159:
A feature of this syndrome is the great permeability to crossmodal effects between visual, tactile, auditive stimuli as well as muscular effort to improve the perception, also decreasing the reaction times. The improvement by crossmodal effect was found to be greater as the primary stimulus to be perceived was weaker, and as the cortical lesion was greater (Vol 1 and 2 of reference). This author interpreted these phenomena under a dynamic physiological concept, and from a model based on functional gradients through the cortex and scaling laws of dynamical systems, thus highlighting the functional unity of the cortex. According to the functional cortical gradients, the specificity of the cortex would be distributed in gradation, and the overlap of different specific gradients would be related to multisensory interactions. Multisensory research has recently gained enormous interest and popularity.
851:
somewhat dissociated. Stein, London, Wilkinson and Price (1996) analysed the perceived luminance of an LED in the context of spatially disparate auditory distracters of various types. A significant finding was that a sound increased the perceived brightness of the light, regardless of their relative spatial locations, provided the light's image was projected onto the fovea. Here, the apparent lack of the spatial rule, further differentiates cortical and tectal multisensory neurons. Little empirical evidence exists to justify this dichotomy. Nevertheless, cortical neurons governing perception, and a separate sub cortical system governing action (orientation behavior) is synonymous with the perception action hypothesis of the visual stream. Further investigation into this field is necessary before any substantial claims can be made.
1096:
contains redundant information. Nardini et al. (2010) provides evidence that children's (aged 6 years) response latencies are significantly lower when stimuli are presented in multi-cue over single-cue conditions. Conversely, adults showed no change between these conditions. Indeed, adults display mandatory fusion of signals, therefore they can only ever aim for maximum accuracy. However, the overall mean latencies for children were not faster than adults, which suggests that speed optimization merely enable them to keep up with the mature pace. Considering the haste of real-world events, this strategy may prove necessary to counteract the general slower processing of children and maintain effective vision-action coupling. Ultimately the developing sensory system may preferentially adapt for different goals –
1122:
on the other hand, signals dimensionalities from the sensory receptors are gradually integrated, also called sensory synergies, as they approaches the CNS. This bow tie like signaling formation enables the CNS to process abstract yet valuable information only. Such as process will decrease complexity of the data, handle the noises and guarantee to the CNS the optimum energy consumption. Although the current commercially available prosthetic devices mainly focusing in implementing the motor side by simply uses EMG sensors to switch between different activation states of the prosthesis. Very limited works have proposed a system to involve by integrating the sensory side. The integration of tactile sense and proprioception is regarded as essential for implementing the ability to perceive environmental input.
400:
they perceived. Participants perceived illusory flashes when there were more beeps than flashes. fMRI studies have shown that there is crossmodal activation in early, low level visual areas, which was qualitatively similar to the perception of a real flash. This suggests that the illusion reflects subjective perception of the extra flash. Further, studies suggest that timing of multisensory activation in unisensory cortexes is too fast to be mediated by a higher order integration suggesting feed forward or lateral connections. One study has revealed the same effect but from vision to audition, as well as fission rather than fusion effects, although the level of the auditory stimulus was reduced to make it less salient for those illusions affecting audition.
933:
a function of experience. Nevertheless, the existence of visual multisensory neurons, despite a complete lack of visual experience, highlights the apparent relevance of nativist viewpoints. Multisensory development in the cortex has been studied to a lesser extent, however a similar study to that presented above was performed on cats whose optic nerves had been severed. These cats displayed a marked improvement in their ability to localize stimuli through audition; and consequently also showed increased neural connectivity between V1 and the auditory cortex. Such plasticity in early childhood allows for greater adaptability, and thus more normal development in other areas for those with a sensory deficit.
266:. According to Igor Val Danilov, shared intentionality enables the mother-child pair to share the essential sensory stimulus of the actual cognitive problem. The hypothesis of neurophysiological processes occurring during shared intentionality explains its integrative complexity from neuronal to interpersonal dynamics levels. This collaborative interaction provides environmental learning of the immature organism, starting at the reflexes stage of development, for processing the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in developing perception. From this perspective, Shared intentionality contributes to the formation of percepts and conscious experiences, solving the
925:
do not show mature integration patterns. Classically, two opposing views that are principally modern manifestations of the nativist/empiricist dichotomy have been put forth. The integration (empiricist) view states that at birth, sensory modalities are not at all connected. Hence, it is only through active exploration that plastic changes can occur in the nervous system to initiate holistic perceptions and actions. Conversely, the differentiation (nativist) perspective asserts that the young nervous system is highly interconnected; and that during development, modalities are gradually differentiated as relevant connections are rehearsed and the irrelevant are discarded.
202:
cue. However, they also progressively changed the temporal uncertainty of the auditory cue; eventually concluding that it is the uncertainty of individual modalities that determine to what extent information from each modality is considered when forming a percept. This conclusion is similar in some respects to the 'inverse effectiveness rule'. The extent to which multisensory integration occurs may vary according to the ambiguity of the relevant stimuli. In support of this notion, a recent study shows that weak senses such as olfaction can even modulate the perception of visual information as long as the reliability of visual signals is adequately compromised.
516:
function of cortical structures, as one proceeds out from V1 along the visual pathways, become increasingly complex and specialized. From this it was postulated that information flowed outwards in a feed-forward fashion; the complex end products eventually binding to form a percept. However, via fMRI and intracranial recording technologies, it has been observed that the activation time of successive levels of the hierarchy does not correlate with a feed-forward structure. That is, late activation has been observed in the striate cortex, markedly after activation of the prefrontal cortex in response to the same stimulus.
106:
behavior to benefit from the simultaneous stimulation of multiple sensory modalities, integration of the information from these modalities is necessary. Some of the mechanisms mediating this phenomenon and its subsequent effects on cognitive and behavioural processes will be examined hereafter. Perception is often defined as one's conscious experience, and thereby combines inputs from all relevant senses and prior knowledge. Perception is also defined and studied in terms of feature extraction, which is several hundred milliseconds away from conscious experience. Notwithstanding the existence of
366:, a person's phoneme production was dubbed with a video of that person speaking a different phoneme. The result was the perception of a third, different phoneme. McGurk and MacDonald (1976) explained that phonemes such as ba, da, ka, ta, ga and pa can be divided into four groups, those that can be visually confused, i.e. (da, ga, ka, ta) and (ba and pa), and those that can be audibly confused. Hence, when ba – voice and ga lips are processed together, the visual modality sees ga or da, and the auditory modality hears ba or da, combining to form the percept da.
171:, we would determine which car triggers the honk by which car we see is the spatially closest to the honk. It's a spatially congruent example by combining visual and auditory stimuli. On the other hand, the sound and the pictures of a TV program would be integrated as structurally congruent by combining visual and auditory stimuli. However, if the sound and the pictures did not meaningfully fit, we would segregate the two stimuli. Therefore, spatial or structural congruence comes from not only combining the stimuli but is also determined by our understanding.
929:
appear. Further changes continue, with the arrival of visual neurons after three weeks, until the SC has achieved its fully mature structure after three to four months. Concurrently in species of monkey, newborns are endowed with a significant complement of multisensory cells; however, along with cats there is no integration effect apparent until much later. This delay is thought to be the result of the relatively slower development of cortical structures including the AES; which as stated above, is essential for the existence of the integration effect.
494:
inhibited if the stimuli fall on disparate fields. Excited neurons may then proceed to innervate various muscles and neural structures to orient an individual's behaviour and attention toward the stimulus. Neurons in the SC also adhere to the 'temporal rule', in which stimulation must occur within close temporal proximity to excite neurons. However, due to the varying processing time between modalities and the relatively slower speed of sound to light, it has been found the neurons may be optimally excited when stimulated some time apart.
154:
to the work of
Urbantschitsch in 1888 who reported on the improvement of visual acuity by auditive stimuli in subjects with damaged brains. This effect was also found later in individuals with undamaged brains by Krakov and Hartmann, as well as the fact that the visual acuity could be improved by other type of stimuli. It is also noteworthy the amount of work in the early 1930s on intersensory relations in the Soviet Union, reviewed by London. A remarkable multisensory research is the extensive and pioneering work of
478:(SC) or optic tectum (OT) is part of the tectum, located in the midbrain, superior to the brainstem and inferior to the thalamus. It contains seven layers of alternating white and grey matter, of which the superficial contain topographic maps of the visual field; and deeper layers contain overlapping spatial maps of the visual, auditory and somatosensory modalities. The structure receives afferents directly from the retina, as well as from various regions of the cortex (primarily the occipital lobe), the
322:
source. The degree of synchrony that is required for this 'binding' to occur is currently being investigated in a variety of approaches. The integrative function only occurs to a point beyond which the subject can differentiate them as two opposing stimuli. Concurrently, a significant intermediate conclusion can be drawn from the research thus far. Multisensory stimuli that are bound into a single percept, are also bound on the same receptive fields of multisensory neurons in the SC and cortex.
308:
revitalized enthusiasm into perceptual research is indicative of a substantial shift away from reductionism and toward gestalt methodologies. Gestalt theory, dominant in the late 19th and early 20th centuries espoused two general principles: the 'principle of totality' in which conscious experience must be considered globally, and the 'principle of psychophysical isomorphism' which states that perceptual phenomena are correlated with cerebral activity. Just these ideas were already applied by
832:(2000). Here, it was found that the STG was more active during stimulation in native deaf signers compared to hearing non signers. Concurrently, further research has revealed differences in the activation of the Planum temporale (PT) in response to non linguistic lip movements between the hearing and deaf; as well as progressively increasing activation of the auditory association cortex as previously deaf participants gain hearing experience via a cochlear implant.
331:
onsets of both stimuli was varied, it was observed that for certain degrees of asynchrony, reaction times were decreased. These levels of asynchrony were quite small, perhaps reflecting the temporal window that exists in multisensory neurons of the SC. Further studies have analysed the reaction times of saccadic eye movements; and more recently correlated these findings to neural phenomena. In patients studied by
415:
1092:, integration is re-established and can even be optimal. Ernst (2008) suggests that adults can obtain this knowledge from previous experiences to quickly determine which sensory sources depict the same target, but young children could be deficient in this area. Once there is a sufficient bank of experiences, confidence to correctly integrate sensory signals can then be introduced in their behaviour.
45:. A coherent representation of objects combining modalities enables animals to have meaningful perceptual experiences. Indeed, multisensory integration is central to adaptive behavior because it allows animals to perceive a world of coherent perceptual entities. Multisensory integration also deals with how different sensory modalities interact with one another and alter each other's processing.
348:
tactile stimuli. The advantage for RT to combined visual-tactile stimuli over RT to the other types of stimulation could be accounted for by intersensory neural facilitation rather than by probability summation. These effects can be ascribed to the convergence of tactile and visual inputs onto neural centers which contain flexible multisensory representations of body parts.
847:
neurons at the junctions between these sections. (Jiang & Stein, 2003). Neurons from the unimodal regions project to the deep layers of the SC and influence the multiplicative integration effect. That is, although they can receive inputs from all modalities as normal, the SC can not enhance or depress the effect of multisensory stimulation without input from the AES.
245:, the prior and likelihood generally represent the statistics of the environment and the sensory representations. The independence of priors and likelihoods is not assured since the prior may vary with likelihood only by the representations. However, the independence has been proved by Shams with series of parameter control in multi sensory perception experiment.
1071:. Considering this, sensory dominance is a useful instinct to assist with calibration. During sensory immaturity, the more simple and robust information source could be used to tweak the accuracy of the alternate source. Follow-up work by Gori et al. (2012) showed that, at all ages, vision-size perceptions are near perfect when viewing objects within the
536:
The perceptual consequences of this have not yet been empirically acknowledged. However, it can be hypothesized that these projections may be the precursors of increased acuity and emphasis of visual stimuli in relevant areas of perceptual space. Consequently, this finding rejects Jones and Powell's (1970) hypothesis and thus is in conflict with Sadato
775:
703:
634:
565:
467:
1924:. Edición facsímil 2010 del Vol. 1 1945, Vol. 2 1950 (Madrid: Inst. S. Ramón y Cajal, CSIC), Suplemento I 1952 (Trab. Inst. Cajal Invest. Biol.) y 1ª ed. Suplemento II 2010. Red Temática en Tecnologías de Computación Artificial/Natural (RTNAC) y Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC). ISBN 978-84-9887-458-7.
551:
terminology) that was called 'central zone'. The gradation observed between syndromes led this author to propose a functional gradient scheme in which the specificity of the cortex is distributed with a continuous variation, the overlap of the specific gradients would be high or maximum in that 'central zone'.
1121:
when designing prosthetic devices. As reported in literatures, neural signaling from the CNS to the motors is organized in a way that the dimensionalities of the signals are gradually increased as you approach the muscles, also called muscle synergies. In the same principal, but in opposite ordering,
1075:
workspace (i.e. at arm's reach). However, systematic errors in perception appeared when the object was positioned beyond this zone. Children younger than 14 years tend to underestimate object size, whereas adults overestimated. However, if the object was returned to the haptic workspace, those visual
928:
Using the SC as a model, the nature of this dichotomy can be analysed. In the newborn cat, deep layers of the SC contain only neurons responding to the somatosensory modality. Within a week, auditory neurons begin to occur, but it is not until two weeks after birth that the first multisensory neurons
846:
The most significant interaction between these two systems (corticotectal interactions) is the connection between the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES), which lies at the junction of the parietal, temporal and frontal lobes, and the SC. The AES is divided into three unimodal regions with multisensory
519:
Complementing this, afferent nerve fibres have been found that project to early visual areas such as the lingual gyrus from late in the dorsal (action) and ventral (perception) visual streams, as well as from the auditory association cortex. Feedback projections have also been observed in the opossum
381:
is the situation in which auditory location perception is shifted toward a visual cue. The original study describing this phenomenon was conducted by Howard and
Templeton, (1966) after which several studies have replicated and built upon the conclusions they reached. In conditions in which the visual
330:
Responses to multiple simultaneous sensory stimuli can be faster than responses to the same stimuli presented in isolation. Hershenson (1962) presented a light and tone simultaneously and separately, and asked human participants to respond as rapidly as possible to them. As the asynchrony between the
312:
in his work of brain dynamics, where a sensory-cerebral correspondence is considered in the formulation of the "development of the sensory field due to a psychophysical isomorphism" (pag. 23 of the
English translation of ref.). Both ideas 'principle of totality' and 'psychophysical isomorphism' are
223:
With the assumption of independence between various sources, the traditional cue combination model is successful in modality integration. However, depending on the discrepancies between modalities, there might be different forms of stimuli fusion: integration, partial integration, and segregation. To
210:
The theory of
Bayesian integration is based on the fact that the brain must deal with a number of inputs, which vary in reliability. In dealing with these inputs, it must construct a coherent representation of the world that corresponds to reality. The Bayesian integration view is that the brain uses
188:
biases suggests that visual modality often influences information from other senses. Some research indicates that vision dominates what we hear, when varying the degree of spatial congruency. This is known as the ventriloquist effect. In cases of visual and haptic integration, children younger than 8
110:
schools that advocate a holistic approach to the operation of the brain, the physiological processes underlying the formation of percepts and conscious experience have been vastly understudied. Nevertheless, burgeoning neuroscience research continues to enrich our understanding of the many details of
953:
One study demonstrated that cross-modal visual and auditory integration is present from within 1 year of life. This study measured response time for orientating towards a source. Infants who were 8–10 months old showed significantly decreased response times when the source was presented through both
932:
Furthermore, it was found by
Wallace (2004) that cats raised in a light deprived environment had severely underdeveloped visual receptive fields in deep layers of the SC. Although, receptive field size has been shown to decrease with maturity, the above finding suggests that integration in the SC is
511:
Multisensory neurons exist in a large number of locations, often integrated with unimodal neurons. They have recently been discovered in areas previously thought to be modality specific, such as the somatosensory cortex; as well as in clusters at the borders between the major cerebral lobes, such as
399:
The double flash illusion was reported as the first illusion to show that visual stimuli can be qualitatively altered by audio stimuli. In the standard paradigm participants are presented combinations of one to four flashes accompanied by zero to 4 beeps. They were then asked to say how many flashes
158:
in the mid-20th century on the characterization of a multisensory syndrome in patients with parieto-occipital cortical lesions. In this syndrome, all the sensory functions are affected, and with symmetric bilaterality, in spite of being a unilateral lesion where the primary areas were not involved.
924:
All species equipped with multiple sensory systems, utilize them in an integrative manner to achieve action and perception. However, in most species, especially higher mammals and humans, the ability to integrate develops in parallel with physical and cognitive maturity. Children until certain ages
535:
In contrast, the dorsal auditory pathway, projecting from the temporal lobe is largely concerned with processing spatial information, and contains receptive fields that are topographically organized. Fibers from this region project directly to neurons governing corresponding receptive fields in V1.
321:
It has been widely acknowledged that uncertainty in sensory domains results in an increased dependence of multisensory integration. Hence, it follows that cues from multiple modalities that are both temporally and spatially synchronous are viewed neurally and perceptually as emanating from the same
278:
The contributions of Barry Stein, Alex
Meredith, and their colleagues (e.g."The merging of the senses" 1993,) are widely considered to be the groundbreaking work in the modern field of multisensory integration. Through detailed long-term study of the neurophysiology of the superior colliculus, they
257:
approach proposes the holistic explanation of the neurophysiological processes underlying the formation of percepts and conscious experience. The psychological construct of shared intentionality was introduced at the end of 20th century. Michael
Tomasello developed it to explain cognition beginning
232:
The difference between two models is that hierarchical model can explicitly make causal inference to predict certain stimulus while non-hierarchical model can only predict joint probability of stimuli. However, hierarchical model is actually a special case of non-hierarchical model by setting joint
153:
effects in which the perception of a stimulus is influenced by the presence of another type of stimulus are referred since very early in the past. They were reviewed by
Hartmann in a fundamental book where, among several references to different types of multisensory interactions, reference is made
57:
stimuli from various modalities. Surrounded by multiple objects and receiving multiple sensory stimulations, the brain is faced with the decision of how to categorize the stimuli resulting from different objects or events in the physical world. The nervous system is thus responsible for whether to
936:
In contrast, following the initial formative period, the SC does not appear to display any neural plasticity. Despite this, habituation and sensititisation over the long term is known to exist in orientation behaviors. This apparent plasticity in function has been attributed to the adaptability of
489:
Receptive fields from somatosensory, visual and auditory modalities converge in the deeper layers to form a two-dimensional multisensory map of the external world. Here, objects straight ahead are represented caudally and objects on the periphery are represented rosterally. Similarly, locations in
386:
reliably occurs. Thus to test the influence of sound on perceived location, the visual stimulus must be progressively degraded. Furthermore, given that auditory stimuli are more attuned to temporal changes, recent studies have tested the ability of temporal characteristics to influence the spatial
1095:
Lastly, Nardini et al. (2010) recently hypothesised that young children have optimized their sensory appreciation for speed over accuracy. When information is presented in two forms, children may derive an estimate from the fastest available source, subsequently ignoring the alternate, even if it
1011:
cues to resolve surface slant. Though younger age groups showed a somewhat better performance when combining disparity and texture cues compared to using only disparity or texture cues, this difference was not statistically significant. In adults, the sensory integration can be mandatory, meaning
940:
Although there is evidence for either perspective of the integration/differentiation dichotomy, a significant body of evidence also exists for a combination of factors from either view. Thus, analogous to the broader nativist/empiricist argument, it is apparent that rather than a dichotomy, there
515:
However, in order to undergo such physiological changes, there must exist continuous connectivity between these multisensory structures. It is generally agreed that information flow within the cortex follows a hierarchical configuration. Hubel and Wiesel showed that receptive fields and thus the
493:
However, in contrast to simple convergence, the SC integrates information to create an output that differs from the sum of its inputs. Following a phenomenon labelled the 'spatial rule', neurons are excited if stimuli from multiple modalities fall on the same or adjacent receptive fields, but are
201:
More recent studies refine this early qualitative account of multisensory integration. Alais and Burr (2004), found that following progressive degradation in the quality of a visual stimulus, participants' perception of spatial location was determined progressively more by a simultaneous auditory
74:
area, S1. These areas mostly deal with low-level stimulus features such as brightness, orientation, intensity, etc. These areas have extensive connections to each other as well as to higher association areas that further process the stimuli and are believed to integrate sensory input from various
307:
A unimodal approach dominated scientific literature until the beginning of this century. Although this enabled rapid progression of neural mapping, and an improved understanding of neural structures, the investigation of perception remained relatively stagnant, with a few exceptions. The recent
89:
The relationship between the binding problem and multisensory perception can be thought of as a question – the binding problem – and its potential solution – multisensory perception. The binding problem stemmed from unanswered questions about how mammals (particularly higher primates) generate a
1130:
Multisensory integration has also been shown to ameliorate visual hemianopia. Through the repeated presentation of multisensory stimuli in the blind hemifield, the ability to respond to purely visual stimuli gradually returns to that hemifield in a central to peripheral manner. These benefits
850:
Concurrently, the multisensory neurons of the AES, although also integrally connected to unimodal AES neurons, are not directly connected to the SC. This pattern of division is reflected in other areas of the cortex, resulting in the observation that cortical and tectal multisensory systems are
550:
and called by this author 'central syndrome of the cortex', was originated from a unilateral parieto-occipital cortical lesion equidistant from the visual, tactile, and auditory projection areas (the middle of area 19, the anterior part of area 18 and the most posterior of area 39, in
Brodmann
347:
In a study done by
Forster, Cavina-Pratesi, Aglioti, and Berlucchi (2001), normal observers responded faster to simultaneous visual and tactile stimuli than to single visual or tactile stimuli. RT to simultaneous visual and tactile stimuli was also faster than RT to simultaneous dual visual or
197:
According to Welch and Warren (1980), the Modality Appropriateness Hypothesis states that the influence of perception in each modality in multisensory integration depends on that modality's appropriateness for the given task. Thus, vision has a greater influence on integrated localization than
119:
and visual and auditory association areas. Although the structure and function of the SC are well known, the cortex and the relationship between its constituent parts are presently the subject of much investigation. Concurrently, the recent impetus on integration has enabled investigation into
105:
However, considerations of how unified conscious representations are formed are not the full focus of multisensory Integration research. It is obviously important for the senses to interact in order to maximize how efficiently people interact with the environment. For perceptual experience and
949:
Not much is known about the development of the ability to integrate multiple estimates such as vision and touch. Some multisensory abilities are present from early infancy, but it is not until children are eight years or older before they use multiple modalities to reduce sensory uncertainty.
422:
In the rubber hand illusion (RHI), human participants view a dummy hand being stroked with a paintbrush, while they feel a series of identical brushstrokes applied to their own hand, which is hidden from view. If this visual and tactile information is applied synchronously, and if the visual
1103:
The late development of efficient integration has also been investigated from computational point of view. Daee et al. (2014) showed that having one dominant sensory source at early age, rather than integrating all sources, facilitates the overall development of cross-modal integrations.
434:), but a similar illusion can also be induced with touch and proprioception. It has also been found that the illusion may not require tactile stimulation at all, but can be completely induced using mere vision of the rubber hand being in a congruent posture with the hidden real hand.
827:
Superior temporal cortex (STG/STS/PT) Audio visual cross modal interactions are known to occur in the auditory association cortex which lies directly inferior to the Sylvian fissure in the temporal lobe. Plasticity was observed in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) by Petitto
224:
fully understand the other two types, we have to use causal inference model without the assumption as cue combination model. This freedom gives us general combination of any numbers of signals and modalities by using Bayes' rule to make causal inference of sensory signals.
1076:
biases disappeared. These results support the hypothesis that haptic information may educate visual perceptions. If sources are used for cross-calibration they cannot, therefore, be combined (integrated). Maintaining access to individual estimates is a trade-off for extra
1028:
length. Therefore, sensory signals need to be constantly re-evaluated to appreciate these various physiological changes. Some support comes from animal studies that explore the neurobiology behind integration. Adult monkeys have deep inter-neuronal connections within the
966:. Younger infants, however, showed no such change in response times to these different conditions. Indeed, the results of the study indicates that children potentially have the capacity to integrate sensory sources at any age. However, in certain cases, for example
1015:
Acknowledging these variations, many hypotheses have been established to reflect why these observations are task-dependent. Given that different senses develop at different rates, it has been proposed that cross-modal integration does not appear until both
1083:
Alternatively, Ernst (2008) advocates that efficient integration initially relies upon establishing correspondence – which sensory signals belong together. Indeed, studies have shown that visuo-haptic integration fails in adults when there is a perceived
2682:
Fishburn, F. A., Murty, V. P., Hlutkowsky, C. O., MacGillivray, C. E., Bemis, L. M., Murphy, M. E., ... & Perlman, S. B. (2018). "Putting our heads together: interpersonal neural synchronization as a biological mechanism for shared intentionality."
343:
The redundant target effect is the observation that people typically respond faster to double targets (two targets presented simultaneously) than to either of the targets presented alone. This difference in latency is termed the redundancy gain (RG).
423:
appearance and position of the dummy hand is similar to one's own hand, then people may feel that the touches on their own hand are coming from the dummy hand, and even that the dummy hand is, in some way, their own hand. This is an early form of
233:
prior as a weighted average of the prior to common and independent causes, each weighted by their prior probability. Based on the correspondence of these two models, we can also say that hierarchical is a mixture modal of non-hierarchical model.
136:
Studies of sensory processing in humans and other animals has traditionally been performed one sense at a time, and to the present day, numerous academic societies and journals are largely restricted to considering sensory modalities separately
528:(2002), that the primary auditory cortex (A1) was functionally distinct from the auditory association cortex, in that it was void of any interaction with the visual modality. They hence concluded that A1 would not at all be effected by
937:
the AES. That is, although neurons in the SC have a fixed magnitude of output per unit input, and essentially operate an all or nothing response, the level of neural firing can be more finely tuned by variations in input by the AES.
258:
in the earlier developmental stage through unaware collaboration in mother-child dyads. Over the past twenty years, knowledge of this notion has evolved through observing shared intentionality from different perspectives, e.g.,
6258:
Kujala, T.; Alho, K.; Huotilainen, M.; Ilmoniemi, RJ.; Lehtokoski, A.; Leinonen, A.; Rinne, T.; et, al. (Mar 1997). "Electrophysiological evidence for cross-modal plasticity in humans with early- and late-onset blindness".
361:
It has been found that two converging bimodal stimuli can produce a perception that is not only different in magnitude than the sum of its parts, but also quite different in quality. In a classic study labeled the
543:(2004) findings. A resolution to this discrepancy includes the possibility that primary sensory areas can not be classified as a single group, and thus may be far more different from what was previously thought.
4832:
Meredith, MA.; Clemo, HR. (Nov 1989). "Auditory cortical projection from the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (Field AES) to the superior colliculus in the cat: an anatomical and electrophysiological study".
502:
Single neurons in the macaque putamen have been shown to have visual and somatosensory responses closely related to those in the polysensory zone of the premotor cortex and area 7b in the parietal lobe.
2648:
McClung, J. S., Placì, S., Bangerter, A., Clément, F., & Bshary, R. (2017). "The language of cooperation: shared intentionality drives variation in helping as a function of group membership."
215:. This view has been backed up by computational modeling of such a Bayesian inference from signals to coherent representation, which shows similar characteristics to integration in the brain.
3811:[Starting from Aristotle's experiment: The artificial displacements of parts of the body are not followed by feeling in these parts or by the sensations which can be produced there].
3809:"En partant de l'expérience d'Aristote: Les déplacements artificiels des parties du corps ne sont pas suivis par le sentiment de ces parties ni par les sensations qu'on peut y produire"
98:(colour, motion, depth, and form), then in the auditory domain, and recently in the multisensory areas. It can be said therefore, that the binding problem is central to multisensory
4090:
Thesen, T., Vibell, J., Calvert, G.A., & Osterbauer, R. (2004). Neuroimaging of multisensory processing in vision, audition, touch and olfaction. Cognitive Processing, 5, 84-93.
3217:
Forster B, Cavina-Pratesi C, Aglioti SM, Berlucchi G (April 2002). "Redundant target effect and intersensory facilitation from visual-tactile interactions in simple reaction time".
1036:
Additionally, to rationalize sensory dominance, Gori et al. (2008) advocates that the brain utilises the most direct source of information during sensory immaturity. In this case,
391:, mainly the ones using sound bubbles are considered a kind of modern ventriloquism technique and is played by the use of sophisticated software, computers and sound equipment.
2709:
Val Danilov, I. & Mihailova S. (2021). "Neuronal Coherence Agent for Shared Intentionality: A Hypothesis of Neurobiological Processes Occurring during Social Interaction."
3009:
Cervantes Constantino, F.; Sánchez-Costa, T.; Cipriani, G.A.; Carboni, A. (2023). "Visuospatial attention revamps cortical processing of sound amid audiovisual uncertainty".
335:, with lesions in the parieto-occipital cortex, the decrease in the reaction time to a given stimulus by means of intersensory facilitation was shown to be very remarkable.
1059:
orientation judgements are recovered through collaborated patterned stimulations, evidently an indirect source susceptible to interference. Likewise, when size is concerned
5011:
Wallace MT, Meredith MA, Stein BE (June 1993). "Converging influences from visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortices onto output neurons of the superior colliculus".
5046:
Stein, Barry E.; London, Nancy; Wilkinson, Lee K.; Price, Donald D. (1996). "Enhancement of Perceived Visual Intensity by Auditory Stimuli: A Psychophysical Analysis".
4509:
Murata, A.; Fadiga, L.; Fogassi, L.; Gallese, V.; Raos, V.; Rizzolatti, G. (Oct 1997). "Object representation in the ventral premotor cortex (area F5) of the monkey".
1088:
separation, suggesting sensory information is coming from different targets. Furthermore, if the separation can be explained, for example viewing an object through a
2722:
Val Danilov I. (2023)."Low-Frequency Oscillations for Nonlocal Neuronal Coupling in Shared Intentionality Before and After Birth: Toward the Origin of Perception."
520:
directly from the auditory association cortex to V1. This last observation currently highlights a point of controversy within the neuroscientific community. Sadato
486:(LGN). The structure contains a high proportion of multisensory neurons and plays a role in the motor control of orientation behaviours of the eyes, ears and head.
298:
states that multisensory integration is more likely or stronger when the constituent unisensory stimuli evoke relatively weak responses when presented in isolation.
3087:
Hughes, HC.; Reuter-Lorenz, PA.; Nozawa, G.; Fendrich, R. (Feb 1994). "Visual-auditory interactions in sensorimotor processing: saccades versus manual responses".
4697:
Neal, JW.; Pearson, RC.; Powell, TP. (Jul 1990). "The ipsilateral cortico-cortical connections of area 7b, PF, in the parietal and temporal lobes of the monkey".
3900:
Giard MH, Peronnet F (September 1999). "Auditory-visual integration during multimodal object recognition in humans: a behavioral and electrophysiological study".
1033:
providing strong, accelerated visuo-auditory integration. Young animals conversely, do not have this enhancement until unimodal properties are fully developed.
448:
typically involves the use of virtual reality devices to induce the illusion in the subject that the body of another person or being is the subject's own body.
4879:
Jiang, W.; Wallace, MT.; Jiang, H.; Vaughan, JW.; Stein, BE. (Feb 2001). "Two cortical areas mediate multisensory integration in superior colliculus neurons".
189:
years of age show visual dominance when required to identify object orientation. However, haptic dominance occurs when the factor to identify is object size.
2974:
Meredith, MA.; Stein, BE. (Sep 1986). "Visual, auditory, and somatosensory convergence on cells in superior colliculus results in multisensory integration".
2738:
Val Danilov I. (2023). "Shared Intentionality Modulation at the Cell Level: Low-Frequency Oscillations for Temporal Coordination in Bioengineering Systems."
58:
integrate or segregate certain groups of signals. Multimodal perception has been widely studied in cognitive science, behavioral science, and neuroscience.
1063:
information coming from positions of the fingers is more immediate. Visual-size perceptions, alternatively, have to be computed using parameters such as
859:
Research suggests the existence of two multisensory routes for "what" and "where". The "what" route identifying the identity of things involving area
286:
states that multisensory integration is more likely or stronger when the constituent unisensory stimuli arise from approximately the same location.
5608:
Stein, BE; Labos, E; Kruger, L (Jul 1973). "Sequence of changes in properties of neurons of superior colliculus of the kitten during maturation".
4220:
Foxe JJ, Simpson GV (January 2002). "Flow of activation from V1 to frontal cortex in humans. A framework for defining "early" visual processing".
3363:
Hairston WD, Wallace MT, Vaughan JW, Stein BE, Norris JL, Schirillo JA (January 2003). "Visual localization ability influences cross-modal bias".
70:
in the mammalian brain has parcellations that primarily process sensory input from one modality. For example, primary visual area, V1, or primary
4374:
Bernstein LE, Auer ET, Moore JK, Ponton CW, Don M, Singh M (March 2002). "Visual speech perception without primary auditory cortex activation".
5450:
Hillis, JM; Ernst, MO; Banks, MS; Landy, MS (Nov 22, 2002). "Combining sensory information: mandatory fusion within, but not between, senses".
1020:
have reached maturity. The human body undergoes significant physical transformation throughout childhood. Not only is there growth in size and
984:
is available from at least 8 years of age. For pre-integration age groups, one sense dominates depending on the characteristic discerned (see
313:
particularly relevant in the current climate and have driven researchers to investigate the behavioural benefits of multisensory integration.
94:, chemical interactions, and pressure fluctuations that forms the physical basis of the world around us. It was investigated initially in the
6346:
5965:
Kail, RV; Ferrer, E (Nov–Dec 2007). "Processing speed in childhood and adolescence: longitudinal models for examining developmental change".
3876:
2769:
2225:
1675:
292:
states that multisensory integration is more likely or stronger when the constituent unisensory stimuli arise at approximately the same time.
2423:
Pouget A, Deneve S, Duhamel JR (September 2002). "A computational perspective on the neural basis of multisensory spatial representations".
532:. This concurs with Jones and Powell's (1970) contention that primary sensory areas are connected only to other areas of the same modality.
4783:"Speech-like cerebral activity in profoundly deaf people processing signed languages: implications for the neural basis of human language"
1950:(1952). "Las funciones cerebrales humanas según nuevos datos y bases fisiológicas. Una introducción a los estudios de Dinámica Cerebral".
793:
721:
652:
583:
4170:"Long-distance feedback projections to area V1: implications for multisensory integration, spatial awareness, and visual consciousness"
2839:
King AJ, Palmer AR (1985). "Integration of visual and auditory information in bimodal neurones in the guinea-pig superior colliculus".
1609:"Seeing is believing: neural representations of visual stimuli in human auditory cortex correlate with illusory auditory perceptions"
6297:
5584:
5356:
1504:
811:
739:
670:
601:
2793:
Meredith, MA.; Stein, BE. (Feb 1986). "Spatial factors determine the activity of multisensory neurons in cat superior colliculus".
2665:
Shteynberg, G., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). "Implicit coordination: Sharing goals with similar others intensifies goal pursuit."
1117:
Prosthetics designers should carefully consider the nature of dimensionality alteration of sensorimotor signaling from and to the
2696:
Val Danilov I. (2023). "Theoretical Grounds of Shared Intentionality for Neuroscience in Developing Bioengineering Systems."
4420:
Jones EG, Powell TP (1970). "An anatomical study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey".
6147:
Rincon-Gonzalez L, WarrenJ P (2011). "Haptic interaction of touch and proprioception: implications for neuroprosthetics".
5754:
Gori, M; Giuliana, L; Sandini, G; Burr, D (Nov 2012). "Visual size perception and haptic calibration during development".
3994:"A bimodal map of space: somatosensory receptive fields in the macaque putamen with corresponding visual receptive fields"
149:(1896) experiments on the somatosensory effects of wearing vision-distorting prism glasses. Multisensory interactions or
4169:
1489:
Enhancing Performance for Action and Perception - Multisensory Integration, Neuroplasticity and Neuroprosthetics, Part I
1219:
6090:"Reward Maximization Justifies the Transition from Sensory Selection at Childhood to Sensory Integration at Adulthood"
1145:
388:
3506:
Shams L, Iwaki S, Chawla A, Bhattacharya J (April 2005). "Early modulation of visual cortex by sound: an MEG study".
1963:, English edition 2023 (Vols. 1 and 2, Supplements I and II), I. Gonzalo-Fonrodona (ed.) Editorial CSIC, Open Access
1929:, English edition 2023 (Vols. 1 and 2, Supplements I and II), I. Gonzalo-Fonrodona (ed.) Editorial CSIC, Open Access
1438:
Wagemans, J.; Feldman, J.; Gepshtein, S.; Kimchi, R.; Pomerantz, JR.; van der Helm, PA.; van Leeuwen, C. (Nov 2012).
482:
and the inferior colliculus. It sends efferents to the spinal cord, cerebellum, thalamus and occipital lobe via the
4263:
Macaluso E, Frith CD, Driver J (August 2000). "Modulation of human visual cortex by crossmodal spatial attention".
483:
3588:
3174:
Ridgway N, Milders M, Sahraie A (May 2008). "Redundant target effect and the processing of colour and luminance".
3549:
Andersen TS, Tiippana K, Sams M (November 2004). "Factors influencing audiovisual fission and fusion illusions".
2602:
91:
3993:
1003:) found that it cannot be established until age 12 and above. This particular study assessed the integration of
6393:
2636:
2619:
904:
892:
5290:
2931:
Meredith MA, Stein BE (July 1983). "Interactions among converging sensory inputs in the superior colliculus".
2068:
3463:
Watkins S, Shams L, Josephs O, Rees G (August 2007). "Activity in human V1 follows multisensory perception".
1699:
Stratton, George M. (1896). "Some preliminary experiments on vision without inversion of the retinal image".
1381:"A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception: I. Perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization"
116:
3649:"Touching a rubber hand: feeling of body ownership is associated with activity in multisensory brain areas"
2250:
Alais D, Burr D (February 2004). "The ventriloquist effect results from near-optimal bimodal integration".
1379:
Wagemans, J.; Elder, JH.; Kubovy, M.; Palmer, SE.; Peterson, MA.; Singh, M.; von der Heydt, R. (Nov 2012).
6044:
5467:
5151:"Multisensory integration of sounds and vibrotactile stimuli in processing streams for "what" and "where""
5105:
4280:
2376:
2259:
1959:
1925:
1849:
Hartmann, G.W. (1933). "Changes in Visual Acuity through Simultaneous Stimulation of Other Sense Organs".
1392:
1234:
1140:
1118:
864:
529:
445:
424:
409:
1040:
is primarily a visual characteristic. It can be derived directly from the object image that forms on the
941:
exists a continuum, such that the integration and differentiation hypotheses are extremes at either end.
6035:
Ballard, DH; Hayhoe, MM; Pook, PK; Rao, RP (Dec 1997). "Deictic codes for the embodiment of cognition".
5922:
Helbig, HB; Ernst, MO (2007). "Knowledge about a common source can promote visual- haptic integration".
254:
145:
etc.). However, there is also a long and parallel history of multisensory research. An example is the
2743:
2727:
6203:
6101:
5705:
5692:
Tootell, RB; Hadjikhani, NK; Vanduffel, W; Liu, AK; Mendola, JD; Sereno, MI; Dale, AM (Feb 3, 1998).
5459:
5228:
4606:
4272:
4113:
3813:
3709:
3603:
3419:
3316:"A neural basis for interindividual differences in the McGurk effect, a multisensory speech illusion"
3272:
2940:
2479:
2316:
1620:
1037:
981:
868:
378:
75:
modalities. However, multisensory effects have been shown to occur in primary sensory areas as well.
71:
6000:
Kail, R (May 1991). "Developmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence".
5879:
Helbig, HB; Ernst, MO (Jun 2007). "Optimal integration of shape information from vision and touch".
5472:
5110:
4976:
Jiang W, Stein BE (October 2003). "Cortex controls multisensory depression in superior colliculus".
4285:
2381:
2264:
1397:
1239:
6388:
6049:
1030:
1004:
490:
superior sensory space are represented medially, and inferior locations are represented laterally.
475:
112:
2170:
Welch RB, Warren DH (November 1980). "Immediate perceptual response to intersensory discrepancy".
1440:"A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception: II. Conceptual and theoretical foundations"
6398:
6315:
6172:
6070:
5947:
5904:
5549:
5493:
5429:
5374:
5323:
5131:
5071:
4904:
4858:
4722:
4630:
4399:
4325:"Age-dependent plasticity in the superior temporal sulcus in deaf humans: a functional MRI study"
4245:
4202:
4024:
3925:
3756:
3629:
3531:
3488:
3445:
3388:
3296:
3242:
3199:
3156:
3034:
2864:
2818:
2448:
2402:
2285:
2101:
2049:
2006:
1828:
1793:
1532:
1361:
1309:
1260:
212:
146:
107:
54:
5348:
5342:
2217:
2209:
5791:"Development of size constancy in children: a test of the proximal mode sensitivity hypothesis"
5569:
Chapter 8 the visually responsive neuron and beyond: Multisensory integration in cat and monkey
1171:"The neural basis of multisensory integration in the midbrain: its organization and maturation"
887:
bilaterally in the insula. The "where" route detecting their spatial attributes involving the
6370:
6352:
6342:
6303:
6293:
6276:
6237:
6219:
6164:
6129:
6062:
6017:
5982:
5939:
5896:
5861:
5812:
5771:
5733:
5674:
5625:
5590:
5580:
5541:
5485:
5421:
5362:
5352:
5315:
5256:
5180:
5123:
5063:
5028:
4993:
4953:
4896:
4850:
4814:
4763:
4714:
4679:
4622:
4575:
4526:
4491:
4437:
4391:
4356:
4298:
4237:
4194:
4141:
4073:
4016:
3974:
3917:
3882:
3872:
3789:
3737:
3678:
3621:
3566:
3523:
3480:
3437:
3380:
3345:
3288:
3234:
3191:
3148:
3104:
3069:
3026:
2991:
2956:
2913:
2884:"Determinants of multisensory integration in superior colliculus neurons. I. Temporal factors"
2856:
2810:
2775:
2765:
2546:
2505:
2440:
2394:
2342:
2277:
2221:
2187:
2152:
2093:
2041:
1998:
1893:
1681:
1671:
1648:
1589:
1520:
1500:
1469:
1420:
1353:
1328:
1301:
1252:
1200:
1072:
1060:
1056:
1017:
1000:
996:
977:
973:
963:
955:
6288:
Pascual-Leone, A.; Theoret, H.; et, al. (2006). Morton A Heller; Soledad Ballesteros (eds.).
2525:"Bayesian priors are encoded independently from likelihoods in human multisensory perception"
6268:
6227:
6211:
6192:"Multisensory training reverses midbrain lesion-induced changes and ameliorates haemianopia"
6156:
6119:
6109:
6054:
6009:
5974:
5931:
5888:
5851:
5843:
5802:
5763:
5723:
5713:
5664:
5656:
5617:
5572:
5531:
5477:
5413:
5305:
5246:
5236:
5170:
5162:
5149:
Renier LA, Anurova I, De Volder AG, Carlson S, VanMeter J, Rauschecker JP (September 2009).
5115:
5055:
5020:
4985:
4943:
4935:
4888:
4842:
4804:
4794:
4753:
4706:
4669:
4661:
4614:
4565:
4557:
4518:
4481:
4473:
4429:
4383:
4346:
4336:
4290:
4229:
4184:
4131:
4121:
4063:
4055:
4008:
3964:
3956:
3909:
3845:
3779:
3771:
3727:
3717:
3668:
3660:
3611:
3558:
3515:
3472:
3427:
3372:
3335:
3327:
3280:
3226:
3183:
3140:
3096:
3061:
3018:
2983:
2948:
2903:
2895:
2848:
2802:
2536:
2495:
2487:
2432:
2386:
2361:
2332:
2324:
2269:
2179:
2142:
2132:
2083:
2033:
1988:
1885:
1858:
1820:
1785:
1739:
1708:
1638:
1628:
1579:
1571:
1510:
1492:
1487:
Stein, BE.; Rowland, BA. (2011). "Organization and plasticity in multisensory integration".
1459:
1451:
1410:
1402:
1343:
1291:
1244:
1190:
1182:
1008:
888:
884:
876:
872:
279:
distilled three general principles by which multisensory integration may best be described.
259:
242:
38:
4044:"Integration of visual and tactile signals from the hand in the human brain: an FMRI study"
3808:
437:
The first report of this kind of illusion may have been as early as 1937 (Tastevin, 1937).
6327:
5767:
5386:
1544:
1280:"Do sensory cortices process more than one sensory modality during perceptual judgements?"
1077:
1044:, irrespective of other visual factors. In fact, data shows that a functional property of
908:
896:
860:
267:
111:
the brain, including neural structures implicated in multisensory integration such as the
84:
6207:
6105:
5709:
5463:
5232:
4610:
4276:
4117:
3713:
3607:
3423:
3276:
2944:
2483:
2320:
1624:
689:
Lateral occipital complex (LOC), including lateral occipital tactile visual area (LOtv)
66:
There are four attributes of stimulus: modality, intensity, location, and duration. The
6272:
6232:
6191:
6124:
6089:
5856:
5831:
5669:
5660:
5644:
5251:
5216:
5175:
5150:
4948:
4923:
4674:
4649:
4570:
4545:
4486:
4461:
4068:
4043:
3969:
3944:
3784:
3732:
3697:
3673:
3648:
3340:
3315:
2908:
2899:
2883:
2500:
2467:
2337:
2304:
2205:
2147:
2120:
1643:
1608:
1584:
1559:
1515:
1496:
1464:
1439:
1415:
1380:
1195:
1170:
880:
431:
383:
198:
hearing, and hearing and touch have a greater bearing on timing estimates than vision.
138:
42:
5576:
5341:
Lewkowicz, D; Kraebel, K (2004). Gemma Calvert; Charles Spence; Barry E Stein (eds.).
4351:
4324:
4136:
4101:
3562:
3052:
Hershenson M (March 1962). "Reaction time as a measure of intersensory facilitation".
41:(such as sight, sound, touch, smell, self-motion, and taste) may be integrated by the
17:
6382:
5978:
5728:
5693:
5417:
5119:
4862:
4809:
4782:
4710:
4477:
4387:
3945:"Perceptual fusion and stimulus coincidence in the cross-modal integration of speech"
3818:
3633:
3476:
3449:
3331:
3038:
2806:
2491:
2390:
1947:
1052:
547:
374:
363:
332:
309:
155:
128:; culminating in a more thorough understanding of the human brain and its functions.
125:
121:
95:
6176:
5951:
5908:
5497:
5433:
5327:
5075:
4726:
4634:
4403:
4249:
3492:
3392:
3203:
3160:
2868:
2822:
2105:
2010:
1832:
1797:
1313:
1264:
414:
53:
Multimodal perception is how animals form coherent, valid, and robust perception by
6074:
5166:
4939:
4908:
4206:
4028:
3960:
3929:
3664:
3535:
3300:
2468:"Bayesian models: the structure of the world, uncertainty, behavior, and the brain"
2452:
2406:
2289:
2053:
1365:
1021:
263:
168:
5553:
5344:
The value of multisensory redundancy in the development of intersensory perception
5135:
4781:
Petitto LA, Zatorre RJ, Gauna K, Nikelski EJ, Dostie D, Evans AC (December 2000).
4595:"V1 neurons signal acquisition of an internal representation of stimulus location"
4294:
3246:
1024:(affecting viewing height), but there is also change in inter-ocular distance and
6114:
4922:
Wallace, MT.; Carriere, BN.; Perrault, TJ.; Vaughan, JW.; Stein, BE. (Nov 2006).
4561:
3757:"When mirrors lie: "visual capture" of arm position impairs reaching performance"
3722:
3519:
1993:
1976:
1633:
1575:
1296:
1279:
1186:
6013:
3831:
1150:
967:
479:
6336:
6160:
5698:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5221:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5090:
4462:"The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in humans and monkeys"
3376:
3100:
2183:
2037:
1248:
1080:
over accuracy, which could be beneficial in retrospect to the developing body.
377:
has been used as the evidence for the modality appropriateness hypothesis. The
6058:
5892:
5645:"Sensory and multisensory responses in the newborn monkey superior colliculus"
5536:
5519:
5401:
5310:
5059:
5024:
4665:
4522:
4233:
3230:
3187:
3144:
2273:
2088:
418:
Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up in the rubber hand illusion task.
185:
150:
99:
6356:
6223:
5621:
5366:
4892:
4799:
4433:
3886:
3152:
2987:
2305:"Smelling directions: Olfaction modulates ambiguous visual motion perception"
2137:
1811:
Kravkov, S.V. (1930). "Über die Abhängigkeit der Sehschärfe vom Schallreiz".
1685:
1607:
Smith, E.; Duede, S.; Hanrahan, S.; Davis, T.; House, P.; Greger, B. (2013).
5481:
5400:
Neil, PA; Chee-Ruiter, C; Scheier, C; Lewkowicz, DJ; Shimojo, S (Sep 2006).
5241:
4758:
4742:"The human parietal operculum. I. Cytoarchitectonic mapping of subdivisions"
4741:
4618:
4126:
3913:
2952:
2779:
2653:
2585:
2568:
1918:
1876:
London, I.D. (1954). "Research of sensory interaction in the Soviet Union".
900:
142:
67:
6373:"Multisensory integration in auditory and auditory-related areas of cortex"
6307:
6241:
6168:
6133:
6066:
5986:
5943:
5900:
5865:
5816:
5775:
5678:
5545:
5489:
5425:
5319:
5260:
5184:
5067:
4997:
4957:
4900:
4818:
4767:
4683:
4626:
4579:
4495:
4395:
4360:
4341:
4302:
4241:
4198:
4145:
4077:
3978:
3921:
3793:
3741:
3682:
3570:
3527:
3484:
3441:
3384:
3349:
3238:
3195:
3073:
3030:
2550:
2509:
2444:
2398:
2346:
2281:
2156:
2097:
2045:
2002:
1897:
1774:"Über den Einfluss einer Sinneserregung auf die übrigen Sinnesempfindungen"
1652:
1593:
1524:
1473:
1424:
1357:
1305:
1256:
1204:
6280:
6021:
5737:
5718:
5629:
5594:
5402:"Development of multisensory spatial integration and perception in humans"
5127:
5032:
4989:
4854:
4846:
4718:
4530:
4441:
4059:
4020:
3625:
3292:
3108:
2995:
2960:
2917:
2860:
2814:
2191:
4593:
Sharma, J.; Dragoi, V.; Tenenbaum, JB.; Miller, EK.; Sur, M. (Jun 2003).
4189:
3775:
1348:
1068:
90:
unified, coherent perception of their surroundings from the cacophony of
2024:
Shams, L.; Beierholm, UR. (Sep 2010). "Causal inference in perception".
546:
The multisensory syndrome with symmetric bilaterality, characterized by
6215:
5807:
5790:
4012:
3022:
2852:
1824:
1789:
1049:
1045:
1025:
959:
6338:
The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes (Frontiers in Neuroscience)
3698:"Perception of Body Ownership is Driven by Bayesian Sensory Inference"
3131:
Wallace, Mark T. (2004). "The development of multisensory processes".
2328:
3432:
3407:
3284:
3065:
1889:
1862:
1743:
1712:
1455:
1406:
1089:
1041:
5291:"Young children do not integrate visual and haptic form information"
2069:"Young children do not integrate visual and haptic form information"
1773:
1727:
1220:"The emergence of multisensory systems through perceptual narrowing"
466:
5847:
4594:
2744:
https://www.lidsen.com/journals/neurobiology/neurobiology-07-04-185
2728:
https://www.lidsen.com/journals/neurobiology/neurobiology-07-04-192
2541:
2524:
2436:
1012:
that they no longer have access to the individual sensory sources.
784:
provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
712:
provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
643:
provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
574:
provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
6290:
The Role of Visual Cortex in Tactile Processing: A Metamodal Brain
5935:
5832:"The combination of vision and touch depends on spatial proximity"
4740:
Eickhoff, SB.; Schleicher, A.; Zilles, K.; Amunts, K. (Feb 2006).
3616:
1085:
1064:
465:
413:
2670:
2362:"Bayesian multisensory integration and cross-modal spatial links"
2212:. In Calvert, Gemma A.; Spence, Charles; Stein, Barry E. (eds.).
6088:
Daee, Pedram; Mirian, Maryam S.; Ahmadabadi, Majid Nili (2014).
3263:
McGurk H, MacDonald J (1976). "Hearing lips and seeing voices".
1560:"Interactions of auditory and visual stimuli in space and time"
6190:
Jiang, Huai; Stein, Barry E.; McHaffie, John G. (2015-05-29).
1491:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 191. pp. 145–63.
1329:"Temporal dynamics of unimodal and multimodal feature binding"
1131:
persist even after the explicit multisensory training ceases.
768:
696:
627:
558:
5830:
Gepshtein, S; Burge, J; Ernst, MO; Banks, MS (Dec 28, 2005).
5694:"Functional analysis of primary visual cortex (V1) in humans"
4546:"Multisensory connections of monkey auditory cerebral cortex"
2121:"Development of visuo-auditory integration in space and time"
1977:"Why seeing is believing: merging auditory and visual worlds"
512:
the occipito-parietal space and the occipito-temporal space.
270:, or at least complements one of the mechanisms noted above.
5571:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 95. pp. 79–90.
1278:
Lemus L, Hernández A, Luna R, Zainos A, Romo R (July 2010).
2067:
Gori, M.; Del Viva, M.; Sandini, G.; Burr, DC. (May 2008).
5289:
Gori, M; Del Viva, M; Sandini, G; Burr, DC (May 6, 2008).
4323:
Sadato N, Yamada H, Okada T, et al. (December 2004).
4650:"A putative model of multisensory object representation"
2650:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,
4648:
Lacey, S.; Tal, N.; Amedi, A.; Sathian, K. (May 2009).
789:
717:
648:
579:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5194:
4924:"The development of cortical multisensory integration"
4100:
Wallace MT, Ramachandran R, Stein BE (February 2004).
3647:
Ehrsson HH, Holmes NP, Passingham RE (November 2005).
1952:
Trabajos del Inst. Cajal de Investigaciones Biológicas
430:
The RHI is an illusion of vision, touch, and posture (
5445:
5443:
5215:
Nardini, M; Bedford, R; Mareschal, D (Sep 28, 2010).
2742:
2023; 7(4): 185; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304185.
2726:
2023; 7(4): 192; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304192.
620:
Polysensory zone of premotor cortex (PZ) in macaques
37:, is the study of how information from the different
5749:
5747:
5217:"Fusion of visual cues is not mandatory in children"
5091:"Separate visual pathways for perception and action"
4042:
Gentile, G.; Petkova, VI.; Ehrsson, HH. (Feb 2011).
1169:
Stein, BE.; Stanford, TR.; Rowland, BA. (Dec 2009).
972:
Another study found that cross-modal integration of
5284:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5270:
2882:Meredith, MA.; Nemitz, JW.; Stein, BE. (Oct 1987).
2700:
2023; 7(1): 156; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2301156
1055:are their discernment to orientation. In contrast,
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
1668:Modularity of mind: an essay on faculty psychology
838:Rostral lateral suprasylvian sulcus (rLS) in cats
410:Body transfer illusion § Rubber hand illusion
4168:Clavagnier S, Falchier A, Kennedy H (June 2004).
4102:"A revised view of sensory cortical parcellation"
3582:
3580:
6335:Wallace, Mark; Murray, Micah Middelmann (2012).
3406:Shams L, Kamitani Y, Shimojo S (December 2000).
2713:2021;5(4):26; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2104113
387:location of visual stimuli. Some types of EVP –
4455:
4453:
4451:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
2523:Beierholm, UR.; Quartz, SR.; Shams, L. (2009).
1844:
1842:
1728:"Vision without inversion of the retinal image"
755:Lateral intraparietal sulcus (LIP) in macaques
752:Ventral intraparietal sulcus (VIP) in macaques
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
3258:
3256:
2418:
2416:
124:effect, rapid localization of stimuli and the
6292:. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
5567:Stein, BE; Meredith, MA; Wallace, MT (1993).
4971:
4969:
4967:
4874:
4872:
4415:
4413:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
1958:: pp. 95–157. It is the Supplement I of
8:
5347:. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, cop. pp.
3755:Holmes NP, Crozier G, Spence C (June 2004).
2834:
2832:
2685:Social cognitive and affective neuroscience,
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1917:Gonzalo, J. (1945, 1950, 1952, 2010, 2023).
1218:Lewkowicz DJ, Ghazanfar AA (November 2009).
228:The hierarchical vs. non-hierarchical models
163:Example of spatial and structural congruence
115:and various cortical structures such as the
3867:Bergman, Ronald A.; Afifi, Adel K. (2005).
3696:Samad M, Chung A, Shams L (February 2015).
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
855:Dual "what" and "where" multisensory routes
219:Cue combination vs. causal inference models
5520:"Multisensory integration: a late bloomer"
3408:"Illusions. What you see is what you hear"
2667:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,
2472:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
991:A study investigating sensory integration
6231:
6123:
6113:
6048:
5855:
5806:
5727:
5717:
5668:
5535:
5471:
5309:
5250:
5240:
5174:
5109:
4947:
4808:
4798:
4757:
4673:
4569:
4485:
4350:
4340:
4284:
4188:
4135:
4125:
4067:
3968:
3783:
3731:
3721:
3672:
3615:
3589:"Rubber hands 'feel' touch that eyes see"
3431:
3339:
2907:
2540:
2499:
2380:
2336:
2263:
2146:
2136:
2087:
1992:
1642:
1632:
1583:
1514:
1463:
1414:
1396:
1347:
1295:
1238:
1194:
945:Psychophysical development of integration
835:Anterior ectosylvian sulus (AES) in cats
812:Learn how and when to remove this message
740:Learn how and when to remove this message
671:Learn how and when to remove this message
602:Learn how and when to remove this message
524:(2004) concluded, in line with Bernstein
2760:Stein, Barry; Meredith, M. Alex (1993).
2654:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1682
2616:The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition.
2119:Gori, M.; Sandini, G.; Burr, D. (2012).
5789:Granrud, CE; Schmechel, TT (Nov 2006).
5643:Wallace, MT; Stein, BE (Nov 15, 2001).
3869:Functional neuroanatomy: text and atlas
3846:"En partant de l'expérience d'Aristote"
2214:The Handbook of Multisensory Processing
1161:
1100:– those typical of objective learning.
6371:Hearing Research special edition 2009
6323:
6313:
5382:
5372:
5089:Goodale MA, Milner AD (January 1992).
4544:Smiley, JF.; Falchier, A. (Dec 2009).
3587:Botvinick M, Cohen J (February 1998).
3314:Nath, AR.; Beauchamp, MS. (Jan 2012).
1975:Witten, IB.; Knudsen, EI. (Nov 2005).
1540:
1530:
915:Development of multisensory operations
911:in the left superior parietal lobule.
303:Perceptual and behavioral consequences
296:The principle of inverse effectiveness
237:Independence of likelihoods and priors
6149:IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng
5768:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.2012.01183.x
3943:Miller LM, D'Esposito M (June 2005).
2633:Becoming Human: A Theory of Ontogeny.
2466:Vilares, I.; Kording, K. (Apr 2011).
2216:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp.
1098:speed and detecting sensory conflicts
985:
794:providing more context for the reader
722:providing more context for the reader
653:providing more context for the reader
584:providing more context for the reader
7:
1327:Zmigrod, S.; Hommel, B. (Jan 2010).
970:, intermodal integration is avoided.
4460:Grefkes, C.; Fink, GR. (Jul 2005).
6273:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02134.x
5661:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-22-08886.2001
2900:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-10-03215.1987
1497:10.1016/B978-0-444-53752-2.00007-2
883:-inferior frontal gyrus area, and
761:Second somatosensory cortex (SII)
27:Study of senses and nervous system
25:
6037:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
5048:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
3563:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.06.004
3089:J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
2210:"Multisensory Texture Perception"
962:information compared to a single
842:Cortical-subcortical interactions
120:perceptual phenomena such as the
6043:(4): 723–42, discussion 743–67.
5979:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01088.x
5418:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00512.x
4478:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00426.x
4388:10.1097/00001756-200203040-00013
3477:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.027
3332:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.024
2492:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05965.x
2391:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2004.03.011
773:
701:
632:
563:
5795:Perception & Psychophysics
5167:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0910-09.2009
4940:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3295-06.2006
3992:Graziano MS, Gross CG (1993).
3961:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0896-05.2005
3665:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0800-05.2005
2764:. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
2671:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp
2208:; Klatzky, Roberta L. (2004).
1670:. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
1227:Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.)
317:Decreasing sensory uncertainty
62:Stimuli and sensory modalities
1:
5577:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60359-3
4295:10.1126/science.289.5482.1206
2303:Kuang, S.; Zhang, T. (2014).
1761:. New York: The Ronald Press.
824:Primary auditory cortex (A1)
6115:10.1371/journal.pone.0103143
5120:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90344-8
4787:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
4711:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90500-B
4562:10.1016/j.heares.2009.06.019
4106:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
3723:10.1371/journal.pone.0117178
3520:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.035
2807:10.1016/0006-8993(86)91648-3
2582:The rediscovery of the mind.
1994:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.020
1726:Stratton, George M. (1897).
1634:10.1371/journal.pone.0073148
1576:10.1016/j.heares.2009.04.009
1297:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.015
1187:10.1016/j.heares.2009.03.012
980:for distinguishing size and
117:superior temporal gyrus (GT)
6014:10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.490
5881:Experimental Brain Research
5649:The Journal of Neuroscience
2425:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2360:Deneve S, Pouget A (2004).
1772:Urbantschitsch, V. (1888).
1558:Recanzone, GH. (Dec 2009).
1146:Sensory processing disorder
683:Primary visual cortex (V1)
389:electronic voice phenomenon
6415:
6161:10.1109/tnsre.2011.2166808
5610:Journal of Neurophysiology
5518:Ernst, MO (Jun 24, 2008).
4177:Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci
3764:Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci
3377:10.1162/089892903321107792
3101:10.1037/0096-1523.20.1.131
2635:Cambridge, Massachusetts:
2618:Cambridge, Massachusetts:
2184:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.638
2038:10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.001
1249:10.1016/j.tics.2009.08.004
484:lateral geniculate nucleus
407:
82:
6341:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
6059:10.1017/s0140525x97001611
5893:10.1007/s00221-006-0814-y
5537:10.1016/j.cub.2008.05.002
5311:10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.036
5060:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.6.497
5025:10.1152/jn.1993.69.6.1797
4666:10.1007/s10548-009-0087-4
4523:10.1152/jn.1997.78.4.2226
4234:10.1007/s00221-001-0906-7
3871:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
3231:10.1007/s00221-002-1017-9
3188:10.1007/s00221-008-1293-0
3145:10.1007/s10339-004-0017-z
2762:The merging of the senses
2603:Stanford University Press
2274:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.029
2089:10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.036
5622:10.1152/jn.1973.36.4.667
4893:10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.506
4800:10.1073/pnas.97.25.13961
3844:J. Tastevin (Mar 1937).
3807:J. Tastevin (Feb 1937).
3551:Brain Res Cogn Brain Res
2988:10.1152/jn.1986.56.3.640
2637:Harvard University Press
2620:Harvard University Press
2138:10.3389/fnint.2012.00077
1666:Fodor, Jerry A. (1983).
1336:Atten Percept Psychophys
905:superior parietal lobule
893:inferior parietal lobule
686:Lingual gyrus in humans
339:Redundant target effects
326:Decreasing reaction time
193:Modality appropriateness
113:superior colliculus (SC)
31:Multisensory integration
5482:10.1126/science.1075396
5242:10.1073/pnas.1001699107
4928:Journal of Neuroscience
4619:10.1126/science.1081721
4127:10.1073/pnas.0305697101
3914:10.1162/089892999563544
2953:10.1126/science.6867718
1757:Hartmann, G.M. (1935).
1738:(4): 341–360, 463–481.
920:Theories of development
175:Theories and approaches
6002:Psychological Bulletin
4434:10.1093/brain/93.4.793
4342:10.1186/1471-2202-5-56
2631:Tomasello, M. (2019).
2614:Tomasello, M. (1999).
1141:Body transfer illusion
891:in the right and left
865:inferior frontal gyrus
530:cross modal plasticity
471:
446:Body transfer illusion
441:Body transfer illusion
425:body transfer illusion
419:
352:Multisensory illusions
184:Literature on spatial
35:multimodal integration
18:Multimodal integration
6196:Nature Communications
5756:Developmental Science
5719:10.1073/pnas.95.3.811
5406:Developmental Science
4990:10.1152/jn.00369.2003
4847:10.1002/cne.902890412
4759:10.1093/cercor/bhi105
4060:10.1152/jn.00840.2010
2652:284(1863), 20171682.
2599:The importance of us.
2125:Front Integr Neurosci
1126:Visual rehabilitation
469:
417:
395:Double-flash illusion
255:shared intentionality
249:Shared intentionality
92:electromagnetic waves
4190:10.3758/CABN.4.2.117
3776:10.3758/CABN.4.2.193
3133:Cognitive Processing
1732:Psychological Review
1701:Psychological Review
1349:10.3758/APP.72.1.142
869:middle frontal gyrus
758:Area 7b in macaques
617:Area F5 in macaques
614:Area F4 in macaques
404:Rubber hand illusion
382:cue is unambiguous,
379:ventriloquism effect
206:Bayesian integration
49:General introduction
6208:2015NatCo...6.7263J
6106:2014PLoSO...9j3143D
5710:1998PNAS...95..811T
5464:2002Sci...298.1627H
5233:2010PNAS..10717041N
4611:2003Sci...300.1758S
4277:2000Sci...289.1206M
4118:2004PNAS..101.2167W
3714:2015PLoSO..1017178S
3608:1998Natur.391..756B
3424:2000Natur.408..788S
3277:1976Natur.264..746M
2945:1983Sci...221..389M
2669:47(6), 1291-1294.,
2601:SUP. Stanford, CA:
2597:Tuomela R. (1995).
2580:Searle JR. (1992).
2563:Gilbert M. (1989).
2484:2011NYASA1224...22V
2321:2014NatSR...4E5796K
1625:2013PLoSO...873148S
1031:superior colliculus
790:improve the article
718:improve the article
649:improve the article
580:improve the article
476:superior colliculus
470:Superior colliculus
462:Superior colliculus
6216:10.1038/ncomms8263
5808:10.3758/bf03193736
4013:10.1007/BF00228820
3023:10.1111/psyp.14329
2853:10.1007/bf00236934
2309:Scientific Reports
2206:Lederman, Susan J.
1825:10.1007/bf01853661
1790:10.1007/bf01669354
1759:Gestalt Psychology
472:
420:
213:Bayesian inference
143:'Hearing Research'
108:Gestalt psychology
55:processing sensory
39:sensory modalities
6348:978-1-4398-1217-4
5967:Child Development
5836:Journal of Vision
5458:(5598): 1627–30.
4605:(5626): 1758–63.
3878:978-0-07-140812-7
2771:978-0-262-19331-3
2369:J. Physiol. Paris
2329:10.1038/srep05796
2227:978-0-262-03321-3
1920:Dinámica Cerebral
1677:978-0-262-06084-4
822:
821:
814:
750:
749:
742:
681:
680:
673:
612:
611:
604:
457:Subcortical areas
452:Neural mechanisms
290:The temporal rule
139:'Vision Research'
16:(Redirected from
6406:
6360:
6331:
6325:
6321:
6319:
6311:
6284:
6261:Psychophysiology
6246:
6245:
6235:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6127:
6117:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6052:
6032:
6026:
6025:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5859:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5810:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5751:
5742:
5741:
5731:
5721:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5539:
5515:
5502:
5501:
5475:
5447:
5438:
5437:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5370:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5313:
5295:
5286:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5212:
5189:
5188:
5178:
5161:(35): 10950–60.
5146:
5140:
5139:
5113:
5095:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4973:
4962:
4961:
4951:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4876:
4867:
4866:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4802:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4761:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4573:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4457:
4446:
4445:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4344:
4320:
4307:
4306:
4288:
4271:(5482): 1206–8.
4260:
4254:
4253:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4192:
4174:
4165:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4129:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4039:
4033:
4032:
3998:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3841:
3835:
3832:English abstract
3829:
3822:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3761:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3725:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3659:(45): 10564–73.
3644:
3638:
3637:
3619:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3435:
3433:10.1038/35048669
3403:
3397:
3396:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3285:10.1038/264746a0
3260:
3251:
3250:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3128:
3113:
3112:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3066:10.1037/h0039516
3049:
3043:
3042:
3011:Psychophysiology
3006:
3000:
2999:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2939:(4608): 389–91.
2928:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2757:
2746:
2740:OBM Neurobiology
2736:
2730:
2724:OBM Neurobiology
2720:
2714:
2711:OBM Neurobiology
2707:
2701:
2698:OBM Neurobiology
2694:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2663:
2657:
2646:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2612:
2606:
2595:
2589:
2578:
2572:
2565:On social facts.
2561:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2384:
2366:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2267:
2247:
2232:
2231:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2091:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1972:
1966:
1945:
1932:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1890:10.1037/h0056730
1873:
1867:
1866:
1863:10.1037/h0074549
1846:
1837:
1836:
1813:Arch. Ophthalmol
1808:
1802:
1801:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1744:10.1037/h0075482
1723:
1717:
1716:
1713:10.1037/h0072918
1696:
1690:
1689:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1636:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1518:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1456:10.1037/a0029334
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1407:10.1037/a0029333
1400:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1351:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1299:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1242:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1166:
1053:visual cortices'
986:visual dominance
889:Brodmann area 40
885:Brodmann area 13
877:Brodmann area 45
873:Brodmann area 13
817:
810:
806:
803:
797:
777:
776:
769:
745:
738:
734:
731:
725:
705:
704:
697:
676:
669:
665:
662:
656:
636:
635:
628:
607:
600:
596:
593:
587:
567:
566:
559:
542:
284:The spatial rule
260:psychophysiology
180:Visual dominance
33:, also known as
21:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6394:Sensory systems
6379:
6378:
6367:
6349:
6334:
6322:
6312:
6300:
6287:
6257:
6254:
6252:Further reading
6249:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6034:
6033:
6029:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5930:(10): 1523–33.
5921:
5920:
5916:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5842:(11): 1013–23.
5829:
5828:
5824:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5655:(22): 8886–94.
5642:
5641:
5637:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5587:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5530:(12): R519–21.
5524:Current Biology
5517:
5516:
5505:
5473:10.1.1.278.6134
5449:
5448:
5441:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5381:
5371:
5359:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5298:Current Biology
5293:
5288:
5287:
5268:
5227:(39): 17041–6.
5214:
5213:
5192:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5111:10.1.1.207.6873
5098:Trends Neurosci
5093:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5019:(6): 1797–809.
5013:J. Neurophysiol
5010:
5009:
5005:
4978:J. Neurophysiol
4975:
4974:
4965:
4934:(46): 11844–9.
4921:
4920:
4916:
4878:
4877:
4870:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4793:(25): 13961–6.
4780:
4779:
4775:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4660:(3–4): 269–74.
4647:
4646:
4642:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4459:
4458:
4449:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4322:
4321:
4310:
4286:10.1.1.420.5403
4262:
4261:
4257:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4153:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4041:
4040:
4036:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3955:(25): 5884–93.
3942:
3941:
3937:
3902:J Cogn Neurosci
3899:
3898:
3894:
3879:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3708:(2): e0117178.
3695:
3694:
3690:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3365:J Cogn Neurosci
3362:
3361:
3357:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3271:(5588): 746–8.
3262:
3261:
3254:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3130:
3129:
3116:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2894:(10): 3215–29.
2881:
2880:
2876:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2772:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2737:
2733:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2687:13(8), 841-849.
2681:
2677:
2664:
2660:
2647:
2643:
2630:
2626:
2613:
2609:
2596:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2562:
2558:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2382:10.1.1.133.7694
2375:(1–3): 249–58.
2364:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2265:10.1.1.220.4159
2249:
2248:
2235:
2228:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2026:Trends Cogn Sci
2023:
2022:
2018:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1946:
1935:
1916:
1905:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1851:J. Exp. Psychol
1848:
1847:
1840:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1778:Pflügers Archiv
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1539:
1529:
1507:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1398:10.1.1.452.8394
1391:(6): 1172–217.
1378:
1377:
1373:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1240:10.1.1.554.4323
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1137:
1128:
1115:
1110:
971:
947:
922:
917:
909:Brodmann area 7
897:Brodmann area 7
861:Brodmann area 9
857:
844:
818:
807:
801:
798:
787:
778:
774:
767:
746:
735:
729:
726:
715:
706:
702:
695:
677:
666:
660:
657:
646:
637:
633:
626:
608:
597:
591:
588:
577:
568:
564:
557:
540:
509:
500:
464:
459:
454:
443:
412:
406:
397:
372:
359:
354:
341:
328:
319:
305:
276:
268:binding problem
251:
239:
230:
221:
208:
195:
182:
177:
167:When we hear a
165:
134:
87:
85:Binding problem
81:
79:Binding problem
64:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6412:
6410:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6366:
6365:External links
6363:
6362:
6361:
6347:
6332:
6298:
6285:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6182:
6155:(5): 490–500.
6139:
6100:(7): e103143.
6080:
6050:10.1.1.49.3813
6027:
6008:(3): 490–501.
5992:
5973:(6): 1760–70.
5957:
5914:
5887:(4): 595–606.
5871:
5848:10.1167/5.11.7
5822:
5801:(8): 1372–81.
5781:
5743:
5684:
5635:
5600:
5585:
5559:
5503:
5439:
5392:
5357:
5333:
5266:
5190:
5141:
5081:
5054:(6): 497–506.
5038:
5003:
4984:(4): 2123–35.
4963:
4914:
4881:J Neurophysiol
4868:
4841:(4): 687–707.
4824:
4773:
4732:
4689:
4640:
4585:
4556:(1–2): 37–46.
4536:
4517:(4): 2226–30.
4511:J Neurophysiol
4501:
4447:
4428:(4): 793–820.
4409:
4366:
4308:
4255:
4212:
4151:
4112:(7): 2167–72.
4092:
4083:
4048:J Neurophysiol
4034:
3984:
3935:
3892:
3877:
3859:
3836:
3799:
3770:(2): 193–200.
3747:
3688:
3639:
3576:
3557:(3): 301–308.
3541:
3508:Neurosci. Lett
3498:
3455:
3398:
3355:
3306:
3252:
3209:
3166:
3114:
3079:
3044:
3017:(10): e14329.
3001:
2976:J Neurophysiol
2966:
2923:
2874:
2847:(3): 492–500.
2828:
2785:
2770:
2747:
2731:
2715:
2702:
2689:
2675:
2673:. 2011.04.012.
2658:
2641:
2624:
2607:
2590:
2573:
2556:
2542:10.1167/9.5.23
2515:
2458:
2437:10.1038/nrn914
2412:
2352:
2295:
2233:
2226:
2197:
2162:
2111:
2059:
2016:
1967:
1961:Brain Dynamics
1933:
1927:Brain Dynamics
1903:
1884:(6): 531–568.
1868:
1857:(3): 393–407.
1838:
1819:(2): 334–338.
1803:
1764:
1749:
1718:
1707:(6): 611–617.
1691:
1676:
1658:
1599:
1570:(1–2): 89–99.
1550:
1541:|journal=
1505:
1479:
1450:(6): 1218–52.
1430:
1371:
1319:
1270:
1210:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
946:
943:
921:
918:
916:
913:
856:
853:
843:
840:
820:
819:
781:
779:
772:
766:
763:
748:
747:
709:
707:
700:
694:
691:
679:
678:
640:
638:
631:
625:
624:Occipital lobe
622:
610:
609:
571:
569:
562:
556:
553:
508:
507:Cortical areas
505:
499:
496:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
442:
439:
432:proprioception
405:
402:
396:
393:
384:visual capture
371:
368:
358:
355:
353:
350:
340:
337:
327:
324:
318:
315:
304:
301:
300:
299:
293:
287:
275:
272:
250:
247:
243:Bayesian model
238:
235:
229:
226:
220:
217:
207:
204:
194:
191:
181:
178:
176:
173:
164:
161:
133:
130:
83:Main article:
80:
77:
63:
60:
50:
47:
43:nervous system
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6411:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6333:
6329:
6317:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6299:9780805847260
6295:
6291:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5936:10.1068/p5851
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5915:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5826:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5762:(6): 854–62.
5761:
5757:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5616:(4): 667–79.
5615:
5611:
5604:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5586:9780444894922
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5412:(5): 454–64.
5411:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5393:
5388:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5358:9780262033213
5354:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5337:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5142:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5082:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4887:(2): 506–22.
4886:
4882:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4835:J Comp Neurol
4828:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4752:(2): 254–67.
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4705:(1): 119–32.
4704:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4228:(1): 139–50.
4227:
4223:
4222:Exp Brain Res
4216:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4183:(2): 117–26.
4182:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4054:(2): 910–22.
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4007:(1): 96–109.
4006:
4002:
4001:Exp Brain Res
3995:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3908:(5): 473–90.
3907:
3903:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3860:
3856:(3): 140–158.
3855:
3852:(in French).
3851:
3847:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:(in French).
3823:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3617:10.1038/35784
3613:
3609:
3605:
3602:(6669): 756.
3601:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3418:(6814): 788.
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3219:Exp Brain Res
3213:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3182:(1): 153–60.
3181:
3177:
3176:Exp Brain Res
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3095:(1): 131–53.
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:(3): 289–93.
3059:
3055:
3054:J Exp Psychol
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2982:(3): 640–62.
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:Exp Brain Res
2835:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2535:(5): 23.1–9.
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2258:(3): 257–62.
2257:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:(3): 638–67.
2177:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:(9): 425–32.
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1987:(3): 489–96.
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1922:, Open Access
1921:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:Psychol. Bull
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:(9): e73148.
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1506:9780444537522
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1342:(1): 142–52.
1341:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1290:(2): 335–48.
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1233:(11): 470–8.
1232:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:(1–2): 4–15.
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
969:
965:
961:
957:
951:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
899:in the right
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:in the right
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:in the right
862:
854:
852:
848:
841:
839:
836:
833:
831:
825:
816:
813:
805:
795:
791:
785:
782:This section
780:
771:
770:
765:Temporal lobe
764:
762:
759:
756:
753:
744:
741:
733:
723:
719:
713:
710:This section
708:
699:
698:
693:Parietal lobe
692:
690:
687:
684:
675:
672:
664:
654:
650:
644:
641:This section
639:
630:
629:
623:
621:
618:
615:
606:
603:
595:
585:
581:
575:
572:This section
570:
561:
560:
554:
552:
549:
544:
539:
533:
531:
527:
523:
517:
513:
506:
504:
497:
495:
491:
487:
485:
481:
477:
468:
461:
456:
451:
449:
447:
440:
438:
435:
433:
428:
426:
416:
411:
403:
401:
394:
392:
390:
385:
380:
376:
375:Ventriloquism
370:Ventriloquism
369:
367:
365:
364:McGurk effect
357:McGurk effect
356:
351:
349:
345:
338:
336:
334:
325:
323:
316:
314:
311:
310:Justo Gonzalo
302:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
280:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
248:
246:
244:
236:
234:
227:
225:
218:
216:
214:
205:
203:
199:
192:
190:
187:
179:
174:
172:
170:
162:
160:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
131:
129:
127:
126:McGurk effect
123:
122:ventriloquism
118:
114:
109:
103:
101:
97:
96:visual domain
93:
86:
78:
76:
73:
72:somatosensory
69:
61:
59:
56:
48:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
6372:
6337:
6289:
6267:(2): 213–6.
6264:
6260:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5839:
5835:
5825:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5759:
5755:
5704:(3): 811–7.
5701:
5697:
5687:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5568:
5562:
5527:
5523:
5455:
5451:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5343:
5336:
5304:(9): 694–8.
5301:
5297:
5224:
5220:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5101:
5097:
5084:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5016:
5012:
5006:
4981:
4977:
4931:
4927:
4917:
4884:
4880:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4749:
4746:Cereb Cortex
4745:
4735:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4657:
4654:Brain Topogr
4653:
4643:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4469:
4465:
4425:
4421:
4382:(3): 311–5.
4379:
4375:
4369:
4332:
4329:BMC Neurosci
4328:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4180:
4176:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4086:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4004:
4000:
3987:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3868:
3862:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3825:
3812:
3802:
3767:
3763:
3750:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3599:
3595:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3514:(2): 76–81.
3511:
3507:
3501:
3471:(2): 572–8.
3468:
3464:
3458:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3326:(1): 781–7.
3323:
3319:
3309:
3268:
3264:
3225:(4): 480–7.
3222:
3218:
3212:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3139:(2): 69–83.
3136:
3132:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3014:
3010:
3004:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2844:
2840:
2801:(2): 350–4.
2798:
2794:
2788:
2761:
2739:
2734:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2666:
2661:
2649:
2644:
2632:
2627:
2615:
2610:
2598:
2593:
2581:
2576:
2564:
2559:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2478:(1): 22–39.
2475:
2471:
2461:
2431:(9): 741–7.
2428:
2424:
2372:
2368:
2355:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2255:
2251:
2213:
2200:
2175:
2172:Psychol Bull
2171:
2165:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2082:(9): 694–8.
2079:
2075:
2062:
2029:
2025:
2019:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1926:
1919:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1854:
1850:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1667:
1661:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1488:
1482:
1447:
1444:Psychol Bull
1443:
1433:
1388:
1385:Psychol Bull
1384:
1374:
1339:
1335:
1322:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1230:
1226:
1213:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1129:
1116:
1108:Applications
1102:
1097:
1094:
1082:
1035:
1014:
992:
990:
952:
948:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
858:
849:
845:
837:
834:
829:
826:
823:
808:
799:
788:Please help
783:
760:
757:
754:
751:
736:
727:
716:Please help
711:
688:
685:
682:
667:
658:
647:Please help
642:
619:
616:
613:
598:
589:
578:Please help
573:
555:Frontal lobe
545:
537:
534:
525:
521:
518:
514:
510:
501:
492:
488:
473:
444:
436:
429:
421:
398:
373:
360:
346:
342:
329:
320:
306:
295:
289:
283:
277:
264:neurobiology
252:
240:
231:
222:
209:
200:
196:
183:
166:
135:
104:
88:
65:
52:
34:
30:
29:
6324:|work=
5383:|work=
5155:J. Neurosci
5104:(1): 20–5.
4472:(1): 3–17.
4376:NeuroReport
3949:J. Neurosci
3850:L'Encephale
3828:(2): 57–84.
3817: [
3814:L'Encephale
3653:J. Neurosci
3371:(1): 20–9.
1948:Gonzalo, J.
1784:: 154–182.
1151:Synesthesia
1038:orientation
982:orientation
968:visual cues
480:spinal cord
6389:Perception
6383:Categories
5924:Perception
3465:NeuroImage
3320:NeuroImage
2888:J Neurosci
2252:Curr. Biol
1157:References
1113:Prosthesis
1078:plasticity
1018:modalities
867:and right
408:See also:
274:Principles
211:a form of
186:crossmodal
151:crossmodal
147:Stratton's
100:perception
6399:Neurology
6357:707710852
6326:ignored (
6316:cite book
6224:2041-1723
6045:CiteSeerX
5468:CiteSeerX
5385:ignored (
5375:cite book
5367:803222288
5106:CiteSeerX
4863:221577963
4699:Brain Res
4281:CiteSeerX
3887:475017241
3634:205024516
3450:205012107
3153:1612-4782
3039:258617930
2795:Brain Res
2586:MIT Press
2569:Routledge
2377:CiteSeerX
2260:CiteSeerX
2076:Curr Biol
1686:551957787
1543:ignored (
1533:cite book
1393:CiteSeerX
1235:CiteSeerX
1005:disparity
995:a single
901:precuneus
802:July 2013
730:July 2013
661:July 2013
592:July 2013
68:neocortex
6242:26021613
6202:: 7263.
6177:20575638
6169:21984518
6134:25058591
6094:PLOS ONE
6067:10097009
5987:17988319
5952:14884284
5944:18265835
5909:12049308
5901:17225091
5866:16441199
5817:17378423
5776:23106739
5679:11698600
5546:18579094
5498:15607270
5490:12446912
5434:25690976
5426:16911447
5328:13899031
5320:18450446
5261:20837526
5185:19726653
5076:43705477
5068:23961981
4998:14534263
4958:17108157
4901:11160489
4819:11106400
4768:15888607
4727:24535669
4684:19330441
4635:14716502
4627:12805552
4580:19619628
4550:Hear Res
4496:16011542
4404:44484836
4396:11930129
4361:15588277
4303:10947990
4250:25506401
4242:11797091
4199:15460918
4146:14766982
4078:21148091
3979:15976077
3922:10511637
3830: (
3794:15460925
3742:25658822
3702:PLOS ONE
3683:16280594
3571:15511646
3528:15774261
3493:17477883
3485:17604652
3442:11130706
3393:13636325
3385:12590840
3350:21787869
3239:11914794
3204:23092762
3196:18264703
3161:16710851
3074:13906889
3031:37166096
2869:25796198
2823:12807282
2780:25869284
2584:London:
2567:London:
2551:19757901
2510:21486294
2445:12209122
2399:15477036
2347:25052162
2315:: 5796.
2282:14761661
2157:23060759
2106:13899031
2098:18450446
2046:20705502
2011:17244783
2003:16269365
1898:13215683
1833:30040170
1798:42136599
1653:24023823
1613:PLOS ONE
1594:19393306
1564:Hear Res
1525:21741550
1474:22845750
1425:22845751
1358:20045885
1314:16043442
1306:20670839
1265:14289579
1257:19748305
1205:19345256
1175:Hear Res
1135:See also
1069:distance
997:modality
964:modality
960:auditory
895:and the
169:car honk
6308:6124743
6281:9090272
6233:6193257
6204:Bibcode
6125:4110011
6102:Bibcode
6075:1961389
6022:2062981
5857:2632311
5738:9448245
5706:Bibcode
5670:6762279
5630:4713313
5595:8493355
5460:Bibcode
5452:Science
5252:2947870
5229:Bibcode
5176:3343457
5128:1374953
5033:8350124
4949:6674880
4909:2499047
4855:2592605
4719:1698108
4675:3156680
4607:Bibcode
4599:Science
4571:2788085
4531:9325390
4487:1571496
4442:4992433
4273:Bibcode
4265:Science
4207:6907281
4114:Bibcode
4069:3059180
4029:9387557
4021:8131835
3970:6724802
3930:5735865
3785:1314973
3733:4320053
3710:Bibcode
3674:1395356
3626:9486643
3604:Bibcode
3536:4675944
3420:Bibcode
3341:3196040
3301:4171157
3293:1012311
3273:Bibcode
3109:8133219
2996:3537225
2961:6867718
2941:Bibcode
2933:Science
2918:3668625
2909:6569162
2861:4076371
2815:3947999
2501:3079291
2480:Bibcode
2453:1035721
2407:9831111
2338:4107342
2317:Bibcode
2290:3125842
2218:107–122
2192:7003641
2148:3443931
2054:7750709
1644:3762867
1621:Bibcode
1585:2787663
1516:3245961
1465:3728284
1416:3482144
1366:7055915
1196:2787841
1086:spatial
1050:primate
1048:within
1046:neurons
1026:eyeball
1022:stature
1009:texture
548:Gonzalo
498:Putamen
333:Gonzalo
156:Gonzalo
132:History
6355:
6345:
6306:
6296:
6279:
6240:
6230:
6222:
6175:
6167:
6132:
6122:
6073:
6065:
6047:
6020:
5985:
5950:
5942:
5907:
5899:
5864:
5854:
5815:
5774:
5736:
5726:
5677:
5667:
5628:
5593:
5583:
5554:130911
5552:
5544:
5496:
5488:
5470:
5432:
5424:
5365:
5355:
5349:655–78
5326:
5318:
5259:
5249:
5183:
5173:
5136:793980
5134:
5126:
5108:
5074:
5066:
5031:
4996:
4956:
4946:
4907:
4899:
4861:
4853:
4817:
4807:
4766:
4725:
4717:
4682:
4672:
4633:
4625:
4578:
4568:
4529:
4494:
4484:
4466:J Anat
4440:
4402:
4394:
4359:
4352:539237
4349:
4335:: 56.
4301:
4283:
4248:
4240:
4205:
4197:
4144:
4137:357070
4134:
4076:
4066:
4027:
4019:
3977:
3967:
3928:
3920:
3885:
3875:
3792:
3782:
3740:
3730:
3681:
3671:
3632:
3624:
3596:Nature
3569:
3534:
3526:
3491:
3483:
3448:
3440:
3412:Nature
3391:
3383:
3348:
3338:
3299:
3291:
3265:Nature
3247:115844
3245:
3237:
3202:
3194:
3159:
3151:
3107:
3072:
3037:
3029:
2994:
2959:
2916:
2906:
2867:
2859:
2821:
2813:
2778:
2768:
2549:
2508:
2498:
2451:
2443:
2405:
2397:
2379:
2345:
2335:
2288:
2280:
2262:
2224:
2190:
2155:
2145:
2131:: 77.
2104:
2096:
2052:
2044:
2009:
2001:
1981:Neuron
1896:
1831:
1796:
1684:
1674:
1651:
1641:
1592:
1582:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1472:
1462:
1423:
1413:
1395:
1364:
1356:
1312:
1304:
1284:Neuron
1263:
1255:
1237:
1203:
1193:
1090:mirror
1073:haptic
1061:haptic
1057:haptic
1042:retina
1001:vision
993:within
978:vision
956:visual
881:insula
830:et al.
541:'s
538:et al.
526:et al.
522:et al.
262:, and
6173:S2CID
6071:S2CID
5948:S2CID
5905:S2CID
5729:33802
5550:S2CID
5494:S2CID
5430:S2CID
5324:S2CID
5294:(PDF)
5132:S2CID
5094:(PDF)
5072:S2CID
4905:S2CID
4859:S2CID
4810:17683
4723:S2CID
4631:S2CID
4422:Brain
4400:S2CID
4246:S2CID
4203:S2CID
4173:(PDF)
4025:S2CID
3997:(PDF)
3926:S2CID
3821:]
3760:(PDF)
3630:S2CID
3592:(PDF)
3532:S2CID
3489:S2CID
3446:S2CID
3389:S2CID
3297:S2CID
3243:S2CID
3200:S2CID
3157:S2CID
3035:S2CID
2865:S2CID
2819:S2CID
2529:J Vis
2449:S2CID
2403:S2CID
2365:(PDF)
2286:S2CID
2102:S2CID
2072:(PDF)
2050:S2CID
2007:S2CID
1829:S2CID
1794:S2CID
1362:S2CID
1332:(PDF)
1310:S2CID
1261:S2CID
1223:(PDF)
1065:slant
974:touch
6353:OCLC
6343:ISBN
6328:help
6304:OCLC
6294:ISBN
6277:PMID
6238:PMID
6220:ISSN
6165:PMID
6130:PMID
6063:PMID
6018:PMID
5983:PMID
5940:PMID
5897:PMID
5862:PMID
5813:PMID
5772:PMID
5734:PMID
5675:PMID
5626:PMID
5591:PMID
5581:ISBN
5542:PMID
5486:PMID
5422:PMID
5387:help
5363:OCLC
5353:ISBN
5316:PMID
5257:PMID
5181:PMID
5124:PMID
5064:PMID
5029:PMID
4994:PMID
4954:PMID
4897:PMID
4851:PMID
4815:PMID
4764:PMID
4715:PMID
4680:PMID
4623:PMID
4576:PMID
4527:PMID
4492:PMID
4438:PMID
4392:PMID
4357:PMID
4299:PMID
4238:PMID
4195:PMID
4142:PMID
4074:PMID
4017:PMID
3975:PMID
3918:PMID
3883:OCLC
3873:ISBN
3790:PMID
3738:PMID
3679:PMID
3622:PMID
3567:PMID
3524:PMID
3481:PMID
3438:PMID
3381:PMID
3346:PMID
3289:PMID
3235:PMID
3192:PMID
3149:ISSN
3105:PMID
3070:PMID
3027:PMID
2992:PMID
2957:PMID
2914:PMID
2857:PMID
2811:PMID
2776:OCLC
2766:ISBN
2547:PMID
2506:PMID
2476:1224
2441:PMID
2395:PMID
2343:PMID
2278:PMID
2222:ISBN
2188:PMID
2153:PMID
2094:PMID
2042:PMID
1999:PMID
1956:XLIV
1894:PMID
1682:OCLC
1672:ISBN
1649:PMID
1590:PMID
1545:help
1521:PMID
1501:ISBN
1470:PMID
1421:PMID
1354:PMID
1302:PMID
1253:PMID
1201:PMID
1067:and
1007:and
976:and
958:and
907:and
875:and
474:The
253:The
241:For
6269:doi
6228:PMC
6212:doi
6157:doi
6120:PMC
6110:doi
6055:doi
6010:doi
6006:109
5975:doi
5932:doi
5889:doi
5885:179
5852:PMC
5844:doi
5803:doi
5764:doi
5724:PMC
5714:doi
5665:PMC
5657:doi
5618:doi
5573:doi
5532:doi
5478:doi
5456:298
5414:doi
5306:doi
5247:PMC
5237:doi
5225:107
5171:PMC
5163:doi
5116:doi
5056:doi
5021:doi
4986:doi
4944:PMC
4936:doi
4889:doi
4843:doi
4839:289
4805:PMC
4795:doi
4754:doi
4707:doi
4703:524
4670:PMC
4662:doi
4615:doi
4603:300
4566:PMC
4558:doi
4554:258
4519:doi
4482:PMC
4474:doi
4470:207
4430:doi
4384:doi
4347:PMC
4337:doi
4291:doi
4269:289
4230:doi
4226:142
4185:doi
4132:PMC
4122:doi
4110:101
4064:PMC
4056:doi
4052:105
4009:doi
3965:PMC
3957:doi
3910:doi
3780:PMC
3772:doi
3728:PMC
3718:doi
3669:PMC
3661:doi
3612:doi
3600:391
3559:doi
3516:doi
3512:378
3473:doi
3428:doi
3416:408
3373:doi
3336:PMC
3328:doi
3281:doi
3269:264
3227:doi
3223:143
3184:doi
3180:187
3141:doi
3097:doi
3062:doi
3019:doi
2984:doi
2949:doi
2937:221
2904:PMC
2896:doi
2849:doi
2803:doi
2799:365
2537:doi
2496:PMC
2488:doi
2433:doi
2387:doi
2333:PMC
2325:doi
2270:doi
2180:doi
2143:PMC
2133:doi
2084:doi
2034:doi
1989:doi
1886:doi
1859:doi
1821:doi
1817:124
1786:doi
1740:doi
1709:doi
1639:PMC
1629:doi
1580:PMC
1572:doi
1568:258
1511:PMC
1493:doi
1460:PMC
1452:doi
1448:138
1411:PMC
1403:doi
1389:138
1344:doi
1292:doi
1245:doi
1191:PMC
1183:doi
1179:258
1119:CNS
988:).
792:by
720:by
651:by
582:by
6385::
6351:.
6320::
6318:}}
6314:{{
6302:.
6275:.
6265:34
6263:.
6236:.
6226:.
6218:.
6210:.
6198:.
6194:.
6171:.
6163:.
6153:19
6151:.
6128:.
6118:.
6108:.
6096:.
6092:.
6069:.
6061:.
6053:.
6041:20
6039:.
6016:.
6004:.
5981:.
5971:78
5969:.
5946:.
5938:.
5928:36
5926:.
5903:.
5895:.
5883:.
5860:.
5850:.
5838:.
5834:.
5811:.
5799:68
5797:.
5793:.
5770:.
5760:15
5758:.
5746:^
5732:.
5722:.
5712:.
5702:95
5700:.
5696:.
5673:.
5663:.
5653:21
5651:.
5647:.
5624:.
5614:36
5612:.
5589:.
5579:.
5548:.
5540:.
5528:18
5526:.
5522:.
5506:^
5492:.
5484:.
5476:.
5466:.
5454:.
5442:^
5428:.
5420:.
5408:.
5404:.
5379::
5377:}}
5373:{{
5361:.
5351:.
5322:.
5314:.
5302:18
5300:.
5296:.
5269:^
5255:.
5245:.
5235:.
5223:.
5219:.
5193:^
5179:.
5169:.
5159:29
5157:.
5153:.
5130:.
5122:.
5114:.
5102:15
5100:.
5096:.
5070:.
5062:.
5050:.
5027:.
5017:69
5015:.
4992:.
4982:90
4980:.
4966:^
4952:.
4942:.
4932:26
4930:.
4926:.
4903:.
4895:.
4885:85
4883:.
4871:^
4857:.
4849:.
4837:.
4813:.
4803:.
4791:97
4789:.
4785:.
4762:.
4750:16
4748:.
4744:.
4721:.
4713:.
4701:.
4678:.
4668:.
4658:21
4656:.
4652:.
4629:.
4621:.
4613:.
4601:.
4597:.
4574:.
4564:.
4552:.
4548:.
4525:.
4515:78
4513:.
4490:.
4480:.
4468:.
4464:.
4450:^
4436:.
4426:93
4424:.
4412:^
4398:.
4390:.
4380:13
4378:.
4355:.
4345:.
4331:.
4327:.
4311:^
4297:.
4289:.
4279:.
4267:.
4244:.
4236:.
4224:.
4201:.
4193:.
4179:.
4175:.
4154:^
4140:.
4130:.
4120:.
4108:.
4104:.
4072:.
4062:.
4050:.
4046:.
4023:.
4015:.
4005:97
4003:.
3999:.
3973:.
3963:.
3953:25
3951:.
3947:.
3924:.
3916:.
3906:11
3904:.
3881:.
3854:32
3848:.
3826:32
3819:fr
3788:.
3778:.
3766:.
3762:.
3736:.
3726:.
3716:.
3706:10
3704:.
3700:.
3677:.
3667:.
3657:25
3655:.
3651:.
3628:.
3620:.
3610:.
3598:.
3594:.
3579:^
3565:.
3555:21
3553:.
3530:.
3522:.
3510:.
3487:.
3479:.
3469:37
3467:.
3444:.
3436:.
3426:.
3414:.
3410:.
3387:.
3379:.
3369:15
3367:.
3344:.
3334:.
3324:59
3322:.
3318:.
3295:.
3287:.
3279:.
3267:.
3255:^
3241:.
3233:.
3221:.
3198:.
3190:.
3178:.
3155:.
3147:.
3135:.
3117:^
3103:.
3093:20
3091:.
3068:.
3058:63
3056:.
3033:.
3025:.
3015:60
3013:.
2990:.
2980:56
2978:.
2955:.
2947:.
2935:.
2912:.
2902:.
2890:.
2886:.
2863:.
2855:.
2845:60
2843:.
2831:^
2817:.
2809:.
2797:.
2774:.
2750:^
2545:.
2531:.
2527:.
2504:.
2494:.
2486:.
2474:.
2470:.
2447:.
2439:.
2427:.
2415:^
2401:.
2393:.
2385:.
2373:98
2371:.
2367:.
2341:.
2331:.
2323:.
2311:.
2307:.
2284:.
2276:.
2268:.
2256:14
2254:.
2236:^
2220:.
2186:.
2176:88
2174:.
2151:.
2141:.
2127:.
2123:.
2100:.
2092:.
2080:18
2078:.
2074:.
2048:.
2040:.
2030:14
2028:.
2005:.
1997:.
1985:48
1983:.
1979:.
1954:,
1936:^
1906:^
1892:.
1882:51
1880:.
1855:16
1853:.
1841:^
1827:.
1815:.
1792:.
1782:42
1780:.
1776:.
1734:.
1730:.
1703:.
1680:.
1647:.
1637:.
1627:.
1615:.
1611:.
1588:.
1578:.
1566:.
1562:.
1537::
1535:}}
1531:{{
1519:.
1509:.
1499:.
1468:.
1458:.
1446:.
1442:.
1419:.
1409:.
1401:.
1387:.
1383:.
1360:.
1352:.
1340:72
1338:.
1334:.
1308:.
1300:.
1288:67
1286:.
1282:.
1259:.
1251:.
1243:.
1231:13
1229:.
1225:.
1199:.
1189:.
1177:.
1173:.
871:,
427:.
141:,
102:.
6359:.
6330:)
6310:.
6283:.
6271::
6244:.
6214::
6206::
6200:6
6179:.
6159::
6136:.
6112::
6104::
6098:9
6077:.
6057::
6024:.
6012::
5989:.
5977::
5954:.
5934::
5911:.
5891::
5868:.
5846::
5840:5
5819:.
5805::
5778:.
5766::
5740:.
5716::
5708::
5681:.
5659::
5632:.
5620::
5597:.
5575::
5556:.
5534::
5500:.
5480::
5462::
5436:.
5416::
5410:9
5389:)
5369:.
5330:.
5308::
5263:.
5239::
5231::
5187:.
5165::
5138:.
5118::
5078:.
5058::
5052:8
5035:.
5023::
5000:.
4988::
4960:.
4938::
4911:.
4891::
4865:.
4845::
4821:.
4797::
4770:.
4756::
4729:.
4709::
4686:.
4664::
4637:.
4617::
4609::
4582:.
4560::
4533:.
4521::
4498:.
4476::
4444:.
4432::
4406:.
4386::
4363:.
4339::
4333:5
4305:.
4293::
4275::
4252:.
4232::
4209:.
4187::
4181:4
4148:.
4124::
4116::
4080:.
4058::
4031:.
4011::
3981:.
3959::
3932:.
3912::
3889:.
3834:)
3796:.
3774::
3768:4
3744:.
3720::
3712::
3685:.
3663::
3636:.
3614::
3606::
3573:.
3561::
3538:.
3518::
3495:.
3475::
3452:.
3430::
3422::
3395:.
3375::
3352:.
3330::
3303:.
3283::
3275::
3249:.
3229::
3206:.
3186::
3163:.
3143::
3137:5
3111:.
3099::
3076:.
3064::
3041:.
3021::
2998:.
2986::
2963:.
2951::
2943::
2920:.
2898::
2892:7
2871:.
2851::
2825:.
2805::
2782:.
2656:.
2639:.
2622:.
2605:.
2588:.
2571:.
2553:.
2539::
2533:9
2512:.
2490::
2482::
2455:.
2435::
2429:3
2409:.
2389::
2349:.
2327::
2319::
2313:4
2292:.
2272::
2230:.
2194:.
2182::
2159:.
2135::
2129:6
2108:.
2086::
2056:.
2036::
2013:.
1991::
1965:.
1931:.
1900:.
1888::
1865:.
1861::
1835:.
1823::
1800:.
1788::
1746:.
1742::
1736:4
1715:.
1711::
1705:3
1688:.
1655:.
1631::
1623::
1617:8
1596:.
1574::
1547:)
1527:.
1495::
1476:.
1454::
1427:.
1405::
1368:.
1346::
1316:.
1294::
1267:.
1247::
1207:.
1185::
999:(
903:-
815:)
809:(
804:)
800:(
796:.
786:.
743:)
737:(
732:)
728:(
724:.
714:.
674:)
668:(
663:)
659:(
655:.
645:.
605:)
599:(
594:)
590:(
586:.
576:.
137:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.