Shaped charge - Knowledge (XXG)

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high pressure wave as it becomes incident to the side wall causes the metal liner of the LSC to collapse–creating the cutting force." The detonation projects into the lining, to form a continuous, knife-like (planar) jet. The jet cuts any material in its path, to a depth depending on the size and materials used in the charge. Generally, the jet penetrates around 1 to 1.2 times the charge width. For the cutting of complex geometries, there are also flexible versions of the linear shaped charge, these with a lead or high-density foam sheathing and a ductile/flexible lining material, which also is often lead. LSCs are commonly used in the cutting of rolled steel joists (RSJ) and other structural targets, such as in the

973:(MS) charge. An EFP uses the action of the explosive's detonation wave (and to a lesser extent the propulsive effect of its detonation products) to project and deform a plate or dish of ductile metal (such as copper, iron, or tantalum) into a compact high-velocity projectile, commonly called the slug. This slug is projected toward the target at about two kilometers per second. The chief advantage of the EFP over a conventional (e.g., conical) shaped charge is its effectiveness at very great standoffs, equal to hundreds of times the charge's diameter (perhaps a hundred meters for a practical device). 837:

achievable jet velocity is roughly 2.34 times the sound velocity in the material. The speed can reach 10 km/s, peaking some 40 microseconds after detonation; the cone tip is subjected to acceleration of about 25 million g. The jet tail reaches about 2–5 km/s. The pressure between the jet tip and the target can reach one terapascal. The immense pressure makes the metal flow like a liquid, though x-ray diffraction has shown the metal stays solid; one of the theories explaining this behavior proposes molten core and solid sheath of the jet. The best materials are

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and resulting jet formation, with the intent of increasing penetration performance. Waveshapers are often used to save space; a shorter charge with a waveshaper can achieve the same performance as a longer charge without a waveshaper. Given that the space of possible waveshapes is infinite, machine learning methods have been developed to engineer more optimal waveshapers that can enhance the performance of a shaped charge via computational design.

923: 197:, which would normally dent a steel plate, punched a hole through it if the explosive had a conical indentation. The military usefulness of Munroe's and Neumann's work was unappreciated for a long time. Between the world wars, academics in several countries – Myron Yakovlevich Sukharevskii (Мирон Яковлевич Сухаревский) in the Soviet Union, William H. Payment and Donald Whitley Woodhead in Britain, and 393:, the precision of the charge's construction and its detonation mode were both inferior to modern warheads. This lower precision caused the jet to curve and to break up at an earlier time and hence at a shorter distance. The resulting dispersion decreased the penetration depth for a given cone diameter and also shortened the optimum standoff distance. Since the charges were less effective at larger standoffs, 334: 906:, the use of a liner having a smaller diameter (caliber) than the explosive charge. In an ordinary charge, the explosive near the base of the cone is so thin that it is unable to accelerate the adjacent liner to sufficient velocity to form an effective jet. In a sub-calibrated charge, this part of the device is effectively cut off, resulting in a shorter charge with the same performance. 127: 556:

liner with Comp-B fill averaged 842 K. While the tin-lead jet was determined to be liquid, the copper jets are well below the melting point of copper. However, these temperatures are not completely consistent with evidence that soft recovered copper jet particles show signs of melting at the core while the outer portion remains solid and cannot be equated with bulk temperature.

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A linear shaped charge (LSC) has a lining with V-shaped profile and varying length. The lining is surrounded with explosive, the explosive then encased within a suitable material that serves to protect the explosive and to confine (tamp) it on detonation. "At detonation, the focusing of the explosive

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The penetration depth is proportional to the maximum length of the jet, which is a product of the jet tip velocity and time to particulation. The jet tip velocity depends on bulk sound velocity in the liner material, the time to particulation is dependent on the ductility of the material. The maximum

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sites, and the slug breaks up on impact. The dispersion of the second phase can be achieved also with castable alloys (e.g., copper) with a low-melting-point metal insoluble in copper, such as bismuth, 1–5% lithium, or up to 50% (usually 15–30%) lead; the size of inclusions can be adjusted by thermal

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speed. The tip moves at 7 to 14 km/s, the jet tail at a lower velocity (1 to 3 km/s), and the slug at a still lower velocity (less than 1 km/s). The exact velocities depend on the charge's configuration and confinement, explosive type, materials used, and the explosive-initiation mode.

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Because of the variation along the liner in its collapse velocity, the jet's velocity also varies along its length, decreasing from the front. This variation in jet velocity stretches it and eventually leads to its break-up into particles. Over time, the particles tend to fall out of alignment, which

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The location of the charge relative to its target is critical for optimum penetration for two reasons. If the charge is detonated too close there is not enough time for the jet to fully develop. But the jet disintegrates and disperses after a relatively short distance, usually well under two meters.

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A Comp-B loaded shaped charge with a copper liner and pointed cone apex had a jet tip temperature ranging from 668 K to 863 K over a five shot sampling. Octol-loaded charges with a rounded cone apex generally had higher surface temperatures with an average of 810 K, and the temperature of a tin-lead

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A recent technique using magnetic diffusion analysis showed that the temperature of the outer 50% by volume of a copper jet tip while in flight was between 1100K and 1200K, much closer to the melting point of copper (1358 K) than previously assumed. This temperature is consistent with a hydrodynamic

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translated this idea into a self-destroying shock tube. A 66-pound shaped charge accelerated the gas in a 3-cm glass-walled tube 2 meters in length. The velocity of the resulting shock wave was 220,000 feet per second (67 km/s). The apparatus exposed to the detonation was completely destroyed,

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antiarmor missile is one of the few that have accomplished the complex engineering feat of having two shaped charges of the same diameter stacked in one warhead. Recently, a Russian arms firm revealed a 125mm tank cannon round with two same diameter shaped charges one behind the other, but with the

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shaped charge, consisting of two separate shaped charges, one in front of the other, typically with some distance between them. TOW-2A was the first to use tandem warheads in the mid-1980s, an aspect of the weapon which the US Army had to reveal under news media and Congressional pressure resulting

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In 1964 a Soviet scientist proposed that a shaped charge originally developed for piercing thick steel armor be adapted to the task of accelerating shock waves. The resulting device, looking a little like a wind tunnel, is called a Voitenko compressor. The Voitenko compressor initially separates a

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The use of this warhead type is mainly restricted to lightly armored areas of main battle tanks (MBT) such as the top, belly and rear armored areas. It is well suited for the attack of other less heavily protected armored fighting vehicles (AFV) and in the breaching of material targets (buildings,

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and can travel up to perhaps 1000 charge diameters (CD)s before its velocity becomes ineffective at penetrating armor due to aerodynamic drag, or successfully hitting the target becomes a problem. The impact of a ball or slug EFP normally causes a large-diameter but relatively shallow hole, of, at

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A 'waveshaper' is a body (typically a disc or cylindrical block) of an inert material (typically solid or foamed plastic, but sometimes metal, perhaps hollow) inserted within the explosive for the purpose of changing the path of the detonation wave. The effect is to modify the collapse of the cone

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At the apex of the cone, which forms the very front of the jet, the liner does not have time to be fully accelerated before it forms its part of the jet. This results in its small part of jet being projected at a lower velocity than jet formed later behind it. As a result, the initial parts of the

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with the manufacturer's name stamped into it was detonated next to a metal plate, the lettering was cut into the plate. Conversely, if letters were raised in relief above the surface of the explosive, then the letters on the plate would also be raised above its surface. In 1894, Munroe constructed

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A typical modern shaped charge, with a metal liner on the charge cavity, can penetrate armor steel to a depth of seven or more times the diameter of the charge (charge diameters, CD), though depths of 10 CD and above have been achieved. Contrary to a misconception, possibly resulting from the

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caused by this debris. More modern EFP warhead versions, through the use of advanced initiation modes, can also produce long-rods (stretched slugs), multi-slugs and finned rod/slug projectiles. The long-rods are able to penetrate a much greater depth of armor, at some loss to BAE, multi-slugs are

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The key to the effectiveness of the hollow charge is its diameter. As the penetration continues through the target, the width of the hole decreases leading to a characteristic "fist to finger" action, where the size of the eventual "finger" is based on the size of the original "fist". In general,

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Among the experiments made ... was one upon a safe twenty-nine inches cube, with walls four inches and three quarters thick, made up of plates of iron and steel ... When a hollow charge of dynamite nine pounds and a half in weight and untamped was detonated on it, a hole three inches in

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the penetration of some shaped-charge warheads. Due to constraints in the length of the projectile/missile, the built-in stand-off on many warheads is less than the optimum distance. In such cases, the skirting effectively increases the distance between the armor and the target, and the warhead

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gas which in turn accelerates a thin disk up to about 40 km/s. A slight modification to the Voitenko compressor concept is a super-compressed detonation, a device that uses a compressible liquid or solid fuel in the steel compression chamber instead of a traditional gas mixture. A further

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The resulting collision forms and projects a high-velocity jet of metal particles forward along the axis. Most of the jet material originates from the innermost part of the liner, a layer of about 10% to 20% of the thickness. The rest of the liner forms a slower-moving slug of material, which,

958: 1105:, utilizing multiple opposed shaped-charge jets projected at a single steel encapsulated fuel, such as hydrogen. The fuels used in these devices, along with the secondary combustion reactions and long blast impulse, produce similar conditions to those encountered in fuel-air and 215:, where he continued his studies under the ballistics expert Carl Julius Cranz. There in 1935, he and Hellmuth von Huttern developed a prototype anti-tank round. Although the weapon's performance proved disappointing, Thomanek continued his developmental work, collaborating with 1065:

back one offset so its penetration stream will not interfere with the front shaped charge's penetration stream. The reasoning behind both the Hellfire and the Russian 125 mm munitions having tandem same diameter warheads is not to increase penetration, but to increase the

104:(1765–1841) was a German mining engineer at that time; in a mining journal, he advocated a conical space at the forward end of a blasting charge to increase the explosive's effect and thereby save powder. The idea was adopted, for a time, in Norway and in the mines of the 736:

liners, usually zinc-lined copper, can be used; during jet formation the zinc layer vaporizes and a slug is not formed; the disadvantage is an increased cost and dependency of jet formation on the quality of bonding the two layers. Low-melting-point (below 500 °C)

592:, or even in the failure of the jet to form at all; this is attributed to the collapse velocity being above a certain threshold, normally slightly higher than the liner material's bulk sound speed. Other widely used shapes include hemispheres, tulips, trumpets, 1797:

William P. Walters (September 1990) "The Shaped Charge Concept. Part 2. The History of Shaped Charges", Technical Report BRL-TR-3158, U.S. Army Laboratory Command, Ballistic Research Laboratory (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland), p. 7. Available on-line at:

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explosive charges and did not produce a metal jet like the modern HEAT warheads. Due to the lack of metal liner they shook the turrets but they did not destroy them, and other airborne troops were forced to climb on the turrets and smash the gun barrels.

861:(octogen), although never in its pure form, as it would be too sensitive. It is normally compounded with a few percent of some type of plastic binder, such as in the polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) LX-14, or with another less-sensitive explosive, such as 425:

projectiles, but can also cause a HEAT projectile to pitch up or down on impact, lengthening the penetration path for the shaped charge's penetration stream. If the nose probe strikes one of the cage armor slats, the warhead will function as normal.

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calculation that simulated the entire experiment. In comparison, two-color radiometry measurements from the late 1970s indicate lower temperatures for various shaped-charge liner material, cone construction and type of explosive filler.

1016:(Seek And Destroy ARMor). There are also various other projectile (BONUS, DM 642) and rocket submunitions (Motiv-3M, DM 642) and mines (MIFF, TMRP-6) that use EFP principle. Examples of EFP warheads are US patents 5038683 and US6606951. 709:, however, it is essential that a solid slug or "carrot" not be formed, since it would plug the hole just penetrated and interfere with the influx of oil. In the petroleum industry, therefore, liners are generally fabricated by 1389: 1125:

for reaction acceleration of spacecraft. Shaped-charge effects driven by nuclear explosions have been discussed speculatively, but are not known to have been produced in fact. For example, the early nuclear weapons designer

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At such standoffs, it breaks into particles which tend to tumble and drift off the axis of penetration, so that the successive particles tend to widen rather than deepen the hole. At very long standoffs, velocity is lost to

476:. The spacecraft dropped the explosive device onto the asteroid and detonated it with the spacecraft behind cover. The detonation dug a crater about 10 meters wide, to provide access to a pristine sample of the asteroid. 885:

to increase their blast and detonation temperature, but this addition generally results in decreased performance of the shaped charge. There has been research into using the very high-performance but sensitive explosive

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By 1937, Schardin believed that hollow-charge effects were due to the interactions of shock waves. It was during the testing of this idea that, on February 4, 1938, Thomanek conceived the shaped-charge explosive (or

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treatment. Non-homogeneous distribution of the inclusions can also be achieved. Other additives can modify the alloy properties; tin (4–8%), nickel (up to 30% and often together with tin), up to 8% aluminium,

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A metal-matrix composite with discrete inclusions of low-melting material is another option; the inclusions either melt before the jet reaches the well casing, weakening the material, or serve as crack

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Usually, the front charge is somewhat smaller than the rear one, as it is intended primarily to disrupt ERA boxes or tiles. Examples of tandem warheads are US patents 7363862 and US 5561261. The US

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bunkers, bridge supports, etc.). The newer rod projectiles may be effective against the more heavily armored areas of MBTs. Weapons using the EFP principle have already been used in combat; the "

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For the deepest penetrations, pure metals yield the best results, because they display the greatest ductility, which delays the breakup of the jet into particles as it stretches. In charges for

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diameter was blown clear through the wall ... The hollow cartridge was made by tying the sticks of dynamite around a tin can, the open mouth of the latter being placed downward.

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For optimal penetration, a high explosive with a high detonation velocity and pressure is normally chosen. The most common explosive used in high performance anti-armor warheads is

178:, the importance of the tin can "liner" of the hollow charge remained unrecognized for another 44 years. Part of that 1900 article was reprinted in the February 1945 issue of 243:(hollow-charge liner effect)). (It was Gustav Adolf Thomer who in 1938 first visualized, by flash radiography, the metallic jet produced by a shaped-charge explosion.) Meanwhile, 969:

The explosively formed penetrator (EFP) is also known as the self-forging fragment (SFF), explosively formed projectile (EFP), self-forging projectile (SEFOP), plate charge, and

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The Munroe or Neumann effect is the focusing of blast energy by a hollow or void cut on a surface of an explosive. The earliest mention of hollow charges were mentioned in 1792.

3119: 2833: 2119: 2872: 247:, a chemical engineer in Switzerland, had independently developed a shaped-charge munition in 1935, which was demonstrated to the Swiss, French, British, and U.S. militaries. 761:, or pure metals like lead, zinc, or cadmium) can be used; these melt before reaching the well casing, and the molten metal does not obstruct the hole. Other alloys, binary 512:) the surface of an explosive, so shaping the explosive will concentrate the explosive energy in the void. If the hollow is properly shaped, usually conically, the enormous 702:

and very high ductility at high strain rates. Other high-density metals and alloys tend to have drawbacks in terms of price, toxicity, radioactivity, or lack of ductility.

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charge shaped to focus the effect of the explosive's energy. Different types of shaped charges are used for various purposes such as cutting and forming metal, initiating

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shaped charges can penetrate a steel plate as thick as 150% to 700% of their diameter, depending on the charge quality. The figure is for basic steel plate, not for the

2364:, pp. 140–141, addresses the reported ≈700 mm penetration of the Swedish 106 3A-HEAT-T and Austrian RAT 700 HEAT projectiles for the 106 mm M40A1 recoilless rifle. 2543: 588:, with an internal apex angle of 40 to 90 degrees. Different apex angles yield different distributions of jet mass and velocity. Small apex angles can result in jet 1732:

Helmut W. Malnig (2006) "Professor Thomanek und die Entwicklung der Präzisions-Hohlladung" (Professor Thomanek and the development of the precision hollow charge),

208:, conceived an anti-tank round that was based on the hollow charge effect. When the Austrian government showed no interest in pursuing the idea, Thomanek moved to 2009:

WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, D-69451 Weinheim (1999) - Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 24 - Effectiveness Factors for Explosive Reactive Armour Systems - page 71

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D.M. Sterbentz, C.F. Jekel, D.A. White, R.N. Rieben and J.L. Belof (July 24, 2023). "Linear shaped-charge jet optimization using machine learning methods".

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of the well at intervals to admit the influx of oil and gas. Another use in the industry is to put out oil and gas fires by depriving the fire of oxygen.

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form brittle inclusions serving as crack initiation sites. Up to 30% zinc can be added to lower the material cost and to form additional brittle phases.

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The first true hollow charge effect was achieved in 1883, by Max von Foerster (1845–1905), chief of the nitrocellulose factory of Wolff & Co. in

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plate. When the shaped charge detonates, most of its energy is focused on the steel plate, driving it forward and pushing the test gas ahead of it.

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in shaped-charge warheads, but, at present, due to its sensitivity, this has been in the form of the PBX composite LX-19 (CL-20 and Estane binder).

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Oxide glass liners produce jets of low density, therefore yielding less penetration depth. Double-layer liners, with one layer of a less dense but

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used by the US Air Force and Navy in the 2003 Iraq war employed this principle, and the US Army is reportedly experimenting with precision-guided

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The BAE is mainly caused by the high-temperature and high-velocity armor and slug fragments being injected into the interior space and the blast

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that have become plugged with slag. They are also used in quarrying, breaking up ice, breaking log jams, felling trees, and drilling post holes.

1743: 2731: 2154: 1878: 1851: 1132:"A one-kiloton fission device, shaped properly, could make a hole ten feet (3.0 m) in diameter a thousand feet (305 m) into solid rock." 148:

for hemispherical cavity metal detonators to concentrate the effect of the explosion in an axial direction. The Munroe effect is named after

2019: 2048: 184:, describing how shaped-charge warheads worked. It was this article that at last revealed to the general public how the United States Army 2933:, Peter M. Celliers, Gilbert W.Collins, Jon H. Eggert, Kanani K.M. Lee, R. Stewart McWilliams, Stephanie Brygoo and Paul Loubeyre (2007) 1157: 1057:. The Army revealed that a 40 mm precursor shaped-charge warhead was fitted on the tip of the TOW-2 and TOW-2A collapsible probe. 1984: 1162: 1118: 2783: 2077: 3094: 3080: 3028: 2994: 2275: 1994: 1967: 1710: 1555: 1530: 1257: 2385: 1823: 1802: 1317: 599:

Liners have been made from many materials, including various metals and glass. The deepest penetrations are achieved with a dense,

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generated by the detonation of the explosive drives the liner in the hollow cavity inward to collapse upon its central axis.

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Zhang, Fan (Medicine Hat, Alberta) Murray, Stephen Burke (Medicine Hat, Alberta), Higgins, Andrew (Montreal, Quebec) (2005) "

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can be used for making those, as then the metal-metal interface is homogeneous, does not contain significant amount of

615:(9:1, thus density is ≈18 Mg/m) have been adopted. Nearly every common metallic element has been tried, including 230:

Small-scale slow-motion cross-section of an implosion-shaped charge, typically used to initiate the detonation of a

3172: 3114: 2767: 2198: 1590:"Explosion waves and shock waves, Part II — The shock waves and explosion products sent out by blasting detonators" 1167: 1152: 2324:

Von Holle, W.G.; Trimble, J.J. (1977). "Temperature Measurement of Copper and Eutectic Metal Shaped Charge Jets".

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from the concern that NATO antitank missiles were ineffective against Soviet tanks that were fitted with the new

306: 3142: 2820: 354: 350: 338: 328: 76: 492:'formed projectile' used by combat engineers. The shaped charge is used to bore a hole for a cratering charge. 2690:Войтенко (Voitenko), А.Е. (1964) "Получение газовых струй большой скорости" (Obtaining high speed gas jets), 2800: 1624:"Explosion waves and shock waves, V — The shock wave and explosion products from detonating high explosives" 962: 67: 3089:, Joseph Carleone (ed.), Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Series (V-155), Published by AIAA, 1993, 536:

At typical velocities, the penetration process generates such enormous pressures that it may be considered

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Goodman A. "ARMY ANTITANK CANDIDATES PROLIFERATE" Armed Forces Journal International/December 1987, p. 23

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article that at last revealed secrets of shaped-charge weapons; article also includes reprints of 1900

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mountains of Germany, although the only available explosive at the time was gunpowder, which is not a

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in 1940. These demolition charges – developed by Dr. Wuelfken of the German Ordnance Office – were

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In early antitank weapons, copper was used as a liner material. Later, in the 1970s, it was found

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NASA's Contributions to Aeronautics: Flight environment, operations, flight testing, and research

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were fortuitously found to give the jet room to disperse and hence also reduce HEAT penetration.

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One of the earliest uses of shaped charges was by German glider-borne troops against the Belgian

2375:"Shaped Charge Liner Materials: Resources, Processes, Properties, Costs, and Applications, 1991" 2056: 1787:

H. Mohaupt, "Chapter 11: Shaped charges and warheads", in: F. B. Pollad and J. A. Arnold, ed.s,

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in nature – however the process creates significant heat and often has a significant secondary

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Conjectured Metastable Super-Explosives formed under High Pressure for Thermonuclear Ignition

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better at defeating light or area targets and the finned projectiles are much more accurate.

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and extensive behind armor effects (BAE, also called behind armor damage, BAD) will occur.

790: 628: 438:, in particular for cutting through metal piles, columns and beams and for boring holes. In 283: 131: 2340: 1449:

C.E. Munroe (1894) Executive Document No. 20, 53rd Congress, 1st Session, Washington, D.C.

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Explosively Produced Flechettes; JASON report 66-121, Institute for Defense Analysis, 1966

2930: 2918: 2807: 2787: 2780: 2754: 2563: 2466: 2270:(softcover edition with corrections ed.). Baltimore Maryland: CMCPress. p. 192. 2085: 1827: 1806: 1747: 1321: 1089: 1054: 1041: 1009: 862: 612: 585: 569: 402: 216: 194: 180: 1702:

History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference

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in the U.S. – recognized that projectiles could form during explosions.

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shells for various artillery pieces). The development of shaped charges revolutionized

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Although Munroe's experiment with the shaped charge was widely publicized in 1900 in

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Achieving high-density states through shock-wave loading of precompressed samples

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William Payman; Donald Whitley Woodhead & Harold Titman (February 15, 1935).

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Fourth Generation Nuclear Weapons: Military Effectiveness and Collateral Effects

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Fossil Energy Research and Development Program of the U.S. Department of Energy

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detonates closer to its optimum standoff. Skirting should not be confused with

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wave guide at the other end. Explosive energy is released directly away from (

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A typical device consists of a solid cylinder of explosive with a metal-lined

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Materials Processing Using Chemically Driven Spherically Symmetric Implosions

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was apparently proposed for terminal ballistic missile defense in the 1960s.

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Tank Gun Systems: The First Thirty Years, 1916–1945: A Technical Examination

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of a nuclear fission weapon, or the primary stage of a thermonuclear device.

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Lassila, D. H.; Nikkel, D. J. Jr.; Kershaw, R. P.; Walters, W. P. (1996).

1387:, Gustav Bloem, "Shell for detonating caps", issued 1886-05-25 2726:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2010. pp. 335–336. 1258:"Introduction to Shaped Charges, Walters, Army Research Laboratory, 2007" 1097: 982: 882: 878: 842: 818: 762: 721:, yield jets that are composed mainly of dispersed fine metal particles. 695: 688: 684: 652: 624: 620: 616: 561: 513: 299: 120: 38:; 2: Air-filled cavity; 3: Conical liner; 4: Detonator; 5: Explosive; 6: 1324:(Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1990), pp. 3–5. 873:-based compositions, again either as PBXs or mixtures with TNT (to form 250:

During World War II, shaped-charge munitions were developed by Germany (

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Super compressed detonation method and device to effect such detonation

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United States Department of Energy Office of Energy Technology (1979).

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skirts on armored vehicles may have the opposite effect and actually

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drawings of Professor Munroe's experiments with crude shaped charges

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Shaped charges-Munroe effect explained (Explosions & Shockwaves)

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fluids (see, for example,), with their material strengths ignored.

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The development of the first Hollow charges by the Germans in WWII

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L.V. Al'tshuler, K.K. Krupnikov, V.N. Panov and R.F. Trunin(1996)"

2801:

Overdriven Detonation of Explosives due to High-Speed Plate Impact

2629:

Ernest L.Baker, Pai-Lien Lu, Brian Fuchs and Barry Fishburn(1991)"

1085: 1045: 956: 921: 887: 866: 742: 483: 422: 332: 279: 225: 125: 59: 29: 2847:

Enhancement of Solid Explosive Munitions Using Reflective Casings

833:, and does not have adverse effects to the formation of the jet. 1983:

Hilary L. Doyle; Thomas L. Jentz & Tony Bryan (2001-11-25).

1407:"On certain phenomena produced by the detonation of gun cotton," 680: 656: 632: 271: 204:

In 1932 Franz Rudolf Thomanek, a student of physics at Vienna's

105: 2886:

Explosive laboratory devices for shock wave compression studies

540:; to a good approximation, the jet and armor may be treated as 2631:

High explosive assembly for projecting high velocity long rods

1521:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Limited. p. 1299:(Leipzig (Germany): Herrmann Bethmann, 1854), Part I, vol. 7, 1096:

In a typical Voitenko compressor, a shaped charge accelerates

870: 858: 636: 2899:

Diamond Synthesis: Observations On The Mechanism of Formation

2146:

Computational Solid Mechanics For Oil Well Perforator Design

1420:"Wave-like effects produced by the detonation of guncotton," 881:) or wax (Cyclonites). Some explosives incorporate powdered 193:

In 1910, Egon Neumann of Germany discovered that a block of

2781:

Explosive Technique for Generation of High Dynamic Pressure

2428:"Copper alloys for shaped charge liners - Olin Corporation" 935:

of buildings. LSCs are also used to separate the stages of

520:

because of its appearance, is sometimes called a "carrot".

468:

A 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) shaped charge was used on the

401:) fitted to some German tanks to protect against ordinary 345:

The common term in military terminology for shaped-charge

3153:

Use of shaped charges and protection against them in WWII

2341:

Analysis of "Soft" Recovered Shaped Charge Jet Particles

2176:. Assistant Secretary for Energy Technology. p. 409 1960:

Storming eagles: German airborne forces in World War Two

1821:

History of the Shaped Charge Effect: The First 100 Years

1705:. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. pp. 1062–1063. 1314:

History of the Shaped Charge Effect: The First 100 Years

1130:

was quoted as saying, in the context of shaped charges,

981:

most, a couple of CDs. If the EFP perforates the armor,

434:

In non-military applications shaped charges are used in

1695:

For a biography of Carl Julius Cranz (1858–1945), see:

1550:. New York: John Wiley & Sons inc. pp. 12–13. 421:

which is primarily used to damage the fusing system of

190:

actually worked against armored vehicles during WWII.

976:

The EFP is relatively unaffected by first-generation

528:

jet coalesce to form a pronounced wider tip portion.

353:(HEAT) warhead. HEAT warheads are frequently used in 2485:"Some metallurgical aspects of shaped charge liners" 2444:"Method of making a bimetallic shaped-charge liner" 2413:(Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2005), 1791:(Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1966). 1622:

W. Payman & D. W. Woodhead (December 22, 1937).

524:

reduces the depth of penetration at long standoffs.

732:, which makes them easy to damage during handling. 728:liners, however, are not waterproof and tend to be 2694:(Reports of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR), 1514: 2586:. Accurate Energetic Systems, LLC. Archived from 2411:Structure-Property Relations in Nonferrous Metals 1657:"Optical and physical effects of high explosives" 1239:. Science & Technology Review. Archived from 1843:Hitler's Panzers: The Complete History 1933–1945 1337:, see the German Knowledge (XXG) article on him. 449:Shaped charges are used most extensively in the 442:, small shaped charges are often used to pierce 436:explosive demolition of buildings and structures 2910:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (2004) " 1873:. Pen and Sword Military. pp. 20–12−21–1. 1084:test gas from a shaped charge with a malleable 869:. Other common high-performance explosives are 841:metals, as they are the most ductile, but even 274:, Beehive cratering charge), the Soviet Union ( 223:(Air Force Weapons Institute) in Braunschweig. 2664:Jason C. Gilliam and Darin L.Kielsmeier(2008)" 1121:system would have required the development of 1101:extension of this technology is the explosive 698:is superior to copper, due to its much higher 2987:Project Orion: The Atomic Spaceship 1957–1965 2666:Multi-purpose single initiated tandem warhead 8: 3050:http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/5196.html 2961:Metastable Innershell Molecular State (MIMS) 2542:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1628:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 1362:, (Berlin, Germany: Mittler und Sohn, 1883). 1234:"Shaped Charges Pierce the Toughest Targets" 160:, he noticed that when a block of explosive 1986:Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf.G, H and J 1942–45 1360:Versuche mit Komprimierter Schiessbaumwolle 3143:Shaped Charges Pierce the Toughest Targets 2679:Tandem warhead with a secondary projectile 2113:"An Overview of the Shaped Charge Concept" 2106: 2104: 2102: 1661:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 1594:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 1093:but not before useful data was extracted. 914:There are several forms of shaped charge. 341:round with the inner shaped charge visible 3048:Interview with Dr. Richard Blankenbecler 2832:Jerry Pentel and Gary G. Fairbanks(1992)" 2308: 2250: 2233:Uhlig, W. Casey; Hummer, Charles (2013). 1840:Tucker-Jones, Anthony (5 February 2020). 1680: 1639: 1613: 1578:(War and Technology), no. 253, pp. 18–24. 1367:"Experiments with compressed gun cotton," 1291:(Investigation of a theory of blasting), 603:metal, and a very common choice has been 2677:Klaus Lindstadt and Manfred Klare(1996)" 1919:"The Development of Lined Hollow Charge" 1289:"Versuch einer Theorie der Sprengarbeit" 116:that the shaped-charge effect requires. 2897:A. A. Giardini and J. E. Tydings(1962)" 2326:U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory 1962:. London: Arms and Armour. p. 23. 1179: 2644:Bounding Anti-tank/Anti-vehicle weapon 2535: 1846:. Pen and Sword Military. p. 29. 1217:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1210: 607:. For some modern anti-armor weapons, 584:The most common shape of the liner is 1517:The Big Bang: A history of explosives 806:(forming brittle phosphides) or 1–5% 112:and hence incapable of producing the 7: 1894:Col. James E. Mrazek (Ret.) (1970). 1800:Defense Technical Information Center 1297:Franz von Baader's sämtliche Werke … 849:cones show significant penetration. 361:, gun-fired projectiles (both spun ( 2409:Alan M. Russell and Kok Loong Lee, 1546:W. P. Walters; J. A. Zukas (1989). 1158:M150 Penetration Augmented Munition 2391:from the original on April 1, 2019 2212:, D.P. MacDougall, E.M. Pugh, and 2149:. World Scientific. pp. 1–4. 1720:German Knowledge (XXG): Carl Cranz 1163:List of established military terms 576:, or other types of modern armor. 25: 3138:Shaped bombs magnify Iraq attacks 3133:Elements of Fission Weapon Design 2492:Journal of Battlefield Technology 2471:Journal of Battlefield Technology 1867:Andrews, William (30 June 2023). 1736:, no. 289. Available on-line at: 1572:Техника и Снабжение Красной Армии 1460:"The applications of explosives," 961:The formation of an EFP warhead. 902:Another useful design feature is 613:tungsten filler and copper binder 564:, further degrading penetration. 461:, in which they are detonated to 457:industries, in particular in the 1498:"It makes steel flow like mud", 1119:Project Orion nuclear propulsion 500:hollow in one end and a central 2766:I.I. Glass and J.C. Poinssot, " 2556:Accurate Energetic Systems LLC 2473:, vol. 4, no. 3, November 2001. 2362:Jane's Ammunition Handbook 1994 1655:R. W. Wood (November 2, 1936). 1370:Nostrand's Engineering Magazine 1024:Some modern anti-tank rockets ( 459:completion of oil and gas wells 165:his first crude shaped charge: 3073:Fundamentals of Shaped Charges 2268:Fundamentals of Shaped Charges 1548:Fundamentals of Shaped Charges 1232:Post, Richard (June 1, 1998). 241:Hohlladungs-Auskleidungseffekt 1: 2483:Doig, Alistair (March 1998). 2223:, vol. 19, pp. 563–582, 1948. 1136:explosively formed penetrator 953:Explosively formed penetrator 947:Explosively formed penetrator 381:, and various other weapons. 27:Explosive with focused effect 2611:Manley, Scott (2023-04-30). 2310:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.782 2252:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.05.008 1263:. p. 17. Archived from 221:Waffeninstitut der Luftwaffe 3021:The Curve of Binding Energy 2873:Diamond Implosion Apparatus 2768:IMPLOSION DRIVEN SHOCK TUBE 2143:Lee, Wen Ho (5 June 2018). 2020:"Parkersburg-Belpre Bridge" 1789:Aerospace Ordnance Handbook 1741:(Federal Army (of Austria)) 1423:American Journal of Science 531:Most of the jet travels at 3199: 2692:Доклады Академии Наук СССР 2518:Journal of Applied Physics 2053:Controlled Demolition, Inc 2049:"500 Wood Street Building" 2024:Controlled Demolition, Inc 1794:Kennedy (1990), pp. 10–11. 1699:Peter O. K. Krehl (2009). 1502:, February 1945, pp. 65–69 1413:Natural Historical Society 1410:Proceedings of the Newport 1346:Kennedy (1990), pp. 5, 66. 1287:Franz Baader (March 1792) 1168:Glossary of firearms terms 1153:High-explosive squash head 1076: 950: 504:, array of detonators, or 488:A 40 lb (18 kg) 463:perforate the metal casing 326: 3087:Tactical Missile Warheads 2858:Frederick J. Mayer(1988)" 2460:Liners for shaped charges 2266:Walters, William (1998). 1917:Thomanek, Rudolf (1960). 1458:Charles E. Munroe (1900) 1428:Charles E. Munroe (1888) 1418:Charles E. Munroe (1888) 1405:Charles E. Munroe (1888) 1333:For a brief biography of 355:anti-tank guided missiles 138:By 1886, Gustav Bloem of 2871:Donald R. Garrett(1972)" 2709:The Suicidal Wind Tunnel 2642:Arnold S. Klein (2003) " 1438:Kennedy (1990), pp. 5–6. 1415:1883–1886, Report no. 6. 1365:Max von Foerster (1884) 1358:Max von Foerster (1883) 351:high-explosive anti-tank 339:high-explosive anti-tank 329:High-explosive anti-tank 77:high-explosive anti-tank 2845:John M. Heberlin(2006)" 2834:Multiple Stage Munition 2779:Shuzo Fujiwara (1992) " 2746:Explosive Accelerators" 2082:Mondial Defence Systems 1570:М. Сухаревский (1925) 1464:Popular Science Monthly 1372:, vol. 31, pp. 113–119. 1134:Also, a nuclear driven 292:Effetto Pronto Speciale 176:Popular Science Monthly 3178:Explosives engineering 2972:Andre Gsponer (2008) " 2748:Voitenko Implosion Gun 2577:"Linear Shaped Charge" 1896:The Fall of Eben Emael 1770:Kennedy (1990), p. 63. 1682:10.1098/rspa.1936.0191 1641:10.1098/rspa.1937.0246 1615:10.1098/rspa.1935.0036 1479:Munroe (1900), p. 453. 1435:, vol. 3, pp. 563–576. 1293:Bergmännisches Journal 1246:on September 17, 2016. 1123:nuclear shaped charges 1113:Nuclear shaped charges 1001:" submunitions in the 966: 927: 926:A linear shaped charge 865:, with which it forms 745:-like alloys (e.g., Sn 493: 395:side and turret skirts 342: 235: 172: 135: 102:Franz Xaver von Baader 43: 2959:Young K. Bae (2008)" 2566:" Linear Shape Charge 2447:U.S. patent 4,807,795 2432:freepatentsonline.com 1958:Lucas, James (1988). 1773:Krehl (2009), p. 513. 1758:Kennedy (1990), p. 9. 1488:Kennedy (1990), p. 6. 1425:, vol. 36, pp. 48–50. 960: 943:when they go errant. 933:controlled demolition 925: 918:Linear shaped charges 611:and pseudo-alloys of 487: 336: 327:Further information: 229: 212:Technische Hochschule 206:Technische Hochschule 167: 158:Newport, Rhode Island 154:Naval Torpedo Station 142:, Germany, had filed 129: 33: 2297:Procedia Engineering 2239:Procedia Engineering 1819:Donald R. Kennedy, " 1513:G. I. Brown (1998). 1430:"Modern explosives," 1385:US patent 342423 1067:beyond-armour effect 472:mission on asteroid 199:Robert Williams Wood 68:oil and gas industry 2498:(1). Archived from 1939:on January 27, 2019 1932:(8). Archived from 1673:1936RSPSA.157..249W 1606:1935RSPSA.148..604P 1433:Scribner's Magazine 1311:Donald R. Kennedy, 1079:Voitenko compressor 1073:Voitenko compressor 965:Research Laboratory 845:and zero-ductility 839:face-centered cubic 707:oil well completion 145:U.S. patent 342,423 3055:2011-09-12 at the 2917:2008-12-07 at the 2806:2009-03-27 at the 2786:2011-07-16 at the 2753:2011-08-06 at the 2562:2017-01-22 at the 2465:2011-07-07 at the 2291:Sable, P. (2017). 2111:Walters, William. 1989:. Bloomsbury USA. 1826:2019-01-27 at the 1805:2019-04-01 at the 1746:2015-02-26 at the 1320:2019-01-27 at the 1103:diamond anvil cell 967: 937:multistage rockets 928: 494: 408:The use of add-on 343: 245:Henry Hans Mohaupt 236: 136: 44: 3173:Anti-tank weapons 2912:Going To Extremes 2733:978-0-16-084636-6 2530:10.1063/5.0156373 2351:. UCRL-JC-123850. 2156:978-981-323-934-0 1880:978-1-3990-4237-6 1853:978-1-5267-4161-5 827:explosive welding 711:powder metallurgy 296:anti-tank warfare 268:No. 68 AT grenade 150:Charles E. Munroe 64:perforating wells 16:(Redirected from 3190: 3111: 3059: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3017: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2983: 2977: 2970: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2928: 2922: 2908: 2902: 2895: 2889: 2882: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2856: 2850: 2843: 2837: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2797: 2791: 2777: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2688: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2581: 2573: 2567: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2541: 2533: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2489: 2480: 2474: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2424: 2418: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2390: 2379: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2230: 2224: 2207: 2201: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2118:. Archived from 2117: 2108: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2084:. Archived from 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2064: 2055:. 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Archived from 1192: 1184: 1032:) and missiles ( 1010:artillery shells 853:Explosive charge 629:depleted uranium 403:anti-tank rifles 284:M9 rifle grenade 147: 132:RL-83 Blindicide 21: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3158: 3157: 3126:Popular Science 3122:Popular Science 3109: 3105: 3100: 3068: 3066:Further reading 3063: 3062: 3057:Wayback Machine 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3018: 3014: 3005: 3001: 2985:Dyson, George, 2984: 2980: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2946:F. 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Appl. 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penetrating 40:Piezo-electric 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3195: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3095:1-56347-067-5 3092: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081:0-471-62172-2 3078: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3029:0-374-51598-0 3026: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3008:Project Orion 3003: 3000: 2996: 2995:0-14-027732-3 2992: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2639: 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