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Munírih

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385:. The enemies of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had united with Jamal Pasha to slay him. His family were all aware of the grim future, that Sultán ʻAbdu'l-Hamíd's desired to banish ʻAbdu'l-Bahá to the deserts of North Africa where he was expected to perish. Munírih Khánum suffered emotionally and physically from this news, and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá sent her outside of Akko for a break from the stress. News of these threats affected the prosecution of the war in the Palestine theatre (see 20: 240: 1435: 187:. Munírih K͟hánum was twenty-five, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was twenty-eight. The marriage was a happy union. They had nine children: Ḥusayn Effendi (d. 1305/1887, aged five), Mihdí (died aged two-and-a-half), Ṭúbá (died sometime in Akka), Fu'ádíyyih (died in infancy), and Ruḥangíz (died in 1893, she was the favorite grandchild of Baháʼu'lláh) " 433:
in 1932 was a further blow, after which she secluded herself from society. Describing her sorrow, she wrote in a poem, "I can endure no more. My patience is ended. My powers have declined. I live on Mount Carmel friendless and alone." She did, however, show great fondness and affection to her eldest
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in 1897 offered comfort for the family and he was doted on. In late 1898 the first pilgrims from the West arrived in Akko to visit ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Munírih Khánum also became acquainted with them, and she mostly spent her time with the female pilgrims (though Baháʼí teachings emphasize the equality of
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Her father was one of the first Bábís in her city of birth, and Munírih was brought up as a devout Bábí and later Baháʼí under her parents care. Though it was customary not to educate girls, even of noble birth, her father had his daughter educated and she was a fine writer and poet. Her poetry was
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The two were married in an extravagant wedding with the crescendo being the young couple led to the bedchamber. However, Mírzá Kázim fell ill during the wedding ceremony and avoided his bride. The same night he left the house to the horror and consternation of his family. After six months his maid
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Munírih also firmly backed Shoghi Effendi after he was named head of the religion following the death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. In a letter dated December 1924 Munírih, writes to her grandson calling him her "pearl" and beloved. She asks him to pray that she dies peacefully and in "absolute detachment and
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In 1921, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá died unexpectedly. Munírih was devastated at the loss of her husband; they had been married for nearly 50 years. She poured her grief in several letters and poems which she composed. In one letter she wrote following the one-year anniversary of her husband's death she writes
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for the time of the betrothal. Munírih later reminisced how she fell instantly in love with the young ʻAbdu'l-Bahá when they met one another. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had showed little inclination of marriage until he met 24-year-old Munírih Khánum in 1872. After five months betrothal the couple were finally
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of Isfahan who later became eminent Baháʼís of Persia. The family were also highly connected with high-ranking nobles and clerics of the city. Her maternal uncle was killed at the age of fourteen in Persia because of his religion. Munírih's birth came as a surprise to her parents. Her father was
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thus the education of girls is a matter of the greatest importance and is regarded as an obligatory law. Hence, the friends of the All-Merciful, and the beloved maidservants of the Lord, in all cities and countries must take action and endeavor to their utmost capacity to carry out this weighty
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who became her closest friend. The four, along with their brood of children all lived together in the house of ʻAbbúd. The imprisonment was trying times for Munírih Khánum. She witnessed the machinations of her husband's enemies and the death of five of her nine children. The death of her most
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HOLY MOTHER MUNIRIH KHANUM ASCENDED ABHA KINGDOM. WITH SORROWFUL HEARTS BAHA'IS WORLD OVER RECALL DIVERS PHASES HER RICH EVENTFUL LIFE MARKED BY UNIQUE SERVICES WHICH BY VIRTUE HER EXALTED POSITION SHE RENDERED DURING DARKEST DAYS ʻABDU'L-BAHA'S LIFE. ALL RIDVAN FESTIVITIES SUSPENDED. ADVISE
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As a young woman, Munírih was regarded as a suitable match for marriage to Baháʼí families throughout Persia. However, in her infancy as was the Persian custom her parents had betrothed her to a young man. Some time after the death of her father, her family thought she had come of age for a
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the sexes, the Baháʼís of the time had to uphold local customs for the sake of harmony). The pilgrimage bought happiness into the family's life after the harsh previous years. The years followed with a flood of pilgrims from both the East and West, of which Munírih and
168:. Khadíjih related a great number of stories to Munírih about the life of the Báb. She became acquainted with the Báb's family members too (most of which were resentful or indifferent to his religion). The trip to Shiraz was a great delight to the young Munírih. 207:, Rúḥangíz, Mihrangíz, Ḥusayn, and Riyáḍ, who all took the surname Rabbání. The second daughter, Ṭúbá Khánum, married Mírzá Muḥsin Afnán (1863–1927); their children were Rúḥí (1899–1971), Thurayyá, Suhayl, and Fu'ád (d. 1943), who all took the surname 129: 219:, Zahrá and Ḥasan, who all took the surname Shahíd. The fourth daughter, Munavvar, married Mírzá Aḥmad, the son of Mírzá ʻAbdu'r-Raḥím Yazdí; they were childless. In the 1930s and 1940s a series of marriages linked the sons of Sayyid 'Alí Afnán and 156:". The parents of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had believed that it was time for him to marry, and though several young women were thought of as potential brides ʻAbdu'l-Bahá explained that he did not want to marry. Munírih's journey began with the departure from 330:
O thou sorrowful leaf! Be not sad and grieve not…Let not the whisperings of people cause thee grief, and be not saddened by some events. I am the target of these sayings and rumours…They are using you as a scapegoat. I am the target, not
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family of which Baháʼu'lláh had kept in high regard was proposed as a match for Munírih's eldest daughter was proposed. Therefore, her daughter Ḍíyáʼ Khánum was married to Hádí Shírází Afnán in 1895. The young couple were the parents of
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previously married and had no issue and upon his wives death, he remarried Zahrá Khánum. Munírih's birth in 1847 did not occur until some ten years after the parents marriage, when the couple had assumed they would never have children.
311:, the half brother of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, was resentful at the authority of his brother. He began a secret correspondence with Baháʼís of Iran and Ottoman authorities allegedly stating that ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had claimed a station equal to a 301: 102:
which she refers to in her later writings. According to her later memoirs her father died shortly after her eleventh birthday and she was left to the care of both her maternal and paternal extended families.
344:. Munírih Khánum relied heavily on the support of her sister-in-law Bahíyyih Khánum and the two shared a deeply close friendship. The two also stood firmly beside ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in times of difficulty. 120:
found him dead in the home of the young couple. Munírih was humiliated and overwhelmed. Perplexed, she resolved she would never marry again, instead she spent her days in prayer and meditation.
421:". Putting much of her energy towards women, she worked to try to open schools for girls and encouraged the Baháʼís of Persia to include women in Baháʼí activities. In one letter she wrote, " 398:"should I wish to describe fully this miserable year...I would need seventy reams of paper, and seas of blood." She did console herself with Bahíyyih Khánum and the other mourners, such as 1726: 195:) (d. 1951) Túbá K͟hánum (1880–1959) Rúḥá K͟hánum and Munavvar K͟hánum (d. 1971). Munírih Khánum was very emotionally attached to her children and devoted to her husband. 1813: 231:
in the family, Shoghi Effendi, in the 1940s and early 1950s, reluctantly declared all the surviving grandchildren of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (except himself) Covenant-breakers.
1468: 1463: 312: 1838: 1798: 1788: 326:. Munírih mourned the separation from her husband. Furthermore, restrictions placed upon women added further hardship. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote to his wife: 1667: 1391: 1818: 1731: 460: 1252: 1171: 497: 1579: 1444: 1102: 1833: 1620: 1548: 1478: 435: 227:, with the grandchildren of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. As a result of these marriages, other inappropriate marriages, or refusal to break ties with 220: 315:
and was conspiring with foreign authorities to overthrow the Ottoman Empire. Consequently, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's whole family was in danger.
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The restrictions culminated in the family not able to attend affairs outside of the home. A male figure was needed. A member of the
52:. Her memoirs, first published in 1924, are regarded as one of the first published memoirs by a Persian woman in the 20th century. 1673: 292:
in 1892 caused hardship for ʻAbdu'l-Bahá again and his family, after all of his half-siblings turned against him and Munírih too.
116:. Munírih was reluctant at first, but due to familiar pressure she begrudgingly consented to the marriage despite her misgivings. 264:, she nevertheless was married to one which put her safety in risk. She grew a close attachment with the mother of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, 1793: 1751: 1663: 1458: 1594: 308: 224: 1768: 1553: 1808: 1128: 1384: 1695: 464: 277:
wrote a number of prayers for her to read in times of sadness. Husayn's death came at a bad time, as the previous year
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reported to be beautiful and she wrote many during her marriage and later years. Munírih was also fluent in her native
1756: 1356: 1558: 191:" she later bitterly reflected. Four children survived to adulthood – all daughters; Ḍíyáʼíyyih K͟hánum (mother of 1746: 1700: 1532: 1736: 1453: 386: 1625: 1584: 1483: 1377: 451:
CONVENTION DELEGATES DEVOTE SPECIAL SESSION HER MEMORY HOLD BEFITTING GATHERING AUDITORIUM MASHRIQU'L-ADHKAR.
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the family became almost severed from the world wide Baháʼí community. Trying times followed, especially with
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The oldest of these was Ḍíyáʼíyyih, who married Mírzá Hádí Shírází (1864–1955) in 1895; their children were
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despite years of infighting within Baháʼu'lláh's family that saw many of them expelled from the religion.
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marriage. They arranged that she be wedded to the young Mírzá Kázim, the youngest brother of the
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The influx of Western pilgrims offered happiness for the family. However, with the outbreak of
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beloved child, a son named Husayn, caused her unbearable grief and anguish. To console her
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a majestic woman, stately yet simple, with an innate dignity and strength of character
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However, there were happy times for the family too. The birth of her first grandchild
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grandson and head of the Baháʼí Faith, Shoghi Effendi, and remained faithful to the
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Munírih K͟hánum died in April 1938 aged 91. Shoghi Effendi cabled the Baháʼís:
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The grave of Munírih Khánum at the Monument Gardens at the Baháʼí World Centre.
1645: 389:) and with the defeat of Jamal Pasha ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was safe as was his family. 160:
with the company of her younger brother. She then went on pilgrimage to the
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as political prisoners. Though technically not a prisoner under the
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Munírih was a passionate patroness in funding education for girls.
1705: 1145:(5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. 336: 238: 127: 94:. She was also well versed in Persian literature, in the works of 18: 1202:
Khanum, Munirih (1987). Sammireh Anwar Smith (translator) (ed.).
323: 257: 95: 1373: 1369: 40:‎; 1847 – April 28, 1938) was the wife of 1357:
A play about Munirih Khanum, includes her picture on this page
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very beautiful and amiable, and in every way a suitable match
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The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 2: Adrianople 1863-68
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five of my children died in the poisonous climate of 'Akká
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Wife of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, prominent figure in the Baháʼí Faith
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had died from a fall, and in 1888 Baháʼu'lláh's brother
1268:. New York: GP Putman's Sons. pp. xliii, 78, 90. 847: 845: 489:
The Unfolding Destiny of the British Baha'i Community
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The death of Munírih's confidante and closest friend
1187:. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. 252:
In the 1870s, Munírih and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá lived in the
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married. Baháʼu'lláh entitled Fáṭimih with the name
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expressed interest in Munírih to become the wife of
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London, UK: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. 950:The Servant, the General and Armageddon 719: 637: 633: 631: 629: 564: 517: 515: 513: 511: 509: 475: 455:She is buried near the vicinity of the 215:; their children were Maryam (d.1933), 1231: 1221: 1120: 1008: 972: 743: 707: 668: 649: 620: 579: 836: 695: 616: 614: 612: 7: 779: 731: 148:and she made a wearisome journey to 1265:Life and Teachings of Abbas Effendi 1208:. Los Angeles, USA: Kalimat Press. 35: 1839:20th-century Iranian women writers 1799:Burials at Monument Gardens, Haifa 322:leaving Munírih and her family in 14: 1289:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. 1243:Ma'ani, Baharieh Rouhani (2008). 164:and visited the wife of the Báb, 1433: 815:Family tree of Mirza Buzurg Nuri 1819:Iranian prisoners and detainees 1245:Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees 243:Home of Munírih and her family. 417:described Munírih K͟hánum as " 1: 1335:. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. 1311:. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. 1247:. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. 1181:Khan, J.A.; Khan, P. (2003). 1166:. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. 1083:. 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1037: 1025: 1013: 1001: 997:Blomfield 1975 989: 977: 965: 958: 940: 928: 916: 904: 892: 880: 868: 856: 841: 829: 817: 808: 804:Blomfield 1975 796: 792:Blomfield 1975 784: 772: 760: 748: 736: 724: 712: 700: 685: 681:Esslemont 1980 673: 654: 642: 625: 608: 596: 584: 569: 557: 545: 541:Esslemont 1980 526: 505: 498: 474: 472: 469: 443: 440: 415:Lady Blomfield 400:Lady Blomfield 394: 391: 366: 363: 361:looked after. 354:Shoghi Effendi 349: 346: 342:Shoghi Effendi 297: 294: 262:Ottoman Empire 249: 246: 236: 233: 205:Shoghi Effendi 200: 197: 193:Shoghi Effendi 166:Khadíjih-Bagum 125: 122: 108: 107:First marriage 105: 78: 75: 57: 54: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1851: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 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1232:|editor= 1225: 1217: 1215:0-933770-51-0 1211: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1196: 1194:1-931847-03-7 1190: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1154: 1152:0-87743-160-4 1148: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1116: 1114:0-87743-015-2 1110: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1090:0-85398-328-3 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1061: 1059:0-85398-344-5 1055: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1035:, p. 352 1034: 1029: 1026: 1023:, p. 351 1022: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1002: 998: 993: 990: 987:, p. 354 986: 981: 978: 974: 969: 966: 961: 959:0-85398-424-7 955: 951: 944: 941: 938:, p. 163 937: 932: 929: 926:, p. 336 925: 920: 917: 914:, p. 330 913: 908: 905: 902:, p. 331 901: 896: 893: 890:, p. 323 889: 884: 881: 878:, p. 332 877: 872: 869: 866:, p. 362 865: 860: 857: 854:, p. 358 853: 848: 846: 842: 839:, p. 262 838: 833: 830: 827:, p. 360 826: 821: 818: 812: 809: 805: 800: 797: 794:, p. 203 793: 788: 785: 782:, p. 260 781: 776: 773: 770:, p. 157 769: 764: 761: 758:, p. 206 757: 752: 749: 746:, p. 111 745: 740: 737: 734:, p. 281 733: 728: 725: 722:, p. 345 721: 716: 713: 710:, p. 110 709: 704: 701: 698:, p. 255 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 677: 674: 670: 665: 663: 661: 659: 655: 651: 646: 643: 640:, p. 343 639: 634: 632: 630: 626: 622: 617: 615: 613: 609: 606:, p. 311 605: 600: 597: 594:, p. 310 593: 588: 585: 581: 576: 574: 570: 567:, p. 342 566: 561: 558: 555:, p. 202 554: 549: 546: 542: 537: 535: 533: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 514: 512: 510: 506: 501: 495: 491: 490: 485: 479: 476: 470: 468: 466: 462: 458: 452: 447: 441: 439: 437: 432: 427: 425: 420: 416: 411: 407: 405: 401: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 364: 362: 360: 355: 347: 345: 343: 338: 332: 327: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 306: 304: 293: 291: 288:The death of 286: 284: 280: 276: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 241: 234: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 198: 196: 194: 190: 186: 181: 180:(Illumined). 179: 174: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 130: 123: 121: 117: 115: 106: 104: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 76: 74: 71: 67: 63: 62:Fáṭimih Nahrí 55: 53: 51: 47: 43: 33: 29: 21: 1767: 1720:Other topics 1696:World Centre 1641:Mullá Husayn 1542:Institutions 1525: 1518: 1513:Kitáb-i-Íqán 1511: 1504: 1459:Unity of God 1425:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá 1401:Baháʼí Faith 1362: 1331: 1308: 1285: 1264: 1244: 1204: 1183: 1162: 1141: 1103: 1080: 1049: 1040: 1028: 1016: 1011:, p. 77 1004: 999:, p. 72 992: 980: 975:, p. 57 968: 949: 943: 931: 919: 907: 895: 883: 871: 859: 832: 820: 811: 806:, p. 90 799: 787: 775: 763: 751: 739: 727: 720:Balyuzi 2000 715: 703: 683:, p. 55 676: 652:, p. 22 645: 638:Balyuzi 2000 623:, p. 18 599: 587: 582:, p. 20 565:Balyuzi 2000 560: 548: 543:, p. 54 488: 478: 454: 449: 445: 428: 422: 418: 412: 408: 403: 396: 383:Mount Carmel 368: 351: 334: 329: 317: 303:Kitáb-i-ʻAhd 302: 299: 287: 251: 202: 188: 182: 177: 170: 153: 146:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá 135: 118: 110: 80: 61: 59: 49: 46:Baháʼí Faith 42:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá 27: 26: 1829:1938 deaths 1824:1847 births 1757:Orthography 1595:Persecution 1533:Other Texts 1415:Baháʼu'lláh 1033:Ma'ani 2008 1021:Ma'ani 2008 1009:Khanum 1987 985:Ma'ani 2008 973:Khanum 1987 936:Ma'ani 2008 924:Ma'ani 2008 912:Ma'ani 2008 900:Ma'ani 2008 888:Ma'ani 2008 876:Ma'ani 2008 864:Ma'ani 2008 825:Ma'ani 2008 744:Phelps 1912 708:Phelps 1912 669:Phelps 1912 650:Khanum 1987 621:Khanum 1987 604:Ma'ani 2008 592:Ma'ani 2008 580:Khanum 1987 522:Ma'ani 2008 375:Jamal Pasha 371:World War I 290:Baháʼu'lláh 285:also died. 275:Baháʼu'lláh 221:Furúghíyyih 138:Baháʼu'lláh 1783:Categories 1752:Statistics 1747:Prophecies 1701:Pilgrimage 1691:Síyáh-Chál 1070:References 837:Smith 2000 696:Smith 2000 424:injunction 283:Mírzá Músá 173:Mírzá Músá 37:منیره خانم 1737:Cosmology 1454:Teachings 1224:cite book 1123:cite book 1101:(1975) . 780:Gail 1987 732:Gail 1987 136:In 1871, 86:and also 77:Education 1769:Category 1621:Apostles 1585:Timeline 1484:Calendar 1443:Basics ( 1329:(1977). 1307:(2000). 1139:(1980). 1079:(2000). 1048:(1972). 486:(1981). 320:Tiberias 124:Marriage 1742:Symbols 1646:Táhirih 1573:History 1445:outline 1420:The Báb 463:at the 459:in the 381:him on 379:crucify 300:In the 178:Munírih 158:Isfahan 92:Turkish 84:Persian 66:Isfahan 32:Persian 1679:Qiblih 1657:Places 1604:People 1590:Bábism 1479:Prayer 1339:  1315:  1293:  1272:  1251:  1212:  1191:  1170:  1149:  1111:  1087:  1056:  956:  496:  365:Danger 279:Navvab 266:Navváb 199:Family 142:Navváb 100:Nizami 88:Arabic 1706:Haifa 1631:Bábis 471:Notes 442:Death 337:Afnan 217:Muníb 209:Afnán 70:Bábís 1711:Acre 1668:List 1474:Laws 1337:ISBN 1313:ISBN 1291:ISBN 1270:ISBN 1249:ISBN 1236:help 1210:ISBN 1189:ISBN 1168:ISBN 1147:ISBN 1129:link 1109:ISBN 1085:ISBN 1054:ISBN 954:ISBN 494:ISBN 331:you. 324:Akko 258:Akko 140:and 98:and 96:Rumi 90:and 426:." 1785:: 1228:: 1226:}} 1222:{{ 1125:}} 1121:{{ 844:^ 688:^ 657:^ 628:^ 611:^ 572:^ 529:^ 508:^ 467:. 406:. 34:: 1670:) 1666:( 1447:) 1393:e 1386:t 1379:v 1345:. 1321:. 1299:. 1278:. 1257:. 1238:) 1218:. 1197:. 1176:. 1155:. 1131:) 1093:. 1062:. 962:. 502:. 30:(

Index


Persian
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
Baháʼí Faith
Isfahan
Bábís
Persian
Arabic
Turkish
Rumi
Nizami
King and Beloved of Martyrs

Baháʼu'lláh
Navváb
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
Acre, Palestine
Isfahan
house of the Báb
Khadíjih-Bagum
Mírzá Músá
house of ʻAbbúd
Shoghi Effendi
Shoghi Effendi
Afnán
King of Martyrs
Muníb
Furúghíyyih
Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí
Covenant-breakers

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