5136: 5729: 763: 6256: 5660: 5488: 4091:

Frieden, Thomas R.; Sterling, Timothy; Pablos-Mendez, Ariel; Kilburn, James O.; Cauthen, George M.; Dooley, Samuel W. (1993).

247:: Spontaneous mutations in the TB genome can alter proteins which are the target of drugs, making the bacteria drug-resistant. 5748: 5650: 5205: 5195: 5102: 4671: 4648: 4410:"Rates of drug resistance and risk factor analysis in civilian and prison patients with tuberculosis in Samar Region, Russia" 3201:"Lack of Activity of Orally Administered Clofazimine against Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Whole-Blood Culture" 2824:

Ziganshina, L. E.; Squire, S. B. (23 January 2008). Ziganshina, Lilia E (ed.). "Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis".

4172: 2049:"New definitions of pre-extensively and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: update from the World Health Organization" 41: 6215: 6059: 6044: 2340: 3853:"An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among Hospitalized Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome" 585: 6069: 5468: 5313: 4946: 3594: 2458: 684: 147:

for TB in 1943, some strains of the TB bacteria developed resistance to the standard drugs through genetic changes (see

1838:"Target discovery focused approaches to overcome bottlenecks in the exploitation of antimycobacterial natural products" 6205: 5588: 5454: 5360: 5299: 5225: 657: 3664: 1264: 1030: 955: 4052: 2715:

Goble, Marian; Iseman, Michael D.; Madsen, Lorie A.; Waite, Dennis; Ackerson, Lynn; Horsburgh Jr, C. Robert (1993).

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Rockett, Kirk A.; Brookes, Roger; Udalova, Irina; Vidal, Vincent; Hill, Adrian V. S.; Kwiatkowski, Dominic (1998).

1845: 1096:"From Multidrug- to Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Upward Trends as Seen from a 15-Year Nationwide Study" 112: 50: 3150:

Adams, Linda B.; Sinha, Indu; Franzblau, Scott G.; Krahenbuhl, James L. Krahenbuhl; Mehta, Reeta T. Mehta (1999).

235:) that inactivate drug molecules. These enzymes are usually phosphorylate, acetylate, or adenylate drug compounds. 6028: 5968: 5645: 5618: 5345: 5129: 5063: 4746: 4696: 3660: 1425: 922: 6150: 5482: 5146: 4960: 4807: 4557:"Inadequacy of the current WHO re-treatment regimen in a central Siberian prison: treatment failure and MDR-TB" 1587:

Louw, G. E.; Warren, R. M.; Gey Van Pittius, N. C.; McEvoy, C. R. E.; Van Helden, P. D.; Victor, T. C. (2009).

205: 84: 5718: 4506:

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2456:(2004). "Community-based treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru: 7 years of experience". 3500:"Treatment of cavitary and infiltrating pulmonary tuberculosis with and without the immunomodulator Dzherelo" 6155: 5935: 5797: 5738: 5678: 5603: 5384: 5370: 5151: 4980: 4922: 4076: 981:"The Impact of First-Line Anti-Tubercular Drugs' Pharmacokinetics on Treatment Outcome: A Systematic Review" 863: 303: 175: 144: 100: 88: 3590: 3404:

Schon, T.; Elias, D.; Moges, F.; Melese, E.; Tessema, T.; Stendahl, O.; Britton, S.; Sundqvist, T. (2003).

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Research: Much research and funding is needed in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of TB and MDR TB.

434:

protocol be constantly reformed in the context of local practices, forms of knowledge and everyday life.

6261: 6210: 6104: 5871: 5816: 5723: 5533: 5513: 5416: 5356: 5290: 5269: 5251: 5234: 4830: 4271:

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890: 238: 5978: 2795:. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2016. 2761:. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2016. 1452: 418:

Community-based treatment programs such as DOTS-Plus, a MDR-TB-specialized treatment using the popular

4555:

Kimerling M.E.; Kluge H.; Vezhnina N.; Iacovazzi T.; Demeulenaere T.; Portaels F.; Matthys F. (1999).

1506: 766:

was noted to be "a very hot region for drug resistant TB", though the number of cases remained small.

6160: 6074: 5692: 5628: 5177: 5141: 5119: 4971: 4938: 4911: 3152:"Effective Treatment of Acute and Chronic Murine Tuberculosis with Liposome-Encapsulated Clofazimine" 2934: 1993: 1107: 692: 449: 388:

There are several ways that drug resistance to TB, and drug resistance in general, can be prevented:

307: 4850: 2237:"Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis—Current Dilemmas, Unanswered Questions, Challenges, and Priority Needs" 481:

issue, as the high cost of second-line medications often precludes those who cannot afford therapy.

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Koch, Erin (2011). "Local Microbiologies of Tuberculosis: Insights from the Republic of Georgia".

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systems: The TB cell contains molecular systems that actively pump drug molecules out of the cell.

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Identifying contacts who could have contracted TB: family members, people in close contact, etc.

2588:

Farmer, Paul (2001). "The Major Infectious Diseases in the World — to Treat or Not to Treat?".

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McKay, Betsy (9–10 March 2013). "Risk of Deadly TB Exposure Grows Along U.S.—Mexico Border".

2674: 2166: 1396: 926: 6008: 5593: 5434: 4902: 4607: 4599: 4527: 4519: 4429: 4421: 4337: 4327: 4280: 4234: 4104: 3980: 3905: 3864: 3793: 3775: 3729: 3711: 3562: 3552: 3511: 3470: 3462: 3417: 3337: 3296: 3288: 3220: 3212: 3171: 3163: 3124: 3080: 3044: 3007: 2999: 2942: 2892: 2876: 2829: 2728: 2689: 2644: 2636: 2625:"Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies for tuberculosis control in developing countries" 2597: 2502: 2467: 2402: 2371: 2294: 2248: 2204: 2126: 2118: 2060: 2019: 2001: 1952: 1936: 1897: 1854: 1810: 1773: 1765: 1724: 1706: 1649: 1608: 1600: 1553: 1518: 1464: 1362: 1301: 1216: 1170: 1133: 1115: 1068: 1002: 992: 641: 152: 3372: 2717:"Treatment of 171 Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Resistant to Isoniazid and Rifampin" 648:

have been used in desperation, though it is not certain whether they are effective at all.

6225: 5998: 5988: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5445: 5215: 4995: 4834: 3406:"Arginine as an adjuvant to chemotherapy improves clinical outcome in active tuberculosis" 868: 799: 284:

The discovery of new molecular targets is essential to overcome drug-resistance problems.

6018: 4015: 1031:"Chapter 168. Antimycobacterial Agents | Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e" 162:

Resistant strains of TB are already present in the population, so MDR-TB can be directly

3700:"Tuberculosis: mother of thoracic surgery then and now, past and prospectives: a review" 2938: 2131: 2106: 1997: 1729: 1694: 1111: 595:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

460:

How many drugs the patient is given (patients treated with five or more drugs do better)

5963: 5613: 5092: 4893: 4885: 4721: 4715: 4641: 4612: 4587: 4532: 4507: 4434: 4409: 4342: 4315: 3798: 3763: 3734: 3699: 3567: 3540: 3325: 3012: 2987: 2897: 2864: 2649: 2624: 2209: 2192: 2024: 1981: 1957: 1924: 1613: 1588: 1138: 1095: 1007: 980: 754:). Outbreaks among non-immunocompromised healthy people do occur, but are less common. 319: 156: 3475: 3446: 3341: 3301: 3276: 3225: 3200: 2122: 1778: 1753: 1174: 334:). When MDR-TB is resistant to at least one drug from each group, it is classified as 6245: 6013: 5983: 5841: 5669: 5082: 5004: 4917: 4690: 3910: 3893: 3516: 3499: 3466: 3176: 3151: 3100: 2090: 645: 4459:

Stern, V. (2001). Problems in Prisons Worldwide, with a Particular Focus on Russia.

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2972: 2522: 2471: 2422: 2322: 2148: 1679: 1573: 1507:"Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" 1244: 6200: 6190: 6175: 6023: 5856: 5846: 5802: 5780: 5598: 5556: 5403: 5337: 5041: 5028: 4300: 2833: 2449: 1874: 700: 633: 541: 514: 510: 494: 478: 470: 311: 163: 133: 80: 4284: 4016:"Outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis—Texas, California, and Pennsylvania" 1769: 4812: 4332: 3447:"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Induces Nitric Oxide Synthase and Suppresses Growth of 3422: 3405: 3128: 2923:"A Diarylquinoline Drug Active on the ATP Synthase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis" 2506: 2406: 2006: 1120: 6129: 5993: 5879: 5851: 5831: 5826: 5753: 5426: 4171:Ärzteblatt, Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, Redaktion Deutsches (27 December 2016). 4109: 4092: 3984: 3869: 3852: 2790: 2756: 2733: 2716: 2640: 2601: 2453: 2375: 2065: 2048: 1522: 1072: 846: 738: 688: 652:

in MDR-TB and should be considered an integral part of the treatment of MDR-TB.

637: 622: 545: 518: 331: 327: 4801: 1901: 1711: 1654: 1637: 1469: 526:

respond to standard TB treatment, and relapse following standard TB treatment.

341:

WHO has revised the definitions of pre-XDR-TB and XDR-TB in 2021 as following:

6195: 5973: 5836: 5821: 5770: 5640: 5577: 5474: 5460: 5124: 5056: 5032: 3277:"Metronidazole is bactericidal to dormant cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis" 3084: 1557: 798:

One of the so-called "hot-spots" of drug-resistant tuberculosis is within the

614: 556:

Group A: Fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, moxifloxicin), linezolid, bedaquiline

540:) are known to be positive, then it is reasonable to omit RMP and to use SHEZ+ 506: 502: 137: 129: 96: 3789: 3725: 3716: 2956: 2888: 2841: 2306: 2262: 2074: 2015: 1948: 1720: 1663: 1530: 1478: 1374: 1315: 1228: 1129: 5887: 5811: 5785: 5775: 5758: 4603: 4425: 3780: 2947: 2922: 2675:"Community-Based Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Lima, Peru" 2253: 2236: 669: 618: 498: 315: 212: 125: 92: 4621: 4572: 4541: 4492: 4443: 4384: 4351: 4292: 4248: 3807: 3764:"Surgery and pleuro-pulmonary tuberculosis: a scientific literature review" 3743: 3576: 3525: 3431: 3349: 3261: 3234: 3185: 3092: 3021: 2964: 2906: 2849: 2810: 2776: 2701: 2658: 2609: 2514: 2479: 2414: 2314: 2270: 2218: 2140: 2082: 2033: 1966: 1909: 1866: 1822: 1814: 1787: 1738: 1671: 1622: 1565: 1486: 1382: 1323: 1236: 1182: 1147: 1016: 979:

Sileshi, Tesemma; Tadesse, Esayas; Makonnen, Eyasu; Aklillu, Eleni (2021).

628:

When it is not possible to find five drugs from the lists above; the drugs

4845:"The Strange, Isolated Life of a Tuberculosis Patient in the 21st Century" 4692:

The coming plague : newly emerging diseases in a world out of balance

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Millard, James; Ugarte-Gil, Cesar; Moore, David A. J. (26 February 2015).

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Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis

6134: 5186: 4668:

Pathologies of Power: health, human rights, and the new war on the poor

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WHO Treatment Guidelines for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, 2016 Update

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WHO Treatment Guidelines for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, 2016 Update

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Kaplan, Jeffrey. 2017. "Tuberculosis" American University. Lecture.

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How many drugs the organism is resistant to (the fewer the better)

220: 1589:"A Balancing Act: Efflux/Influx in Mycobacterial Drug Resistance" 473:

or not (HIV co-infection is associated with increased mortality).

148: 803: 771: 531: 423: 5529: 5525: 4854: 4840:

MDR-TB (DOTS Plus) protocol followed under RNTCP in India (PDF)

4093:"The Emergence of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in New York City" 3610:"J&J wins accelerated OK for first new TB drug in 40 years" 2362:

Gao, Qian; Li, Xia (2010). "Transmission of MDR tuberculosis".

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to treatment with at least two of the most powerful first-line

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1348:"MDR Tuberculosis — Critical Steps for Prevention and Control" 1258: 1256: 1254: 820: 751: 569: 6065:

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

3373:"TB Fact Sheet Series: Sputum Collection During TB Treatment" 2988:"Imipenem for Treatment of Tuberculosis in Mice and Humans" 2197:

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

426:, Peru, where the program has seen cure rates of over 80%. 103:

medications, and are called extensively drug-resistant TB (

4588:"Pathologies of power: rethinking health and human rights" 4561:

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

4481:

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

4373:

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

3117:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

2448:

Shin, Sonya; Furin, Jennifer; Bayona, Jaime; Mate, Kedar;

1422:"Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) – 2015 Update" 6110:

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Structural Genomics Consortium

6100:

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3894:"Outbreaks of drug-resistant tuberculosis at AIDS centre" 1636:

Zaw, Myo T.; Emran, Nor A.; Lin, Zaw (1 September 2018).

463:

The expertise and experience of the physician responsible

4316:"Tuberculosis Incidence in Prisons: A Systematic Review" 2337:"WHO | Drug-resistant TB: Totally drug-resistant TB FAQ" 1288:

Keshavjee, Salmaan; Farmer, Paul E. (6 September 2012).

1266:

Understanding Global Health. Chapter 10: TB and HIV/AIDS

380:, but such strains of TB are not recognized by the WHO. 6085:

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

4717:

Betrayal of trust: the collapse of global public health

2167:"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) 2013 Update" 110:

Tuberculosis is caused by infection with the bacterium

916:"Diagnosis and notification of multidrug-resistant TB" 567:

recommendation, very low certainty in the evidence)."

4643:

Infections and inequalities : the modern plagues

4051:. Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Archived from 4774: 2583: 2581: 2579: 6143: 6037: 5934: 5908: 5870: 5796: 5709: 5668: 5563: 5503: 5444: 5402: 5355: 5289: 5268: 5233: 5224: 5175: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4970: 4901: 4892: 4778: 58: 34: 4640: 2193:"The totally drug resistant tuberculosis (TDR-TB)" 788:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 5766:Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay 2537:"Scientific Facts on Drug-resistant Tuberculosis" 1505:Ahmad, Suhail; Mokaddas, Eiman (1 January 2010). 591:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 985:Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications 4223:"Tuberculosis Drug Resistance: A Global Threat" 3655: 3653: 3651: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 208:). Some mechanisms of drug resistance include: 3545:Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines 2230: 2228: 429:However, the DOTS program administered in the 397:in developing countries, contribute to MDR TB. 6055:Center for Global Infectious Disease Research 5541: 4866: 4751:"Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Fact Sheet" 4173:"MDR-Tuberkulose unter Migranten aus Somalia" 4166: 4164: 949: 947: 143:However, beginning with the first antibiotic 8: 4197:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 559:Group B: Clofazimine, cycloserine/terizidone 186:Researchers hypothesize that an ancestor of 174:Treatment of MDR-TB requires treatment with 3073:Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2826:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 83:(TB) infection caused by bacteria that are 6050:Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines 5548: 5534: 5526: 5230: 5009: 5000: 4898: 4873: 4859: 4851: 4775: 4461:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 957:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 790:to pose no risk to the native population. 40: 31: 4611: 4531: 4512:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 4433: 4341: 4331: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4238: 4108: 3909: 3868: 3797: 3779: 3733: 3715: 3566: 3556: 3515: 3474: 3421: 3300: 3224: 3175: 3011: 2946: 2896: 2732: 2648: 2391:"Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis" 2252: 2208: 2191:Velayati, A; Farnia P; Masjedi M (2013). 2130: 2064: 2023: 2005: 1956: 1777: 1728: 1710: 1653: 1612: 1468: 1305: 1137: 1119: 1006: 996: 910: 908: 906: 302:MDR-TB can become resistant to the major 99:. Some forms of TB are also resistant to 4455: 4453: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 3250:Antibiotic Medicine and Clinical Therapy 2623:Baltussen, R.; Floyd, K; Dye, C (2005). 2364:Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms 420:Directly Observed Therapy – Short Course 5921:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 5167:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 4670:. Berkeley, California, United States: 4647:. Berkeley, California, United States: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4143: 4131: 902: 336:extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 298:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 6095:International Congress on Tuberculosis 4953:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection 4833:event featuring Salmaan Keshavjee and 4473: 4471: 4469: 4190: 4155: 3642: 3630: 2435: 2395:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2160: 2158: 1642:Journal of Infection and Public Health 1500: 1498: 1496: 1033:. AccessMedicine | McGraw-Hill Medical 758:Federation and South Africa alone. In 4720:. New York, New York, United States: 4695:. 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(2012). 885:Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis 378:totally drug-resistant tuberculosis 231:: The TB genome codes for enzymes ( 5069:Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis 4827:Video: Drug-Resistant TB in Russia 3608:Carroll, John (31 December 2012). 2339:. 11 December 2015. Archived from 1205:"Multidrug resistant tuberculosis" 227:Drug modifying & inactivating 25: 5162:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis 4882:Gram-positive bacterial infection 4592:American Journal of Public Health 4047:Rochkind, David (9 August 2010). 2559:"Global tuberculosis report 2019" 879:Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus 251:One example is a mutation in the 35:Multidrug-resistance tuberculosis 18:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis 6090:Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis 5916:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 5659: 5137:Primary inoculation tuberculosis 4221:Nachega J., Chaisson R. (2003). 3698:Molnar, Tamas F. (August 2018). 3517:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02760.x 3467:10.1128/iai.66.11.5314-5321.1998 3371:Wisconsin DHS (12 August 2022). 3275:Wayne, L G; Sramek, H A (1994). 2053:The European Respiratory Journal 574: 73:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 5489:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis 4273:Journal of Public Health Policy 4097:New England Journal of Medicine 3857:New England Journal of Medicine 3666:Global Tuberculosis Report 2019 3217:10.1128/AAC.48.8.3133-3135.2004 3004:10.1128/AAC.49.7.2816-2821.2005 2721:New England Journal of Medicine 2682:New England Journal of Medicine 2590:New England Journal of Medicine 2472:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.027 1355:New England Journal of Medicine 1294:New England Journal of Medicine 1061:New England Journal of Medicine 854:becomes increasingly apparent. 5749:Interferon gamma release assay 5651:Post-tuberculosis lung disease 5206:Borderline lepromatous leprosy 5196:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy 5103:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis 4672:University of California Press 4649:University of California Press 2834:10.1002/14651858.CD004795.pub3 2539:. GreenFacts. 18 December 2008 2241:Journal of Infectious Diseases 1163:The Lancet Infectious Diseases 683:On 28 December 2012, the U.S. 1: 6252:Antibiotic-resistant bacteria 6216:Tuberculosis in human culture 6060:Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake 6045:Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium 4285:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200002 3672:. World Health Organization. 3342:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17786-1 2459:Social Science & Medicine 2123:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60734-X 1770:10.1128/AAC.46.2.267-274.2002 1453:"The history of tuberculosis" 1397:"Drug-resistant tuberculosis" 1175:10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70330-5 668:(peanuts are a good source), 292:Extensively drug-resistant TB 5469:Corynebacterium minutissimum 5314:Mycobacterium intracellulare 4947:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 4333:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000381 4227:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3911:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91987-L 3595:Food and Drug Administration 3423:10.1183/09031936.03.00090702 3410:European Respiratory Journal 3129:10.1164/ajrccm.151.4.7697235 3037:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2507:10.1080/01459740.2010.531064 2407:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283229fab 2287:Journal of Internal Medicine 2007:10.1371/journal.pone.0016020 1269:(12th ed.). McGraw Hill 1121:10.1371/journal.pone.0063128 685:Food and Drug Administration 195:Mechanism of drug resistance 6206:Tuberculosis classification 5589:Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 5455:Corynebacterium diphtheriae 4110:10.1056/NEJM199302253280801 3985:10.7326/0003-4819-117-3-177 3973:Annals of Internal Medicine 3870:10.1056/NEJM199206043262302 3768:Journal of Thoracic Disease 3704:Journal of Thoracic Disease 2734:10.1056/NEJM199302253280802 2641:10.1136/bmj.38645.660093.68 2602:10.1056/NEJM200107193450310 2376:10.1016/j.ddmec.2010.09.006 2172:. World Health Organization 2066:10.1183/13993003.00361-2021 1523:10.1016/j.rmedc.2010.08.001 1073:10.1056/NEJM199309093291108 764:Mexico–United States border 658:therapeutic drug monitoring 376:There have been reports of 54:bacteria seen by microscope 6278: 6181:List of tuberculosis cases 5700:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3449:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1902:10.1016/j.tube.2011.07.005 1846:Future Medicinal Chemistry 1712:10.1186/s13568-024-01730-3 1655:10.1016/j.jiph.2018.04.005 1470:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.08.006 709:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 441: 295: 188:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 113:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 51:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 6070:Glen Lake Children's Camp 6029:Edward Livingston Trudeau 5969:Friedrich Franz Friedmann 5657: 5646:Giant multinucleated cell 5619:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 5130:Papulonecrotic tuberculid 5064:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 4747:American Lung Association 4697:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 3661:World Health Organization 3085:10.1080/00365540152029954 1803:Tubercle and Lung Disease 1752:Gillespie, S. H. (2002). 1558:10.1007/s00203-017-1434-6 1426:World Health Organization 1401:World Health Organization 1263:Adams and Woelke (2014). 923:World Health Organization 852:totally-drug-resistant TB 48: 39: 6151:Tuberculosis elimination 5730:Löwenstein–Jensen medium 5483:Corynebacterium jeikeium 5147:Tuberculous pericarditis 4961:Actinomyces gerencseriae 4714:Garrett, Laurie (2000). 4689:Garrett, Laurie (1994). 3717:10.21037/jtd.2018.04.131 1546:Archives of Microbiology 1511:Respiratory Medicine CME 691:(marketed as Sirturo by 6156:2007 tuberculosis scare 5936:History of tuberculosis 5739:Chest photofluorography 5679:Mycobacterium africanum 5152:Urogenital tuberculosis 4981:Propionibacterium acnes 4923:Cutaneous actinomycosis 4604:10.2105/ajph.89.10.1486 4426:10.1136/thx.2004.026922 4077:The Wall Street Journal 3781:10.21037/jtd.2016.05.59 2948:10.1126/science.1106753 864:2007 tuberculosis scare 469:Whether the patient is 206:see horizontal transfer 124:, anti-TB drugs (i.e., 6257:Pharmaceuticals policy 6231:World Tuberculosis Day 6221:Tuberculosis radiology 6115:National Jewish Health 5711:Tuberculosis diagnosis 5624:Tuberculous meningitis 5573:Pulmonary tuberculosis 5157:Tuberculous dactylitis 5108:Tuberculous cellulitis 3455:Infection and Immunity 2389:Lobue, Philip (2009). 2247:(suppl 2): S228–S240. 1815:10.1054/tuld.1998.0002 724: 697:adenosine triphosphate 499:isonicotinyl Hydrazine 444:Tuberculosis treatment 322:or polypeptide drugs ( 219:(TB) contains complex 6211:Tuberculosis in China 6105:Millennium Foundation 5817:4-Aminosalicylic acid 5724:Auramine phenol stain 5670:Mycobacterium species 5566:associated conditions 5514:Gardnerella vaginalis 5417:Nocardia brasiliensis 4831:Woodrow Wilson Center 4666:Farmer, Paul (2005). 4639:Farmer, Paul (1999). 4524:10.2471/BLT.06.038331 3558:10.1186/1476-8518-9-3 3293:10.1128/AAC.38.9.2054 3168:10.1128/AAC.43.7.1638 2254:10.1093/infdis/jir858 1859:10.4155/fmc-2017-0273 1428:(WHO). Archived from 1367:10.1056/NEJMra0908076 1307:10.1056/NEJMra1205429 925:(WHO). Archived from 891:Medicines Patent Pool 800:Russian prison system 721: 693:Johnson & Johnson 664:Supplements include: 6161:Baumgarten-Tangl law 6075:Glen Lake Sanatorium 5693:Mycobacterium caprae 5629:Miliary tuberculosis 5604:Canga's bead symptom 5564:Symptoms, signs and 5120:Lichen scrofulosorum 4972:Propionibacteriaceae 4912:Actinomyces israelii 4371:program in Russia". 4177:Deutsches Ärzteblatt 4080:(paper). p. A1. 4055:on 11 September 2012 2881:10.1128/AAC.00074-08 2694:10.1056/NEJMoa022928 2495:Medical Anthropology 1605:10.1128/AAC.01577-08 1457:Respiratory Medicine 1432:on 18 September 2013 998:10.2147/CPAA.S289714 811:Contributing factors 621:), and R207910 (now 6125:Stop TB Partnership 6080:Glenn Dale Hospital 5719:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 5686:Mycobacterium bovis 5636:Latent tuberculosis 5413:Nocardia asteroides 5308:Mycobacterium avium 5211:Lepromatous leprosy 5191:Tuberculoid leprosy 4932:Tropheryma whipplei 4757:on 30 November 2006 3612:. fiercebiotech.com 3597:. 31 December 2012. 3591:"FDA Press Release" 2939:2005Sci...307..223A 2343:on 11 December 2015 1998:2011PLoSO...616020M 1112:2013PLoSO...863128S 431:Republic of Georgia 215:: The cell wall of 89:anti-TB medications 5979:Philip D'Arcy Hart 5505:Bifidobacteriaceae 5446:Corynebacteriaceae 5421:Nocardia farcinica 5258:Aquarium granuloma 5201:Borderline leprosy 5088:Erythema induratum 3710:(1): S2628–S2642. 2299:10.1111/joim.12264 932:on 25 October 2013 725: 617:), OPC-67683 (now 65:Infectious disease 6239: 6238: 5744:GeneXpert MTB/RIF 5523: 5522: 5499: 5498: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5113:Tuberculous gumma 4996:Corynebacterineae 4990: 4989: 4939:Whipple's disease 4822: 4821: 4731:978-0-7868-6522-2 4706:978-0-374-12646-9 4681:978-0-520-93147-3 4658:978-0-520-22913-6 4598:(10): 1486–1496. 4586:Farmer P (1999). 3679:978-92-4-156571-4 3326:Laserson, Kayla F 2933:(5707): 223–227. 2117:(9851): 1406–17. 1463:(11): 1862–1870. 1361:(11): 1050–1058. 610: 609: 529:A gene probe for 318:) and injectable 176:second-line drugs 70: 69: 29:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6269: 6009:Mario Raviglione 5663: 5609:Prosector's wart 5594:Caseous necrosis 5550: 5543: 5536: 5527: 5435:Rhodococcus equi 5231: 5098:Prosector's wart 5010: 5005:Mycobacteriaceae 5001: 4903:Actinomycetaceae 4899: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4852: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4753:. Archived from 4735: 4710: 4685: 4662: 4646: 4626: 4625: 4615: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4535: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4487:(9): 1027–1033. 4475: 4464: 4463:, 953b, 113-119. 4457: 4448: 4447: 4437: 4404: 4389: 4388: 4367: 4356: 4355: 4345: 4335: 4326:(12): e1000381. 4311: 4305: 4304: 4268: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4218: 4203: 4202: 4196: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4168: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4134:, p. 266ff. 4129: 4123: 4122: 4112: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3913: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3872: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3783: 3774:(7): E474–E485. 3759: 3748: 3747: 3737: 3719: 3695: 3684: 3683: 3671: 3657: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3560: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3519: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3478: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3425: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3336:(9456): 318–26. 3321: 3315: 3314: 3304: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3015: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2950: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2900: 2875:(4): 1522–1524. 2860: 2854: 2853: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2736: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2679: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2652: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2585: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2256: 2232: 2223: 2222: 2212: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2134: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2068: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2027: 2009: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1960: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1842: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1781: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1732: 1714: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1657: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1616: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1502: 1491: 1490: 1472: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1352: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1309: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1260: 1249: 1248: 1221:10.1136/bmj.h882 1200: 1187: 1186: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1141: 1123: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1056: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1010: 1000: 976: 970: 969: 967: 965: 951: 942: 941: 939: 937: 931: 920: 912: 642:prochlorperazine 605: 602: 596: 586:factual accuracy 578: 577: 570: 308:fluoroquinolones 306:TB drug groups: 153:fluoroquinolones 44: 32: 21: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6226:Tygerberg score 6139: 6033: 5999:Charles Mantoux 5989:George M. Heath 5959:Christopher Dye 5954:Albert Calmette 5949:Hermann Brehmer 5944:Manuel de Abreu 5930: 5904: 5866: 5800: 5792: 5705: 5664: 5655: 5565: 5559: 5554: 5524: 5519: 5495: 5440: 5390: 5351: 5285: 5264: 5220: 5216:Histoid leprosy 5171: 5018: 5015:M. tuberculosis 4986: 4966: 4888: 4879: 4835:Murray Feshbach 4823: 4818: 4817: 4787: 4773: 4760: 4758: 4745: 4742: 4740:Further reading 4732: 4713: 4707: 4688: 4682: 4665: 4659: 4638: 4630: 4629: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4477: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4451: 4406: 4405: 4392: 4369: 4368: 4359: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4270: 4269: 4256: 4220: 4219: 4206: 4189: 4182: 4180: 4170: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3904:(8712): 440–1. 3891: 3890: 3886: 3863:(23): 1514–21. 3849: 3848: 3844: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3761: 3760: 3751: 3697: 3696: 3687: 3680: 3669: 3659: 3658: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3510:(12): 1154–62. 3497: 3496: 3492: 3461:(11): 5314–21. 3444: 3443: 3439: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3034: 3033: 3029: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2828:(1): CD004795. 2823: 2822: 2818: 2803: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2769: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2587: 2586: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2046: 2045: 2041: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1941:10.1038/ng.2656 1929:Nature Genetics 1922: 1921: 1917: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1840: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1504: 1503: 1494: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1300:(10): 931–936. 1287: 1286: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1252: 1202: 1201: 1190: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1058: 1057: 1046: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1024: 978: 977: 973: 963: 961: 953: 952: 945: 935: 933: 929: 918: 914: 913: 904: 899: 869:Drug resistance 860: 842: 819:Comorbidity of 813: 796: 794:Russian prisons 781: 747: 734: 687:(FDA) approved 606: 600: 597: 594: 579: 575: 446: 440: 416: 386: 300: 294: 217:M. tuberculosis 197: 184: 157:aminoglycosides 79:) is a form of 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6275: 6273: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6244: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6004:Richard Morton 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5964:Marcos Espinal 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5614:Lupus vulgaris 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5582:Ghon's complex 5569: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5509: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5408: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5364: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5346:M. haemophilum 5342: 5341: 5340: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5296: 5294: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5275: 5273: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5248: 5240: 5238: 5228: 5226:Nontuberculous 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5093:Lupus vulgaris 5090: 5085: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5044: 5039: 5037:Ghon's complex 5025: 5023: 5007: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4907: 4905: 4896: 4894:Actinomycineae 4890: 4889: 4886:Actinomycetota 4880: 4878: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4842: 4837: 4829:24 July 2007, 4820: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4804: 4788: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779:Classification 4772: 4771:External links 4769: 4768: 4767: 4749:(April 2007). 4741: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4722:Hyperion Books 4711: 4705: 4686: 4680: 4663: 4657: 4635: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4578: 4567:(5): 451–453. 4547: 4498: 4465: 4449: 4420:(2): 130–135. 4390: 4379:(4): 402–407. 4357: 4306: 4254: 4240:10.1086/344657 4233:(1): S24–S30. 4204: 4160: 4158:, p. 118. 4148: 4146:, p. 524. 4136: 4124: 4083: 4066: 4039: 4028:(22): 369–72. 4006: 3962: 3933: 3884: 3842: 3831:(34): 585–91. 3813: 3749: 3685: 3678: 3647: 3645:, p. 148. 3635: 3623: 3600: 3582: 3531: 3490: 3437: 3396: 3363: 3316: 3267: 3240: 3191: 3162:(7): 1638–43. 3142: 3106: 3062: 3049:10.1086/513945 3027: 2998:(7): 2816–21. 2978: 2912: 2855: 2816: 2801: 2782: 2767: 2748: 2707: 2664: 2635:(7529): 1364. 2615: 2575: 2550: 2528: 2485: 2466:(7): 1529–39. 2440: 2438:, p. 133. 2428: 2381: 2354: 2328: 2293:(4): 388–405. 2276: 2224: 2203:(4): 307–309. 2183: 2154: 2096: 2059:(4): 2100361. 2039: 1972: 1935:(7): 784–790. 1915: 1896:(6): 510–523. 1880: 1853:(7): 811–822. 1828: 1793: 1744: 1685: 1648:(5): 605–610. 1628: 1579: 1536: 1492: 1443: 1413: 1388: 1338: 1329: 1280: 1250: 1188: 1169:(2): 103–111. 1153: 1086: 1067:(11): 784–91. 1044: 1022: 971: 943: 901: 900: 898: 895: 894: 893: 888: 882: 876: 871: 866: 859: 856: 841: 840:Policy impacts 838: 812: 809: 795: 792: 780: 777: 746: 743: 733: 730: 608: 607: 582: 580: 573: 564: 563: 560: 557: 475: 474: 467: 464: 461: 458: 439: 436: 415: 412: 408: 407: 404: 401: 398: 394: 385: 382: 320:aminoglycoside 296:Main article: 293: 290: 249: 248: 242: 236: 225: 196: 193: 183: 180: 68: 67: 62: 56: 55: 46: 45: 37: 36: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6274: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038:Organizations 6036: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5984:F. R. G. Heaf 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5884:Experimental 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5842:Thioacetazone 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5539: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5324:MAI infection 5322: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5083:Scrofuloderma 5081: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4918:Actinomycosis 4916: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4518:(9): 703–11. 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4320:PLOS Medicine 4317: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4070: 4067: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3979:(3): 177–83. 3978: 3974: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3951:(8): 129–31. 3950: 3946: 3945: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3397: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3287:(9): 2054–8. 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211:(8): 3133–5. 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3123:(4): 1083–6. 3122: 3118: 3110: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2802:9789241549639 2798: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2768:9789241549639 2764: 2760: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2727:(8): 527–32. 2726: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2688:(2): 119–28. 2687: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2596:(3): 208–10. 2595: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501:(1): 81–101. 2500: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2450:Kim, Jim Yong 2444: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2401:(2): 167–73. 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2184: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1992:(1): e16020. 1991: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1764:(2): 267–74. 1763: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599:(8): 3181–9. 1598: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1106:(5): e63128. 1105: 1101: 1097: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 990: 986: 982: 975: 972: 959: 958: 950: 948: 944: 928: 924: 917: 911: 909: 907: 903: 896: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 857: 855: 853: 848: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 822: 817: 810: 808: 805: 801: 793: 791: 789: 784: 778: 776: 773: 767: 765: 761: 755: 753: 744: 742: 740: 731: 729: 720: 716: 712: 710: 704: 703:) inhibitor. 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 661: 659: 653: 649: 647: 646:metronidazole 643: 639: 635: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 604: 601:November 2023 592: 588: 587: 581: 572: 571: 568: 561: 558: 555: 554: 553: 549: 547: 543: 539: 534: 533: 527: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 490: 486: 482: 480: 472: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 455: 454: 451: 445: 437: 435: 432: 427: 425: 421: 413: 411: 405: 402: 399: 395: 391: 390: 389: 383: 381: 379: 374: 370: 366: 362: 361: 358: 357: 352: 351: 348: 347: 342: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 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Retrieved 927:the original 843: 834: 830: 826: 818: 814: 804:DOTS program 797: 785: 782: 768: 756: 748: 745:Epidemiology 739:tuberculomas 735: 726: 713: 708: 705: 701:ATP synthase 682: 678:V5 Immunitor 662: 654: 650: 634:co-amoxiclav 627: 611: 598: 590: 584: 565: 550: 537: 530: 528: 522: 515:moxifloxacin 511:pyraZinamide 495:Streptomycin 491: 487: 483: 479:human rights 476: 471:HIV-positive 447: 428: 417: 409: 387: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 354: 353: 349: 345: 344: 343: 340: 312:moxifloxacin 301: 286: 282: 278: 273: 269: 265: 263: 257: 252: 250: 216: 198: 187: 185: 173: 169: 161: 142: 134:pyrazinamide 111: 109: 81:tuberculosis 76: 72: 71: 49: 26: 6130:TB Alliance 5994:Robert Koch 5880:BCG vaccine 5852:Bedaquiline 5832:Cycloserine 5827:Capreomycin 5754:QuantiFERON 5728:Culture on 5427:Nocardiosis 5378:M. chelonae 5332:M. ulcerans 5280:M. gordonae 5245:M. kansasii 4761:29 November 4179:(in German) 4156:Farmer 2005 3643:Farmer 2005 3633:, p. . 3631:Farmer 1999 2563:www.who.int 2436:Farmer 2005 1809:(1): 3–29. 1699:AMB Express 847:Paul Farmer 689:bedaquiline 638:clofazimine 623:bedaquiline 546:cycloserine 519:cycloserine 346:Pre-XDR-TB: 328:capreomycin 304:second-line 239:Drug efflux 164:transmitted 101:second-line 6246:Categories 6196:Sanatorium 6014:Carl Rüedi 5974:Max Gerson 5909:Resistance 5837:Rifampicin 5822:Ethambutol 5798:Management 5771:Tuberculin 5641:Paronychia 5578:Ghon focus 5475:Erythrasma 5461:Diphtheria 5252:M. marinum 5125:Tuberculid 5057:Rich focus 5052:Meningitis 5033:Ghon focus 4847:, Buzzfeed 3898:The Lancet 3389:7 December 3330:The Lancet 2347:7 December 2111:The Lancet 1436:7 December 1037:7 December 964:7 December 936:7 December 897:References 699:synthase ( 615:pretomanid 507:Ethambutol 503:Rifampicin 450:first-line 442:See also: 384:Prevention 338:(XDR-TB). 149:mechanisms 138:ethambutol 130:rifampicin 122:first-line 97:rifampicin 5888:M72/AS01E 5812:Isoniazid 5786:Tine test 5776:Heaf test 5759:T-SPOT.TB 5178:M. leprae 5077:cutaneous 3790:2077-6624 3726:2077-6624 3616:3 January 3101:218876137 2957:0036-8075 2889:0066-4804 2842:1469-493X 2370:: e61–5. 2307:1365-2796 2263:0022-1899 2091:233192729 2075:1399-3003 2016:1932-6203 1949:1061-4036 1721:2191-0855 1705:(1): 74. 1664:1876-0341 1531:1755-0017 1479:0954-6111 1406:2 October 1375:0028-4793 1316:0028-4793 1229:1756-1833 1130:1932-6203 670:vitamin D 619:delamanid 438:Treatment 414:DOTS-Plus 332:kanamycin 316:ofloxacin 288:quickly. 245:Mutations 213:Cell wall 145:treatment 126:isoniazid 93:isoniazid 91:(drugs): 85:resistant 60:Specialty 6186:Plombage 5872:Vaccines 5301:M. avium 5020:M. bovis 4622:10511828 4573:10331736 4542:18026627 4493:16158896 4444:15681501 4385:16602404 4352:21203587 4293:15906874 4249:12516027 4193:cite web 4001:45415966 3928:39041093 3808:27499980 3744:30345099 3663:(2019). 3577:21244690 3526:19456829 3432:12662006 3380:Archived 3358:32752884 3350:15664227 3262:13521769 3235:15273133 3186:10390215 3093:11450868 3022:15980354 2973:33219841 2965:15591164 2907:18285479 2850:18254061 2811:27748093 2777:27748093 2702:12519922 2659:16282379 2610:11463018 2543:26 March 2523:27735359 2515:21218357 2480:15246180 2423:24995375 2415:19283912 2323:43844933 2315:24809736 2271:22476720 2219:23641309 2149:10446754 2141:22938757 2132:11019390 2083:33833074 2034:21283803 1986:PLOS ONE 1967:23749189 1910:21835699 1867:29569936 1823:10645439 1788:11796329 1739:38907086 1730:11192714 1680:14058414 1672:29706316 1623:19451293 1574:13656026 1566:28951954 1487:16949809 1383:20825317 1324:22931261 1245:11683912 1237:25721508 1215:: h882. 1183:20113979 1148:23671662 1100:PLOS ONE 1017:33469389 991:: 1–12. 887:(TDR-TB) 858:See also 674:Dzherelo 666:arginine 630:imipenem 523:in vitro 393:avoided. 324:amikacin 233:proteins 202:plasmids 118:immunity 6135:Unitaid 5862:Rifater 5732:and/or 5303:complex 5187:Leprosy 5142:Miliary 4813:D018088 4613:1508789 4533:2636414 4435:1747303 4343:3006353 4301:2102820 4119:8381207 4034:2111434 3993:1616211 3957:1900098 3920:1974967 3879:1304721 3837:1870559 3799:4958807 3735:6178290 3593:. U.S. 3568:3031205 3485:9784538 3311:7811018 3137:7697235 3057:9564467 3013:1168716 2935:Bibcode 2927:Science 2898:2292539 2743:8426619 2650:1309642 2210:3631557 2176:14 June 2025:3024326 1994:Bibcode 1958:3777616 1875:4145657 1614:2715638 1139:3650045 1108:Bibcode 1081:8350889 1008:7811439 779:Somalia 760:Moldova 732:Surgery 356:XDR-TB: 229:enzymes 6171:ESAT-6 6166:CFP-10 5898:RBCG30 5893:MVA85A 4802:Z16.24 4728: 4703: 4678: 4655: 4620: 4610: 4571: 4540: 4530: 4491: 4442: 4432: 4414:Thorax 4383: 4350: 4340: 4299: 4291: 4247: 4117: 4032: 3999: 3991: 3955: 3926: 3918: 3877: 3835: 3806: 3796: 3788: 3742: 3732: 3724: 3676: 3575: 3565: 3524: 3483: 3476:108664 3473: 3430: 3356: 3348: 3309: 3302:284683 3299: 3260: 3233: 3226:478499 3223: 3184: 3174: 3135: 3099: 3091: 3055: 3020: 3010: 2971: 2963: 2955: 2905: 2895: 2887: 2848: 2840: 2809: 2799: 2775: 2765: 2741: 2700: 2657: 2647: 2608: 2521: 2513: 2478: 2421: 2413: 2321: 2313: 2305: 2269: 2261: 2217: 2207: 2147: 2139: 2129: 2089: 2081: 2073: 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