706:
One of the party died of sickness leaving "four white men, myself , and three slaves". Each person (including the slaves) had "15 musquets apiece, well loaded and always ready for action". After passing the residence of the king of
Goloijigi, 60 canoes came after them which they "repulsed after killing many natives". Further along they encountered an army of the Poule nation and kept to the opposite bank to avoid an action. After a close encounter with a hippopotamus they continued past Caffo (3 canoe pursuers) to an island where Isaaco was taken prisoner. Park rescued him, and 20 canoes chased them. This time they merely asked Amadi for trinkets which Park supplied. At Gourmon they traded for provisions and were warned of an ambush ahead. They passed the army "being all Moors" and entered
544:
664:
lobbied tribes further down the river. Park understood the politics and adopted a policy of staying away from the shore towards the middle of the 2-to-3-mile-wide (3-to-5-kilometre) river while attacking anyone who came near. In the process he also avoided paying tolls/bribes to pass through each kingdom, earning the rage of local rulers, Moorish or not, who would send messengers ahead to the next tribe downriver that a dangerous interloper was coming their way. Furthermore, Park's policy of shoot first and not engaging with locals, in some cases slaughtering significant numbers of natives using superior firepower, made the
Europeans something of a pariah. Park was running a gauntlet of hostile tribes in part of his own making.
679:
476:
they would not believe me; and one of them putting his hand upon the ground, said with great simplicity, "have you really got such ground as this, to set your feet upon?" A deeply-rooted idea that the whites purchase
Negroes for the purpose of devouring them, or of selling them to others that they may be devoured hereafter, naturally makes the slaves contemplate a journey towards the Coast with great terror, insomuch that the Slatees are forced to keep them constantly in irons, and watch them very closely, to prevent their escape.
584:
796:
the river, but his theory was one of many and did not have much currency because the delta had so many small streams it did not appear to be from a great river. In 1821, James McQueen published a book, the result of 25 years of research, in which he correctly (it would later be seen) laid out the entire course of the Niger, however like
Reichard, his theories did not receive much notice. A number of failed expeditions were mounted but the mystery would finally be solved 25 years after Park's death, in 1830.
139:
741:, Park's boat became stuck on a rock and remained fast. On the bank were gathered hostile natives, who attacked the party with bow and arrow and throwing spears. Their position being untenable, Park, Martyn, and the two remaining soldiers sprang into the river and were drowned. The sole survivor was one of the slaves. After three months in irons, Amadi was released and talked with the surviving slave, from whom was obtained the story of the final scene.
2172:
313:
40:
328:
1707:
2191:
206:. He was the seventh in a family of thirteen. Although tenant farmers, the Parks were relatively well-off. They were able to pay for Park to receive a good education, and Park's father died leaving property valued at £3,000 (equivalent to £306,000 in 2023). His parents had originally intended him for a ministry in the Church of Scotland.
725:, and at various other places the natives came out in canoes and attacked his boat. These attacks were all repulsed, Park and his party having plenty of firearms and ammunition and the natives having none. The boat also escaped the many perils attendant on navigating an unknown stream strewn with many rapids; Park had built
505:" then Mungo Park was its first successful explorer, he set a standard for all who followed. After his death, European public and political interest in Africa began to increase. Perhaps the most lasting effect of Park's travels, though, was the influence on European colonial ambitions during the 19th century.
705:
Amadi
Fatouma stated that Park's canoe had descended the river as far as Sibby without incident. After Sibby, three native canoes chased them and Park's party repulsed the pursuers with firearms. A similar incident occurred at Cabbara and again at Toomboucouton. At Gouroumo seven canoes pursued them.
732:
At
Haoussa, Amadi traded with the local chief. Amadi reports that Park gave him five silver rings, some powder and flints to give as a gift to the chief of the village. The following day Amadi visited the king where Amadi was accused of not having given the chief a present. Amadi was "put in irons".
209:
He was educated at home before attending
Selkirk grammar school. At the age of fourteen, he was apprenticed to Thomas Anderson, a surgeon in Selkirk. During his apprenticeship, Park became friends with Anderson's son Alexander and was introduced to Anderson's daughter Allison, who would later become
693:
At length, the
British government engaged Isaaco to go to the Niger to ascertain Park's fate. At Sansanding, Isaaco found Amadi Fatouma (Isaaco calls him Amaudy), the guide who had gone downstream with Park, and the substantial accuracy of the story he told was later confirmed by the investigations
278:
My hope is now approaching to a certainty. If I be deceived, may God alone put me right, for I would rather die in the delusion than wake to all the joys of earth. May the Holy Spirit dwell in your heart, my dear friend, and if I ever see my native land again, may I rather see the green sod on your
795:
With Park's death the mystery of the Niger remained unsolved. Park's theory that the Niger and Congo were the same river became the general opinion in the years after his death. However even while Park was alive, an amateur German geographer named
Reichard proposed the Niger delta was the mouth of
475:
They were all very inquisitive, but they viewed me at first with looks of horror, and repeatedly asked if my countrymen were cannibals. They were very desirous to know what became of the slaves after they had crossed the salt water. I told them that they were employed in cultivating the land; but
663:
The Muslim traders along this section of the Niger did not believe Park was exploring purely for intellectual curiosity but was scouting
European trading routes, they saw Park as a threat to their trading dominance. They lobbied Mansong Diarra to have Park killed, and when Mansong did not, they
496:
became a best-seller because it detailed what he observed, what he survived, and the people he encountered. His dispassionate — if not scientific or objective — descriptions set a standard for future travel writers to follow and gave Europeans a glimpse of Africa's humanity and complexity. Park
641:, a little below Ségou, Park made ready for his journey down the still unknown part of the river. Helped by one soldier, the only one capable of work, Park converted two canoes into one tolerably good boat, 40 feet (12 m) long and 6 feet (2 m) broad. This he christened H.M. schooner
434:
on 22 December. He had been thought dead, and his return home with news of his exploration of the Niger River evoked great public enthusiasm. An account of his journey was drawn up for the African Association by Bryan Edwards, and his own detailed narrative appeared in 1799
567:
In the autumn of 1803, Park was invited by the government to lead another expedition to the Niger. Park, who chafed at the hardness and monotony of life at Peebles, accepted the offer, but the expedition was delayed. Part of the waiting time was occupied perfecting his
414:, thus tracing its course for some 300 miles (500 km). At Kamalia he fell ill, and owed his life to the kindness of a man in whose house he lived for seven months. Eventually he reached Pisania again on 10 June 1797. Unable to book passage directly to England from
773:). Amadi then returned to Sansanding via Sego. Eventually the Peulh man obtained the sword belt and after a voyage of eight months met up with Amadi and gave him the belt. Isaaco met Amadi in Sego and having obtained the sword belt returned to Senegal.
595:, then living nearby at Ashiesteil and with whom he soon became friendly. In September, Park was summoned to London to leave on the new expedition; he left Scott with the hopeful proverb on his lips, "Freits (omens) follow those that look to them."
1955:
Journal of a second expedition into the interior of Africa, from the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo by the late Commander Clapperton of the Royal Navy to which is added The Journal of Richard Lander from Kano to the Sea-Coast Partly by a More Easterly
181:
to have recorded travels in the central portion of the Niger, and through his popular book introduced the European public to a vast unexplored continent which influenced future European explorers and colonial ambitions in Africa.
1399:
446:
whatever difference there is between the negro and European, in the conformation of the nose, and the colour of the skin, there is none in the genuine sympathies and characteristic feelings of our common nature.
970:
The Journal of a Mission to the Interior of Africa, in the Year 1805: Together with other documents, official and private, relating to the same mission : to which is prefixed an account of the life of Mr.
788:, where he thought his father might be detained a prisoner; but after penetrating a little distance inland he died of fever. Park's widow, Allison, received a previously agreed upon £4,000 settlement from the
165:
merged to become the same river, though it was later proven that they are different rivers. He was killed during a second expedition, having successfully travelled about two-thirds of the way down the Niger.
598:
Park had at that time adopted the theory that the Niger and the Congo were one, and in a memorandum drawn up before he left Britain he wrote: "My hopes of returning by the Congo are not altogether fanciful."
610:, having been given a captain's commission as head of the government expedition. Alexander Anderson, his brother-in-law and second-in-command, had received a lieutenancy. George Scott, a fellow
532:
officially reported that the Mountains of Kong did not exist during an expedition in 1887-1888. It was not long after this that the Mountains of Kong were dropped from most map publications.
621:
The expedition got a late start into the rainy season and did not reach the Niger until mid-August, when only eleven Europeans were left alive; the rest had succumbed to fever or
1742:
1936:
407:, being the first European to do so. He followed the river downstream 80 miles (130 km) to Silla, where he was obliged to turn back, lacking the resources to go further.
792:
as a result of the death of Mungo Park. She died in 1840. Mungo Park's remains are believed to have been buried along the banks of the River Niger in Jebba, Nigeria.
717:
To this point of the journey of some 1,000 miles (1,600 km) Park, who had plenty of provisions, stuck to his resolution of keeping away from the natives. Below
2246:
543:
2251:
2221:
1844:, thence to French, and from French into English". The footnote ends: It appears to have been very badly translated, and is in many parts scarcely intelligible".
667:
To his wife, Park wrote of his intention not to stop nor land anywhere until he reached the coast, where he expected to arrive about the end of January 1806.
217:, attending for four sessions studying medicine and botany. Notably, during his time at university, he spent a year in the natural history course taught by
1722:
982:
Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa: Performed in the Years 1795, 1796 & 1797, with an Account of a Subsequent Mission to That Country in 1805
959:
Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa: Performed Under the Direction and Patronage of the African Association, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797
399:
chief for four months. On 1 July 1796, he escaped, alone and with nothing but his horse and a pocket compass, and on the 21st reached the long-sought
299:, describing eight new Sumatran fish. The paper was not published until three years later. He also presented Banks with various rare Sumatran plants.
410:
On his return journey, begun on 29 July, he took a route more to the south than that originally followed, keeping close to the Niger River as far as
1664:
2226:
1737:
769:
country where they took all the cattle and returned home. Amadi appears to have been part of this expedition: "We came altogether back to Sego" (
1717:
1637:
1127:
2216:
2057:
1880:
1812:
648:
Anderson had died at Sansanding on 28 October, and in him Park had lost one of his few remaining valuable members. Those who embarked in the
670:
These were the last communications received from Park, and nothing more was heard of the party until reports of disaster reached Gambia.
816:
551:
Settling at Foulshiels, in August 1799 Park married Allison, daughter of his apprenticeship master, Thomas Anderson. A project to go to
1732:
521:
and spanning the majority of the African continent from east to west. This mountain range was published by geographer and cartographer
221:. After completing his studies, he spent a summer in the Scottish Highlands, engaged in botanical fieldwork with his brother-in-law,
645:(the native name for the Niger River), and in it, with the surviving members of his party, he set sail downstream on 19 November.
2231:
1965:
1669:
426:
during his travels, he served as doctor to the slaves, many of whom died en route. The ship was eventually forced to dock in
177:" by Europeans, then Mungo Park was its first successful explorer; he set a standard for all who followed. Park was the first
1859:
652:
were Park, Martyn, three European soldiers (one mad), a guide and three slaves. Before his departure, Park gave to Isaaco, a
502:
387:. On 2 December, accompanied by two local guides, he started for the unknown interior. He chose the route crossing the upper
174:
122:
1195:
881:
230:
2241:
733:
The king then sent an army to Boussa where there is a natural narrowing of the river commanded by high rock. But at the
528:
Debate surrounding the existence of the mountain range occurred frequently, however, it was French officer and explorer
535:
While the Mountains of Kong have been disproven, it has remained periodically on maps in until the early 20th century.
2256:
2236:
1464:
1448:
780:, obtained some of Park's effects, but his journal was never recovered. In 1827 his second son, Thomas, landed on the
20:
1231:
1227:
1211:
288:
1323:
1307:
1291:
1259:
1176:
1062:
485:
2261:
1503:
1351:
1275:
456:
419:
1901:
1078:
683:
257:
222:
199:
331:
Park was one of the first European explorers of Central Africa, and was one of the first explorers mentioned in
274:. Before departing, Park wrote to his friend Alexander Anderson in terms that reflect his Calvinist upbringing:
832:
687:
218:
803:
His son Mungo Park (1800–1823) died in India at the age of 22, while in government service, and was buried at
618:(then in British occupation) Park was joined by Lieutenant Martyn, R.A., thirty-five privates and two seamen.
1759:
1480:
678:
245:
214:
97:
2146:
1519:
831:
A life-size statue was erected to Park on the High Street in Selkirk in 1859. The monument was sculpted by
757:. After, Amadi went to Dacha and told the king what had occurred. The king sent an army past "Tombouctou" (
583:
1380:
860:
384:
1624:
2211:
2206:
2026:
1927:
Proceedings of the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa (Volume 1)
840:
699:
529:
149:(11 September 1771 – 1806) was a Scottish explorer of West Africa. After an exploration of the upper
1641:
893:
800:
and his brother became the first Europeans to follow the course of the Niger from source to ocean.
789:
498:
350:
170:
138:
2014:
1840:
notes that Isaaco's account was "written originally in Arabic, from which it was translated into
1427:
1140:
762:
761:) to Sacha but decided that Haoussa was too far for a punitive expedition. Instead they went to
2167:
2133:
2090:
2053:
2050:
Robert Brown and Mungo Park: Travels and Explorations in Natural History for the Royal Society
2036:
2006:
1977:
1925:
1876:
1855:
1808:
1419:
1342:
901:
514:
464:
423:
253:
203:
154:
126:
2176:
2123:
2115:
2080:
1998:
1802:
1411:
1019:
944:
877:
820:
611:
592:
296:
1804:
The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science
867:
852:
804:
695:
653:
569:
552:
517:- a mountain range rumored to be located in West Africa, beginning near the source of the
468:
354:
317:
312:
234:
178:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1004:
Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa: Performed in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797
993:
Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa: Performed in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797
2128:
2103:
2085:
2068:
1953:
1870:
1841:
1400:"'From the Best Authorities': The Mountains of Kong in the Cartography of West Africa*"
1151:
980:
948:
797:
777:
738:
734:
711:
707:
634:
334:
86:
39:
2030:
2200:
1849:
1780:
1713:
1431:
991:
968:
957:
916:
753:
man to obtain Park's sword belt. Amadi then returned first to Sansanding and then to
522:
226:
1823:
1791:
1608:
1592:
1573:
1554:
1535:
327:
2018:
1905:
1891:
785:
380:
366:
338:
249:
195:
191:
63:
1824:"Isaaco's journal of a voyage after Mr Mungo Park, to ascertain his life or death"
932:
1146:
1002:
888:
518:
400:
358:
162:
150:
2163:
1147:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
2119:
1415:
836:
638:
603:
395:. The journey was full of difficulties, and at Ludamar he was imprisoned by a
1726:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 826–827.
1423:
591:
In May 1804, Park went back to Foulshiels, where he made the acquaintance of
555:
in some official capacity came to nothing, and in October 1801 Park moved to
547:
Mungo Park's doorplate from his house in Peebles, National Museum of Scotland
202:, on a tenant farm which his father, Mungo Park (1714–1793), rented from the
2002:
911:
872:
622:
577:
2137:
2010:
718:
383:
and ascended it 200 miles (300 km) to a British trading station named
2040:
1981:
580:
in Morocco) whose behavior both amused and alarmed the people of Peebles.
2185:
2094:
758:
722:
630:
615:
431:
404:
267:
1337:
835:. In 1905 the monument had bronze figures added on the corners and two
573:
556:
427:
388:
344:
Travels in Central-Africa – from Mungo Park to Dr. Barth and Dr. Vogel)
271:
614:, was draughtsman, and the party included four or five artificers. At
933:"Descriptions of eight new fishes from Sumatra. Read 4 November 1794"
781:
657:
626:
607:
415:
411:
392:
362:
238:
2181:
1762:
The Journal of a Mission to the Interior of Africa, in the Year 1805
633:
was made by canoe. Having received permission from the local ruler,
497:
introduced them to a vast continent unexplored by Europeans. If the
770:
766:
754:
750:
677:
582:
542:
396:
326:
311:
137:
2148:
The Life and Travels of Mungo Park: With the Account of His Death
914:
mentions Park in his song "Monsters You Made" on the 2020 album
376:, a vessel travelling to Gambia to trade for beeswax and ivory.
905:
The Road to Timbuktu: Down the Niger on the Trail of Mungo Park
2069:"Physicians as explorers: Mungo Park, the doctor on the Niger"
656:
guide who had been with him thus far, letters to take back to
349:
On 26 September 1794, Mungo Park offered his services to the
1255:
1172:
2035:. Lewis Grassic Gibbon (pseud). Edinburgh: Porpoise Press.
876:(Chapter 5: Breakfast), and several times, parodically, in
372:
On 22 May 1795, Park left Portsmouth, England, on the brig
1640:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society. n.d. Archived from
357:, who had been sent in 1790 to discover the course of the
1851:
The Race for Timbuktu: In Search of Africa's City of Gold
907:
details Mungo Park's biography and retraces his travels.
16:
Scottish naturalist and explorer of the African continent
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1338:"Bound to Africa: The Mandinka Legacy in the New World"
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
714:(which Amadi calls Yaour), where he (Fatouma) landed.
513:
Mungo Park is credited with the original report of the
1584:
1582:
1565:
1563:
1546:
1544:
887:
Mungo Park appears as one of the two protagonists in
1187:
1185:
729:
so that she drew only 1 foot (30 cm) of water.
118:
103:
93:
71:
49:
30:
333:Reisen in Central-Afrika – von Mungo Park bis auf
295:On his return in 1794, Park gave a lecture to the
1989:McIntyre, Neil (2008). "Mungo Park (1771–1806)".
1941:Scots Magazine and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany
572:; his teacher, Sidi Ambak Bubi, was a native of
153:around 1796, he wrote a popular and influential
851:Circa 1836, Richard Adams Locke (author of the
473:
444:
276:
244:In 1792, Park completed his medical studies at
1896:. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier.
1733:"Park, Mungo (1771–1806), traveller in Africa"
1398:Bassett, Thomas J.; Porter, Philip W. (1991).
1930:. London: W. Bulmer and Co. pp. 331–400.
859:, in which Park explores the interior of the
279:grave than see you anything but a Christian.
8:
391:basin and through the semi-desert region of
44:Posthumous portrait (1859) by unknown artist
1937:"Biographic account of the late Mungo Park"
494:Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa
322:Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa
159:Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa
1952:Clapperton, Hugh; Lander, Richard (1829).
1620:
38:
27:
2127:
2084:
1143:inflation figures are based on data from
1123:
353:, then looking for a successor to Major
1738:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1687:
1074:
1051:
1031:
256:on board the East India Company's ship
2247:People educated at Selkirk High School
1822:Isaaco (1814). Thomson, Thomas (ed.).
1604:
1588:
1569:
1550:
1531:
1499:
1460:
1444:
1223:
1207:
1191:
284:
213:In October 1788, Park enrolled at the
2252:People from Selkirk, Scottish Borders
2222:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1393:
1391:
1389:
1376:
559:, where he practiced as a physician.
7:
2073:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1758:Gifford, William, ed. (April 1815).
1745:from the original on 22 October 2023
1515:
1476:
1364:
1319:
1303:
1287:
1271:
1243:
1058:
784:coast, intending to make his way to
481:
452:
418:, he boarded a slave ship bound for
161:in which he theorized the Niger and
1007:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
996:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray.
937:Transactions of the Linnean Society
817:Royal Scottish Geographical Society
602:On 31 January 1805, he sailed from
320:country, Africa, from: Mungo Park,
303:Travels into the interior of Africa
2104:"Mungo Park, surgeon and explorer"
1796:. London: Oxford University Press.
949:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1797.tb00553.x
501:was the "beginning of the age of
233:and six other fellows founded the
225:, a gardener and seed merchant in
14:
437:Travels in the Interior of Africa
229:. In 1788 Dickson along with Sir
194:, Scotland, at Foulshiels on the
2189:
2151:. New York: Harper and Brothers.
1872:Mungo Park: The African Traveler
1705:
962:. London: W. Bulmer and Company.
379:On 21 June 1795, he reached the
2052:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
2227:British expatriates in Nigeria
1910:. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co.
1834:(23). Robert Baldwin: 369–385.
1731:Fyfe, C. (23 September 2004).
1404:The Journal of African History
248:. Through a recommendation by
142:Mungo Park commemorative medal
1:
2032:Niger: The Life of Mungo Park
1890:Maclachlan, T. Banks (1898).
882:A Natural History of the Dead
857:Lost Manuscript of Mungo Park
660:for transmission to Britain.
2217:Accidental deaths in Nigeria
2173:Works by or about Mungo Park
1991:Journal of Medical Biography
1964:L'Etang, H. (October 1971).
587:Map of Mungo Park's journeys
463:Park encountered a group of
430:, from which he returned to
2188:(public domain audiobooks)
1875:. Oxford University Press.
1854:. New York: HarperCollins.
1779:Anonymous ("H.B.") (1835).
1663:Mitchell, S.A. (May 1900).
866:Mungo Park is mentioned in
823:annually in Park's honour.
682:The Mungo Park Monument in
21:Mungo Park (disambiguation)
2278:
2048:Schwartz, Joel S. (2021).
1506:"The Death of Mungo Park".
1352:Cambridge University Press
442:Park was convinced that:
175:age of African exploration
173:was the "beginning of the
107:Exploration of West Africa
18:
2120:10.1017/s0025727300021050
1966:"Mungo Park (1771-?1806)"
1416:10.1017/s0021853700031522
1038:the black slave-merchants
891:'s 1981 historical novel
132:
111:
37:
1907:Mungo Park and the Niger
1869:Lupton, Kenneth (1979).
1848:Kryza, Frank T. (2006).
1801:Holmes, Richard (2008).
985:. London: George Newnes.
467:when travelling through
252:he obtained the post of
2003:10.1258/jmb.2005.005069
1723:Encyclopædia Britannica
1336:Schaffer, Matt (2005).
1256:Anonymous ("H.B.") 1835
1173:Anonymous ("H.B.") 1835
1145:Clark, Gregory (2017).
855:) composed a fictional
262:. In February 1793 the
246:University of Edinburgh
215:University of Edinburgh
190:Mungo Park was born in
98:University of Edinburgh
2232:Burials in Kwara State
2067:Swinton, W.E. (1977).
2027:Mitchell, James Leslie
1959:. London: John Murray.
1935:Anonymous (May 1815).
1790:Bovill, E. W. (1968).
1782:The Life of Mungo Park
974:. London: John Murray.
710:, finally arriving at
690:
588:
548:
490:
461:
346:
324:
293:
143:
900:Tom Fremantle's 2005
681:
586:
546:
422:. Having learned the
369:, Park was selected.
330:
315:
219:Professor John Walker
141:
1828:Annals of Philosophy
1785:. Edinburgh: Fraser.
1768:The Quarterly Review
931:Park, Mungo (1797).
841:Thomas J. Clapperton
530:Louis-Gustave Binger
361:and had died in the
19:For other uses, see
2242:Explorers of Africa
2182:Works by Mungo Park
2164:Works by Mungo Park
2102:Tait, H.P. (1957).
790:African Association
503:African exploration
499:African Association
365:. Supported by Sir
351:African Association
316:View of Kamalia in
171:African Association
2257:Scottish explorers
2237:Deaths by drowning
1924:Anonymous (1810).
1793:The Niger Explored
1638:"Mungo Park Medal"
1141:Retail Price Index
776:Isaaco, and later
691:
589:
549:
347:
325:
231:James Edward Smith
144:
2262:Scottish surgeons
2168:Project Gutenberg
2145:Unknown (1851) .
2059:978-3-030-74858-6
1976:(1240): 562–566.
1882:978-0-19-211749-6
1814:978-0-00-714952-0
1670:Popular Astronomy
1343:History in Africa
1001:— (1816b).
990:— (1816a).
979:— (1903) .
765:, a small "Paul"
637:, to proceed, at
515:Mountains of Kong
424:Mandinka language
204:Duke of Buccleuch
136:
135:
113:Scientific career
53:11 September 1771
2269:
2193:
2192:
2177:Internet Archive
2152:
2141:
2131:
2098:
2088:
2063:
2044:
2022:
1985:
1970:The Practitioner
1960:
1948:
1931:
1911:
1897:
1886:
1865:
1835:
1818:
1797:
1786:
1775:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1727:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1628:
1618:
1612:
1602:
1596:
1586:
1577:
1567:
1558:
1548:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1513:
1507:
1497:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1452:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1395:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1333:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1301:
1295:
1285:
1279:
1269:
1263:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1221:
1215:
1205:
1199:
1189:
1180:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1137:
1131:
1121:
1082:
1072:
1066:
1056:
1039:
1036:
1020:Physician writer
1008:
997:
986:
975:
967:— (1815).
963:
956:— (1799).
952:
910:Nigerian singer
880:'s short story "
878:Ernest Hemingway
821:Mungo Park Medal
737:, not far below
539:Between journeys
488:
459:
297:Linnaean Society
291:
123:African explorer
82:
80:
60:
58:
42:
28:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2160:
2155:
2144:
2108:Medical History
2101:
2066:
2060:
2047:
2025:
1988:
1963:
1951:
1934:
1923:
1919:
1917:Further reading
1914:
1902:Thomson, Joseph
1900:
1889:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1847:
1821:
1815:
1807:. HarperPress.
1800:
1789:
1778:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1730:
1716:, ed. (1911). "
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1665:"The Moon Hoax"
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1644:on 3 March 2016
1636:
1635:
1631:
1621:Maclachlan 1898
1619:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1587:
1580:
1568:
1561:
1549:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1510:
1498:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1459:
1455:
1443:
1439:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1318:
1314:
1302:
1298:
1286:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1222:
1218:
1206:
1202:
1190:
1183:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1122:
1085:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1016:
1011:
1000:
989:
978:
966:
955:
930:
926:
868:Herman Melville
853:Great Moon Hoax
849:
839:panels, all by
829:
813:
747:
696:Hugh Clapperton
676:
629:the journey to
565:
553:New South Wales
541:
511:
489:
480:
471:country Mali:
460:
451:
355:Daniel Houghton
310:
305:
292:
283:
235:Linnean Society
188:
125:
94:Alma mater
89:
84:
78:
76:
67:
61:
56:
54:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2179:
2170:
2159:
2158:External links
2156:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2114:(2): 140–149.
2099:
2079:(6): 695–697.
2064:
2058:
2045:
2023:
1986:
1961:
1949:
1932:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1845:
1819:
1813:
1798:
1787:
1776:
1764:by Mungo Park"
1755:
1728:
1714:Chisholm, Hugh
1701:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1655:
1629:
1613:
1597:
1578:
1559:
1540:
1524:
1508:
1485:
1469:
1453:
1437:
1410:(3): 367–413.
1385:
1369:
1357:
1328:
1312:
1296:
1280:
1264:
1248:
1236:
1216:
1200:
1181:
1165:
1152:MeasuringWorth
1132:
1083:
1067:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:
998:
987:
976:
964:
953:
927:
925:
922:
870:'s 1851 novel
848:
845:
828:
825:
812:
809:
798:Richard Lander
778:Richard Lander
746:
743:
700:Richard Lander
686:, Scotland by
675:
672:
635:Mansong Diarra
564:
563:Second journey
561:
540:
537:
510:
507:
478:
449:
309:
306:
304:
301:
281:
254:surgeon's mate
187:
184:
134:
133:
130:
129:
127:Surgeon's mate
120:
116:
115:
109:
108:
105:
104:Known for
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:Bussa, Nigeria
85:
73:
69:
68:
62:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2274:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1947:(5): 339–344.
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Chisholm 1911
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1005:
999:
995:
994:
988:
984:
983:
977:
973:
972:
965:
961:
960:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
928:
923:
921:
919:
918:
917:Twice as Tall
913:
908:
906:
903:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
874:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
846:
844:
842:
838:
834:
833:Andrew Currie
826:
824:
822:
818:
810:
808:
806:
801:
799:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:Amadi paid a
744:
742:
740:
736:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
703:
701:
697:
689:
688:Andrew Currie
685:
680:
673:
671:
668:
665:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
596:
594:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
562:
560:
558:
554:
545:
538:
536:
533:
531:
526:
524:
523:James Rennell
520:
516:
508:
506:
504:
500:
495:
487:
483:
477:
472:
470:
466:
458:
454:
448:
443:
440:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
345:
341:
340:
336:
329:
323:
319:
314:
308:First journey
307:
302:
300:
298:
290:
286:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:Covent Garden
224:
223:James Dickson
220:
216:
211:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
183:
180:
176:
172:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
140:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
88:
74:
70:
65:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
2147:
2111:
2107:
2076:
2072:
2049:
2031:
1994:
1990:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1944:
1940:
1926:
1906:
1892:
1871:
1850:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1803:
1792:
1781:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1747:. Retrieved
1736:
1721:
1688:Gifford 1815
1683:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:the original
1632:
1616:
1600:
1527:
1511:
1481:ix "Addenda"
1472:
1456:
1440:
1407:
1403:
1372:
1360:
1347:
1341:
1331:
1315:
1299:
1283:
1267:
1251:
1239:
1219:
1203:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1150:
1135:
1075:Thomson 1890
1070:
1054:
1034:
1003:
992:
981:
969:
958:
940:
936:
915:
909:
904:
899:
892:
886:
871:
865:
861:hollow Earth
856:
850:
830:
814:
805:Trichinopoly
802:
794:
775:
748:
735:Bussa rapids
731:
726:
716:
704:
692:
669:
666:
662:
649:
647:
642:
620:
601:
597:
593:Walter Scott
590:
566:
550:
534:
527:
512:
493:
491:
474:
462:
445:
441:
436:
409:
381:Gambia River
378:
373:
371:
367:Joseph Banks
348:
343:
332:
321:
294:
277:
263:
258:
250:Joseph Banks
243:
212:
208:
196:Yarrow Water
192:Selkirkshire
189:
168:
158:
146:
145:
112:
64:Selkirkshire
25:
2212:1806 deaths
2207:1771 births
1760:"Review of
1718:Park, Mungo
1648:28 December
1605:Isaaco 1814
1589:Isaaco 1814
1570:Isaaco 1814
1551:Isaaco 1814
1532:Isaaco 1814
1502:, pp.
1500:Bovill 1968
1463:, pp.
1461:Lupton 1979
1445:Lupton 1979
1226:, pp.
1224:Lupton 1979
1208:Lupton 1979
1192:Holmes 2008
1126:, pp.
1077:, pp.
894:Water Music
889:T. C. Boyle
519:Niger River
509:Controversy
401:Niger River
359:Niger River
285:Lupton 1979
155:travel book
151:Niger River
2201:Categories
1893:Mungo Park
1861:0060560649
1774:: 120–151.
1749:22 October
1623:, p.
1607:, p.
1591:, p.
1572:, p.
1553:, p.
1534:, p.
1518:, p.
1479:, p.
1447:, p.
1379:, p.
1377:Kryza 2006
1354:: 356–357.
1322:, p.
1306:, p.
1290:, p.
1274:, p.
1258:, p.
1210:, p.
1194:, p.
1175:, p.
1061:, p.
1046:References
902:travelogue
837:bas-relief
819:award the
639:Sansanding
604:Portsmouth
484:, p.
455:, p.
420:Charleston
287:, p.
266:sailed to
210:his wife.
186:Early life
147:Mungo Park
66:, Scotland
57:1771-09-11
32:Mungo Park
1997:(1): 63.
1677:(5): 266.
1516:Park 1815
1477:Park 1815
1432:162635776
1424:1469-5138
1365:Fyfe 2004
1320:Park 1799
1304:Park 1799
1288:Park 1799
1272:Park 1799
1244:Park 1797
1059:Park 1815
943:: 33–38.
912:Burna Boy
873:Moby-Dick
745:Aftermath
623:dysentery
578:Essaouira
492:His book
482:Park 1799
453:Park 1799
374:Endeavour
339:Dr. Vogel
335:Dr. Barth
264:Worcester
259:Worcester
179:Westerner
83:(aged 35)
2186:LibriVox
2138:13417896
2029:(1934).
2011:18463070
1904:(1890).
1743:Archived
1014:See also
847:In media
827:Memorial
759:Timbuktu
723:Timbuktu
654:Mandingo
612:Borderer
479:—
469:Mandinka
450:—
432:Scotland
416:Bathurst
342:(1859) (
318:Mandingo
282:—
268:Benkulen
2175:at the
2129:1034261
2086:1879802
2019:8349527
1982:4943700
1842:Joliffe
1698:Sources
1625:130-142
1465:125-126
1128:826-827
763:Massina
721:, came
708:Haoussa
684:Selkirk
625:. From
574:Mogador
557:Peebles
428:Antigua
397:Moorish
389:Senegal
385:Pisania
272:Sumatra
200:Selkirk
198:, near
169:If the
157:titled
77: (
55: (
2136:
2126:
2095:332315
2093:
2083:
2056:
2041:894747
2039:
2017:
2009:
1980:
1879:
1858:
1838:Annals
1811:
1710:
1430:
1422:
782:Guinea
727:Joliba
719:Djenné
658:Gambia
650:Joliba
643:Joliba
627:Bamako
608:Gambia
570:Arabic
465:slaves
412:Bamako
393:Kaarta
363:Sahara
239:London
119:Fields
2015:S2CID
1956:Route
1428:S2CID
1158:7 May
1079:37-38
1026:Notes
924:Works
811:Medal
786:Bussa
771:Segou
767:Peulh
755:Segou
751:Peulh
739:Yauri
712:Yauri
674:Death
631:Ségou
616:Gorée
576:(now
405:Ségou
163:Congo
2134:PMID
2091:PMID
2054:ISBN
2037:OCLC
2007:PMID
1978:PMID
1877:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1836:The
1809:ISBN
1751:2023
1650:2015
1504:1-30
1420:ISSN
1160:2024
971:Park
815:The
698:and
606:for
79:1807
75:1806
72:Died
50:Born
2184:at
2166:at
2124:PMC
2116:doi
2081:PMC
2077:117
1999:doi
1974:207
1720:".
1609:385
1593:384
1574:383
1555:382
1536:381
1520:163
1449:121
1412:doi
1324:238
1308:211
1292:194
1196:221
1139:UK
1063:iii
945:doi
884:."
694:of
486:319
439:).
403:at
337:u.
270:in
237:of
2203::
2132:.
2122:.
2110:.
2106:.
2089:.
2075:.
2071:.
2013:.
2005:.
1995:16
1993:.
1972:.
1968:.
1945:77
1943:.
1939:.
1832:IV
1830:.
1826:.
1772:13
1770:.
1766:.
1741:.
1735:.
1673:.
1667:.
1581:^
1562:^
1543:^
1488:^
1426:.
1418:.
1408:32
1406:.
1402:.
1388:^
1381:11
1350:.
1348:32
1346:.
1340:.
1276:29
1260:34
1232:38
1230:,
1228:17
1212:10
1184:^
1177:14
1149:.
1086:^
939:.
935:.
920:.
897:.
863:.
843:.
807:.
702:.
525:.
457:82
289:14
241:.
2140:.
2118::
2112:1
2097:.
2062:.
2043:.
2021:.
2001::
1984:.
1885:.
1864:.
1817:.
1753:.
1690:.
1675:8
1652:.
1627:.
1611:.
1595:.
1576:.
1557:.
1538:.
1522:.
1483:.
1467:.
1451:.
1434:.
1414::
1383:.
1367:.
1326:.
1310:.
1294:.
1278:.
1262:.
1246:.
1234:.
1214:.
1198:.
1179:.
1162:.
1130:.
1081:.
1065:.
951:.
947::
941:3
435:(
81:)
59:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
