1392:
133:
2637:
121:
1325:
31:
1340:
1348:
1403:, or MassArt), wanted to create a "rational way to describe color" that would use decimal notation instead of color names (which he felt were "foolish" and "misleading"), which he could use to teach his students about color. He first started work on the system in 1898 and published it in full form in
1527:
There are mathematical issues with this depiction: If one calls the concentric rings "chroma" and the horizontal stripes "lightness", then it is not possible to have a color whose "chroma" is 2 (counting from the center outward) and "lightness" is 9 (counting from the bottom to the top). This means
1387:
in 1895. These systems became progressively more sophisticated, with
Kirschmannâs even recognizing the difference in value between bright colors of different hues. But all of them remained either purely theoretical or encountered practical problems in accommodating all colors. Furthermore, none was
225:) halfway between adjacent principal hues. Each of these 10 steps, with the named hue given number 5, is then broken into 10 sub-steps, so that 100 hues are given integer values. In practice, color charts conventionally specify 40 hues, in increments of 2.5, progressing as for example 10R to 2.5YR.
1292:
A color is fully specified by listing the three numbers for hue, value, and chroma in that order. For instance, a purple of medium lightness and fairly saturated would be 5P 5/10 with 5P meaning the color in the middle of the purple hue band, 5/ meaning medium value (lightness), and a chroma of 10
631:
and the physics of color stimuli. This led to a wide range of possible chroma levelsâup to the high 30s for some hueâvalue combinations (though it is difficult or impossible to make physical objects in colors of such high chromas, and they cannot be reproduced on current computer displays). Vivid
607:
Several color solids before
Munsell's plotted luminosity from black on the bottom to white on the top, with a gray gradient between them, but these systems neglected to keep perceptual lightness constant across horizontal slices. Instead, they plotted fully saturated yellow (light), and fully
181:
Desire to fit a chosen contour, such as the pyramid, cone, cylinder or cube, coupled with a lack of proper tests, has led to many distorted statements of color relations, and it becomes evident, when physical measurement of pigment values and chromas is studied, that no regular contour will
176:
Munsell determined the spacing of colors along these dimensions by taking measurements of human visual responses. In each dimension, Munsell colors are as close to perceptually uniform as he could make them, which makes the resulting shape quite irregular. As
Munsell explains:
1304:
In computer processing, the
Munsell colors are converted to a set of "HVC" numbers. The V and C are the same as the normal chroma and value. The H (hue) number is converted by mapping the hue rings into numbers between 0 and 100, where both 0 and 100 correspond to 10RP.
627:). Note that there is no intrinsic upper limit to chroma. Different areas of the color space have different maximal chroma coordinates. For instance light yellow colors have considerably more potential chroma than light purples, due to the nature of the
94:
to color, putting it on a firm experimental scientific basis. Because of this basis in human visual perception, Munsell's system has outlasted its contemporary color models, and though it has been superseded for some uses by models such as
89:
and independent dimensions, and he was the first to illustrate the colors systematically in three-dimensional space. Munsell's system, particularly the later renotations, is based on rigorous measurements of human subjects'
1272:
designed to match that of televisions and computer displays. There are no samples for values 0 (pure black) and 10 (pure white), which are theoretical limits not reachable in pigment, and no printed samples of value 1.
1803:
One of the first books about the
Munsell color system, explaining the intuition behind its three dimensions, and suggesting possible uses of the system in picking color combinations. An edited version can be found at
126:
Munsellâs color sphere, 1900. Later, Munsell discovered that if hue, value, and chroma were to be kept perceptually uniform, achievable surface colors could not be forced into a regular geometric shape.
1830:
A description of color systems leading up to
Munsell's, and a biographical explanation of Munsell's changing ideas about color and development of his color solid, leading up to the publication of
1528:
that each color cannot be uniquely identified by a single set of "hue", "lightness" and "chroma" values. Albert
Munsell's color sphere was designed in such a way as to avoid this pitfall, however.
1410:
The original embodiment of the system (the 1905 Atlas) had some deficiencies as a physical representation of the theoretical system. These were improved significantly in the 1929
1308:
As the
Munsell books, including the 1943 renotation, only contains colors for some points in the Munsell space, it is non-trivial to specify an arbitrary color in Munsell space.
604:, varies vertically along the color solid, from black (value 0) at the bottom, to white (value 10) at the top. Neutral grays lie along the vertical axis between black and white.
138:
Three-dimensional representation of the 1943 Munsell renotations (with portion cut away). Notice the irregularity of the shape when compared with
Munsell's earlier color sphere.
1363:
to represent all colors was developed during the 18th and 19th centuries. Several different shapes for such a solid were proposed, including: a double triangular pyramid by
1763:
1573:
1893:
A concise introduction to the
Munsell color system, on a web page which also discusses several other color systems, putting the Munsell system in its historical context.
1422:. Though several replacements for the Munsell system have been invented, building on Munsell's foundational ideasâincluding the Optical Society of America's
1264:
contains more color samples than this chart for both 5PB and 5Y (particularly bright yellows, up to 5Y 8.5/14). However, they are not reproducible in the
34:
The Munsell color system, showing: a circle of hues at value 5 chroma 6; the neutral values from 0 to 10; and the chromas of purple-blue (5PB) at value 5.
2192:
2008:
1427:
1400:
1388:
based on any rigorous scientific measurement of human vision; before Munsell, the relationship between hue, value, and chroma was not understood.
71:
2050:
2015:
2124:
1704:"Perceptual variance of natural soil aggregates with the Munsell soil colour charts by unexperienced observers: Case study for diverse soils"
1443:
2144:
1909:
was published before he had established the irregular shape of a perceptual color solid, so it describes colors positioned in a sphere.
2038:
1391:
2494:
2032:
236:
to the neutral gray of the same value. The diagram below shows 40 evenly spaced Munsell hues, with complements vertically aligned.
1760:
1570:
132:
2411:
2056:
1459:
2018:
at the site of the Japanese company Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals, including a nice diagram of the Munsell color solid.
2537:
2172:
1355:. The atlas is arranged into removable pages of color swatches of varying value and chroma for each of 40 particular hues.
146:
2099:
from Loo & Cox, a web application for generating color palettes from images. Munsell color analysis of digital image.
1316:
of the fitted Munsell-to-xyY transform. The ASTM has defined a method in 2008, but Centore 2012 is known to work better.
2666:
2547:
2273:
1989:
1637:
ASTM, Standard D 1535-08, "Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System," approved January 1, 2008.
1415:
2117:
1376:
2073:
2278:
2096:
2641:
1368:
2159:
1854:
2268:
1983:
1380:
2621:
1384:
2661:
2594:
2589:
2564:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2110:
1715:
1508:
1489:
The original Munsell color chart remains useful for comparing computer models of human color vision.
67:
2579:
1943:
Munsell's description of his color system, from a lecture to the American Psychological Association.
2604:
2569:
2542:
1859:
229:
619:, measured radially from the center of each slice, represents the âpurityâ of a color (related to
2609:
2439:
2220:
1934:
1475:
1455:
1372:
1328:
2059:, R language package for interpolating between Munsell renotation samples; spline interpolation.
1690:
1647:
Centore, Paul (December 2012). "An open-source inversion algorithm for the Munsell renotation".
2616:
2484:
2235:
2182:
1948:
1914:
1733:
1590:
601:
2479:
2444:
2253:
2086:, which converts Munsell colors to a specialized soil-color notation (registration required)
2000:, a site explaining the Munsell color chart, including an edited version of Cleland's book,
1926:
1864:
1821:
1723:
1656:
1538:
1451:
1447:
1294:
1265:
86:
2076:
color-picker from web-design firm Triplecode (based on a version originally created at the
1702:
Klink, Galya V.; Prilipova, Elena S.; Sobolev, Nikolay S.; Semenkov, Ivan N. (2023-10-01).
1399:
Albert Munsell, an artist and professor of art at the Massachusetts Normal Art School (now
1312:
must be used to assign meanings to non-book colors such as "2.8Y 6.95/2.3", followed by an
2559:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2474:
2459:
2263:
2245:
2083:
1767:
1577:
85:
of one form or another, but Munsell was the first to separate hue, value, and chroma into
2035:, an academic laboratory dedicated to color science, endowed by the Munsell Foundation.
1780:
1719:
1898:
1467:
624:
233:
1878:
145:
The system consists of three independent properties of color which can be represented
2655:
2077:
1309:
1395:
Twenty hues of the Munsell color system at maximum chroma to stay in the sRGB gamut.
120:
2552:
1873:
An introductory explanation of the development and influence of the Munsell system.
1728:
1703:
1364:
620:
91:
63:
1799:
A practical description of the Munsell color system, with suggestions for its use
2574:
2469:
2149:
2133:
1812:
Kuehni, Rolf G. (February 2002). "The early development of the Munsell system".
1503:
1471:
1360:
1324:
150:
82:
47:
39:
1839:
1383:
in 1860, a tilted cube by William Benson in 1868, and a slanted double cone by
81:
Several earlier color order systems had placed colors into a three-dimensional
2464:
2041:
in plain text format (from the 1940s Optical Society of America renotations).
1483:
1463:
1737:
228:
Two colors of equal value and chroma, on opposite sides of a hue circle, are
17:
2399:
2387:
2382:
2313:
2308:
1418:
in the 1940s resulting in the notations (sample definitions) for the modern
1339:
628:
59:
30:
2331:
2323:
2062:
1347:
2454:
2449:
2377:
2372:
2303:
2293:
2230:
2167:
1498:
1439:
104:
1442:
color modelsâthe Munsell system is still widely used, by, among others,
2599:
2489:
2042:
1938:
1868:
1479:
1423:
172:, measured vertically on the core cylinder from 0 (black) to 10 (white)
1825:
1660:
1626:
1614:
1602:
2288:
2225:
1979:
1431:
96:
1930:
2423:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2367:
2348:
2343:
2283:
2177:
2053:, with a radial interpolation algorithm described in Centore 2012.
1414:
and through an extensive series of experiments carried out by the
1390:
1346:
1338:
1323:
1269:
51:
29:
166:, measured radially outward from the neutral (gray) vertical axis
2360:
2298:
2258:
2066:
75:
2106:
1997:
1838:
Landa, Edward R.; Fairchild, Mark D. (SeptemberâOctober 2005).
1805:
2514:
2355:
2336:
2102:
1949:"History of the Munsell color system, company, and foundation"
55:
623:), with lower chroma being less pure (more washed out, as in
635:
197:
Each horizontal circle Munsell divided into five principal
70:
in the first decade of the 20th century and adopted by the
2634:
For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see
187:
Albert H. Munsell, âA Pigment Color System and Notationâ
2028:
1256:
1975:
1301:. For example, a medium grey is specified by "N 5/".
2069:
converter; crude linear interpolation in sRGB space.
2051:
The Munsell and Kubelka-Munk Toolbox by Paul Centore
608:
saturated blue and purple (dark) along the equator.
2528:
2432:
2322:
2244:
2191:
2158:
2002:
A practical description of the Munsell color system
1298:
2045:original and sRGB and CIELAB conversions provided.
1978:, the homepage of Munsell Color, a subdivision of
632:solid colors are in the range of approximately 8.
2065:, an online Munsell color palette and Munsell-to-
640:
1781:"A perceptual color space for image processing"
179:
160:, measured by degrees around horizontal circles
1905:Munsell's original description of his system.
2118:
1840:"Charting Color from the Eye of the Beholder"
221:urple, along with 5 intermediate hues (e.g.,
8:
1879:"Modern Color Models â Munsell Color System"
2125:
2111:
2103:
1672:
1670:
566:
556:
526:
516:
486:
405:
375:
365:
335:
325:
1858:
1727:
1028:
967:
962:
903:
898:
576:
571:
546:
536:
531:
506:
496:
491:
395:
385:
380:
355:
345:
340:
315:
1428:International Commission on Illumination
1367:in 1758, a single triangular pyramid by
1195:
1190:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
987:
982:
977:
972:
923:
918:
913:
908:
886:
856:
851:
846:
841:
825:
795:
790:
747:
561:
551:
521:
511:
481:
410:
400:
370:
360:
330:
320:
74:(USDA) as the official color system for
1686:
1553:
1520:
1401:Massachusetts College of Art and Design
1205:
1167:
1162:
1118:
1113:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
948:
943:
938:
933:
881:
876:
871:
866:
820:
815:
810:
805:
762:
757:
581:
541:
501:
390:
350:
310:
72:United States Department of Agriculture
2011:at Adobe.com. Retrieved 13 August 2003
1541:, a metric based on the Munsell system
1359:The idea of using a three-dimensional
1915:"A Pigment Color System and Notation"
66:(color intensity). It was created by
7:
715:
149:in three dimensions as an irregular
54:based on three properties of color:
1913:Munsell, Albert H. (January 1912).
1234:
1200:
1157:
1108:
1053:
992:
928:
861:
800:
752:
2084:LOGitEASY Munsell Color Calculator
1919:The American Journal of Psychology
25:
2033:Rochester Institute of Technology
2009:explanation of the Munsell system
107:, it is still in wide use today.
2636:
2635:
2029:Munsell Color Science Laboratory
1801:. Boston: Munsell Color Company.
1649:Color Research & Application
239:
131:
119:
1953:Color Research and Application
1814:Color Research and Application
1729:10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116645
1:
1877:MacEvoy, Bruce (2005-08-01).
1806:http://www.applepainter.com/
651:(horizontal); hue 5Y and 5PB
1992:page at the X-Rite website.
1947:Nickerson, Dorothy (1976).
1897:Munsell, Albert H. (1905).
1797:Cleland, Thomas M. (1921).
1297:is specified by the syntax
2683:
2548:Colour Index International
1537:Beer color is measured in
1416:Optical Society of America
2632:
2140:
1903:. Boston: G. H. Ellis Co.
1375:in 1810, a hemisphere by
1213:
1184:
467:
458:
449:
440:
431:
422:
296:
287:
278:
269:
260:
251:
1982:, current owners of the
1676:Kuenhi (2002), pp. 20â21
1470:during the selection of
1351:Several editions of the
2039:Munsell renotation data
1369:Johann Heinrich Lambert
78:research in the 1930s.
1396:
1377:Michel Eugène Chevreul
1356:
1344:
1336:
1268:, which has a limited
190:
58:(basic color), value (
35:
2063:Munsell Color Palette
1984:Munsell Color Company
1420:Munsell Book of Color
1412:Munsell Book of Color
1394:
1381:Hermann von Helmholtz
1371:in 1772, a sphere by
1353:Munsell Book of Color
1350:
1342:
1327:
1320:History and influence
1262:Munsell Book of Color
33:
2565:Federal Standard 595
2145:List of color spaces
1560:Kuehni (2002), p. 21
1509:Natural Color System
1424:Uniform Color Scales
1335:(Color Sphere), 1810
246:; value 6 / chroma 6
230:complementary colors
87:perceptually uniform
44:Munsell color system
2023:Data and conversion
1970:General information
1783:. 23 December 2020.
1720:2023Geode.438k6645K
1476:dental restorations
1379:in 1839, a cone by
653:
248:
2667:1905 introductions
1869:10.1511/2005.5.436
1847:American Scientist
1766:2017-04-22 at the
1576:2017-04-30 at the
1456:forensic pathology
1397:
1373:Philipp Otto Runge
1357:
1345:
1337:
1288:Specifying a color
641:
240:
36:
2649:
2648:
2016:brief explanation
1826:10.1002/col.10002
1661:10.1002/col.20715
1385:August Kirschmann
1343:Albert H. Munsell
1293:(see swatch). An
1284:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1252:
1251:
589:
588:
68:Albert H. Munsell
16:(Redirected from
2674:
2639:
2638:
2625:
2254:RGB color spaces
2127:
2120:
2113:
2104:
1998:ApplePainter.com
1960:
1942:
1907:A Color Notation
1904:
1900:A Color Notation
1892:
1890:
1889:
1872:
1862:
1844:
1832:A Color Notation
1829:
1802:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1699:
1693:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1625:Cleland (1921),
1623:
1617:
1613:Cleland (1921),
1611:
1605:
1601:Cleland (1921),
1599:
1593:
1589:Munsell (1912),
1587:
1581:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1542:
1539:Degrees Lovibond
1535:
1529:
1525:
1405:A Color Notation
1300:
1295:achromatic color
1266:sRGB color space
1257:
654:
636:
249:
188:
135:
123:
92:visual responses
21:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2628:
2619:
2553:CI list of dyes
2530:
2524:
2480:Imaginary color
2428:
2318:
2264:rg chromaticity
2240:
2187:
2154:
2136:
2131:
2074:Munsell Palette
2057:munsellinterpol
1967:
1946:
1931:10.2307/1412843
1912:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1842:
1837:
1811:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1768:Wayback Machine
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1578:Wayback Machine
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1495:
1322:
1290:
1285:
1253:
1236:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
764:
759:
754:
749:
717:
647:(vertical) and
614:
595:
590:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
472:
469:
463:
460:
454:
451:
445:
442:
436:
433:
427:
424:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
301:
298:
292:
289:
283:
280:
274:
271:
265:
262:
256:
253:
195:
189:
186:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
136:
128:
127:
124:
113:
50:that specifies
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2299:SMPTE 240M/"C"
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2072:A flash-based
2070:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1966:
1965:External links
1963:
1962:
1961:
1944:
1925:(2): 236â244.
1910:
1894:
1874:
1860:10.1.1.77.9634
1853:(5): 436â443.
1835:
1809:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1772:
1759:Landa (2005),
1752:
1750:MacEvoy (2005)
1743:
1694:
1678:
1666:
1655:(6): 455â464.
1639:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1569:Landa (2005),
1562:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1468:prosthodontics
1321:
1318:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1260:Note that the
1254:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
956:
955:
953:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
892:
891:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
837:
835:
831:
830:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
776:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
731:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
639:
634:
613:
610:
594:
591:
587:
586:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
476:
475:
473:
470:
466:
464:
461:
457:
455:
452:
448:
446:
443:
439:
437:
434:
430:
428:
425:
420:
419:
416:
415:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
305:
304:
302:
299:
295:
293:
290:
286:
284:
281:
277:
275:
272:
268:
266:
263:
259:
257:
254:
238:
194:
191:
184:
174:
173:
167:
161:
137:
130:
129:
125:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
112:
109:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2679:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2643:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:and standards
2529:Color systems
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:CIELUV (1976)
2224:
2222:
2221:CIELAB (1976)
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:MIT Media Lab
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:for matching
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:for matching
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1310:Interpolation
1306:
1302:
1296:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
958:
957:
954:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
894:
893:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
838:
836:
833:
832:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
778:
777:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
733:
732:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
656:
655:
652:
650:
646:
638:
637:
633:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
609:
605:
603:
599:
592:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
478:
477:
474:
465:
456:
447:
438:
429:
421:
418:
417:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
307:
306:
303:
294:
285:
276:
267:
258:
250:
247:
245:
237:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
183:
178:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
154:
152:
148:
147:cylindrically
134:
122:
110:
108:
106:
102:
98:
93:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
18:Munsell color
2642:Color vision
2584:
2150:Color models
2090:
2089:
2022:
2021:
2001:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1922:
1918:
1906:
1899:
1886:. Retrieved
1883:Color Vision
1882:
1850:
1846:
1831:
1820:(1): 20â27.
1817:
1813:
1798:
1791:Bibliography
1775:
1755:
1746:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1687:Munsell 1905
1681:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1565:
1556:
1533:
1523:
1488:
1435:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1365:Tobias Mayer
1358:
1352:
1332:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1291:
1278:
1261:
648:
644:
642:
616:
615:
606:
597:
596:
243:
241:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
196:
180:
175:
169:
163:
157:
144:
100:
80:
43:
37:
2662:Color space
2620: [
2575:ICC profile
2134:Color space
2091:Other tools
1976:Munsell.com
1761:pp. 442â443
1691:ch.1, pg. 7
1571:pp. 437â438
1504:HSL and HSV
1472:tooth color
1361:color solid
1333:Farbenkugel
1270:color gamut
998:134 121 103
993:124 124 124
988:120 122 142
983:111 122 156
978:101 123 171
939:167 147 103
934:161 147 129
929:150 150 150
924:146 148 168
919:138 148 182
914:128 149 198
909:116 149 213
904:101 150 227
877:200 173 101
872:194 173 128
867:188 173 155
862:179 179 179
857:173 174 195
852:164 175 210
847:154 175 225
842:142 176 241
816:227 200 126
811:221 200 154
806:215 200 181
801:203 203 203
796:200 200 222
791:190 201 239
763:250 227 178
758:243 227 207
753:232 232 232
748:228 228 250
716:255 255 255
582:201 130 134
577:200 130 140
572:198 130 146
567:196 130 153
562:193 131 160
557:188 132 169
552:183 134 176
547:177 135 182
542:168 138 189
537:160 140 193
532:152 142 196
527:141 145 198
522:128 149 198
517:117 151 197
512:104 154 195
386:101 162 124
381:115 160 110
331:197 135 100
326:200 133 109
321:201 131 118
316:201 130 127
311:201 130 134
151:color solid
111:Explanation
83:color solid
48:color space
40:colorimetry
27:Color space
2656:Categories
2465:Hexachrome
2274:Wide-gamut
2216:UVW (1964)
2211:YUV (1960)
2206:RGB (1931)
2201:XYZ (1931)
2097:ToyPalette
1959:(1): 7â10.
1888:2007-04-16
1714:: 116645.
1549:References
1484:beer color
1464:soil color
1452:hair color
1448:skin color
1446:to define
1426:, and the
1008:146 120 48
1003:141 121 77
973:89 123 185
968:72 123 199
963:46 124 214
949:178 146 42
944:173 146 75
899:79 150 244
887:210 172 29
882:205 172 72
826:237 199 63
821:233 199 97
621:saturation
507:93 156 193
502:82 158 189
497:73 160 184
492:70 161 177
487:70 162 170
482:73 163 162
411:73 163 162
406:78 163 154
401:82 163 148
396:87 163 141
391:92 163 134
376:127 159 98
371:141 156 85
366:151 154 78
361:160 151 73
356:167 149 72
351:173 146 75
346:181 143 79
341:187 140 86
336:193 137 94
234:additively
232:, and mix
2617:JIS Z8102
2400:Rec. 2100
2388:Rec. 2100
2383:Rec. 2020
2314:Rec. 2100
2309:Rec. 2020
1855:CiteSeerX
1738:0016-7061
1480:breweries
1407:in 1905.
1314:inversion
1099:58 72 106
1094:45 72 120
1089:26 72 133
1069:119 94 25
1064:114 95 52
1059:108 96 77
1049:93 96 116
1044:85 96 130
1039:74 97 144
1034:59 97 158
1029:38 97 172
1013:150 119 9
602:lightness
217:lue, and
60:lightness
2580:ISCCâNBS
2470:HSL, HSV
2455:Coloroid
2450:ColorADD
2378:Rec. 709
2373:Rec. 601
2304:Rec. 709
2294:Rec. 601
2279:ProPhoto
2236:CIECAM16
2231:CIECAM02
2183:CIECAM16
2168:CIECAM02
1834:in 1905.
1764:Archived
1708:Geoderma
1574:Archived
1499:Coloroid
1493:See also
1440:CIECAM02
1201:28 28 28
1196:23 28 45
1191:13 28 56
1163:57 48 34
1158:48 48 48
1153:44 49 66
1148:35 49 79
1143:20 49 93
1119:87 70 33
1114:81 71 55
1109:70 70 70
1104:67 72 92
1054:97 97 97
643:Munsell
242:Munsell
185:â
105:CIECAM02
2600:Pantone
2595:Ostwald
2585:Munsell
2490:OSA-UCS
2043:CIE xyY
2031:at the
1990:Munsell
1939:1412843
1716:Bibcode
1206:37 27 9
1168:63 47 6
625:pastels
209:ellow,
62:), and
2640:
2440:CcMmYK
2289:DCI-P3
1980:X-Rite
1937:
1857:
1736:
1591:p. 239
1478:, and
1458:, the
1438:) and
1436:L*a*b*
1432:CIELAB
1279:
649:chroma
617:Chroma
612:Chroma
213:reen,
182:serve.
164:chroma
103:) and
101:L*a*b*
97:CIELAB
64:chroma
52:colors
42:, the
2624:]
2485:Oklab
2433:Other
2424:YCoCg
2419:xvYCC
2407:YPbPr
2395:ICtCp
2368:YCbCr
2349:SECAM
2344:YDbDr
2284:scRGB
2269:Adobe
2178:CAM16
1935:JSTOR
1843:(PDF)
1627:Ch. 3
1615:Ch. 2
1603:Ch. 1
1515:Notes
1466:, in
1329:Runge
1235:0 0 0
645:value
600:, or
598:Value
593:Value
170:value
46:is a
2610:list
2543:ANPA
2538:ACES
2495:PCCS
2445:CMYK
2361:NTSC
2324:Yâ˛UV
2259:sRGB
2173:iCAM
2067:sRGB
1734:ISSN
1474:for
1460:USGS
1454:for
1450:and
1444:ANSI
1299:N V/
1185:5PB
244:hues
205:ed,
199:hues
76:soil
2605:RAL
2590:NCS
2570:HKS
2560:DIC
2520:TSL
2515:YJK
2510:HWB
2505:RYB
2475:HCL
2460:LMS
2412:MAC
2356:YIQ
2337:PAL
2332:YUV
2246:RGB
2193:CIE
2160:CAM
2007:An
1927:doi
1865:doi
1822:doi
1724:doi
1712:438
1689:),
1657:doi
1430:âs
1331:'s
1214:5Y
700:10
695:12
629:eye
459:5RP
441:5PB
423:5BG
297:5BG
279:5GY
261:5YR
193:Hue
158:hue
56:hue
38:In
2658::
2622:ja
2500:RG
2080:).
2014:A
1986:.
1955:.
1951:.
1933:.
1923:23
1921:.
1917:.
1881:.
1863:.
1851:93
1849:.
1845:.
1818:27
1816:.
1732:.
1722:.
1710:.
1706:.
1669:^
1653:37
1651:.
1486:.
1219:0
1182:1
1133:2
1081:3
1023:4
959:5
895:6
834:7
779:8
734:9
692:10
662:10
659:12
468:5R
450:5P
432:5B
288:5G
270:5Y
252:5R
223:YR
201::
153::
2644:.
2126:e
2119:t
2112:v
2004:.
1957:1
1941:.
1929::
1891:.
1871:.
1867::
1828:.
1824::
1808:.
1770:.
1740:.
1726::
1718::
1685:(
1663:.
1659::
1580:,
1434:(
689:8
686:6
683:4
680:2
677:0
674:2
671:4
668:6
665:8
471:|
462:|
453:|
444:|
435:|
426:|
300:|
291:|
282:|
273:|
264:|
255:|
219:P
215:B
211:G
207:Y
203:R
99:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
