1018:, a Baháʼí author, reviewed 66 exit narratives of former Baháʼís, and identified 1996 (Cole's departure) to 2002 as a period of "articulate and well-educated" apostates that used the newly available Internet to connect with each other and form a community with its own "mythology, creed and salvation stories becoming what could perhaps be called an anti-religion". According to Momen, the narrative among these apostates of a "fiercely aggressive religion where petty dictators rule" is the opposite experience of most members, who see "peace as a central teaching", "consultative decision-making", and "mechanisms to guard against individuals attacking the central institutions of the Bahá'í Faith or creating schisms." On the practice of shunning, Momen writes that it is "rarely used and is only applied after prolonged negotiations fail to resolve the situation. To the best knowledge of the present author it has been used against no more than a handful of individuals in over two decades and to only the first of the apostates described below more than twenty-five years ago - although it is regularly mentioned in the literature produced by the apostates as though it were a frequent occurrence."
825:, the grandson of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's through Ruha, for marrying into the family of an enemy of the Baháʼís. In April 1945, he announced the expulsion of Husayn Ali, his brother, for joining the other Covenant-breakers. In a 1950 Shoghi Effendi sent another cable expelling the family of Ruha, another daughter of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá for showing "open defiance", and in December 1951 he announced a "fourth alliance" of members of the family of Siyyid Ali marrying into Ruha's family, and that his brother Riaz was included among the Covenant-breakers.
692:, Baháʼu'lláh's half-brother who tried to poison him, engaged in active opposition to Baháʼís, and Shoghi Effendi did inform Baháʼís that they should avoid contact with his descendants, writing that "No intelligent and loyal Baha'i would associate with a descendant of Azal, if he traced the slightest breath of criticism of our Faith, in any aspect, from that person. In fact these people should be strenuously avoided as having an inherited spiritual disease -- the disease of Covenant-breaking!".
581:. ʻAbdul-Bahá defined in the same manner opposition to these two institutions as Covenant-breaking and advised all Baháʼís to shun anyone opposing the Covenant: "...one of the greatest and most fundamental principles of the Cause of God is to shun and avoid entirely the Covenant-breakers, for they will utterly destroy the Cause of God, exterminate His Law and render of no account all efforts exerted in the past."
482:, meaning actively promoting schism in the religion or otherwise opposing the legitimacy of the chain of succession of leadership. Excommunication among Baháʼís is rare and not used for transgressions of community standards, intellectual dissent, or conversion to other religions. Instead, it is the most severe punishment, reserved for suppressing organized dissent that threatens the unity of believers.
852:
757:
734:
that government's actions in the case. Husayn refused and was expelled; one-by-one his brothers Faydí, Hasan, and Nayyir (Nayyir-`Alí, d. 1952) were also expelled. Events then proceeded rapidly. A series of marriages, engineered, according to Shoghi
Effendi (MB), by Nayyir, occurred, linking the grandchildren of `Abdu'l-Bahá with the expelled sons of Sayyid `Alí Afnán.
2256:
53:
425:
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and other cults, shun those who are excommunicated." In 2000, he wrote: "Baha'i authorities... keep believers in line by appealing to the welfare and unity of the community, and if these appeals fail then implicit or explicit threats of disfellowshipping and even shunning are invoked. ... Shunning is
738:
These marriages caused
Ruhangiz, Mehrangiz, and Thurayyá to be declared Covenant-breakers by Shoghi Effendi, though there was some delay and concealment initially in order to avoid public degradation of the family. On 2 November 1941 Shoghi Effendi sent two cables announcing the expulsion of Túbá and
594:
Most
Covenant-breakers are involved in schismatic groups, but not always. For example, a Baháʼí who refuses to follow guidance on treatment of Covenant-breakers is at risk of being named one. One article originally written for the Baháʼí Encyclopedia, characterized Covenant-breakers that have emerged
953:
In 1960 Remey, a Hand of the Cause himself, retracted his earlier position, and claimed to have been coerced. He claimed to be the successor to Shoghi
Effendi. He and the small number of people who followed him were expelled from the mainstream Baháʼí community by the Hands of the Cause. Those close
979:
There is also a small group in
Montana, originally inspired by Leland Jensen, who claimed a status higher than that of the Guardian. His failed apocalyptic predictions and unsuccessful efforts to reestablish the Guardianship and the administration were apparent by his death in 1996. A dispute among
720:
and his followers, who were declared
Covenant-breakers by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Contrary to ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's specific instruction, certain family members established illicit links with those whom ʻAbdu'l-Bahá had declared Covenant-breakers. After Bahíyyih Khánum died in 1932, Shoghi Effendi's eldest sister –
542:
When a person declares his acceptance of Baháʼu'lláh as a
Manifestation of God he becomes a party to the Covenant and accepts the totality of His Revelation. If he then turns round and attacks Baháʼu'lláh or the Central Institution of the Faith he violates the Covenant. If this happens every effort
489:
has the sole authority to declare a person a
Covenant-breaker, and once identified, all Baháʼís are expected to shun them, even if they are family members. According to ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Covenant-breaking is a contagious disease. The Baháʼí writings forbid association with Covenant-breakers and Baháʼís
655:
People who have withdrawn from the Cause because they no longer feel that they can support its
Teachings and Institutions sincerely, are not Covenant-breakers -- they are non-Baháʼís and should just be treated as such. Only those who ally themselves actively with known enemies of the Faith who are
975:
Enayatullah (Zabih) Yazdani was designated a
Covenant-breaker in June 2005, after many years of insisting on his views that Mason Remey was the legitimate successor to Shoghi Effendi and of accepting Donald Harvey as the third guardian. He is now the fifth guardian of a small group of Baháʼís and
733:
All remained quiescent until the late 1930s when the case of the House of Bahá'u'lláh (q.v.) arose in Iraq. Shoghi Effendi asked Husayn Afnán (d. 1952), the son of Sayyid `Alí, to resign a high post that he held with the Iraqi government so that he would not be placed in the position of endorsing
534:
Covenant-breaking does not refer to attacks from non-Baháʼís or former Baháʼís. Rather, it is in reference to internal campaigns of opposition where the Covenant-breaker is seen as challenging the unity of the Baháʼí Faith, causing internal division, or by claiming or supporting an alternate
505:
In dealing with organized dissent, and covenant-breaking as the most radical form of opposition, Baháʼís stand, as they do on many other controversial issues, somewhere between modernity and traditional religions. They are not as tolerant as the adherents of the Enlightenment ideology that
671:
Baháʼís who, in the estimation of the head of the religion have insufficiently understood the nature of the covenant from the start. These are sometimes "disenrolled" and are considered to have never actually been Baháʼís, given their fundamental diversion from this core Baháʼí
1012:
the central control mechanism in the Baha'i system" In 2002, he wrote: "Opportunistic sectarian-minded officials may have seen this... as a time when they could act arbitrarily and harshly against intellectuals and liberals, using summary expulsion and threats of shunning".
626:
Disobedience: Those who disobey certain direct instructions from the head of the religion. Mostly the instruction in question is to cease to associate with a Covenant-breaker. Examples of this type include most of the descendants of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá during Shoghi Effendi's
739:
her children Ruhi, Suhayl, and Fu'ad for consenting to the marriage of Thurayyá to Faydi. There was also mention that Ruhi's visit to America and Fu'ad's visit to England were without approval. In December 1941 he announced the expulsion of his sister Mehrangiz.
684:
are generally regarded as another religion altogether. Since Covenant-breaking presumes that one has submitted oneself to a covenant and then broken it, and Bábís never recognized or swore allegiance to Baháʼu'lláh, they are not Covenant-breakers.
961:", believe that legitimate authority passed from Shoghi Effendi to Mason Remey to Joel Marangella. They, therefore, regard the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel to be illegitimate, and its members and followers to be Covenant-breakers.
610:
Dissidence: Those who actively disagree with the policies and actions of the head of the faith without, however, advancing an alternative claim for leadership. This group consisted mostly of opponents of the Baháʼí administration such as
1051:
Sergeev is a professor of religion and philosophy at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia and also Temple University. He also co-chairs and serves on the faculty of the Department of Religion, Philosophy, and Theology at a Baha'i
660:
Beyond this, many other relationships to the Baháʼí Faith exist, both positive and negative. Covenant-breaking does not apply to most of them. The following is a partial list of those who could not rightly be termed Covenant-breakers:
964:
In 2009, Jeffery Goldberg and Janice Franco, both from the mainstream Baháʼí community, joined the Orthodox Baháʼí Faith. Both of them were declared as Covenant-breakers and shunned. Goldberg's wife was told to divorce her husband.
971:
A small group of Baháʼís in Northern New Mexico believe that these descendants are eligible for appointment to the Guardianship and are waiting for such a direct descendant of Baháʼu'lláh to arise as the rightful Guardian.
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that upon the death of Shoghi Effendi, he died "without having appointed his successor". There was an absence of a valid descendant of Baháʼu'lláh who could qualify under the terms of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's will. Later the
742:
Presumably being faced with a choice between shunning their disobedient family members and being themselves disobedient to ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi, his cousins, aunts and uncles chose the latter.
543:
is made to help that person to see the illogicality and error of his actions, but if he persists he must, in accordance with the instructions of Baháʼu'lláh Himself, be shunned as a Covenant-breaker.
599:
Leadership challenge: These are persons who dispute the authority and legitimacy of the head of the religion and advance claims either for themselves or for another. The main examples of these are
968:
The present descendants of expelled members of Baháʼu'lláh's family have not specifically been declared Covenant-breakers, though they mostly do not associate themselves with the Baháʼí religion.
995:
about his involvement in a secret email list that was organizing opposition to certain Baháʼí institutions and policies. Cole was never labeled a Covenant-breaker, because he claimed to be a
559:, who challenged his leadership, although the concept of expulsion from the community of believers and avoidance of contact with them is rooted in the direct instruction and practices of
2547:
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to Remey claimed that he went senile in old age, and by the time of his death he was largely abandoned, with his most prominent followers fighting amongst themselves for leadership.
380:
790:
725:. The children of Furughiyyih sided with Muhammad ʻAlí and opposed ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, leaving only ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's own children as faithful among the descendants of Baháʼu'lláh.
454:
938:
must approve the appointment by majority vote. Baháʼís interpret lineal descendency to mean physical familial relation to Baháʼu'lláh, of which Mason Remey was not.
832:, selling property of Baháʼu'lláh, and publicly "misrepresenting the teachings and deliberately causing confusion in minds of authorities and the local population".
2289:
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110:
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991:, an American professor of Middle Eastern history who had been a Baháʼí for 25 years, left the religion in 1996 after being approached by a
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232:
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The unfolding destiny of the British Baha'i community: Messages from the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith to the Baha'is of the British Isles
2441:
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Most of the groups regarded by the larger group of Baháʼís as Covenant-breakers originated in the claims of Charles Mason Remey to the
722:
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Covenant-breakers, and who attack the Faith in the same spirit as these people, can be considered, themselves, to be Covenant-breakers.
612:
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479:
275:
194:
120:
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2013:
1991:
1967:
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522:. Others were declared Covenant-breakers for actively opposing or disobeying the head of the religion, or maliciously attacking the
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1935:
325:
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100:
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716:. For several years his brother Husayn and several cousins served him as secretaries. The only ones publicly opposing him were
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succession of authority or administrative structure. The central purpose of the covenant is to prevent schism and dissension.
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992:
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1000:
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523:
428:
199:
36:
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950:, initially elected in 1963, made a ruling on the subject that it was not possible for another Guardian to be appointed.
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347:
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635:
410:
2379:
1292:
National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the United States (2000). "Guidance for Bahá'í Groups". Evanston, IL.
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upon leaving. He went on to publish three papers in journals in 1998, 2000, and 2002. These heavily criticized the
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The three largest attempts at alternative leadership—whose followers are considered Covenant-breakers—were from
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A tutorial on the Dispensation of Bahá'u'lláh : exploring the fundamental verities of the Bahá'í faith
1007:
and the practice of shunning Covenant-breakers. For example, Cole wrote in 1998, "Baha’is, like members of
927:
705:
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institutionalizes opposition. Nor do they crush it as harshly as the fervent religious leaders of the past.
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395:
67:
52:
996:
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Members of other religions or no religion—with or without any particular relationship to the Baháʼí Faith.
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290:
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2187:- From the Continental Board of Counselors to the NSAs of Alaska, Canada and the US, 7 December 1999.
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in the United States and suggested cult-like tendencies, particularly regarding the requirement of
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519:
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Ruhangiz – married Nayyer Effendi Afnan, a son of Siyyid Ali Afnan, stepson of Baháʼu'lláh though
342:
2436:
2384:
2309:
1906:
1743:
942:
829:
620:
270:
214:
130:
1738:
1847:
Baha'is in Exile: An Account of followers of Baha'u'llah outside the mainstream Baha'i religion
1768:
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2110:
2084:
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2009:
1987:
1963:
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are urged to avoid their literature, thus providing an exception to the Baháʼí principle of
149:
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Jensen's followers over the identity of the Guardian resulted in another division in 2001.
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1310:
639:
475:
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In a letter to an individual dated 23 March 1975, the Universal House of Justice wrote:
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2001:
1977:
1956:
1951:
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1008:
709:
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930:, that each Guardian must select his successor during his lifetime, and that the nine
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1923:
1667:. The A to Z Guide Series, No. 70. Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. pp. 117–26.
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822:
726:
362:
163:
1169:
17:
851:
756:
689:
681:
604:
511:
2466:
1803:
1408:
300:
1931:
1576:
1764:
1734:
1706:
988:
935:
2451:
2410:
1347:
Shoghi Effendi, From letter dated 9 December 1948 to an individual believer
651:
Shoghi Effendi wrote to the National Spiritual Assembly of Canada in 1957:
285:
242:
2080:
1981:
1556:
1915:
1643:
1686:
595:
in the course of Baháʼí history as belonging to one of four categories:
577:, defined it as an institution, and also called for the election of the
501:
Dr. Mikhail Sergeev wrote about the Baháʼí practice of excommunication,
2255:
957:
The largest group of the remaining followers of Remey, members of the "
2072:
Theory of Religious Cycles: Tradition, Modernity, and the Bahá'í Faith
1179:
2499:
2070:
1530:"Baha'i court case; Robert Stockman, Janice Franco, Jeffrey Goldberg"
330:
2240:
630:
Apostates who maliciously attack the Baháʼí Faith. Examples include
72:
2526:
357:
2054:(Hardcover ed.). London, UK: Baháʼí Publishing Trust: 2000.
2194:
2190:
1648:. Mona Vale, N.S.W, Australia: Baháʼí Publications Australia.
845:
750:
555:
during his ministry to describe partisans of his half-brother
1739:"Race, Immorality and Money in the American Baha'i Community"
1469:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 87.
1866:
The Baha'is of America: The Growth of a Religious Movement
1769:"Fundamentalism in the Contemporary U.S. Baha'i Community"
1139:
1137:
1135:
1808:(3rd ed.). New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers.
941:
Almost all of Baháʼís accepted the determination of the
782:
1711:"The Bahaʼi Faith in America as Panopticon, 1963-1997"
828:
In 1953 he cabled about Ruhi Afnan corresponding with
2185:
A Compilation: Non-Association with Covenant-breakers
2008:(4th ed.). London, UK: Baháʼí Publishing Trust.
708:, everyone in the household initially rallied around
1986:. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust.
1962:. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust.
1691:. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust.
1228:
1226:
2540:
2477:
2424:
2393:
2362:
2318:
2263:
2228:
1618:
1616:
1603:
1601:
1588:
1586:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1955:
1902:"Marginality and Apostasy in the Baha'i Community"
821:In 1944 Shoghi Effendi announced the expulsion of
668:Baháʼís who simply leave the religion. (see above)
1830:(Paperback ed.). Oxford, UK: George Ronald.
1269:
1267:
1265:
1715:The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
771:, potentially preventing the article from being
731:
653:
540:
503:
2206:
1663:Adamson, Hugh C. (2009). "Covenant Breaker".
448:
8:
1387:. UK Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 149.
880:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
478:from the Baháʼí community for breaking the
2213:
2199:
2191:
2103:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith
1368:
1356:
791:reliable, independent, third-party sources
455:
441:
31:
1338:Shoghi Effendi, Messages to Canada, p. 64
900:Learn how and when to remove this message
809:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Person expelled from the Baháʼí community
2029:The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963
1517:Messages to the Baháʼí World – 1950–1957
1171:Baha'ism: History, transfiguration, doxa
1155:
785:by replacing them with more appropriate
494:. Most Baháʼís are unaware of the small
1868:. New York: New York University Press.
1496:. Baha'i Publishing Trust. p. 16.
1493:Messages to the Baháʼí World: 1950–1957
1256:
1244:
1192:
1143:
1103:
1065:
1044:
768:too closely associated with the subject
43:
2069:Sergeev, Mikhail (17 September 2015).
1645:The Will And Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
1324:The Will And Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
1306:
1295:
1688:The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book
1232:
1126:
1091:
1072:
842:Attempted schisms in the Baháʼí Faith
7:
1622:
1607:
1592:
878:adding citations to reliable sources
2006:Principles of Baháʼí Administration
1938:from the original on 6 October 2010
1885:"The Covenant and Covenant-breaker"
729:describes these events as follows:
551:(Arabic: ناقضين) was first used by
919:Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
492:independent investigation of truth
474:to refer to a person who has been
25:
1849:. Pittsburgh, PA: RoseDog Books.
1789:from the original on 30 June 2003
1381:Effendi, Shoghi (December 1981).
1276:The Covenant and Covenant-breaker
696:Shoghi Effendi's immediate family
2254:
922:states that Guardians should be
850:
766:may rely excessively on sources
755:
695:
423:
51:
1168:Hejazi Martinez, Hutan (2010).
1924:10.1016/j.religion.2007.06.008
1665:The A to Z of the Baháʼí Faith
1:
2150:. Oxford, UK: George Ronald.
2131:. Oxford, UK: George Ronald.
2101:(2000). "Covenant-breakers".
1900:Momen, Moojan (8 June 2007).
1805:World Religions: Baha'i Faith
1415:. No. 172. December 1944
934:permanently stationed in the
647:Excluded categories of people
590:Included categories of people
1776:Review of Religious Research
1435:"Messages from the Guardian"
1409:"Messages from the Guardian"
2129:The Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
2626:
2380:Universal House of Justice
2167:"Glossary of Bahá'í terms"
1864:McMullen, Michael (2015).
1828:Baháʼu'lláh, King of Glory
1441:. No. 174. April 1945
1206:"Mikhail Yu. Sergeev, PhD"
948:Universal House of Justice
839:
579:Universal House of Justice
487:Universal House of Justice
210:Universal House of Justice
2586:
2548:Socioeconomic development
2252:
2148:The Child of the Covenant
2146:Taherzadeh, Adib (2000).
1278:, Bahá’í Library Online,
932:Hands of the Cause of God
704:, the eldest daughter of
700:Through the influence of
381:Socioeconomic development
1845:Johnson, Vernon (2020).
1536:. 30 May 2009. p. 9
1490:Effendi, Shoghi (1999).
2370:Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
2348:Some Answered Questions
2165:Winters, Jonah (2010).
2032:. Baháʼí World Centre.
1555:Naghdy, Fazel. (2012).
1534:The Honolulu Advertiser
1028:Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
480:Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
195:Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh
171:Some Answered Questions
2553:Progressive revelation
1883:Momen, Moojan (1995).
1210:Wilmetteinstitute.org/
1033:List of former Baháʼís
1005:pre-publication review
997:Unitarian-Universalist
976:resides in Australia.
736:
658:
545:
508:
470:is a term used in the
386:Progressive revelation
2495:Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh
2457:Letters of the Living
2171:Baha'i Library Online
2107:Oneworld Publications
2081:10.1163/9789004301078
1958:Baháʼí Administration
1802:Hartz, Paula (2009).
1001:Baháʼí administration
993:Continental Counselor
959:Orthodox Baháʼí Faith
524:Baháʼí administration
326:Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh
291:Letters of the Living
2385:Spiritual Assemblies
2375:Administrative Order
1463:(22 February 2015).
1195:, p. xxxi-xxxv.
874:improve this section
563:. In ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's
215:Spiritual Assemblies
200:Administrative Order
2109:. pp. 115–16.
2052:The Priceless Pearl
1887:. bahai-library.com
984:American opposition
718:Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí
712:after the death of
605:Charles Mason Remey
601:Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí
557:Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí
520:Charles Mason Remey
516:Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí
2437:Hands of the Cause
2310:Nineteen Day Feast
2075:. Brill | Rodopi.
943:Hands of the Cause
924:lineal descendants
830:Mirza Ahmad Sohrab
621:Mirza Ahmad Sohrab
565:Will and Testament
526:after leaving it.
271:Hands of the Cause
131:Nineteen Day Feast
2597:
2596:
2507:Shrine of the Báb
2290:Unity of religion
2285:Unity of humanity
2090:978-90-04-30107-8
2048:Rabbani, Ruhiyyih
2024:Rabbani, Ruhiyyih
1875:978-1-4798-5152-2
1856:978-1-6453-0574-3
1815:978-1-60413-104-8
1674:978-0-8108-6853-3
1568:978-1-4681-4531-1
1305:Missing or empty
1174:(Thesis thesis).
1146:, pp. 94–95.
910:
909:
902:
819:
818:
811:
465:
464:
338:Shrine of the Báb
111:Unity of religion
106:Unity of humanity
18:Covenant-breakers
16:(Redirected from
2617:
2610:Bahá'í divisions
2485:House of Worship
2341:The Hidden Words
2258:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2174:
2161:
2142:
2125:Taherzadeh, Adib
2120:
2094:
2065:
2043:
2019:
1997:
1973:
1961:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1879:
1860:
1841:
1819:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1773:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1702:
1678:
1659:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1466:Citadel of Faith
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1076:
1070:
1053:
1049:
905:
898:
894:
891:
885:
854:
846:
836:Resultant groups
814:
807:
803:
800:
794:
759:
751:
617:Julia Lynch Olin
549:Covenant-breaker
496:Baháʼí divisions
468:Covenant-breaker
457:
450:
443:
427:
321:House of Worship
205:The Guardianship
164:The Hidden Words
55:
32:
21:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2582:
2536:
2473:
2420:
2389:
2358:
2314:
2259:
2250:
2229:Central figures
2224:
2219:
2181:
2164:
2158:
2145:
2139:
2123:
2117:
2097:
2091:
2068:
2062:
2046:
2040:
2022:
2016:
2002:Effendi, Shoghi
2000:
1994:
1978:Effendi, Shoghi
1976:
1970:
1952:Effendi, Shoghi
1950:
1941:
1939:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1863:
1857:
1844:
1838:
1822:
1816:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1771:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1705:
1699:
1681:
1675:
1662:
1656:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1569:
1561:. : F. Naghdy.
1554:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1461:Effendi, Shoghi
1459:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1369:Taherzadeh 1972
1367:
1363:
1357:Taherzadeh 2000
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1318:
1304:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1272:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1133:
1125:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1024:
986:
906:
895:
889:
886:
871:
855:
844:
838:
815:
804:
798:
795:
780:
760:
749:
702:Bahíyyih Khánum
698:
679:
649:
592:
587:
567:, he appointed
532:
485:Currently, the
461:
416:
415:
376:
368:
367:
316:
308:
307:
261:
253:
252:
228:
220:
219:
190:
182:
181:
144:
136:
135:
91:
83:
82:
63:
62:Central figures
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2432:Shoghi Effendi
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:Baháʼí history
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2179:External links
2177:
2176:
2175:
2162:
2156:
2143:
2137:
2121:
2115:
2105:. Oxford, UK:
2095:
2089:
2066:
2060:
2044:
2038:
2026:, ed. (1992).
2020:
2014:
1998:
1992:
1974:
1968:
1948:
1897:
1880:
1874:
1861:
1855:
1842:
1836:
1824:Balyuzi, Hasan
1820:
1814:
1799:
1782:(3): 195–217.
1767:(March 2002).
1761:
1731:
1703:
1697:
1679:
1673:
1660:
1654:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1612:
1597:
1582:
1567:
1547:
1521:
1509:
1503:978-0877432500
1502:
1482:
1476:978-1508530596
1475:
1452:
1426:
1400:
1394:978-0900125430
1393:
1373:
1361:
1359:, p. 145.
1349:
1340:
1331:
1316:
1284:
1274:Moojan Momen,
1261:
1249:
1237:
1222:
1197:
1185:
1160:
1148:
1131:
1108:
1096:
1077:
1075:, p. 138.
1064:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1009:The Watchtower
985:
982:
908:
907:
858:
856:
849:
840:Main article:
837:
834:
817:
816:
763:
761:
754:
748:
745:
710:Shoghi Effendi
697:
694:
678:
675:
674:
673:
669:
666:
648:
645:
644:
643:
628:
624:
608:
591:
588:
586:
585:Categorization
583:
569:Shoghi Effendi
531:
528:
476:excommunicated
463:
462:
460:
459:
452:
445:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
334:
333:
323:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
298:
293:
283:
278:
273:
268:
266:Shoghi Effendi
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
245:
240:
235:
233:Baháʼí history
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
167:
160:
153:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
92:
89:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
64:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2622:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Other Baháʼís
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2327:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:Key scripture
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2157:0-85398-439-5
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2138:0-85398-344-5
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2116:1-85168-184-1
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2061:1-870989-91-0
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2039:0-85398-350-X
2035:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:0-900125-13-6
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1993:0-87743-020-9
1989:
1985:
1984:
1983:God Passes By
1979:
1975:
1971:
1969:0-87743-166-3
1965:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1837:0-85398-328-3
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:(June 1998).
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:0-85398-999-0
1694:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1655:0-909991-47-2
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1548:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1299:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1259:, p. 35.
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1158:, p. 21.
1157:
1156:McMullen 2015
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
966:
962:
960:
955:
951:
949:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
916:in 1960. The
915:
904:
901:
893:
890:February 2017
883:
879:
875:
869:
868:
864:
859:This section
857:
853:
848:
847:
843:
835:
833:
831:
826:
824:
813:
810:
802:
799:December 2022
792:
788:
784:
778:
774:
770:
769:
764:This section
762:
758:
753:
752:
746:
744:
740:
735:
730:
728:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
693:
691:
688:Followers of
686:
683:
676:
670:
667:
664:
663:
662:
657:
652:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
622:
618:
614:
609:
606:
602:
598:
597:
596:
589:
584:
582:
580:
576:
575:
571:as the first
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
544:
539:
536:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
507:
502:
499:
497:
493:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
458:
453:
451:
446:
444:
439:
438:
436:
435:
430:
426:
422:
421:
420:
419:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
371:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
312:
311:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
284:
282:
281:Other Baháʼís
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
257:
256:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
224:
223:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
175:
173:
172:
168:
166:
165:
161:
159:
158:
154:
152:
151:
150:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
147:
146:
143:Key scripture
140:
139:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
87:
86:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2588:
2541:Other topics
2517:World Centre
2462:Mullá Husayn
2363:Institutions
2346:
2339:
2334:Kitáb-i-Íqán
2332:
2325:
2280:Unity of God
2246:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
2222:Baháʼí Faith
2170:
2147:
2128:
2102:
2099:Smith, Peter
2071:
2051:
2028:
2005:
1982:
1957:
1940:. Retrieved
1911:
1905:
1889:. Retrieved
1865:
1846:
1827:
1804:
1791:. Retrieved
1779:
1775:
1753:. Retrieved
1751:(2): 109–125
1748:
1742:
1737:(May 2000).
1723:. Retrieved
1718:
1714:
1687:
1664:
1644:
1640:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
1557:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1533:
1524:
1519:, p. 48
1516:
1512:
1492:
1485:
1465:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1383:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1323:
1319:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1257:Johnson 2020
1252:
1245:Adamson 2009
1240:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1200:
1193:Johnson 2020
1188:
1170:
1163:
1151:
1144:Sergeev 2015
1104:Winters 2010
1099:
1068:
1047:
1016:Moojan Momen
1014:
987:
978:
974:
970:
967:
963:
956:
952:
940:
917:
914:Guardianship
911:
896:
887:
872:Please help
860:
827:
823:Munib Shahid
820:
805:
796:
781:Please help
765:
741:
737:
732:
727:Moojan Momen
714:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
699:
687:
680:
659:
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375:Other topics
348:World Centre
296:Mullá Husayn
189:Institutions
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157:Kitáb-i-Íqán
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101:Unity of God
78:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
45:Baháʼí Faith
29:
2578:Orthography
2416:Persecution
2354:Other Texts
2236:Baháʼu'lláh
1918:: 187–209.
1725:18 December
1683:Baháʼu'lláh
1540:27 November
1439:Baháʼí News
1413:Baháʼí News
1215:25 December
928:Baháʼu'lláh
723:Furughiyyih
706:Baháʼu'lláh
690:Subh-i-Azal
561:Baháʼu'lláh
512:Subh-i-Azal
411:Orthography
248:Persecution
177:Other Texts
68:Baháʼu'lláh
2573:Statistics
2568:Prophecies
2522:Pilgrimage
2512:Síyáh-Chál
1942:3 November
1793:27 January
1765:Cole, Juan
1755:27 January
1735:Cole, Juan
1707:Cole, Juan
1633:References
1307:|url=
1233:Momen 1995
1180:1911/61990
1127:Momen 2007
1092:Smith 2000
1073:Hartz 2009
1052:Institute.
783:improve it
773:verifiable
747:Expulsions
613:Ruth White
530:Definition
406:Statistics
401:Prophecies
353:Pilgrimage
343:Síyáh-Chál
2558:Cosmology
2275:Teachings
1932:0048-721X
1891:6 January
1685:(1992) .
1642:(1992) .
1623:Cole 2002
1608:Cole 2000
1593:Cole 1998
1577:898418021
1060:Citations
989:Juan Cole
936:Holy Land
861:does not
787:citations
672:doctrine.
547:The term
391:Cosmology
96:Teachings
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2590:Category
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2406:Timeline
2305:Calendar
2264:Basics (
2127:(1972).
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1936:Archived
1916:Elsevier
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1744:Religion
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574:Guardian
429:Category
276:Apostles
238:Timeline
126:Calendar
37:a series
35:Part of
2563:Symbols
2467:Táhirih
2394:History
2266:outline
2241:The Báb
882:removed
867:sources
777:neutral
396:Symbols
301:Táhirih
227:History
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315:Places
260:People
243:Bábism
121:Prayer
90:Basics
39:on the
2527:Haifa
2452:Bábis
1914:(3).
1787:(PDF)
1772:(PDF)
1445:8 May
1419:8 May
1039:Notes
682:Bábís
677:Bábís
636:Sobhi
627:time.
358:Haifa
286:Bábis
2532:Acre
2489:List
2295:Laws
2152:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2111:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2056:ISBN
2034:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1944:2010
1928:ISSN
1893:2020
1870:ISBN
1851:ISBN
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1795:2021
1757:2021
1727:2020
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1498:ISBN
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1389:ISBN
1328:p 20
1311:help
1280:1995
1217:2020
865:any
863:cite
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638:and
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