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220:. Apart from saving editing time, scenes may be shot far more quickly as there is no need for re-lighting and the set-up of alternative camera angles for the scene to be shot again from the different angle. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles.
621:, "Three-Camera Technique used to shoot TV film", discussed Cinécraft's innovative production style. In 1966, the studio made a film, "Cinécraft, Inc. Multi-camera Filming Technique Demonstration", showing how the technique works and describing rear screen projection and teleprompters, other innovative technologies of the era
638:
could not stay on his marks due to his physically active improvisations during shooting, so
Marshall had them add the fourth camera just to stay on Williams so they would have more than just the master shot of the actor. Soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras (A, B, C
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Multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera. Single-camera productions are shot in takes
223:
Drawbacks include a less optimized lighting setup that needs to provide a compromise for all camera angles and less flexibility in putting the necessary equipment on scene, such as microphone booms and lighting rigs. These can be efficiently hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to
224:
set up and their placement may be inferior in a multiple-camera setup. Another drawback is in the usage of recording capacity, as a four-camera setup may use (depending on the cameras involved) up to four times as much film (or digital storage space) per take compared with a single-camera setup.
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The majority of
British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using a multi-camera format. Unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades. Instead, a "hybrid" form emerged using
314:
Some films will run multiple cameras, perhaps four or five, for large, expensive and difficult-to-repeat special effects shots, such as large explosions. Again, this is not a true multiple-camera setup in the television sense as the resultant footage will not always be arranged sequentially in
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were filmed using a single-camera setup before the series transitioned to a multi-camera setup (which also occurred alongside its increase in popularity). These did not have a live studio audience, and by being shot single-camera, tightly edited sequences could be created, along with multiple
133:
1614:
Jon
Krampner, Myths and Mysteries Surround Pioneering of 3-Camera TV : Broadcasting: A popular belief is that Desi Arnaz created the technique for 'I Love Lucy' in 1951, but evidence of the system dates to 1947. Los Angeles Times, July 29,
903:
locations and visual effects such as magical appearances and disappearances. Multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to their similar setup and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members.
251:
use a single-camera setup, but in recent decades larger films have begun to use more than one camera on set, usually with two cameras simultaneously filming the same setup. However, this is not a true multiple-camera setup in the television
406:, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split (a technique known as "ISO" recording). The camera currently being recorded to the line cut is indicated by a
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editing, and multiple shots of the same explosion may be repeated in the final film—either for artistic effect or because the different shots can appear to show different explosions since they are taken from different angles.
383:
and various setups with components of the action repeated several times and out of sequence; the action is not enacted chronologically so is unsuitable for viewing by a live audience.
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The use of multiple film cameras dates back to the development of narrative silent films, with the earliest (or at least earliest known) example being the first
Russian feature film
1055:, generally location work, which were mixed with interior scenes shot in the multi-camera electronic studio. It was the most common type of domestic production screened by the
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in 1947. Fairbanks went on to film 26 episodes for a planned network premiere in
September 1948, but it was pulled from the schedule, and the show did not air until 1951.
1344:
443:. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film multiple sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited.
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was credited with adding the fourth camera (known then as the "X" Camera, and occasionally today known as the "D" Camera) to the multi-camera set-up for his series
208:
without having to start and stop the action. This is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent in
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1807:
1063:. However, as technology developed, some drama productions were mounted on location using multiple electronic cameras. Many all-action 1970s programs, such as
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in UK terminology) to switch between the feeds from the individual cameras. This is either transmitted live, or recorded. In the case of sitcoms with
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1367:"В Салюте в День российского кино прошел показ немого фильма "Оборона Севастополя" под живое музыкальное сопровождение - Фильмы - КультурМультур"
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Before the pre-recorded continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on
American television, the earliest anthology programs (see the
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several months later, he improved the system by substituting 35mm film for 16mm film and adding a more sophisticated intercom system.
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The use of multiple video cameras to cover a scene goes back to the earliest days of television; three cameras were used to broadcast
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shots or "crosses" of the two most active characters on the set at any given time, while the central camera or cameras shoot a wider
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While the multiple-camera format dominated US sitcom production in the 1970s and 1980s, there has been a recent revival of the
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and rear screen projectors extensively in filming early television programs. Image courtesy of the Hagley Museum and
Library.
79:
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is the first to develop a 16mm multi-camera system to film a made-for-TV show when he used it to shoot the pilot episode of
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to capture the overall action and establish the geography of the room. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single
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339:. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster and less expensive than a
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A sitcom shot with a multiple-camera setup will require a different form of script from a single-camera setup.
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to assist with editing and to avoid cameras running at different scan rates, with the primary methods being
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in 1928, the first drama performed for television. The first drama performed for
British television was
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1079:. Meanwhile, by the early 1980s, the most highly budgeted and prestigious television productions, like
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184:—are employed on the set and simultaneously record or broadcast a scene. It is often contrasted with a
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using the technique. Culley also used the technique for three made-for-television TV series featuring
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Although some claim the multiple-camera setup was pioneered for television when producer and co-star,
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Assisted by producer-director Frank
Telford, Fairbanks also used a multi-camera system to film
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which aired in the 1949-50 season. He continued working with this system for the pilot of
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605:, a pioneer in sewing, cooking, and craft "how-to" programs on daytime television -
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1673:"Mork and Mindy Was One of the Most Unlikely Miracles in the History of Television"
1639:
Copies of many Louise
Winslow TV programs are posted on the Hagley Library web site
1573:
A (Very) Personal History of the First Sponsored Film Series on National Television
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routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward.
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were left as the only TV drama made in the UK using multiple cameras. Television
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Studio Television Production and Directing: Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures
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Research Note on the use of a Multi-camera set-up for filming a 1950 TV show
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1479:"The Birth of Live Entertainment and Music on Television, November 6, 1936"
216:. It is also a virtual necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily
1337:"Single-Camera vs. Multi-Camera TV Sitcom Scripts: What's the Difference?"
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1977:
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in 1951; other producers had been using the technique for several years.
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Jon Krampner, "Myths and Mysteries Surround Pioneering of 3-Camera TV",
826:. Many American sitcoms from the 1950s to the 1970s were shot using the
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1627:'But wait! There's more.' Papa Bernard and the first TV Infomercial."
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Sitcoms shot with the multiple camera setup include nearly all of
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139:
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1139:. Light stages are usually a combination of multiple cameras and
1259:"TELEVISION/RADIO; Networks Rediscover the Single-Camera Sitcom"
248:
205:
2619:
2281:
1789:
414:(CCU) on the camera as a reference both for the talent and the
3048:
1648:
Dodge Barnum, "Three-Camera Technique Used To Shoot TV Film,'
1056:
543:
461:
254:
29:
1661:
A copy of the film is posted on the Hagley Library website
639:
and X/D) is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies.
227:
A multiple-camera setup will require all cameras to be
343:. In television, multiple-camera is commonly used for
1777:
1966 Multi-camera and Teleprompter Demonstration Film
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1945:
1936:
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1823:
1218:Norman Medoff; Edward J. Fink (10 September 2012).
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1537:, University of California Press, 1999, p. 436.
335:Multiple-camera setups are an essential part of
2631:
2293:
1801:
1709:Make 'Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America
8:
1085:(1981), had begun to use film exclusively.
1075:were shot using the single camera method on
331:, uses multiple cameras for their broadcasts
282:. There might be a discussion about this on
1535:Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s
1135:, and reflectance of a target, usually for
3422:
3205:
3143:
2785:
2638:
2624:
2616:
2300:
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2278:
1990:
1942:
1808:
1794:
1786:
27:Method of film making and video production
1712:. Grand Central Publishing. p. 340.
1671:Anders, Charlie Jane (December 2, 2015).
302:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1556:Bristol-Myers Mulls 'Prosecutor' Series
1171:
375:, especially ones filmed before a live
196:Generally, the two outer cameras shoot
1745:from the original on September 9, 2017
1400:Early Television Foundation and Museum
1296:Andrew Utterback (25 September 2015).
1110:3D reconstruction from multiple images
556:and was on the air four months before
390:creates a line cut by instructing the
7:
1277:from the original on August 21, 2016
1179:Scott Schaefermeyer (25 July 2012).
531:in April 1950. When Al Simon joined
476:) utilized multiple camera methods.
460:in 1930, using a single camera. The
457:The Man With the Flower in His Mouth
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1483:History TV: The Restelli Collection
1257:Battaglio, Stephen (July 8, 2001).
1185:. Cengage Learning. pp. 189–.
1127:is a device used for capturing the
833:The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
386:In multiple-camera television, the
1459:from the original on 7 August 2020
1347:from the original on 14 April 2021
158:multiple-camera mode of production
25:
1683:from the original on July 3, 2017
1489:from the original on 5 April 2019
1316:from the original on 30 June 2023
1238:from the original on 30 June 2023
1199:from the original on 30 June 2023
961:It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
3377:Concentration of media ownership
3271:Television content rating system
1733:Walker, Tim (February 2, 2011).
1433:. Transdiffusion. Archived from
1406:from the original on 29 May 2009
1096:dramas are usually shot using a
435:(1911), written and directed by
259:
136:Diagram showing a multicam setup
34:
2753:Director of network programming
1377:from the original on 2017-07-01
1149:subsurface scattering component
542:The technique was used for the
45:needs additional citations for
1431:Baird: The Birth of Television
1335:Miyamoto, Ken (21 June 2016).
1143:techniques, and additionally,
573:used two or more cameras with
1:
3076:Broadcasting of sports events
1221:Portable Video: ENG & EFP
910:format with programs such as
1302:. CRC Press. pp. 163–.
589:studio, filmed the first TV
504:According to Thomas Schatz,
144:A camera setup recording a "
3292:Broadcast reference monitor
1781:Cinécraft Productions, Inc.
1224:. CRC Press. pp. 65–.
896:. The earliest seasons of
715:The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
617:(1950). A 1950 article in
595:Home Miracles for the 1950s
168:is a method of filmmaking,
3540:
2846:Television program creator
2566:Computer-generated imagery
2108:Unchained camera technique
1735:"The return of the sitcom"
552:, which was filmed at the
182:professional video cameras
3334:Professional video camera
3302:Digital on-screen graphic
3266:List of television awards
2926:Character generator (CG)
2732:Transmission control room
2717:Network operations center
2271:
1993:
1772:Hagley Museum and Library
1586:, vol. 1, issue 1 (2008).
1562:, August 27, 1949, p. 10.
1511:, March 10, 1940, p. 163.
1147:are included to find the
667:The Mary Tyler Moore Show
646:'s TV series, as well as
533:Ralph Edwards Productions
188:, which uses one camera.
176:. Several cameras—either
3344:Lighting control console
934:(2003–2006, 2013–2019),
474:Golden Age of Television
3397:Influence of mass media
2968:Unit production manager
2722:Production control room
1453:www.earlytelevision.org
1051:(single camera) filmed
751:Everybody Loves Raymond
581:In 1949, Ray Culley of
69:"Multiple-camera setup"
2702:Central apparatus room
2359:Dead-character costume
1507:"Telecasting a Play",
1427:"Baird versus the BBC"
1155:Omnidirectional camera
1137:virtual cinematography
845:The Andy Griffith Show
661:The Dick Van Dyke Show
578:
487:, and cinematographer
483:, associate producer,
332:
149:
137:
3319:Multiple-camera setup
3049:Visual effects artist
2998:Broadcast engineering
2671:History of television
2647:Television production
2030:multiple-camera setup
1151:of the target's skin.
955:Everybody Hates Chris
913:Malcolm in the Middle
583:Cinécraft Productions
571:Cinécraft Productions
568:
549:The Amos 'n Andy Show
537:Truth or Consequences
528:Truth or Consequences
448:The Queen's Messenger
441:Aleksandr Khanzhonkov
432:Defence of Sevastopol
326:
170:television production
154:multiple-camera setup
143:
135:
3524:Cinematic techniques
3392:Freedom of the press
3324:Outside broadcasting
3276:Television criticism
3261:Audience measurement
3231:Political commentary
3194:Late-night talk show
2973:Production assistant
2938:Graphics coordinator
2933:Studio floor manager
2451:Infrared photography
1817:Cinematic techniques
1182:Digital Video BASICS
1082:Brideshead Revisited
991:Parks and Recreation
931:Arrested Development
919:Curb Your Enthusiasm
607:Adventures in Sewing
272:confusing or unclear
54:improve this article
3297:Character generator
2993:Television director
2826:Production designer
2712:Master control room
1597:Flight to the West?
1396:"Queen's Messenger"
1160:Single-camera setup
1098:single-camera setup
1088:By the late 1990s,
823:Bob Hearts Abishola
769:The Big Bang Theory
733:The Drew Carey Show
649:Mary Kay and Johnny
624:In the late 1970s,
412:camera control unit
345:light entertainment
341:single-camera setup
327:Live news, such as
280:clarify the article
186:single-camera setup
3503:Television studies
3443:Communications law
3412:Media manipulation
3159:Limited-run series
3138:Television special
3111:Reality television
3106:Police crime drama
3003:Technical director
2988:Technical director
2861:Production manager
2851:Executive producer
2811:Assistant director
2768:Sports commentator
2501:Tilted plane focus
2441:Forced perspective
2349:Costumed character
2334:Air bladder effect
1953:Wide / Long / Full
1578:2012-02-29 at the
1449:"Alexandra Palace"
1263:The New York Times
1120:Circle-Vision 360°
1033:American Housewife
875:I Dream of Jeannie
839:Leave It to Beaver
830:method, including
817:Carol's Second Act
763:Two and a Half Men
757:The King of Queens
579:
493:Desilu Productions
392:technical director
333:
150:
138:
3511:
3510:
3481:
3480:
3453:Fairness Doctrine
3448:Entertainment law
3387:Freedom of speech
3249:
3248:
3241:Weather forecasts
3226:News broadcasting
3204:
3203:
3057:
3056:
2983:Stunt coordinator
2686:Television studio
2666:Broadcast network
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2486:Schüfftan process
2466:Multiple exposure
2379:Prosthetic makeup
2267:
2266:
2244:Freeze-frame shot
2229:Establishing shot
2096:
2095:
2003:Over-the-shoulder
1719:978-0-446-55575-3
1702:Kantor, Michael;
1522:Los Angeles Times
1309:978-1-317-68033-8
1231:978-1-136-04770-1
1192:978-1-133-41664-7
1072:The Professionals
1036:(2016–2021), and
881:Gilligan's Island
851:The Addams Family
805:One Day at a Time
781:Last Man Standing
673:All in the Family
554:Hal Roach Studios
511:Public Prosecutor
312:
311:
304:
130:
129:
122:
104:
18:Multicamera setup
16:(Redirected from
3531:
3468:Media regulation
3423:
3329:Production truck
3206:
3169:Procedural drama
3144:
3121:Documentary film
3086:Event television
2816:Location manager
2801:Costume designer
2796:Casting director
2786:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2586:Optical printing
2461:Lighting effects
2446:Front projection
2409:Theatrical blood
2369:Miniature effect
2344:Bullet hit squib
2302:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2222:Other techniques
2011:
1991:
1987:Camera placement
1943:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1787:
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1730:
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1704:Maslon, Laurence
1699:
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1668:
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1653:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1629:ACADEMIA Letters
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1605:, March 6, 1950.
1593:
1587:
1571:Stanley Rubin, "
1569:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1524:, July 29, 1991.
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1468:
1466:
1464:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1425:Richard G Elen.
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1371:kulturmultur.com
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1176:
1141:structured light
964:(2005–present),
775:Mike & Molly
745:Will & Grace
631:Mork & Mindy
495:used it to film
437:Vasily Goncharov
416:camera operators
410:controlled by a
400:studio audiences
307:
300:
296:
293:
287:
263:
262:
255:
174:video production
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3477:
3421:
3355:
3280:
3245:
3236:Traffic reports
3200:
3154:Animated series
3142:
3133:Television show
3116:Television film
3096:Live television
3063:
3053:
3012:Post-production
3007:
2917:Cinematographer
2912:Camera operator
2890:
2784:
2736:
2727:Stage (theatre)
2690:
2681:Television show
2676:Television crew
2649:
2644:
2614:
2605:
2532:
2491:Shutter effects
2476:Rear projection
2412:
2311:
2309:Special effects
2306:
2277:
2263:
2217:
2174:
2101:Camera movement
2092:
2083:Worm's-eye view
2034:
2009:
1982:
1932:
1892:
1819:
1814:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1739:The Independent
1732:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1594:
1590:
1584:E-Media Studies
1580:Wayback Machine
1570:
1566:
1553:
1549:
1533:Thomas Schatz,
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
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1442:
1424:
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1256:
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1241:
1239:
1232:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1193:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1106:
1048:
949:My Name Is Earl
893:The Brady Bunch
811:Man with a Plan
679:Three's Company
655:Our Miss Brooks
506:Jerry Fairbanks
470:
427:
425:History and use
377:studio audience
337:live television
321:
308:
297:
291:
288:
277:
264:
260:
245:
194:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3537:
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3527:
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3516:
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3509:
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3500:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3420:
3419:
3417:Public opinion
3414:
3409:
3404:
3402:Media activism
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:Counterculture
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:Agenda-setting
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3339:Stage lighting
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3307:Mixing console
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
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3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
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3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:TV commercials
3078:
3073:
3071:Beauty pageant
3067:
3065:
3062:Types, formats
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2902:Audio engineer
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Make-up artist
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2789:Pre-production
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2763:News presenter
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2654:Main / general
2651:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Reverse motion
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Matte painting
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2324:Aerial rigging
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
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2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:Depth of field
2193:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:Point-of-view
2005:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1933:
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1928:
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1918:
1908:
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1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1774:
1763:
1762:External links
1760:
1757:
1756:
1725:
1718:
1694:
1663:
1654:
1641:
1632:
1617:
1607:
1588:
1564:
1547:
1526:
1513:
1509:New York Times
1500:
1470:
1440:
1437:on 2010-04-17.
1417:
1387:
1373:(in Russian).
1358:
1327:
1308:
1288:
1249:
1230:
1210:
1191:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1047:
1046:United Kingdom
1044:
1027:Silicon Valley
887:Hogan's Heroes
799:The Odd Couple
709:Family Matters
691:The Cosby Show
636:Robin Williams
626:Garry Marshall
603:Louise Winslow
587:sponsored film
569:Ray Culley of
523:Silver Theater
469:
466:
426:
423:
320:
317:
310:
309:
267:
265:
258:
244:
241:
233:SMPTE timecode
193:
190:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3536:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Media studies
3496:
3494:
3493:Media culture
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Broadcast law
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
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3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
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3370:
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3362:
3358:
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3327:
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3322:
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3309:
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3300:
3298:
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3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Breaking news
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
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3112:
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3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Stage manager
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:Boom operator
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Script editor
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Line producer
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
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2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:News director
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Changing room
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
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2669:
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2658:
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2618:
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2594:
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2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2521:Speed ramping
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
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2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Creature suit
2352:
2350:
2347:
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2342:
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2337:
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2332:
2329:
2325:
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2320:
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2257:
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2240:
2237:
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2214:
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2199:
2197:
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2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Walk and talk
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
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2119:
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2109:
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2103:
2099:
2089:
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2037:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1926:Sound effects
1924:
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1917:
1914:
1913:
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1909:
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1705:
1698:
1695:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1650:Printers' Ink
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1621:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1589:
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1581:
1577:
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1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:9780520221307
1540:
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1523:
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1510:
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1107:
1103:
1101:
1099:
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1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1042:(2017–2024).
1041:
1040:
1039:Young Sheldon
1035:
1034:
1030:(2014–2019),
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1024:(2015–2021),
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1018:(2014–2022),
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1012:(2013–2023),
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1009:The Goldbergs
1006:(2010–2015),
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970:(2006–2013),
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3473:Pixelization
3463:Media reform
3458:Media policy
3438:Bleep censor
3351:Vision mixer
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3126:Mockumentary
3101:Variety show
3024:Foley artist
3019:Sound editor
2922:Videographer
2886:Story editor
2876:Screenwriter
2836:Set designer
2596:Split screen
2591:Smallgantics
2581:Match moving
2389:Pyrotechnics
2339:Animatronics
2179:Lens effects
2040:Camera angle
2029:
2028: /
1911:Non-diegetic
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52:Please help
47:verification
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3312:Microphones
3221:Debate show
2871:Head writer
2841:TV producer
2806:TV director
2601:Stop motion
2576:Introvision
2556:Compositing
2546:Bullet time
2528:Stop motion
2516:Slow motion
2511:Fast motion
2456:Lens flares
2431:Bullet time
2404:Sugar glass
2394:Rubber mask
2328:wire-flying
2234:Master shot
2088:Dutch angle
1998:Perspective
1341:ScreenCraft
1125:Light stage
1090:soap operas
1066:The Sweeney
611:Food Is Fun
591:infomercial
559:I Love Lucy
498:I Love Lucy
489:Karl Freund
408:tally light
371:, and some
357:soap operas
229:synchronous
218:soap operas
202:master shot
192:Description
146:bullet time
3426:Regulation
3407:Media bias
3372:Censorship
3184:Soap opera
3164:Miniseries
3064:and genres
2963:Dolly grip
2895:Production
2831:Researcher
2780:Showrunner
2551:Chroma key
2506:Time-lapse
2471:Filtration
2436:Dolly zoom
2364:Kitbashing
2170:Dolly zoom
2068:Crane shot
2063:Bird's-eye
2058:High-angle
1946:Field size
1921:Film score
1863:Lens flare
1833:Background
1381:2017-12-10
1166:References
1145:polarizers
1115:Camera rig
1094:prime-time
1021:Superstore
979:The Middle
943:The Office
899:Happy Days
697:Full House
481:Desi Arnaz
452:Pirandello
365:game shows
361:talk shows
329:Al Jazeera
319:Television
292:March 2023
274:to readers
164:or simply
80:newspapers
3285:Technical
3254:Valuation
3189:Talk show
3091:Game show
3044:Publicist
2748:Celebrity
2571:Go motion
2496:Slit-scan
2418:In-camera
2317:Practical
2249:Long take
2155:SnorriCam
2150:Steadicam
2130:Hand-held
2078:Low-angle
1916:Narration
1878:Rembrandt
1560:Billboard
1271:0362-4331
1077:16mm film
1015:Black-ish
985:Community
937:Entourage
869:Bewitched
863:Get Smart
110:June 2020
3518:Category
3034:Colorist
3029:Composer
2958:Key grip
2928:operator
2741:Profiles
2661:Audience
2384:Puppetry
2254:One-shot
2140:Tracking
2123:Whip pan
2073:Jib shot
1978:Two shot
1968:Close-up
1958:American
1938:Shooting
1906:Diegetic
1853:High-key
1825:Lighting
1743:Archived
1706:(2008).
1681:Archived
1576:Archived
1487:Archived
1457:Archived
1404:Archived
1375:Archived
1345:Archived
1314:Archived
1275:Archived
1236:Archived
1197:Archived
1104:See also
703:Seinfeld
634:. Actor
609:(1950),
485:Al Simon
454:'s play
388:director
198:close-up
166:multicam
148:" effect
2560:digital
2558: (
2426:Bipacks
2373:hanging
2371: (
2326: (
2213:Zooming
2201:Shallow
2191:Racking
2118:Panning
2113:Tilting
2016:Reverse
1973:Italian
1868:Low-key
1749:May 12,
1687:May 12,
1677:Gizmodo
1493:13 June
1463:13 June
1410:13 June
1351:13 June
1320:13 June
1281:May 12,
1242:13 June
1203:13 June
1133:texture
1053:inserts
967:30 Rock
739:Frasier
727:Friends
599:Vitamix
546:comedy
404:editing
373:sitcoms
270:may be
237:Genlock
94:scholar
3486:Theory
3360:Issues
3179:Sitcom
3174:Serial
3147:Series
3039:Editor
2948:gaffer
2866:Writer
2695:Places
2538:Visual
2259:Insert
2239:B-roll
2165:Follow
2053:Aerial
2026:Single
1963:Medium
1716:
1652:, 1950
1541:
1306:
1269:
1228:
1189:
925:Scrubs
890:, and
820:, and
685:Cheers
597:, for
252:sense.
96:
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75:
67:
2978:Gofer
2186:Focus
2145:Dolly
2135:Shaky
2021:Trunk
2010:(POV)
1898:Sound
1883:Stage
1848:Flood
1838:Cameo
1129:shape
1003:Louie
249:films
247:Most
101:JSTOR
87:books
3209:News
2953:grip
2758:Host
2206:Deep
2048:Tilt
1888:Soft
1873:Mood
1843:Fill
1751:2017
1714:ISBN
1689:2017
1615:1991
1602:Time
1539:ISBN
1495:2020
1465:2020
1412:2020
1353:2020
1322:2020
1304:ISBN
1283:2017
1267:ISSN
1244:2020
1226:ISBN
1205:2020
1187:ISBN
1069:and
1059:and
585:, a
439:and
353:news
243:Film
235:and
210:film
206:take
178:film
172:and
152:The
73:news
1858:Key
1582:",
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1061:ITV
1057:BBC
787:Mom
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544:CBS
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491:of
462:BBC
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