Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

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drug class. If it is difficult finding five drugs to treat then the clinician can request that high-level INH-resistance be looked for. If the strain has only low-level INH-resistance (resistance at 0.2 mg/L INH, but sensitive at 1.0 mg/L INH), then high dose INH can be used as part of the regimen. When counting drugs, PZA and interferon count as zero; that is to say, when adding PZA to a four-drug regimen, another drug must be chosen to make five. It is not possible to use more than one injectable (STM, capreomycin or amikacin), because the toxic effect of these drugs is additive: If possible, the aminoglycoside should be given daily for a minimum of three months (and perhaps thrice weekly thereafter). Ciprofloxacin should not be used in the treatment of tuberculosis if other fluoroquinolones are available. As of 2008, Cochrane reports that trials of other fluoroquinolones are ongoing. While Rifampin is an effective drug, lack of adherence has led to relapse. This is why the use of various first-line drugs, along with developing new drugs that are specific towards drug-resistant strains, is essential. There are a number of new anti-TB medications that are currently in the developmental stage that are directed to treat drug resistant strains; a few of these drugs are PA-824 (now

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Shrinking the lung cavity, thoracoplasty, to fill void space caused by tuberculosis damage was done by either removing ribs, raising the diaphragm, or implanting fluids or solid materials into lung cavity as a less invasive alternative to artificial pneumothorax. These treatments fell out of favor with the invention anti-tuberculosis drugs in the mid-20th century and have not seen a revival with MDR-TB, except for thoracoplasty done with implanted muscle tissue. Surgically removing portions of the lung, called lung resectioning, was a mostly theoretical possibility until the improved surgical tools and techniques of the mid-20th century. As of 2016, surgery is typically performed after 6–8 months of unsuccessful anti-TB treatment by other means. Surgical treatment has a high success rate, upwards of 80%, but a similarly high failure rate of upwards of 10% including the risk of death. Surgery is first focused on stabilizing cavities, or "destroyed lung", caused by the disease, followed by the removal of

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as one of the main causes of interruption in prisoner's TB treatment, in addition to non-compliance within the prison and upon reintegration into civilian life. Fry et al.'s study also listed side effects of TB treatment medications (especially in HIV positive individuals), financial worries, housing insecurities, family problems, and fear of arrest as factors that prevented some prisoners from properly adhering to TB treatment. They also note that some researchers have argued that the short-term gains TB-positive prisoners receive, such as better food or work exclusion, may dis-incentivize becoming cured. In their World Health Organization article, Gelmanova et al. posit that non-adherence to TB treatment indirectly contributes to bacterial resistance. Although ineffective or inconsistent treatment does not "create" resistant strains, mutations within the high bacterial load in non-adherent prisoners can cause resistance.

791:. Infectious disease researchers Nachega & Chaisson report that 10% of the one million prisoners within the system have active TB. One of their studies found that 75% of newly diagnosed inmates with TB are resistant to at least one drug; 40% of new cases are multidrug-resistant. In 1997, TB accounted for almost half of all Russian prison deaths, and as Bobrik et al. point out in their public health study, the 90% reduction in TB incidence contributed to a consequential fall in the prisoner death rate in the years following 1997. Baussano et al. articulate that concerning statistics like these are especially worrisome because spikes in TB incidence in prisons are linked to corresponding outbreaks in surrounding communities. Additionally, rising rates of incarceration, especially in Central Asian and Eastern European countries like Russia, have been correlated with higher TB rates in civilian populations. Even as the 708: 474:

economic case for treating smear-negative and extra-pulmonary cases in DOTS programs along with treating smear-negative and extra-pulmonary cases in DOTS programs as a new WHO "STOP TB" approach and the second global plan for tuberculosis control. Last but not least, the study shows that a significant scaling-up of all interventions is needed in the next 10 years if the millennium development goal and related goals for tuberculosis control are to be achieved. If the case detection rate can be improved, this will guarantee that people who gain access to treatment facilities are covered and that coverage is widely distributed to people who do not now have access.

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Russian society will be greatly impacted by this change. Formerly incarcerated Russians will re-enter civilian life and remain within that sphere; as they live as civilians, they will infect others with the contagions they were exposed to in prison. Researcher Vivian Stern argues that the risk of transmission from prison populations to the general public calls for an integration of prison healthcare and national health services to better control both TB and MDR-TB. While second-line drugs necessary for treating MDR-TB are arguably more expensive than a typical regimen of DOTS therapy, infectious disease specialist

140:.) Currently the majority of multidrug-resistant cases of TB are due to one strain of TB bacteria called the Beijing lineage. This process accelerates if incorrect or inadequate treatments are used, leading to the development and spread of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Incorrect or inadequate treatment may be due to use of the wrong medications, use of only one medication (standard treatment is at least two drugs), or not taking medication consistently or for the full treatment period (treatment is required for several months). Treatment of MDR-TB requires second-line drugs (i.e., 31: 805:

correctional colony has 2 meters. Specialized hospitals and treatment facilities within the prison system, known as TB colonies, are intended to isolate infected prisoners to prevent transmission; however, as Ruddy et al. demonstrate, there are not enough of these colonies to sufficiently protect staff and other inmates. Additionally, many cells lack adequate ventilation, which increases likelihood of transmission. Bobrik et al. have also noted food shortages within prisons, which deprive inmates of the nutrition necessary for healthy functioning.

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the management of MDR-TB (and some physicians insist on hospitalisation if only for this reason). Some physicians will insist that these patients remain isolated until their sputum is smear-negative, or even culture-negative (which may take many months, or even years). Keeping these patients in hospital for weeks (or months) on end may be a practical or physical impossibility, and the final decision depends on the clinical judgement of the physician treating that patient. The attending physician should make full use of

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course completion or eradication of disease; 15% of those died while in treatment; 15% were lost to follow-up; 8% had treatment failure and there was no data on the remaining 6%. Treatment success rate was highest in the World Health Organization Mediterranean region at 65%. Treatment success rates were lower than 50% in the Ukraine, Mozambique, Indonesia and India. Areas with poor TB surveillance infrastructure had higher rates of loss to follow-up of treatment.

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Group C3 (conditional recommendation, very low certainty in the evidence). If the minimum number of effective TB medicines cannot be composed as given above, an agent from Group D2 and other agents from Group D3 may be added to bring the total to five. It is recommended that the regimen be further strengthened with high-dose isoniazid and/or ethambutol (conditional recommendation, very low certainty in the evidence)." Medicines recommended are the following:

565: 148:, and others), which in general are less effective, more toxic and much more expensive than first-line drugs. Treatment schedules for MDR-TB involving fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides can run for two years, compared to the six months of first-line drug treatment, and cost over US$ 100,000. If these second-line drugs are prescribed or taken incorrectly, further resistance can develop leading to XDR-TB. 614:), all of which are in Phase II of development. Pretomanid and delamanid are both in the nitroimidazole class and have mechanisms involving bioactive reductive activation. Bedaquiline is a diarylquinoline that has a different mechanism; this drug directly inhibits energy production, so this drug may be a better option because it may not require as long of a treatment course as other drugs. 399:"Opponents of a universal tuberculosis treatment, reasoning from misguided notions of cost-effectiveness, fail to acknowledge that MDRTB is not a disease of poor people in distant places. The disease is infectious and airborne. Treating only one group of patients looks inexpensive in the short run, but will prove disastrous for all in the long run." Paul Farmer 213:

M. tuberculosis cell wall is a major function of the PE11 protein. It is hypothesized that upregulating the production of PE11 protein can decrease the quantity of antibiotics that enter M. tuberculosis. The expression of M. tuberculosis PE11 protein in M. smegmatis can generate raised resistance levels to several antibiotics, including RIF.

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Asia and then spreading towards the West and South America. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has a variety of causes, but resistance usually due to treatment failure, drug combinations, coinfections, prior use of anti-TB medications, inadequate absorption of medication, underlying disease, and noncompliance with anti-TB drugs.

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are required to treat MDR-TB, are also more toxic, with side effects such as nausea, abdominal pain, and even psychosis. The Partners in Health team had treated patients in Peru who were sick with strains that were resistant to ten and even twelve drugs. Most such patients require adjuvant surgery for any hope of a cure.

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airborne pathogen, persons with active, pulmonary tuberculosis caused by a multidrug-resistant strain can transmit the disease if they are alive and coughing. TB strains are often less fit and less transmissible, and outbreaks occur more readily in people with weakened immune systems (e.g., patients with

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in that area. In New York City, a report issued by city health authorities states that fully 80 percent of all MDR-TB cases could be traced back to prisons and homeless shelters. When patients have MDR-TB, they require longer periods of treatment. Several of the less powerful second-line drugs, which

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Treatment success rates remain unacceptably low globally with variation between regions. 2016 data published by the WHO reported treatment success rates of multidrug-resistant TB globally. For those started on treatment for multidrug-resistant TB 56% successfully completed treatment, either treatment

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Patients with MDR-TB should be isolated in negative-pressure rooms, if possible. Patients with MDR-TB should not be accommodated on the same ward as immunosuppressed patients (HIV-infected patients, or patients on immunosuppressive drugs). Careful monitoring of compliance with treatment is crucial to

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For patients with RR-TB or MDR-TB, "not previously treated with second-line drugs and in whom resistance to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable agents was excluded or is considered highly unlikely, a shorter MDR-TB regimen of 9–12 months may be used instead of the longer regimens (conditional

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A study of cost-effective strategies for tuberculosis control supported three major policies. First, the treatment of smear-positive cases in DOTS programs must be the foundation of any tuberculosis control approach, and should be a basic practice for all control programs. Second, there is a powerful

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Dalton, Tracy; Cegielski, Peter; Akksilp, Somsak; Asencios, Luis; Caoili, Janice Campos; Cho, Sang-Nae; Erokhin, Vladislav V; Ershova, Julia; Gler, Ma Tarcela; Kazennyy, Boris Y; Kim, Hee Jin; Kliiman, Kai; Kurbatova, Ekaterina; Kvasnovsky, Charlotte; Leimane, Vaira; Van Der Walt, Martie; Via, Laura

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Before the discovery of effective antibiotics in the early 1940s, a collapsed lung might be triggered deliberately as a treatment for tuberculosis. Gases such as nitrogen and oxygen would be injected into the chest cavity, collapsing the lung and so allowing it to heal more easily. This Pneumothorax

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There is no intermittent regimen validated for use in MDR-TB, but clinical experience is that giving injectable drugs for five days a week (because there is no-one available to give the drug at weekends) does not seem to result in inferior results. Directly observed therapy helps to improve outcomes

601:

In general, resistance to one drug within a class means resistance to all drugs within that class, but a notable exception is rifabutin: Rifampicin-resistance does not always mean rifabutin-resistance, and the laboratory should be asked to test for it. It is possible to use only one drug within each

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tests indicating susceptibility. Hence, a detailed knowledge of the treatment history of each patient is essential. In addition to the obvious risks (i.e., known exposure to a patient with MDR-TB), risk factors for MDR-TB include HIV infection, previous incarceration, failed TB treatment, failure to

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Completion of treatment: Previous treatment of TB is an indicator of MDR TB. If the patient does not complete their antibiotic treatment, or if the physician does not prescribe the proper antibiotic regimen, resistance can develop. Also, drugs that are of poor quality or less in quantity, especially

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molecules which act as a barrier to stop drugs from entering the cell. In order to lessen its vulnerability, M. tuberculosis can also stop medications from penetrating its cells. RIF resistance is linked to numerous genes and proteins that are involved in the formation of cell walls. Maintaining the

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first originated in the East African region approximately 3 million years ago, with modern strains mutating and arising 20,000 years ago; Archaeologists confirmed this with skeletal analysis of Egyptian remains. As migration out of East Africa increased, so did the spread of the disease, starting in

820:

Non-compliance with treatment plans is often cited as a contributor to MDR-TB transmission and mortality. Indeed, of the 80 newly released TB-infected inmates in Fry et al.'s study, 73.8% did not report visiting a community dispensary for further treatment. Ruddy et al. cite release from facilities

361:

In the past 10 years TB strains have emerged in Italy, Iran, India, and South Africa which are resistant to all available first and second line TB drugs, classified as totally drug-resistant tuberculosis, though there is some controversy over this term. Increasing levels of resistance in TB strains

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Nachega & Chaisson argue that inadequate TB control programs are the strongest driver of MDR-TB incidence. They note that prevalence of MDR-TB is 2.5 times higher in areas of poorly controlled TB. Russian-based therapy (i.e., not DOTS) has been criticized by Kimerling et al. as "inadequate" in

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Shin et al. emphasize another factor in MDR-TB prevalence in Russian prisons: alcohol and substance use. Ruddy et al. showed that risk for MDR-TB is three times higher among recreational drug users than non-users. Shin et al.'s study demonstrated that alcohol usage was linked to poorer outcomes in

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For treatment of RR- and MDT-TB, WHO treatment guidelines are as follows: "a regimen with at least five effective TB medicines during the intensive phase is recommended, including pyrazinamide and four core second-line TB medicines – one chosen from Group A, one from Group B, and at least two from

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within prison populations has also been shown to worsen health outcomes. Nachega & Chaisson articulate that while HIV-infected prisoners are not more susceptible MDR-TB infection, they are more likely to progress to serious clinical illness if infected. According to Stern, HIV infection is 75

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Cases of MDR tuberculosis have been reported in every country surveyed. MDR-TB most commonly develops in the course of TB treatment, and is most commonly due to doctors giving inappropriate treatment, or patients missing doses or failing to complete their treatment. Because MDR tuberculosis is an

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Shin S. S.; Pasechnikov A.; Gelmanova I.; Peremitin G.; Strelis A.; Andreev Y.; Golubchikova V.; Tonkel T.; Yanova G.; Nikiforov M.; Yedilbayev A.; Mukherjee J.; Furin J.; Barry D.; Farmer P.; Rich M.; Keshavjee S. (2006). "Treatment outcomes in an integrated civilian and prison MDR-TB treatment

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As Ruddy et al. note, Russia's early 2000s penal reforms could greatly reduce the number of inmates inside prison facilities and thus increase the number of ex-convicts integrated into civilian populations. Because the incidence of MDR-TB is strongly predicted by past imprisonment, the health of

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properly controlling TB incidence and transmission. Bobrik et al. note that treatment for MDR-TB is equally inconsistent; the second-line drugs used to treat the prisoners lack specific treatment guidelines, infrastructure, training, or follow-up protocols for prisoners reentering civilian life.

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Some supplements may be useful as adjuncts in the treatment of tuberculosis, but, for the purposes of counting drugs for MDR-TB, they count as zero (if four drugs are already in the regimen, it may be beneficial to add arginine or vitamin D or both, but another drug will be needed to make five).

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from an infected person to an uninfected person. In this case a previously untreated person develops a new case of MDR-TB. This is known as primary MDR-TB, and is responsible for up to 75% of cases. Acquired MDR-TB develops when a person with a non-resistant strain of TB is treated inadequately,

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In cases of extremely resistant disease, surgery to remove infection portions of the lung is, in general, the final option. Early surgical treatments beginning in the 19th century include inducing lung collapse, as standing tissue heals faster than tissue in use, called artificial pneumothorax.

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As of 2013, 3.7% of new tuberculosis cases have MDR-TB. Levels are much higher in those previously treated for tuberculosis – about 20%. WHO estimates that there were about 0.5 million new MDR-TB cases in the world in 2011. About 60% of these cases occurred in Brazil, China, India, the Russian

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The treatment of MDR-TB must be undertaken by physicians experienced in the treatment of MDR-TB. Mortality and morbidity in patients treated in non-specialist centers are significantly higher than those of patients treated in specialist centers. Treatment of MDR-TB must be done on the basis of

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In some TB bacteria, the acquisition of these mutations can be explained by other mutations in the DNA recombination, recognition and repair machinery. Mutations in these genes allow the bacteria to have a higher overall mutation rate and to accumulate mutations that cause drug resistance more

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Peter r. Donald, Frederick a. Sirge; Sirgel, FA; Venter, A; Parkin, DP; Van De Wal, BW; Barendse, A; Smit, E; Carman, D; Talent, J; Maritz, J (2001). "Early Bactericidal Activity of Amoxicillin in Combination with Clavulanic Acid in Patients with Sputum Smear-positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis".

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uses passive case finding. This means that the system depends on patients coming to health care providers, without conducting compulsory screenings. As medical anthropologists like Erin Koch have shown, this form of implementation does not suit all cultural structures. They urge that the DOTS

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57 countries reported outcomes for patients started on extreme-drug resistant TB, this included 9258 patients. 39% completed treatment successfully, 26% of patients died and treatment failed for 18%. 84% of the extreme drug resistant cohort was made up of only three countries; India, Russian

804:

There are several elements of the Russian prison system that enable the spread of MDR-TB and heighten its severity. Overcrowding in prisons is especially conducive to the spread of tuberculosis; an inmate in a prison hospital has (on average) 3 meters of personal space, and an inmate in a

167:, usually four or more anti-TB drugs for a minimum of 6 months, and possibly extending for 18–24 months if rifampin resistance has been identified in the specific strain of TB with which the patient has been infected. Under ideal program conditions, MDR-TB cure rates can approach 70%. 159:

MDR-TB caused an estimated 600,000 new TB cases and 240,000 deaths in 2016 and MDR-TB accounts for 4.1% of all new TB cases and 19% of previously treated cases worldwide. Globally, most MDR-TB cases occur in South America, Southern Africa, India, China, and the former Soviet Union.

2909:

Andries, Koen; Verhasselt, Peter; Guillemont, Jerome; Göhlmann, Hinrich W. H.; Neefs, Jean-Marc; Winkler, Hans; Van Gestel, Jef; Timmerman, Philip; Zhu, Min; Lee, Ennis; Williams, Peter; de Chaffoy, Didier; Huitric, Emma; Hoffner, Sven; Cambau, Emmanuelle (14 January 2005).

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Fry R.; Khoshnood K.; Vdovichenko E.; Granskaya J.; Sazhin V.; Shpakovskaya L; Zhemkov V.; Zhemkova M.; Rowhani-Rahbar A.; Funk M.; Kozlov A. (2005). "Barriers to completion of tuberculosis treatment among prisoners and former prisoners in St. Petersburg, Russia".

537:. The reason for maintaining the patient on INH is that INH is so potent in treating TB that it is foolish to omit it until there is microbiological proof that it is ineffective (even though isoniazid resistance so commonly occurs with rifampicin resistance). 2661:

Mitnick, Carole; Bayona, Jaime; Palacios, Eda; Shin, Sonya; Furin, Jennifer; Alcántara, Felix; Sánchez, Epifanio; Sarria, Madeleny; Becerra, Mercedes; Fawzi, Mary C. Smith; Kapiga, Saidi; Neuberg, Donna; Maguire, James H.; Kim, Jim Yong; Farmer, Paul (2003).

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drugs and have more adverse effects. The treatment and prognosis of MDR-TB are much more akin to those for cancer than to those for infection. MDR-TB has a mortality rate of about 15% with treatment, which further depends on a number of factors, including:

3959:

Fischl, Margaret A.; Uttamchandani, RB; Daikos, GL; Poblete, RB; Moreno, JN; Reyes, RR; Boota, AM; Thompson, LM; Cleary, TJ; Lai, S (1992). "An Outbreak of Tuberculosis Caused by Multiple-Drug-resistant Tubercle Bacilli among Patients with HIV Infection".

730:, and then the removal of fluid and pus build up. Tuberculosis and lung cancer can coexist in patients as a possible complication, however the surgical therapies are similar as lung cancer surgery has its roots in aforementioned tuberculosis treatments. 813:

times more prevalent in Russian prison populations than in the civilian population. Therefore, prison inmates are both more likely to become infected with MDR-TB initially and to experience severe symptoms because of previous exposure to HIV.

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posits that the outcome of leaving infected prisoners untreated could cause a massive outbreak of MDR-TB in civilian populations, thereby inflicting a heavy toll on society. Additionally, as MDR-TB spreads, the threat of the emergence of

3839:

Edlin, Brian R.; Tokars, Jerome I.; Grieco, Michael H.; Crawford, Jack T.; Williams, Julie; Sordillo, Emelia M.; Ong, Kenneth R.; Kilburn, James O.; Dooley, Samuel W.; Castro, Kenneth G.; Jarvis, William R.; Holmberg, Scott D. (1992).

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E; Volchenkov, Grigory V; Yagui, Martin A; Kang, Hyungseok; Global Petts, Investigators; Akksilp, R; Sitti, W; Wattanaamornkiet, W; Andreevskaya, SN; Chernousova, LN; Demikhova, OV; Larionova, EE; Smirnova, TG; Vasilieva, IA (2012).

695:

The resurgence of tuberculosis in the United States, the advent of HIV-related tuberculosis, and the development of strains of TB resistant to the first-line therapies developed in recent decades serve to reinforce the thesis that

381:

Rapid diagnosis & treatment of TB: One of the greatest risk factors for drug-resistant TB is problems in treatment and diagnosis, especially in developing countries. If TB is identified and treated soon, drug resistance can be

482:

sensitivity testing: it is impossible to treat such patients without this information. When treating a patient with suspected MDR-TB, pending the result of laboratory sensitivity testing, the patient could be started on SHREZ (

362:

threaten to complicate the current global public health approaches to TB control. New drugs are being developed to treat extensively resistant forms but major improvements in detection, diagnosis, and treatment will be needed.

3103:

Jagannath, C; Reddy, M V; Kailasam, S; O'Sullivan, J F; Gangadharam, P R (1995). "Chemotherapeutic activity of clofazimine and its analogues against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In vitro, intracellular, and in vivo studies".

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is available in some countries. This serves as a useful marker for MDR-TB, because isolated RMP resistance is rare (except when patients have a history of being treated with rifampicin alone). If the results of a gene probe

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and others. Amino acid replacements in the NADH binding site of InhA apparently result in INH resistance by preventing the inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis, which the bacterium uses in its cell wall. Mutations in the

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is expanded throughout Russian prisons, researchers such as Shin et al. have noted that wide-scale interventions have not had their desired effect, especially with regard to the spread of drug-resistant strains of TB.

684:) to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, the first new treatment in 40 years. Sirturo is to be used in a combination therapy for patients who have failed standard treatment and have no other options. Sirturo is an 357:

In a study of MDR-TB patients from 2005 to 2008 in various countries, 43.7% had resistance to at least one second-line drug. About 9% of MDR-TB cases are resistant to a drug from both classes and classified as XDR-TB.

411:(DOTS) initiative, have shown considerable success in the world. In these locales, these programs have proven to be a good option for proper treatment of MDR-TB in poor, rural areas. A successful example has been in 188:

The TB bacterium has natural defenses against some drugs, and can acquire drug resistance through genetic mutations. The bacterium does not have the ability to transfer genes for resistance between organisms through

105:. Almost one in four people in the world are infected with TB bacteria. Only when the bacteria become active do people become ill with TB. Bacteria become active as a result of anything that can reduce the person's 353:

The Group A drugs are currently levofloxacin or moxifloxacin, bedaquiline and linezolid, therefore XDR-TB is MDR/RR-TB that is resistant to a fluoroquinolone and at least one of bedaquiline or linezolid (or both).

4396:

Ruddy M.; Balabanova Y.; Graham C.; Fedorin I.; Malomanova N.; Elisarova E.; Kuznetznov S.; Gusarova G.; Zakharova S.; Melentyev A.; Krukova E.; Golishevskaya V.; Erokhin V.; Dorozhkova I.; Drobniewski F. (2005).

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A study in Los Angeles, California, found that only 6% of cases of MDR-TB were clustered. Likewise, the appearance of high rates of MDR-TB in New York City in the early 1990s was associated with the explosion of

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gene changes the sequence of amino acids and eventual conformation, or arrangement, of the beta subunit. In this case, rifampin can no longer bind or prevent transcription, and the bacterium is resistant.

244:

gene, which encodes the beta subunit of the bacterium's RNA polymerase enzyme. In non-resistant TB, rifampin binds the beta subunit of RNA polymerase and disrupts transcription elongation. Mutation in the

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Parida, S. K.; Axelsson-Robertson, R.; Rao, M. V.; Singh, N.; Master, I.; Lutckii, A.; Keshavjee, S.; Andersson, J.; Zumla, A. (1 April 2015). "Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies".

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In general, treatment courses are measured in months to years; MDR-TB may require surgery, and death rates remain high despite optimal treatment. However, good outcomes for patients are still possible.

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TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) strains that fulfill the definition of MDR/RR-TB and which are also resistant to any fluoroquinolone and at least one additional Group A drug.

6053: 1150:

Parwati, Ida; Crevel, Reinout van; Soolingen, Dick van (February 2010). "Possible underlying mechanisms for successful emergence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype strains".

700:, the causative organism, makes its own preferential option for the poor. The simple truth is that almost all tuberculosis deaths result from a lack of access to existing effective therapy. 466:

The majority of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis do not receive treatment, as they are found in underdeveloped countries or in poverty. Denial of treatment remains a difficult

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Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (March 1991). "Transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis from an HIV-positive client in a residential substance-abuse treatment facility—Michigan".

6098: 6088: 3528:

Butov, Dmitry A; Pashkov, Yuri N; Stepanenko, Anna L; Choporova, Aleksandra I; Butova, Tanya S; Batdelger, Dendev; Jirathitikal, Vichai; Bourinbaiar, Aldar S; Zaitzeva, Svetlana I (2011).

4815: 649:(in particular, of the aminoglycosides) both to monitor compliance and to avoid toxic effects. Response to treatment must be obtained by repeated sputum cultures (monthly if possible). 6073: 817:

MDR-TB treatment; they also noted that a majority of subjects within their study (many of whom regularly used alcohol) were nevertheless cured by their aggressive treatment regimen.

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Group C: Other core second-line agents (ethambutol, delamanid, pyrazinamide, imipenem-cilastatin/meropenem, amikacin/streptomycin, ethionamide/prothionamide, p-aminosalicylic acid)

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MDR-TB is widespread in Somalia, where 8.7% of newly discovered TB cases are resistant to Rifampicin and Isoniazid, in patients which were treated previously the share was 47%.

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Subotic, Dragan; Yablonskiy, Piotr; Sulis, Giorgia; Cordos, Ioan; Petrov, Danail; Centis, Rosella; D'Ambrosio, Lia; Sotgiu, Giovanni; Migliori, Giovanni Battista (July 2016).

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Refugees from Somalia brought an until then unknown variant of MDR tuberculosis with them to Europe. A few number of cases in four different countries were considered by the

1912:

Ford, Christopher B.; Shah, Rupal R.; Maeda, Midori Kato; Gagneux, Sebastien; Murray, Megan B.; Cohen, Ted; Johnston, James C.; Gardy, Jennifer; Lipsitch, Marc (July 2013).

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Hanekom, M.; Pittius, N.C. Gey van; McEvoy, C.; Victor, T.C.; Helden, P.D. Van; Warren, R.M. (2011). "Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype: A template for success".

389:

Identifying and diagnosing patients with HIV/AIDS as soon as possible. They lack the immunity to fight the TB infection and are at great risk of developing drug resistance.

3810:

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (August 1991). "Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV-infected persons—Florida and New York, 1988–1991".

776: 2224:

Zumla, Alimuddin; Abubakar, Ibrahim; Raviglione, Mario; Hoelscher, Michael; Ditiu, Lucica; Mchugh, Timothy D.; Squire, S. Bertel; Cox, Helen; Ford, Nathan (15 May 2012).

5754: 4187: 2325: 253:

Other mutations make the bacterium resistant to other drugs. For example, there are many mutations that confer resistance to isoniazid (INH), including in the genes

2096:"Prevalence of and risk factors for resistance to second-line drugs in people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in eight countries: A prospective cohort study" 1682:

Mousavi-Sagharchi, Seyyed Mohammad Amin; Afrazeh, Elina; Seyyedian-Nikjeh, Seyyedeh Fatemeh; Meskini, Maryam; Doroud, Delaram; Siadat, Seyed Davar (21 June 2024).

1083:

Stoffels, Karolien; Allix-Béguec, Caroline; Groenen, Guido; Wanlin, Maryse; Berkvens, Dirk; Mathys, Vanessa; Supply, Philip; Fauville-Dufaux, Maryse (9 May 2013).

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Chambers, Henry F.; Kocagöz, Tanil; Sipit, Tugrul; Turner, Joan; Hopewell, Philip C. (1998). "Activity of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate in Patients with Tuberculosis".

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apparatus was made by the Genito-Urinary Manufacturing Co Ltd and would have been used in hospitals, especially those dedicated to treating tuberculosis patients.

6043: 4037: 408: 339:

TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) strains that fulfill the definition of MDR/RR-TB and which are also resistant to any fluoroquinolone.

5312: 1969:

Mestre, Olga; Luo, Tao; Vultos, Tiago Dos; Kremer, Kristin; Murray, Alan; Namouchi, Amine; Jackson, Céline; Rauzier, Jean; Bifani, Pablo (20 January 2011).

1914:"Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutation rate estimates from different lineages predict substantial differences in the emergence of drug resistant tuberculosis" 5307: 862: 6038: 3237:

Shubin, H; Sherson, J; Pennes, E; Glaskin, A; Sokmensuer, A (1958). "Prochlorperazine (compazine) as an aid in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis".

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gene make the enzyme catalase peroxidase unable to convert INH to its biologically active form. Hence, INH is ineffective and the bacterium is resistant.

3317:; Wells, Charles D (2005). "Clinical outcome of individualised treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Latvia: A retrospective cohort study". 1971:"Phylogeny of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Strains Constructed from Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in DNA Replication, Recombination and Repair" 1335:

Nathanson, Eva; Nunn, Paul; Uplekar, Mukund; Floyd, Katherine; Jaramillo, Ernesto; Lönnroth, Knut; Weil, Diana; Raviglione, Mario (9 September 2010).

455:

How co-operative the patient is with treatment (treatment is arduous and long, and requires persistence and determination on the part of the patient)

707: 156:

resulting in the development of antibiotic resistance in the TB bacteria infecting them. These people can in turn infect other people with MDR-TB.

5909: 5155: 1533:

Sandhu, P; Akhter, Y (26 September 2017). "Evolution of structural fitness and multifunctional aspects of mycobacterial RND family transporters".

324: 286: 93: 53: 2854:"Powerful Bactericidal and Sterilizing Activity of a Regimen Containing PA-824, Moxifloxacin, and Pyrazinamide in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis" 4497:"Barriers to successful tuberculosis treatment in Tomsk, Russian Federation: non-adherence, default and the acquisition of multidrug resistance" 6240: 6083: 5536: 4941: 3530:"Phase IIb randomized trial of adjunct immunotherapy in patients with first-diagnosed tuberculosis, relapsed and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) TB" 510:. There is evidence that previous therapy with a drug for more than a month is associated with diminished efficacy of that drug regardless of 4718: 4693: 4668: 4645: 4009: 3932: 3881:

Pitchenik, Arthure; Burr, Janice; Laufer, Marla; Miller, Gary; Cacciatore, Robert; Bigler, Williamj.; Witte, Johnj.; Cleary, Timothy (1990).

3812: 3666: 1627:"Mutations inside rifampicin-resistance determining region of rpoB gene associated with rifampicin-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis" 4828: 3487:

Zaitzeva, S. I.; Matveeva, S. L.; Gerasimova, T. G.; Pashkov, Y. N.; Butov, D. A.; Pylypchuk, V. S.; Frolov, V. M.; Kutsyna, G. A. (2009).

2852:

Nuermberger, Eric; Tyagi, Sandeep; Tasneen, Rokeya; Williams, Kathy N.; Almeida, Deepak; Rosenthal, Ian; Grosset, Jacques H. (April 2008).

109:, such as HIV, advancing age, diabetes or other immunocompromising illnesses. TB can usually be treated with a course of four standard, or 4739: 2036:

Viney, Kerri; Linh, Nguyen Nhat; Gegia, Medea; Zignol, Matteo; Glaziou, Philippe; Ismail, Nazir; Kasaeva, Tereza; Mirzayev, Fuad (2021).

1790:

Ramaswamy, S; Musser, JM (1998). "Molecular genetic basis of antimicrobial agent resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: 1998 update".

5914: 1418: 873: 840: 366: 904: 5722: 5057: 3368: 717:

Federation and Ukraine. Shorter treatment regimes for MDR-TB have been found to be beneficial having higher treatment success rates.

5850: 5150: 4870: 4833: 2789: 2755: 867: 437:

Usually, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis can be cured with long treatments of second-line drugs, but these are more expensive than

578:

of parts of this article (those related to Pretomanid, delamanid, bedaquiline approval & current clinical experience (if any))

3598: 6078: 5125: 5718: 752: 6245: 5649: 5477: 4080:

Frieden, Thomas R.; Sterling, Timothy; Pablos-Mendez, Ariel; Kilburn, James O.; Cauthen, George M.; Dooley, Samuel W. (1993).

236:: Spontaneous mutations in the TB genome can alter proteins which are the target of drugs, making the bacteria drug-resistant. 5737: 5639: 5194: 5184: 5091: 4660: 4637: 4399:"Rates of drug resistance and risk factor analysis in civilian and prison patients with tuberculosis in Samar Region, Russia" 3190:"Lack of Activity of Orally Administered Clofazimine against Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Whole-Blood Culture" 2813:

Ziganshina, L. E.; Squire, S. B. (23 January 2008). Ziganshina, Lilia E (ed.). "Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis".

4161: 2038:"New definitions of pre-extensively and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: update from the World Health Organization" 30: 6204: 6048: 6033: 2329: 3842:"An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among Hospitalized Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome" 574: 6058: 5457: 5302: 4935: 3583: 2447: 673: 136:

for TB in 1943, some strains of the TB bacteria developed resistance to the standard drugs through genetic changes (see

1827:"Target discovery focused approaches to overcome bottlenecks in the exploitation of antimycobacterial natural products" 6194: 5577: 5443: 5349: 5288: 5214: 646: 3653: 1253: 1019: 944: 4041: 2704:

Goble, Marian; Iseman, Michael D.; Madsen, Lorie A.; Waite, Dennis; Ackerson, Lynn; Horsburgh Jr, C. Robert (1993).

6169: 5992: 5688: 5529: 5003: 3434:

Rockett, Kirk A.; Brookes, Roger; Udalova, Irina; Vidal, Vincent; Hill, Adrian V. S.; Kwiatkowski, Dominic (1998).

1834: 1085:"From Multidrug- to Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Upward Trends as Seen from a 15-Year Nationwide Study" 101: 39: 3139:

Adams, Linda B.; Sinha, Indu; Franzblau, Scott G.; Krahenbuhl, James L. Krahenbuhl; Mehta, Reeta T. Mehta (1999).

224:) that inactivate drug molecules. These enzymes are usually phosphorylate, acetylate, or adenylate drug compounds. 6017: 5957: 5634: 5607: 5334: 5118: 5052: 4735: 4685: 3649: 1414: 911: 6139: 5471: 5135: 4949: 4796: 4546:"Inadequacy of the current WHO re-treatment regimen in a central Siberian prison: treatment failure and MDR-TB" 1576:

Louw, G. E.; Warren, R. M.; Gey Van Pittius, N. C.; McEvoy, C. R. E.; Van Helden, P. D.; Victor, T. C. (2009).

194: 73: 5707: 4495:

Gelmanova I.; Keshavjee S.; Golubchikova V.; Berezina V.; Strelis A.; Yanova G.; Atwood S.; Murray M. (2007).

2445:(2004). "Community-based treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru: 7 years of experience". 3489:"Treatment of cavitary and infiltrating pulmonary tuberculosis with and without the immunomodulator Dzherelo" 6144: 5924: 5786: 5727: 5667: 5592: 5373: 5359: 5140: 4969: 4911: 4065: 970:"The Impact of First-Line Anti-Tubercular Drugs' Pharmacokinetics on Treatment Outcome: A Systematic Review" 852: 292: 164: 133: 89: 77: 3579: 3393:

Schon, T.; Elias, D.; Moges, F.; Melese, E.; Tessema, T.; Stendahl, O.; Britton, S.; Sundqvist, T. (2003).

6219: 6209: 6103: 5699: 5612: 5561: 5366: 5320: 5268: 5233: 5145: 5096: 5065: 5040: 685: 432: 395:

Research: Much research and funding is needed in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of TB and MDR TB.

423:

protocol be constantly reformed in the context of local practices, forms of knowledge and everyday life.

6250: 6199: 6093: 5860: 5805: 5712: 5522: 5502: 5405: 5345: 5279: 5258: 5240: 5223: 4819: 4260:

Bobrik A.; Danishevski K.; Eroshina K.; McKee M. (2005). "Prison Health in Russia: The Larger Picture".

3313:

Leimane, Vaira; Riekstina, Vija; Holtz, Timothy H; Zarovska, Evija; Skripconoka, Vija; Thorpe, Lorna E;

879: 227: 5967: 2784:. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2016. 2750:. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2016. 1441: 407:

Community-based treatment programs such as DOTS-Plus, a MDR-TB-specialized treatment using the popular

4544:

Kimerling M.E.; Kluge H.; Vezhnina N.; Iacovazzi T.; Demeulenaere T.; Portaels F.; Matthys F. (1999).

1495: 755:

was noted to be "a very hot region for drug resistant TB", though the number of cases remained small.

6149: 6063: 5681: 5617: 5166: 5130: 5108: 4960: 4927: 4900: 3141:"Effective Treatment of Acute and Chronic Murine Tuberculosis with Liposome-Encapsulated Clofazimine" 2923: 1982: 1096: 681: 438: 377:

There are several ways that drug resistance to TB, and drug resistance in general, can be prevented:

296: 4839: 2226:"Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis—Current Dilemmas, Unanswered Questions, Challenges, and Priority Needs" 470:

issue, as the high cost of second-line medications often precludes those who cannot afford therapy.

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Koch, Erin (2011). "Local Microbiologies of Tuberculosis: Insights from the Republic of Georgia".

666: 230:

systems: The TB cell contains molecular systems that actively pump drug molecules out of the cell.

5493: 5409: 5246: 5189: 5076: 4285: 3985: 3912: 3342: 3085: 2957: 2547: 2525: 2507: 2407: 2307: 2133: 2075: 1859: 1664: 1558: 1229: 1048:

Wood, Alastair J.J.; Iseman, Michael D. (1993). "Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis".

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Baptista, Rafael; Bhowmick, Sumana; Nash, Robert J; Baillie, Les; Mur, Luis AJ (23 March 2018).

1743:"Evolution of Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Clinical and Molecular Perspective" 392:

Identifying contacts who could have contracted TB: family members, people in close contact, etc.

2577:

Farmer, Paul (2001). "The Major Infectious Diseases in the World — to Treat or Not to Treat?".

5732: 5570: 5101: 5025: 4743: 4714: 4689: 4664: 4641: 4606: 4557: 4526: 4477: 4428: 4369: 4336: 4277: 4233: 4181: 4103: 4018: 3977: 3941: 3904: 3863: 3821: 3792: 3774: 3728: 3710: 3662: 3561: 3510: 3469: 3416: 3334: 3295: 3246: 3219: 3170: 3121: 3077: 3041: 3006: 2949: 2941: 2891: 2873: 2834: 2826: 2795: 2785: 2761: 2751: 2727: 2686: 2643: 2594: 2499: 2464: 2399: 2299: 2291: 2255: 2247: 2203: 2125: 2067: 2059: 2018: 2000: 1951: 1933: 1894: 1851: 1807: 1772: 1723: 1705: 1656: 1648: 1607: 1550: 1515: 1471: 1463: 1367: 1359: 1308: 1300: 1221: 1213: 1167: 1132: 1114: 1065: 1001: 662: 419: 48: 4063:

McKay, Betsy (9–10 March 2013). "Risk of Deadly TB Exposure Grows Along U.S.—Mexico Border".

2663: 2155: 1385: 915: 5997: 5582: 5423: 4891: 4596: 4588: 4516: 4508: 4418: 4410: 4326: 4316: 4269: 4223: 4093: 3969: 3894: 3853: 3782: 3764: 3718: 3700: 3551: 3541: 3500: 3459: 3451: 3406: 3326: 3285: 3277: 3209: 3201: 3160: 3152: 3113: 3069: 3033: 2996: 2988: 2931: 2881: 2865: 2818: 2717: 2678: 2633: 2625: 2614:"Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies for tuberculosis control in developing countries" 2586: 2491: 2456: 2391: 2360: 2283: 2237: 2193: 2115: 2107: 2049: 2008: 1990: 1941: 1925: 1886: 1843: 1799: 1762: 1754: 1713: 1695: 1638: 1597: 1589: 1542: 1507: 1453: 1351: 1290: 1205: 1159: 1122: 1104: 1057: 991: 981: 630: 141: 3361: 2706:"Treatment of 171 Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Resistant to Isoniazid and Rifampin" 637:

have been used in desperation, though it is not certain whether they are effective at all.

6214: 5987: 5977: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5434: 5204: 4984: 4823: 3395:"Arginine as an adjuvant to chemotherapy improves clinical outcome in active tuberculosis" 857: 788: 273:

The discovery of new molecular targets is essential to overcome drug-resistance problems.

6007: 4004: 1020:"Chapter 168. Antimycobacterial Agents | Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e" 151:

Resistant strains of TB are already present in the population, so MDR-TB can be directly

3689:"Tuberculosis: mother of thoracic surgery then and now, past and prospectives: a review" 2927: 2120: 2095: 1986: 1718: 1683: 1100: 584:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

449:

How many drugs the patient is given (patients treated with five or more drugs do better)

5952: 5602: 5081: 4882: 4874: 4710: 4704: 4630: 4601: 4576: 4521: 4496: 4423: 4398: 4331: 4304: 3787: 3752: 3723: 3688: 3556: 3529: 3314: 3001: 2976: 2886: 2853: 2638: 2613: 2198: 2181: 2013: 1970: 1946: 1913: 1602: 1577: 1127: 1084: 996: 969: 743:). Outbreaks among non-immunocompromised healthy people do occur, but are less common. 308: 145: 3464: 3435: 3330: 3290: 3265: 3214: 3189: 2111: 1767: 1742: 1163: 323:). When MDR-TB is resistant to at least one drug from each group, it is classified as 6234: 6002: 5972: 5830: 5658: 5071: 4993: 4906: 4679: 3899: 3882: 3505: 3488: 3455: 3165: 3140: 3089: 2079: 634: 4448:

Stern, V. (2001). Problems in Prisons Worldwide, with a Particular Focus on Russia.

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Chambers, H. F.; Turner, J.; Schecter, G. F.; Kawamura, M.; Hopewell, P. C. (2005).

2961: 2511: 2460: 2411: 2311: 2137: 1668: 1562: 1496:"Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" 1233: 6189: 6179: 6164: 6012: 5845: 5835: 5791: 5769: 5587: 5545: 5392: 5326: 5030: 5017: 4289: 2822: 2438: 1863: 689: 622: 530: 503: 499: 483: 467: 459: 300: 152: 122: 69: 4273: 4005:"Outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis—Texas, California, and Pennsylvania" 1758: 4801: 4321: 3436:"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Induces Nitric Oxide Synthase and Suppresses Growth of 3411: 3394: 3117: 2912:"A Diarylquinoline Drug Active on the ATP Synthase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis" 2495: 2395: 1995: 1109: 6118: 5982: 5868: 5840: 5820: 5815: 5742: 5415: 4160:Ärzteblatt, Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, Redaktion Deutsches (27 December 2016). 4098: 4081: 3973: 3858: 3841: 2779: 2745: 2722: 2705: 2629: 2590: 2442: 2364: 2054: 2037: 1511: 1061: 835: 727: 677: 641:

in MDR-TB and should be considered an integral part of the treatment of MDR-TB.

626: 611: 534: 507: 320: 316: 4790: 1890: 1700: 1643: 1626: 1458: 515:

respond to standard TB treatment, and relapse following standard TB treatment.

330:

WHO has revised the definitions of pre-XDR-TB and XDR-TB in 2021 as following:

6184: 5962: 5825: 5810: 5759: 5629: 5566: 5463: 5449: 5113: 5045: 5021: 3266:"Metronidazole is bactericidal to dormant cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis" 3073: 1546: 787:

One of the so-called "hot-spots" of drug-resistant tuberculosis is within the

603: 545:

Group A: Fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, moxifloxicin), linezolid, bedaquiline

529:) are known to be positive, then it is reasonable to omit RMP and to use SHEZ+ 495: 491: 126: 118: 85: 3778: 3714: 3705: 2945: 2877: 2830: 2295: 2251: 2063: 2004: 1937: 1709: 1652: 1519: 1467: 1363: 1304: 1217: 1118: 5876: 5800: 5774: 5764: 5747: 4592: 4414: 3769: 2936: 2911: 2664:"Community-Based Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Lima, Peru" 2242: 2225: 658: 607: 487: 304: 201: 114: 81: 4610: 4561: 4530: 4481: 4432: 4373: 4340: 4281: 4237: 3796: 3753:"Surgery and pleuro-pulmonary tuberculosis: a scientific literature review" 3732: 3565: 3514: 3420: 3338: 3250: 3223: 3174: 3081: 3010: 2953: 2895: 2838: 2799: 2765: 2690: 2647: 2598: 2503: 2468: 2403: 2303: 2259: 2207: 2129: 2071: 2022: 1955: 1898: 1855: 1811: 1803: 1776: 1727: 1660: 1611: 1554: 1475: 1371: 1312: 1225: 1171: 1136: 1005: 968:

Sileshi, Tesemma; Tadesse, Esayas; Makonnen, Eyasu; Aklillu, Eleni (2021).

617:

When it is not possible to find five drugs from the lists above; the drugs

4834:"The Strange, Isolated Life of a Tuberculosis Patient in the 21st Century" 4681:

The coming plague : newly emerging diseases in a world out of balance

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Millard, James; Ugarte-Gil, Cesar; Moore, David A. J. (26 February 2015).

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Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis

6123: 5175: 4657:

Pathologies of Power: health, human rights, and the new war on the poor

2287: 748: 221: 190: 110: 4773: 6159: 6154: 5886: 5881: 4785: 2781:

WHO Treatment Guidelines for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, 2016 Update

2747:

WHO Treatment Guidelines for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, 2016 Update

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Kaplan, Jeffrey. 2017. "Tuberculosis" American University. Lecture.

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Baussano I.; Williams B.; Nunn P.; Beggiato M.; Fedeli U. (2010).

1684:"New insight in molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis" 706: 446:

How many drugs the organism is resistant to (the fewer the better)

209: 1578:"A Balancing Act: Efflux/Influx in Mycobacterial Drug Resistance" 462:

or not (HIV co-infection is associated with increased mortality).

137: 792: 760: 520: 412: 5518: 5514: 4843: 4829:

MDR-TB (DOTS Plus) protocol followed under RNTCP in India (PDF)

4082:"The Emergence of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in New York City" 3599:"J&J wins accelerated OK for first new TB drug in 40 years" 2351:

Gao, Qian; Li, Xia (2010). "Transmission of MDR tuberculosis".

76:

to treatment with at least two of the most powerful first-line

4545: 3188:

Janulionis, E.; Sofer, C.; Song, H.-Y.; Wallis, R. S. (2004).

1337:"MDR Tuberculosis — Critical Steps for Prevention and Control" 1247: 1245: 1243: 809: 740: 558: 6054:

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

3362:"TB Fact Sheet Series: Sputum Collection During TB Treatment" 2977:"Imipenem for Treatment of Tuberculosis in Mice and Humans" 2186:

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

415:, Peru, where the program has seen cure rates of over 80%. 92:

medications, and are called extensively drug-resistant TB (

4577:"Pathologies of power: rethinking health and human rights" 4550:

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

4470:

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

4362:

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

3106:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

2437:

Shin, Sonya; Furin, Jennifer; Bayona, Jaime; Mate, Kedar;

1411:"Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) – 2015 Update" 6099:

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Structural Genomics Consortium

6089:

International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

3883:"Outbreaks of drug-resistant tuberculosis at AIDS centre" 1625:

Zaw, Myo T.; Emran, Nor A.; Lin, Zaw (1 September 2018).

452:

The expertise and experience of the physician responsible

4305:"Tuberculosis Incidence in Prisons: A Systematic Review" 2326:"WHO | Drug-resistant TB: Totally drug-resistant TB FAQ" 1277:

Keshavjee, Salmaan; Farmer, Paul E. (6 September 2012).

1255:

Understanding Global Health. Chapter 10: TB and HIV/AIDS

369:, but such strains of TB are not recognized by the WHO. 6074:

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

4706:

Betrayal of trust: the collapse of global public health

2156:"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) 2013 Update" 99:

Tuberculosis is caused by infection with the bacterium

905:"Diagnosis and notification of multidrug-resistant TB" 556:

recommendation, very low certainty in the evidence)."

4632:

Infections and inequalities : the modern plagues

4040:. Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Archived from 4763: 2572: 2570: 2568: 6132: 6026: 5923: 5897: 5859: 5785: 5698: 5657: 5552: 5492: 5433: 5391: 5344: 5278: 5257: 5222: 5213: 5164: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4959: 4890: 4881: 4767: 47: 23: 4629: 2182:"The totally drug resistant tuberculosis (TDR-TB)" 777:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 5755:Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay 2526:"Scientific Facts on Drug-resistant Tuberculosis" 1494:Ahmad, Suhail; Mokaddas, Eiman (1 January 2010). 580:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 974:Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications 4212:"Tuberculosis Drug Resistance: A Global Threat" 3644: 3642: 3640: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1181: 197:). Some mechanisms of drug resistance include: 3534:Journal of Immune Based Therapies and Vaccines 2219: 2217: 418:However, the DOTS program administered in the 386:in developing countries, contribute to MDR TB. 6044:Center for Global Infectious Disease Research 5530: 4855: 4740:"Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Fact Sheet" 4162:"MDR-Tuberkulose unter Migranten aus Somalia" 4155: 4153: 938: 936: 132:However, beginning with the first antibiotic 8: 4186:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1043: 1041: 1039: 1037: 548:Group B: Clofazimine, cycloserine/terizidone 175:Researchers hypothesize that an ancestor of 163:Treatment of MDR-TB requires treatment with 3062:Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2815:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 72:(TB) infection caused by bacteria that are 6039:Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines 5537: 5523: 5515: 5219: 4998: 4989: 4887: 4862: 4848: 4840: 4764: 4450:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 946:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 779:to pose no risk to the native population. 29: 20: 4600: 4520: 4501:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 4422: 4330: 4320: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4227: 4097: 3898: 3857: 3786: 3768: 3722: 3704: 3555: 3545: 3504: 3463: 3410: 3289: 3213: 3164: 3000: 2935: 2885: 2721: 2637: 2380:"Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis" 2241: 2197: 2180:Velayati, A; Farnia P; Masjedi M (2013). 2119: 2053: 2012: 1994: 1945: 1766: 1717: 1699: 1642: 1601: 1457: 1294: 1126: 1108: 995: 985: 899: 897: 895: 291:MDR-TB can become resistant to the major 88:. Some forms of TB are also resistant to 4444: 4442: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 3239:Antibiotic Medicine and Clinical Therapy 2612:Baltussen, R.; Floyd, K; Dye, C (2005). 2353:Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms 409:Directly Observed Therapy – Short Course 5910:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 5156:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 4659:. Berkeley, California, United States: 4636:. Berkeley, California, United States: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4132: 4120: 891: 325:extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 287:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 6084:International Congress on Tuberculosis 4942:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection 4822:event featuring Salmaan Keshavjee and 4462: 4460: 4458: 4179: 4144: 3631: 3619: 2424: 2384:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2149: 2147: 1631:Journal of Infection and Public Health 1489: 1487: 1485: 1022:. AccessMedicine | McGraw-Hill Medical 747:Federation and South Africa alone. In 4709:. New York, New York, United States: 4684:. 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(2012). 874:Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis 367:totally drug-resistant tuberculosis 220:: The TB genome codes for enzymes ( 5058:Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis 4816:Video: Drug-Resistant TB in Russia 3597:Carroll, John (31 December 2012). 2328:. 11 December 2015. Archived from 1194:"Multidrug resistant tuberculosis" 216:Drug modifying & inactivating 14: 5151:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis 4871:Gram-positive bacterial infection 4581:American Journal of Public Health 4036:Rochkind, David (9 August 2010). 2548:"Global tuberculosis report 2019" 868:Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus 240:One example is a mutation in the 24:Multidrug-resistance tuberculosis 6079:Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis 5905:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 5648: 5126:Primary inoculation tuberculosis 4210:Nachega J., Chaisson R. (2003). 3687:Molnar, Tamas F. (August 2018). 3506:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02760.x 3456:10.1128/iai.66.11.5314-5321.1998 3360:Wisconsin DHS (12 August 2022). 3264:Wayne, L G; Sramek, H A (1994). 2042:The European Respiratory Journal 563: 62:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 5478:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis 4262:Journal of Public Health Policy 4086:New England Journal of Medicine 3846:New England Journal of Medicine 3655:Global Tuberculosis Report 2019 3206:10.1128/AAC.48.8.3133-3135.2004 2993:10.1128/AAC.49.7.2816-2821.2005 2710:New England Journal of Medicine 2671:New England Journal of Medicine 2579:New England Journal of Medicine 2461:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.027 1344:New England Journal of Medicine 1283:New England Journal of Medicine 1050:New England Journal of Medicine 843:becomes increasingly apparent. 5738:Interferon gamma release assay 5640:Post-tuberculosis lung disease 5195:Borderline lepromatous leprosy 5185:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy 5092:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis 4661:University of California Press 4638:University of California Press 2823:10.1002/14651858.CD004795.pub3 2528:. GreenFacts. 18 December 2008 2230:Journal of Infectious Diseases 1152:The Lancet Infectious Diseases 672:On 28 December 2012, the U.S. 1: 6241:Antibiotic-resistant bacteria 6205:Tuberculosis in human culture 6049:Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake 6034:Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium 4274:10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200002 3661:. World Health Organization. 3331:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17786-1 2448:Social Science & Medicine 2112:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60734-X 1759:10.1128/AAC.46.2.267-274.2002 1442:"The history of tuberculosis" 1386:"Drug-resistant tuberculosis" 1164:10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70330-5 657:(peanuts are a good source), 281:Extensively drug-resistant TB 5458:Corynebacterium minutissimum 5303:Mycobacterium intracellulare 4936:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 4322:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000381 4216:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3900:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91987-L 3584:Food and Drug Administration 3412:10.1183/09031936.03.00090702 3399:European Respiratory Journal 3118:10.1164/ajrccm.151.4.7697235 3026:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2496:10.1080/01459740.2010.531064 2396:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283229fab 2276:Journal of Internal Medicine 1996:10.1371/journal.pone.0016020 1258:(12th ed.). McGraw Hill 1110:10.1371/journal.pone.0063128 674:Food and Drug Administration 184:Mechanism of drug resistance 6195:Tuberculosis classification 5578:Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 5444:Corynebacterium diphtheriae 4099:10.1056/NEJM199302253280801 3974:10.7326/0003-4819-117-3-177 3962:Annals of Internal Medicine 3859:10.1056/NEJM199206043262302 3757:Journal of Thoracic Disease 3693:Journal of Thoracic Disease 2723:10.1056/NEJM199302253280802 2630:10.1136/bmj.38645.660093.68 2591:10.1056/NEJM200107193450310 2365:10.1016/j.ddmec.2010.09.006 2161:. World Health Organization 2055:10.1183/13993003.00361-2021 1512:10.1016/j.rmedc.2010.08.001 1062:10.1056/NEJM199309093291108 753:Mexico–United States border 647:therapeutic drug monitoring 365:There have been reports of 43:bacteria seen by microscope 6267: 6170:List of tuberculosis cases 5689:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3438:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1891:10.1016/j.tube.2011.07.005 1835:Future Medicinal Chemistry 1701:10.1186/s13568-024-01730-3 1644:10.1016/j.jiph.2018.04.005 1459:10.1016/j.rmed.2006.08.006 698:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 430: 284: 177:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 102:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 40:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 6059:Glen Lake Children's Camp 6018:Edward Livingston Trudeau 5958:Friedrich Franz Friedmann 5646: 5635:Giant multinucleated cell 5608:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 5119:Papulonecrotic tuberculid 5053:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 4736:American Lung Association 4686:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 3650:World Health Organization 3074:10.1080/00365540152029954 1792:Tubercle and Lung Disease 1741:Gillespie, S. H. (2002). 1547:10.1007/s00203-017-1434-6 1415:World Health Organization 1390:World Health Organization 1252:Adams and Woelke (2014). 912:World Health Organization 841:totally-drug-resistant TB 37: 28: 6140:Tuberculosis elimination 5719:Löwenstein–Jensen medium 5472:Corynebacterium jeikeium 5136:Tuberculous pericarditis 4950:Actinomyces gerencseriae 4703:Garrett, Laurie (2000). 4678:Garrett, Laurie (1994). 3706:10.21037/jtd.2018.04.131 1535:Archives of Microbiology 1500:Respiratory Medicine CME 680:(marketed as Sirturo by 6145:2007 tuberculosis scare 5925:History of tuberculosis 5728:Chest photofluorography 5668:Mycobacterium africanum 5141:Urogenital tuberculosis 4970:Propionibacterium acnes 4912:Cutaneous actinomycosis 4593:10.2105/ajph.89.10.1486 4415:10.1136/thx.2004.026922 4066:The Wall Street Journal 3770:10.21037/jtd.2016.05.59 2937:10.1126/science.1106753 853:2007 tuberculosis scare 458:Whether the patient is 195:see horizontal transfer 113:, anti-TB drugs (i.e., 6246:Pharmaceuticals policy 6220:World Tuberculosis Day 6210:Tuberculosis radiology 6104:National Jewish Health 5700:Tuberculosis diagnosis 5613:Tuberculous meningitis 5562:Pulmonary tuberculosis 5146:Tuberculous dactylitis 5097:Tuberculous cellulitis 3444:Infection and Immunity 2378:Lobue, Philip (2009). 2236:(suppl 2): S228–S240. 1804:10.1054/tuld.1998.0002 713: 686:adenosine triphosphate 488:isonicotinyl Hydrazine 433:Tuberculosis treatment 311:or polypeptide drugs ( 208:(TB) contains complex 6200:Tuberculosis in China 6094:Millennium Foundation 5806:4-Aminosalicylic acid 5713:Auramine phenol stain 5659:Mycobacterium species 5555:associated conditions 5503:Gardnerella vaginalis 5406:Nocardia brasiliensis 4820:Woodrow Wilson Center 4655:Farmer, Paul (2005). 4628:Farmer, Paul (1999). 4513:10.2471/BLT.06.038331 3547:10.1186/1476-8518-9-3 3282:10.1128/AAC.38.9.2054 3157:10.1128/AAC.43.7.1638 2243:10.1093/infdis/jir858 1848:10.4155/fmc-2017-0273 1417:(WHO). Archived from 1356:10.1056/NEJMra0908076 1296:10.1056/NEJMra1205429 914:(WHO). Archived from 880:Medicines Patent Pool 789:Russian prison system 710: 682:Johnson & Johnson 653:Supplements include: 6150:Baumgarten-Tangl law 6064:Glen Lake Sanatorium 5682:Mycobacterium caprae 5618:Miliary tuberculosis 5593:Canga's bead symptom 5553:Symptoms, signs and 5109:Lichen scrofulosorum 4961:Propionibacteriaceae 4901:Actinomyces israelii 4360:program in Russia". 4166:Deutsches Ärzteblatt 4069:(paper). p. A1. 4044:on 11 September 2012 2870:10.1128/AAC.00074-08 2683:10.1056/NEJMoa022928 2484:Medical Anthropology 1594:10.1128/AAC.01577-08 1446:Respiratory Medicine 1421:on 18 September 2013 987:10.2147/CPAA.S289714 800:Contributing factors 610:), and R207910 (now 6114:Stop TB Partnership 6069:Glenn Dale Hospital 5708:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 5675:Mycobacterium bovis 5625:Latent tuberculosis 5402:Nocardia asteroides 5297:Mycobacterium avium 5200:Lepromatous leprosy 5180:Tuberculoid leprosy 4921:Tropheryma whipplei 4746:on 30 November 2006 3601:. fiercebiotech.com 3586:. 31 December 2012. 3580:"FDA Press Release" 2928:2005Sci...307..223A 2332:on 11 December 2015 1987:2011PLoSO...616020M 1101:2013PLoSO...863128S 420:Republic of Georgia 204:: The cell wall of 78:anti-TB medications 5968:Philip D'Arcy Hart 5494:Bifidobacteriaceae 5435:Corynebacteriaceae 5410:Nocardia farcinica 5247:Aquarium granuloma 5190:Borderline leprosy 5077:Erythema induratum 3699:(1): S2628–S2642. 2288:10.1111/joim.12264 921:on 25 October 2013 714: 606:), OPC-67683 (now 54:Infectious disease 6228: 6227: 5733:GeneXpert MTB/RIF 5512: 5511: 5488: 5487: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5102:Tuberculous gumma 4985:Corynebacterineae 4979: 4978: 4928:Whipple's disease 4811: 4810: 4720:978-0-7868-6522-2 4695:978-0-374-12646-9 4670:978-0-520-93147-3 4647:978-0-520-22913-6 4587:(10): 1486–1496. 4575:Farmer P (1999). 3668:978-92-4-156571-4 3315:Laserson, Kayla F 2922:(5707): 223–227. 2106:(9851): 1406–17. 1452:(11): 1862–1870. 1350:(11): 1050–1058. 599: 598: 518:A gene probe for 307:) and injectable 165:second-line drugs 59: 58: 18:Medical condition 6258: 5998:Mario Raviglione 5652: 5598:Prosector's wart 5583:Caseous necrosis 5539: 5532: 5525: 5516: 5424:Rhodococcus equi 5220: 5087:Prosector's wart 4999: 4994:Mycobacteriaceae 4990: 4892:Actinomycetaceae 4888: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4841: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4742:. Archived from 4724: 4699: 4674: 4651: 4635: 4615: 4614: 4604: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4524: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4476:(9): 1027–1033. 4464: 4453: 4452:, 953b, 113-119. 4446: 4437: 4436: 4426: 4393: 4378: 4377: 4356: 4345: 4344: 4334: 4324: 4315:(12): e1000381. 4300: 4294: 4293: 4257: 4242: 4241: 4231: 4207: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4157: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4123:, p. 266ff. 4118: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3902: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3861: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3790: 3772: 3763:(7): E474–E485. 3748: 3737: 3736: 3726: 3708: 3684: 3673: 3672: 3660: 3646: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3559: 3549: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3508: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3414: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3325:(9456): 318–26. 3310: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3168: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3004: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2939: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2864:(4): 1522–1524. 2849: 2843: 2842: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2725: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2668: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2641: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2574: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2245: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2201: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2123: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2057: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2016: 1998: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1949: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1831: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1770: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1703: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1646: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1605: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1491: 1480: 1479: 1461: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1341: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1298: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1249: 1238: 1237: 1210:10.1136/bmj.h882 1189: 1176: 1175: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1130: 1112: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1045: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1016: 1010: 1009: 999: 989: 965: 959: 958: 956: 954: 940: 931: 930: 928: 926: 920: 909: 901: 631:prochlorperazine 594: 591: 585: 575:factual accuracy 567: 566: 559: 297:fluoroquinolones 295:TB drug groups: 142:fluoroquinolones 33: 21: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6215:Tygerberg score 6128: 6022: 5988:Charles Mantoux 5978:George M. Heath 5948:Christopher Dye 5943:Albert Calmette 5938:Hermann Brehmer 5933:Manuel de Abreu 5919: 5893: 5855: 5789: 5781: 5694: 5653: 5644: 5554: 5548: 5543: 5513: 5508: 5484: 5429: 5379: 5340: 5274: 5253: 5209: 5205:Histoid leprosy 5160: 5007: 5004:M. tuberculosis 4975: 4955: 4877: 4868: 4824:Murray Feshbach 4812: 4807: 4806: 4776: 4762: 4749: 4747: 4734: 4731: 4729:Further reading 4721: 4702: 4696: 4677: 4671: 4654: 4648: 4627: 4619: 4618: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4466: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4440: 4395: 4394: 4381: 4358: 4357: 4348: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4259: 4258: 4245: 4209: 4208: 4195: 4178: 4171: 4169: 4159: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3893:(8712): 440–1. 3880: 3879: 3875: 3852:(23): 1514–21. 3838: 3837: 3833: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3750: 3749: 3740: 3686: 3685: 3676: 3669: 3658: 3648: 3647: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3499:(12): 1154–62. 3486: 3485: 3481: 3450:(11): 5314–21. 3433: 3432: 3428: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3023: 3022: 3018: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2817:(1): CD004795. 2812: 2811: 2807: 2792: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2758: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2576: 2575: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2035: 2034: 2030: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1930:10.1038/ng.2656 1918:Nature Genetics 1911: 1910: 1906: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1493: 1492: 1483: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1289:(10): 931–936. 1276: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1251: 1250: 1241: 1191: 1190: 1179: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1047: 1046: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1013: 967: 966: 962: 952: 950: 942: 941: 934: 924: 922: 918: 907: 903: 902: 893: 888: 858:Drug resistance 849: 831: 808:Comorbidity of 802: 785: 783:Russian prisons 770: 736: 723: 676:(FDA) approved 595: 589: 586: 583: 568: 564: 435: 429: 405: 375: 289: 283: 206:M. tuberculosis 186: 173: 146:aminoglycosides 68:) is a form of 19: 12: 11: 5: 6264: 6262: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6233: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5993:Richard Morton 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5953:Marcos Espinal 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5929: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5715: 5710: 5704: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5663: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5603:Lupus vulgaris 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5571:Ghon's complex 5558: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5498: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5439: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5353: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5335:M. haemophilum 5331: 5330: 5329: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5285: 5283: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5264: 5262: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5237: 5229: 5227: 5217: 5215:Nontuberculous 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5082:Lupus vulgaris 5079: 5074: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5033: 5028: 5026:Ghon's complex 5014: 5012: 4996: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4896: 4894: 4885: 4883:Actinomycineae 4879: 4878: 4875:Actinomycetota 4869: 4867: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4831: 4826: 4818:24 July 2007, 4809: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4793: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768:Classification 4761: 4760:External links 4758: 4757: 4756: 4738:(April 2007). 4730: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4719: 4711:Hyperion Books 4700: 4694: 4675: 4669: 4652: 4646: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4567: 4556:(5): 451–453. 4536: 4487: 4454: 4438: 4409:(2): 130–135. 4379: 4368:(4): 402–407. 4346: 4295: 4243: 4229:10.1086/344657 4222:(1): S24–S30. 4193: 4149: 4147:, p. 118. 4137: 4135:, p. 524. 4125: 4113: 4072: 4055: 4028: 4017:(22): 369–72. 3995: 3951: 3922: 3873: 3831: 3820:(34): 585–91. 3802: 3738: 3674: 3667: 3636: 3634:, p. 148. 3624: 3612: 3589: 3571: 3520: 3479: 3426: 3385: 3352: 3305: 3256: 3229: 3180: 3151:(7): 1638–43. 3131: 3095: 3051: 3038:10.1086/513945 3016: 2987:(7): 2816–21. 2967: 2901: 2844: 2805: 2790: 2771: 2756: 2737: 2696: 2653: 2624:(7529): 1364. 2604: 2564: 2539: 2517: 2474: 2455:(7): 1529–39. 2429: 2427:, p. 133. 2417: 2370: 2343: 2317: 2282:(4): 388–405. 2265: 2213: 2192:(4): 307–309. 2172: 2143: 2085: 2048:(4): 2100361. 2028: 1961: 1924:(7): 784–790. 1904: 1885:(6): 510–523. 1869: 1842:(7): 811–822. 1817: 1782: 1733: 1674: 1637:(5): 605–610. 1617: 1568: 1525: 1481: 1432: 1402: 1377: 1327: 1318: 1269: 1239: 1177: 1158:(2): 103–111. 1142: 1075: 1056:(11): 784–91. 1033: 1011: 960: 932: 890: 889: 887: 884: 883: 882: 877: 871: 865: 860: 855: 848: 845: 830: 829:Policy impacts 827: 801: 798: 784: 781: 769: 766: 735: 732: 722: 719: 597: 596: 571: 569: 562: 553: 552: 549: 546: 464: 463: 456: 453: 450: 447: 428: 425: 404: 401: 397: 396: 393: 390: 387: 383: 374: 371: 309:aminoglycoside 285:Main article: 282: 279: 238: 237: 231: 225: 214: 185: 182: 172: 169: 57: 56: 51: 45: 44: 35: 34: 26: 25: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6263: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027:Organizations 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973:F. R. G. Heaf 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5873:Experimental 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831:Thioacetazone 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5313:MAI infection 5311: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5072:Scrofuloderma 5070: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4907:Actinomycosis 4905: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4633: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4507:(9): 703–11. 4506: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4309:PLOS Medicine 4306: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4059: 4056: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3968:(3): 177–83. 3967: 3963: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3940:(8): 129–31. 3939: 3935: 3934: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3600: 3593: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3386: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276:(9): 2054–8. 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3200:(8): 3133–5. 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3112:(4): 1083–6. 3111: 3107: 3099: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2791:9789241549639 2787: 2783: 2782: 2775: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2757:9789241549639 2753: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2716:(8): 527–32. 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2677:(2): 119–28. 2676: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2585:(3): 208–10. 2584: 2580: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490:(1): 81–101. 2489: 2485: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2439:Kim, Jim Yong 2433: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2390:(2): 167–73. 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2344: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2173: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1981:(1): e16020. 1980: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1828: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753:(2): 267–74. 1752: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588:(8): 3181–9. 1587: 1583: 1579: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1433: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1257: 1256: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1095:(5): e63128. 1094: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1021: 1015: 1012: 1007: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 979: 975: 971: 964: 961: 948: 947: 939: 937: 933: 917: 913: 906: 900: 898: 896: 892: 885: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 846: 844: 842: 837: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 811: 806: 799: 797: 794: 790: 782: 780: 778: 773: 767: 765: 762: 756: 754: 750: 744: 742: 733: 731: 729: 720: 718: 709: 705: 701: 699: 693: 692:) inhibitor. 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 650: 648: 642: 638: 636: 635:metronidazole 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 605: 593: 590:November 2023 581: 577: 576: 570: 561: 560: 557: 550: 547: 544: 543: 542: 538: 536: 532: 528: 523: 522: 516: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 479: 475: 471: 469: 461: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 444: 443: 440: 434: 426: 424: 421: 416: 414: 410: 402: 400: 394: 391: 388: 384: 380: 379: 378: 372: 370: 368: 363: 359: 355: 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 340: 337: 336: 331: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 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Retrieved 916:the original 832: 823: 819: 815: 807: 803: 793:DOTS program 786: 774: 771: 757: 745: 737: 734:Epidemiology 728:tuberculomas 724: 715: 702: 697: 694: 690:ATP synthase 671: 667:V5 Immunitor 651: 643: 639: 623:co-amoxiclav 616: 600: 587: 579: 573: 554: 539: 526: 519: 517: 511: 504:moxifloxacin 500:pyraZinamide 484:Streptomycin 480: 476: 472: 468:human rights 465: 460:HIV-positive 436: 417: 406: 398: 376: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 343: 342: 338: 334: 333: 332: 329: 301:moxifloxacin 290: 275: 271: 267: 262: 258: 254: 252: 246: 241: 239: 205: 187: 176: 174: 162: 158: 150: 131: 123:pyrazinamide 100: 98: 70:tuberculosis 65: 61: 60: 38: 15: 6119:TB Alliance 5983:Robert Koch 5869:BCG vaccine 5841:Bedaquiline 5821:Cycloserine 5816:Capreomycin 5743:QuantiFERON 5717:Culture on 5416:Nocardiosis 5367:M. chelonae 5321:M. ulcerans 5269:M. gordonae 5234:M. kansasii 4750:29 November 4168:(in German) 4145:Farmer 2005 3632:Farmer 2005 3622:, p. . 3620:Farmer 1999 2552:www.who.int 2425:Farmer 2005 1798:(1): 3–29. 1688:AMB Express 836:Paul Farmer 678:bedaquiline 627:clofazimine 612:bedaquiline 535:cycloserine 508:cycloserine 335:Pre-XDR-TB: 317:capreomycin 293:second-line 228:Drug efflux 153:transmitted 90:second-line 6235:Categories 6185:Sanatorium 6003:Carl Rüedi 5963:Max Gerson 5898:Resistance 5826:Rifampicin 5811:Ethambutol 5787:Management 5760:Tuberculin 5630:Paronychia 5567:Ghon focus 5464:Erythrasma 5450:Diphtheria 5241:M. marinum 5114:Tuberculid 5046:Rich focus 5041:Meningitis 5022:Ghon focus 4836:, Buzzfeed 3887:The Lancet 3378:7 December 3319:The Lancet 2336:7 December 2100:The Lancet 1425:7 December 1026:7 December 953:7 December 925:7 December 886:References 688:synthase ( 604:pretomanid 496:Ethambutol 492:Rifampicin 439:first-line 431:See also: 373:Prevention 327:(XDR-TB). 138:mechanisms 127:ethambutol 119:rifampicin 111:first-line 86:rifampicin 5877:M72/AS01E 5801:Isoniazid 5775:Tine test 5765:Heaf test 5748:T-SPOT.TB 5167:M. leprae 5066:cutaneous 3779:2077-6624 3715:2077-6624 3605:3 January 3090:218876137 2946:0036-8075 2878:0066-4804 2831:1469-493X 2359:: e61–5. 2296:1365-2796 2252:0022-1899 2080:233192729 2064:1399-3003 2005:1932-6203 1938:1061-4036 1710:2191-0855 1694:(1): 74. 1653:1876-0341 1520:1755-0017 1468:0954-6111 1395:2 October 1364:0028-4793 1305:0028-4793 1218:1756-1833 1119:1932-6203 659:vitamin D 608:delamanid 427:Treatment 403:DOTS-Plus 321:kanamycin 305:ofloxacin 277:quickly. 234:Mutations 202:Cell wall 134:treatment 115:isoniazid 82:isoniazid 80:(drugs): 74:resistant 49:Specialty 6175:Plombage 5861:Vaccines 5290:M. avium 5009:M. bovis 4611:10511828 4562:10331736 4531:18026627 4482:16158896 4433:15681501 4374:16602404 4341:21203587 4282:15906874 4238:12516027 4182:cite web 3990:45415966 3917:39041093 3797:27499980 3733:30345099 3652:(2019). 3566:21244690 3515:19456829 3421:12662006 3369:Archived 3347:32752884 3339:15664227 3251:13521769 3224:15273133 3175:10390215 3082:11450868 3011:15980354 2962:33219841 2954:15591164 2896:18285479 2839:18254061 2800:27748093 2766:27748093 2691:12519922 2648:16282379 2599:11463018 2532:26 March 2512:27735359 2504:21218357 2469:15246180 2412:24995375 2404:19283912 2312:43844933 2304:24809736 2260:22476720 2208:23641309 2138:10446754 2130:22938757 2121:11019390 2072:33833074 2023:21283803 1975:PLOS ONE 1956:23749189 1899:21835699 1856:29569936 1812:10645439 1777:11796329 1728:38907086 1719:11192714 1669:14058414 1661:29706316 1612:19451293 1563:13656026 1555:28951954 1476:16949809 1372:20825317 1313:22931261 1234:11683912 1226:25721508 1204:: h882. 1172:20113979 1137:23671662 1089:PLOS ONE 1006:33469389 980:: 1–12. 876:(TDR-TB) 847:See also 663:Dzherelo 655:arginine 619:imipenem 512:in vitro 382:avoided. 313:amikacin 222:proteins 191:plasmids 107:immunity 6124:Unitaid 5851:Rifater 5721:and/or 5292:complex 5176:Leprosy 5131:Miliary 4802:D018088 4602:1508789 4522:2636414 4424:1747303 4332:3006353 4290:2102820 4108:8381207 4023:2111434 3982:1616211 3946:1900098 3909:1974967 3868:1304721 3826:1870559 3788:4958807 3724:6178290 3582:. 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