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all waste lands in villages, the ownership of which was vested in the
Government, were constituted into protected forests under the Indian Forest Act VII of 1882. In West Singhbhum as in Lohardaga, the forest settlement operations were launched and measures were taken to determine the rights of the forest-dwelling communities. Villages in forests were marked off in blocks of convenient size consisting of village sites and cultivable wastelands sufficient for the needs of villages. In 1894, Birsa had grown up into a strong young man, shrewd and intelligent, and undertook the work of repairing the Dombari tank at Gerbera damaged by rains.
451:, he found a suitable companion, presented her parents with jewels, and explained his idea of marriage. Later, on his return from jail, he did not find her faithful to him and left her. Another woman who served him at Chalkad was the sister of Mathias Munda. On his release from prison, the daughter of Mathura Munda of Koensar who was kept by Kali Munda, and the wife of Jaga Munda of Jiuri insisted on becoming wives of Birsa. He rebuked them and referred the wife of Jaga Munda to her husband. Another rather well-known woman who stayed with Birsa was Sali of Burundi.
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on 3 February 1900. According to Deputy commissioner Ranchi, vide letter, 460 tribals were made accused in 15 different criminal cases, out of which 63 were convicted. One was sentenced to death, 39 to transportation for life and 23 to imprisoned for terms up to fourteen years. There were six deaths,
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stood at about 600, and they held from a village to 150 villages. But by 1874, the authority of the old Munda or Oraon chiefs had been almost entirely annulled by that of the farmers, introduced by the landlords. In some villages, they had completely lost their proprietary rights and had been reduced
480:
flocked to
Chalkad to see him and to be cured of their ailments. Both the Oraon and Munda population up to Barwari and Chechari became convinced Birsaities. Contemporary and later folk songs commemorate the tremendous impact of Birsa on his people, their joy, and expectations at his advent. The name
443:
He left
Gerbera in the wake of the mounting Sardar agitation. He participated in the agitation stemming from popular disaffection at the restrictions imposed upon the traditional rights of the Mundas in the protected forest, under the leadership of Gideon of Piring in the Porhat area. During 1893–94
416:
Birsa's long stay at
Chaibasa from 1886 to 1890 constituted a formative period of his life. This period was marked by the German and Roman Catholic Christian agitation. In light of the independence struggle, Sugana Munda withdrew his son from school. Soon after leaving Chaibasa in 1890 Birsa and his
376:
custom. The folk songs reflect popular confusion and refer to
Ulihatu or Chalkad as his birthplace. Ulihatu was the birthplace of Sugana Munda, father of Birsa. The claim of Ulihatu rests on Birsa's elder brother Komta Munda living in the village, where his house still exists albeit in a dilapidated
330:
Birsa received his education in Salga under the guidance of his teacher Jaipal Nag. Later, Birsa converted into a
Christian to join the German Mission School but soon dropped out after finding out that Britishers were aiming to convert tribals to Christianity through education. After dropping out of
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constables at
Etkedih. On 7 January, they attacked the Khunti police station, killing a constable and razing the houses of local shopkeepers. The local commissioner, A. Fobes, and deputy commissioner, H.C. Streattfield, rushed to Khunti with a force of 150 men to suppress the growing rebellion. The
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Due to a rumor that those who didn't follow Birsa would be massacred, Birsa was arrested on 24 August 1895 and sentenced to two-year imprisonment. On 28 January 1898, after being released from jail he went with his followers to Chutia to collect the record and to re-establish racial links with the
395:
Driven by poverty Birsa was taken to
Ayubhatu, his maternal uncle's village. Komta Munda, his eldest brother, who was ten years of age, went to Kundi Bartoli, entered the service of a Munda, married and lived there for eight years, and then joined his father and younger brother at Chalkad. Birsa
387:
Birsa's early years were spent with his parents at
Chalkad. His early life could not have been very different from that of an average Munda child. Folklore refers to his rolling and playing in sand and dust with his friends, and his growing up strong and handsome in looks; he grazed sheep in the
471:
culture which was mostly negatively affected by
British Christian missionary works. Many tribals under his sect had already converted to Christianity. He opposed and criticised the Church and its practices such as levying of taxes and religious conversions. In 1895, Birsa is said to have seen a
458:
at a later stage in his life. Birsa rose from the lowest ranks of the peasants, the ryots, who unlike their namesakes elsewhere enjoyed far fewer rights in the Mundari khuntkatti system; while all privileges were monopolized by the members of the founding lineage, the ryots were no better than
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forest of Bohonda. When he grew up, he shared an interest in playing the flute, in which he became an expert. He went around with the tuila, the one-stringed instrument made from the pumpkin, in his hand and the flute strung to his waist. Exciting moments of his childhood were spent on the
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including that of Birsa Munda in the prison during trials. Birsa Munda died in jail on 9 June 1900. After his death, the movement faded out. In 1908, the colonial government introduced the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (CNT), which prohibits the transfer of tribal land to non-tribals.
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crop-sharers. Birsa's experience as a young boy, driven from place to place in search of employment, gave him insight into the agrarian question and forest matters; he was no passive spectator but an active participant in the movement going on in the neighbourhood.
335:. Members of the Munda community soon started joining the faith which in turn became a challenge for the British activities.The Birsaits openly declared that the real enemies were the British and not Christian Mundas. The cause of the Munda revolt was the 'unfair
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As Birsa was sharp in his studies, Jaipal Nag recommended him to join the German Mission School and Birsa converted to Christianity and was renamed as Birsa David, which later became Birsa Daud. After studying for a few years, he left the German Mission School.
404:. Birsa Munda understood very soon that Christian missionaries were converting tribals to Christianity. Birsa soon started to challenge the Christian missionaries and revolted against the conversion activities along with the Munda and Oraon communities.
339:
practices by colonial and local authorities that demolished the tribal conventional land system'. Birsa Munda is known for challenging the British Christian missionaries and revolting against the conversion activities along with the Munda and
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lived at Ayubhatu for two years. He went to school at Salga, run by one Jaipal Nag. He accompanied his mother's younger sister, Joni, who was fond of him, when she was married, to Khatanga, her new home. He came in contact with a Christian
605:. The Anglican Mission at Murhu and the Roman Catholic Mission at Sarwada were the main targets. The Birsaits openly declared that the real enemies were the British and not Christian Mundas and called for a decisive war against the
1801:
609:. He allegedly urged the killing of Thikadars and Jagirdars and Rajas and Hakims and Christians and promised that the guns and bullets would turn to water. For two years, they attacked places loyal to the British.
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intensified the transformation of the tribal agrarian system into a feudal state. As the tribals with their primitive technology could not generate a surplus, the non-tribal peasantry was invited by the chiefs in
488:
Birsa Munda started to advise tribal people to pursue their original traditional tribal religious system. Impressed by his teachings, he became a saintly figure to the tribal people and they sought his blessings.
1517:
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vision of a supreme God. He himself became a preacher and a representative of their traditional tribal religion, and soon, he built up a reputation of a healer, a miracle-worker, and a preacher. The Mundas,
586:. The Christian missionaries wanted to arrest Birsa and his followers, who were threatening their ability to make converts. Birsa went underground for two years but attending a series of secret meetings.
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to settle on and cultivate the land. This led to the alienation of the lands held by the tribals. The new class of Thikadars was of a more rapacious kind and eager to make the most of their possessions.
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To the twin challenges of agrarian breakdown and culture change, Birsa along with the Munda responded through a series of revolts and uprisings under his leadership. In 1895, in Chalkad village of
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He declared himself a prophet who had come to recover the lost kingdom of his people. He said that the reign of Queen Victoria was over and the Munda Raj had begun. He gave orders to the
384:) or crop-sharers (ryots). At Kurumbda, Birsa's elder brother, Komta, and his sister, Daskir, were born. From there the family moved to Bamba where Birsa's elder sister Champa was born.
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500 for Birsa. The troops under the command of Fobes and Streattfield attacked and defeated Munda's guerillas at Dumbari Hill, though Munda himself escaped to the Singhbum hills.
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Birsa's father, mother Karmi Hatu, and younger brother, Pasna Munda, left Ulihatu and proceeded to Kurumbda, near Birbanki, in search of employment as labourers (
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On Christmas Eve of 1899, Birsa's followers tried to burn down churches in Ranchi and Singhabhum. On 5 January 1900, Birsa's followers killed two
372:– on a Thursday (Some sources claim he was born on 18 July 1872, and not in 1875) and hence named after that day, according to the then prevalent
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family gave up their membership in the German mission, ceased being Christian, and reverted to his original traditional tribal religious system.
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392:(the village wrestling ground). However, one of his ideal contemporaries and who went out with him heard him speak of strange things.
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Birsa Munda birth anniversary: All about the Indian tribal freedom fighter: Article published in india today dated 15-11-2021 |url=|
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501:("Let the kingdom of the queen be ended and our kingdom be established") – is still remembered in areas of
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744:, is set to direct a movie, in Tamil, on the life of Birsa Munda. Well known Tamil director and anti-caste activist
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in the late 19th century; she later wrote an abridged version, Birsa Munda, specifically for young readers.
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656:, at a meeting held on 10 November 2021, voted to observe 15 November, Birsa Munda's birth anniversary, as
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The Dust-storm and the Hanging Mist: A Study of Birsa Munda and His Movement in Chhotanagpur, 1874–1901
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He was lodged in Ranchi jail, for trial along with his 482 followers where he died on 9 June 1900.
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independence activist. His birth anniversary is still celebrated by tribal people as far away as
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It is said that around 7000 men and women assembled around Christmas of 1899, to herald the
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Birsa Munda and His Movement (1872–1901): a Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur
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Birsa Munda and His Movement, 1874–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur
95:
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Birsa Munda and His Movement 1874–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur
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Today, there are several organizations, bodies, and structures named after him, notably
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937:
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712:
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1794:[Shooting of biopic film based on Bhagwan Birsa Munda has started in Khunti].
2016:
1668:"'The doors close the minute we know the person was Dalit': The Pa Ranjith Interview"
625:
477:
336:
1635:"பழங்குடி இன சுதந்திர போராளி பிர்ஸா முண்டா கதையை திரைப்படமாக்குகிறார் கோபி நயினார்!"
900:
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Rourkela,(World's largest Hockey Stadium), Birsa Munda Vanvasi Chattravas, Kanpur,
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285:
1637:[Life of indigenous freedom fighter Bursa Munda being made into a movie].
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He is commemorated in the names of the following institutions and organizations:
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397:
1072:"Birsa Munda birth anniversary: All about the Indian tribal freedom fighter"
727:
681:
502:
437:
369:
297:
219:
192:
1908:
1449:"Jharkhand: In the land of Birsa Munda, tribals to boycott polls on May 6"
922:), was directed by Iqbal Durran, based on his own novel of the same name.
562:
1639:
455:
1792:"खूंटी में शुरू हुई भगवान बिरसा मुंडा पर आधारित बायोपिक फिल्म की शूटिंग"
1971:
This book chronicles the story of the subaltern tribal hero Birsa Munda
1015:
357:
281:
176:
737:, in Ranchi, is inspired by the independence struggle of Birsa Munda.
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who visited a few families in the village which had been converted to
1992:
677:
665:
613:
602:
594:
506:
473:
389:
313:
211:
1871:"Capturing Birsa Munda: The Virtuality of a Colonial-era Photograph"
1427:. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting.
973:"Capturing Birsa Munda: The Virtuality Of A Colonial-Era Photograph"
549:, Birsa Munda renounced Christianity, asked his fellow tribesmen to
1102:[Birsa Munda: represents strength and courage] (in Hindi).
1731:
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in 1979, is based on his life and the Munda Rebellion against the
741:
661:
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572:
538:
510:
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Birsa Munda's slogan threatening the British Raj –
468:
419:
726:
is a proposed 150-foot-tall statue of Birsa Munda to be built in
1510:"Centre to observe Birsa Munda birth anniversary on November 15"
748:
will direct a Hindi movie which is based on Birsa Munda's life.
1564:
Homage to Bhawan Birsa Munda on his Birth Anniversary at Ranchi
304:, thereby making him an important figure in the history of the
755:
447:
While on a sojourn in the neighbourhood of village Sankara in
31:
27:
Indian tribal freedom fighter and religious leader (1875–1900)
356:
Birsa Munda was born on 15 November 1875, at the village of
946:(Right to the Forest, 1977), a novel for which she won the
672:
in Karnataka. The official celebration takes place at his
284:
independence activist, and folk hero who belonged to the
566:(tenant farmers) to pay no rents. The Mundas called him
1294:"Villages in Erki (Tamar Ii) Tehsil, Ranchi, Jharkhand"
907:(followers of Birsa) appeared as extras. Another film,
1606:[Birsa Munda will get 150-foot-tall statue].
1271:
Birsa Mumda commemorative postage stamp and biography
1184:"Remembering Birsa Munda On 'Janjatiya Gaurav Divas'"
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with stones collected from households in the region.
1218:
Parliament of India: Rajya Sabha – Council of States
577:
Birsa Munda captured and conducted to Ranchi(1890).
1954:Sinha, Tuhin A.; Verma, Ankita (18 February 2022).
245:
235:
227:
200:
162:
136:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
914:In 2008, a Hindi film based on the life of Birsa,
1402:. Vol. 9, no. 6. June 1911. p. 546
1338:. New Delhi: Ocean Books Pvt Ltd. pp. 3–10.
1159:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
735:National University of Study and Research in Law
582:temple. He said that the temple belonged to the
1539:Tribals celebrate Birsa Munda birth anniversary
911:, by Rajesh Mittal was released the same year.
467:Birsa is credited for reviving the traditional
280:(15 November 1875 – 9 June 1900) was an Indian
344:communities. His portrait hangs in the Indian
1100:"बिरसा मुंडा : शक्ति और साहस के परिचायक"
617:colonial administration also set a reward of
8:
2063:Indian independence activists from Jharkhand
733:Ulgulan, the annual college festival of the
1141:. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023
790:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
331:school, Birsa Munda created a faith called
1604:"बिरसा मुंडा 150 फीट ऊंची प्रतिमा लगाएंगे"
499:Abua raj ete jana, maharani raj tundu jana
144:
133:
1732:"Birsa Munda – The black Iron Man (2004)"
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1070:India Today Web Desk (15 November 2021).
810:Learn how and when to remove this message
288:tribe. He spearheaded a tribal religious
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2083:Indian people who died in prison custody
2038:Indian independence activists from Bihar
1858:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
1394:"The Curious History of a Munda Fanatic"
1266:
1264:
903:played Birsa Munda in the film, and 500
881:Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium
697:Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium
308:. The revolt mainly concentrated in the
2088:Prisoners who died in British detention
1002:
1000:
963:
926:, an Indian biographical short film by
300:) in the late 19th century, during the
1903:. Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.
1666:Rajendran, Sowmya (13 November 2018).
1152:
872:, a controversial defunct organization
624:He was arrested at Jamkopai forest in
1680:from the original on 16 November 2018
1647:from the original on 16 November 2018
1614:from the original on 12 November 2017
1520:from the original on 11 November 2021
1194:from the original on 15 November 2021
1010:[The Revolt of Birsa Munda].
971:Rycroft, Daniel J. (4 January 2002).
7:
1869:Rycroft, Daniel J. (December 2004).
1633:Prasath, Rajendra (9 October 2018).
1479:"Chotanagpur Tenancy Act: What next"
842:Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri
788:adding citations to reliable sources
693:Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri
593:(Great Tumult) which soon spread to
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1577:Official website. 15 November 2008.
1508:Pandit, Ambika (11 November 2021).
542:to the position of farm labourers.
1804:from the original on 22 April 2022
1742:from the original on 22 April 2022
1489:from the original on 6 August 2021
1304:from the original on 4 August 2016
847:Sido Kanhu Murmu University, Dumka
660:, to remember the contribution of
25:
1712:(Motion picture) (in Hindi). 2004
1106:from the original on 11 June 2021
1008:"The "Ulgulaan" of "Dharati Aba""
948:Sahitya Akademi Award for Bengali
1878:Indian Folklore Research Journal
1224:from the original on 9 June 2021
909:Birsa Munda – The Black Iron Man
760:
36:
1459:from the original on 5 May 2019
47:needs additional citations for
1610:(in Hindi). 16 November 2016.
676:in the Kokar neighbourhood of
1:
1986:The Great Hero of the Tribals
1243:Singh, Kumar Suresh (2002) .
876:Birsa Munda Tribal University
857:Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium
852:Sidho Kanho Birsha University
832:Birsa Institute of Technology
827:Birsa Agricultural University
740:Gopi Nainar, the director of
705:Birsa Agricultural University
701:Sidho Kanho Birsha University
1923:Singh, Kumar Suresh (1983).
1823:Biography for Mahasweta Devi
1098:Awaaz, Aapki (9 June 2015).
412:Formative period (1886–1894)
306:Indian independence movement
240:Indian independence movement
156:The Mundas and their Country
2023:People from Ranchi district
1956:"The Legend of Birsa Munda"
1927:. Oxford University Press.
1800:(in Hindi). 2 August 2019.
1131:. Oxford University Press.
1047:. 1999–2015. Archived from
899:) was made by Ashok Saran.
553:and give up the worship of
292:movement that arose in the
2104:
1369:Who's who on Indian Stamps
719:(Victory to Birsa Munda).
2073:Scheduled Tribes of India
485:was on everybody's lips.
143:
1544:15 December 2015 at the
936:winner, writer-activist
930:, was released in 2020.
866:Birsa Munda Central Jail
1366:Suresh, Sushma (1999).
940:'s historical fiction,
891:In 2004, a Hindi film,
570:, the father of earth.
526:British colonial system
449:West Singhbhum district
2058:Indian revolutionaries
1897:Singh, Suresh (1966).
1768:. 2011. Archived from
1764:Gandhi Se Pehle Gandhi
1575:Raj Bhavan (Jharkhand)
1372:. Mohan B. Daryanani.
1014:. 2009. Archived from
916:Gandhi Se Pehle Gandhi
658:Janjatiya Gaurav Divas
649:
641:Birsa Munda on a 1988
578:
440:
424:Birsa Munda statue by
360:in Ranchi district of
352:Early life (1875–1886)
1834:Ramon Magsaysay Award
1828:26 March 2010 at the
1569:10 April 2009 at the
1125:Singh, K. S. (1983).
934:Ramon Magsaysay Award
837:Birsa College, Khunti
640:
576:
423:
252:Sugana Munda (father)
2043:History of Jharkhand
2006:25 July 2020 at the
1864:on 14 February 2009.
1710:Cultureunplugged.com
1190:. 15 November 2021.
978:University of Sussex
920:Gandhi Before Gandhi
784:improve this section
551:worship only one God
56:improve this article
1283:, 15 November 1988.
1276:6 June 2014 at the
924:Bhagwan Birsa Munda
862:Birsa Munda Airport
689:Birsa Munda Airport
255:Karmi Hatu (mother)
2001:Birsa Munda Revolt
1836:Official website."
1766:is on Birsa Munda"
1591:bharat-rakshak.com
1552:, 18 November 2001
1514:The Times of India
887:In popular culture
717:Birsa Munda Ki Jai
650:
579:
463:New Vaishnava sect
441:
1941:The Dust-storm...
1939:(A reissuance of
1772:on 7 January 2016
1701:Ulgulan-Ek Kranti
1453:indianexpress.com
1434:978-81-230-2544-5
1421:A.K.Dhan (2017).
1379:978-84-931101-0-9
1247:. Seagull Books.
1138:978-0-19-561424-4
985:on 27 August 2005
893:Ulgulan-Ek Kranti
820:
819:
812:
724:Statue of Ulgulan
680:, the capital of
434:Bokaro Steel City
362:Bengal Presidency
346:Parliament Museum
294:Bengal Presidency
262:
261:
216:Bengal Presidency
185:Bengal Presidency
132:
131:
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106:
16:(Redirected from
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1973:
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1018:on 21 April 2014
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670:Kodagu districts
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1978:External links
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273:pronunciation
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71:"Birsa Munda"
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
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51:
50:
45:This article
43:
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34:
33:
30:
19:
2033:Munda people
1990:
1985:
1970:
1963:. Retrieved
1960:The Dispatch
1959:
1940:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1899:
1886:. Retrieved
1881:
1877:
1862:the original
1852:
1850:Khan, A. H.
1844:Bibliography
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1795:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:the original
1763:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1735:
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1714:. Retrieved
1709:
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1682:. Retrieved
1671:
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1649:. Retrieved
1643:(in Tamil).
1638:
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1616:. Retrieved
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1127:
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1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1075:
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1053:. Retrieved
1049:the original
1044:
1041:"birsamunda"
1035:
1027:
1020:. Retrieved
1016:the original
1011:
987:. Retrieved
983:the original
976:
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901:Deepraj Rana
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800:January 2023
797:
782:Please help
770:
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402:Christianity
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206:(1900-06-09)
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99:
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54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2053:1900 deaths
2048:1875 births
1853:Birsa Munda
1808:21 February
1746:10 February
1684:16 November
1651:16 November
1618:11 November
1524:12 November
1424:BIRSA MUNDA
1406:17 February
1351:17 February
1335:Birsa Munda
1228:16 November
1188:Pragativadi
1077:India Today
952:British Raj
928:Rajan Khosa
746:Pa. Ranjith
515:West Bengal
483:Dharti Aaba
377:condition.
302:British Raj
290:millenarian
265:Birsa Munda
228:Nationality
204:9 June 1900
138:Birsa Munda
2017:Categories
1965:5 December
1914:4 February
1888:4 February
1281:India Post
1198:3 February
1110:5 February
958:References
647:India post
645:ticket of
398:missionary
310:Munda belt
169:1875-11-15
82:newspapers
1640:Filmibeat
1608:Inextlive
1493:31 August
1155:cite book
989:18 August
771:does not
728:Jharkhand
682:Jharkhand
503:Jharkhand
438:Jharkhand
430:Naya More
382:sajhedari
370:Jharkhand
364:– now in
326:Bandgaon.
298:Jharkhand
220:Jharkhand
193:Jharkhand
152:S. C. Roy
2004:Archived
1826:Archived
1802:Archived
1740:Archived
1678:Archived
1645:Archived
1612:Archived
1567:Archived
1542:Archived
1518:Archived
1487:Archived
1457:Archived
1302:Archived
1274:Archived
1222:Archived
1192:Archived
1104:Archived
1083:11 March
1012:cipra.in
905:Birsaits
691:Ranchi,
591:Ulgulaan
537:In 1856
456:monogamy
236:Movement
218:(now in
187:(now in
2068:Adivasi
1995:website
1776:10 June
1716:10 June
1708:].
1055:10 June
1022:10 June
792:removed
777:sources
709:war cry
607:British
563:raiyats
478:Kharias
358:Ulihatu
333:Birsait
322:Sarwada
246:Parents
177:Ulihatu
96:scholar
1993:Odisha
1931:
1909:192213
1907:
1762:"Film
1431:
1376:
1342:
1308:26 May
1251:
1145:27 May
1135:
707:. The
678:Ranchi
666:Mysore
662:tribal
633:Legacy
614:police
603:Ranchi
595:Khunti
555:bongas
539:Jagirs
507:Odisha
476:, and
474:Oraons
469:tribal
390:akhara
314:Khunti
282:tribal
231:Indian
212:Ranchi
98:
91:
84:
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69:
1874:(PDF)
1704:[
1463:5 May
742:Aramm
599:Tamar
547:Tamar
511:Bihar
374:Munda
342:Oraon
318:Tamar
296:(now
286:Munda
103:JSTOR
89:books
1967:2022
1929:ISBN
1916:2015
1905:OCLC
1890:2015
1810:2021
1778:2019
1748:2021
1718:2019
1686:2018
1653:2018
1620:2017
1526:2021
1495:2019
1465:2019
1429:ISBN
1408:2022
1374:ISBN
1353:2022
1340:ISBN
1310:2016
1249:ISBN
1230:2018
1200:2022
1161:link
1147:2023
1133:ISBN
1112:2015
1085:2022
1057:2015
1024:2015
991:2015
775:any
773:cite
722:The
668:and
652:The
643:daak
584:Kols
524:The
517:and
324:and
201:Died
163:Born
75:news
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