2397:
at zero. Although CIECAM97s was a successful model to spur and direct colorimetric research, Fairchild felt that for practical applications some changes were necessary. Those relevant for lightness calculations were to, rather than use several discrete values for the surround factor c, allow for linear interpolation of c and thereby allowing the model to be used under intermediate surround conditions, and to simplify z to remove the special case for large stimuli because he felt it was irrelevant for imaging applications. Based on experimental results, Hunt, Li, Juan and Luo proposed a number of improvements. Relevant for the topic at hand is that they suggested lowering z slightly. Li and Luo found that a colour space based on such a modified CIECAM97s using lightness as one of the coordinates was more perceptually uniform than CIELAB.
636:
679:
624:
652:
711:
695:
824:
4497:
257:
4507:
3871:
237:
29:
3462:
1906:
2057:(International Commission on Illumination, colour appearance model, 1997, simple version) was standardised. CIECAM97s distinguishes between lightness, how light something appears compared to a similarly lit white object, and brightness, how much light appears to shine from something. According to CIECAM97s the lightness of a sample is:
2335:, ranging from 1 to 123, numbers which follow from the way the cone responses are averaged and which are ultimately based on a rough estimate for the useful range of nerve impulses per second, and which has a fairly large intermediate range where it roughly follows a square root curve. The brightness according to CIECAM97s is then:
2538:
2401:
saturation will change at low luminance levels. But CIECAM97s predicts much larger deviations than are generally thought likely and therefore Hunt, Li and Luo suggested using a cone response curve which approximates a power curve for a much larger range of stimuli, so hue and saturation are better preserved.
2420:
But all the quantities that feed into this formula change in some way. The parameter c is now continuously variable as discussed above and z = 1.48 + √n. Although this is higher than z in CIECAM97s, the total effective power factor is very similar because the effective power factor of the achromatic
2387:
instead of from J. This formula has the effect of pulling up the lightness and brightness of coloured samples. The larger the chroma, the stronger the effect; for very saturated colours C can be close to 100 or even higher. The absolute sine term has a sharp V-shaped valley with a zero at yellow and
1986:
At first glance, you might approximate the lightness function by a cube root, an approximation that is found in much of the technical literature. However, the linear segment near black is significant, and so the 116 and 16 coefficients. The best-fit pure power function has an exponent of about 0.42,
310:
In HSV, all triples with value 0 are pure black. If the hue and saturation are held constant, then increasing the value increases the luminance, such that a value of 1 is the lightest color with the given hue and saturation. HSL is similar, except that all triples with lightness 1 are pure white. In
2396:
The achromatic response in CIECAM97s is a weighted addition of cone responses minus 2.05. Since the total noise term adds up to 3.05, this means that A and consequentially J and Q aren't zero for absolute black. To fix this, Li, Luo & Hunt suggested subtracting 3.05 instead, so the scale starts
2347:
The factor 1.24 / c is a surround factor that reflects that scenes appear brighter in dark surrounding conditions. Suggestions for a more comprehensive model, CIECAM97C, were also formulated, to take into account several effects at extremely dark or bright conditions, coloured lighting, as well as
307:, the displayed luminance is relative to the hue and chroma for a given lightness value, in other words the selected lightness value does not predict the actual displayed luminance nor the perception thereof. Both systems use coordinate triples, where many triples can map onto the same color.
2400:
Because of the shape of the cone response S-curve, when the luminance of a colour is reduced, even if its spectral composition remains the same, the different cone responses do not quite change at the same rate with respect to each other. It is plausible therefore that the perceived hue and
2307:
1749:
2543:
As before, this formula assumes bright conditions. Apart from 1220, which results from an arbitrarily assumed cone response constant, the various constants in CIECAM02 were fitted to experimental data sets. The expression for the brightness has also changed considerably:
314:
While HSL, HSV, and similar spaces serve well enough to choose or adjust a single color, they are not perceptually uniform. They trade off accuracy for computational simplicity, as they were created in an era where computer technology was restricted in performance.
2668:
311:
both models, all pure saturated colors indicate the same lightness or value, but this does not relate to the displayed luminance which is determined by the hue. I.e. yellow is higher luminance than blue, even if the lightness value is set at a given number.
2179:
compared to bright white, and that therefore a sample in such a surround should be perceived at its proper lightness. The quantity A models the achromatic cone response; it is colour dependent but for a grey sample under bright conditions it works out as:
2039:
model of biochemical reactions. In the 70s the same relationship was found in a number of other vertebrates and in 1982, using microelectrodes to measure cone responses in living rhesus macaques, Valeton and Van Norren found the following relationship:
2048:
where V is the measured potential, I the light intensity and σ a constant. In 1986 Seim and
Valberg realised that this relationship might aid in the construction of a more uniform colour space. This inspired advances in colour modelling and when the
2427:
1595:
1073:
2138:
1981:
756:
for brightness perception, reflecting the fact that lightness is proportional to the number of nerve impulses per nerve fiber per unit time. The remainder of this section is a chronology of lightness models, leading to
91:
This distinction is meaningful because human vision's lightness perception is non-linear relative to light. Doubling the quantity of light does not result in a doubling in perceived lightness, only a modest increase.
1162:
2186:
1901:{\displaystyle f(t)={\begin{cases}t^{\frac {1}{3}}&{\text{if }}t>\left({\frac {6}{29}}\right)^{3}\\{\frac {1}{3}}\left({\frac {29}{6}}\right)^{2}t+{\frac {4}{29}}&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}
2689:. Though the CIELAB space and relatives do not account for this effect on lightness, it may be implied in the Munsell color model. Light levels may also affect perceived chromaticity, as with the
246:
gamut mapped in CIELAB space. Notice that the lines pointing to the red, green, and blue primaries are not evenly spaced by hue angle, and are of unequal length. The primaries also have different
752:
remarked "Should we use a logarithmic curve or curve of squares?" Neither option turned out to be quite correct; scientists eventually converged on a roughly cube-root curve, consistent with the
1416:
954:
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1350:
1296:
1227:
2847:
Priest, Irwin G.; Gibson, K.S.; McNicholas, H.J. (September 1920). "An examination of the
Munsell color system. I: Spectral and total reflection and the Munsell scale of Value".
2404:
All these proposals, as well as others relating to chromaticity, resulted in a new colour appearance model, CIECAM02. In this model, the formula for lightness remains the same:
2352:, where highly chromatic samples appear lighter and brighter in comparison to a neutral grey. To model the latter effect, in CIECAM97C the formula for J is adjusted as follows:
884:
526:
487:
3241:
Pauli, Hartmut K.A. (1976). "Proposed extension of the CIE recommendation on "Uniform color spaces, color spaces, and color-difference equations, and metric color terms"".
448:
4123:
2533:{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{A}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{bb}}}}={\frac {1220}{1+{\frac {27.13}{\left({\frac {{\sqrt{5{\text{L}}_{\text{A}}}}{\text{Y}}}{10}}\right)^{0.42}}}}}}
2685:
of images worthwhile. Beside this phenomenon there are other effects involving perception of lightness. Chromaticity can affect perceived lightness as described by the
898:, and Isaac Godlove launch a study on the Munsell neutral value scale, considering several proposals relating the relative luminance to the Munsell value, and suggest:
573:
351:
179:
144:
74:
1522:
613:
593:
546:
411:
391:
371:
199:
113:
2073:
In this formula, for a small sample under bright conditions in a surrounding field with a relative luminance n compared to white, c has been chosen such that:
88:
will appear to a standard observer. While luminance is a linear measurement of light, lightness is a linear prediction of the human perception of that light.
285:. For example Munsell value 0 is pure black, and value 10 is pure white. Colors with a discernible hue must therefore have values in between these extremes.
982:
775:
typically runs from 0 to 100 (often interpreted as a percentage). Typically, the relative luminance is normalized so that the "reference white" (say,
322:, we will see that they may differ substantially from a different color space or model. For example, examine the following images of a fire breather (
4274:
2050:
266:
gamut mapped in CIELAB space. Also notice that these two RGB spaces have different gamuts, and thus will have different HSL and HSV representations.
2079:
1917:
2944:
Newhall, Sidney M.; Nickerson, Dorothy; Judd, Deane B (May 1943). "Final report of the O.S.A. subcommittee on the spacing of the
Munsell colors".
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4264:
3493:
1097:
2318:
is a fudge factor that is normally 1; it's only of concern when comparing brightness judgements based on slightly different reference whites.
1681:
and is tangent to the formula above at the point at which the linear extension takes effect. First, the transition point is determined to be
1172:
Jason
Saunderson and B.I. Milner introduce a subtractive constant in the previous expression, for a better fit to the Munsell value. Later,
40:. Each color differs in value from top to bottom in equal perception steps. The right column undergoes a dramatic change in perceived color.
2302:{\displaystyle {\frac {\text{A}}{{\text{N}}_{\text{bb}}}}={\frac {122}{1+2{\Bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{10}}Y{\sqrt{5L_{A}}}{\Bigr )}^{-0.73}}}+1}
4340:
2821:
2035:
As early as in 1967 a hyperbolic relationship between light intensity and cone cell responses was discovered in fish, in line with the
2831:
4285:
2686:
2349:
277:, and CIELAB, the lightness (value) achromatically constrains the maximum and minimum limits, and operates independently of the
4510:
4464:
4280:
4269:
2907:; Godlove, I.H. (December 1933). "Neutral value scales. II. A comparison of results and equations describing value scales".
2036:
4345:
2673:
Note that contrary to the suggestion from CIECAM97C, CIECAM02 contains no provision for the
Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect.
1370:
528:. It is roughly similar, but differs at high chroma, deviating most from an achromatic signal such as linear luminance
4148:
3808:
3582:
2862:
Munsell, A.E.O.; Sloan, L.L.; Godlove, I.H. (November 1933). "Neutral value scales. I. Munsell neutral value scale".
3270:
Poynton, Charles; Funt, Brian (February 2014). "Perceptual uniformity in digital image representation and display".
4350:
3937:
3486:
2663:{\displaystyle Q={\frac {4}{c}}{\frac {\sqrt {J}}{10}}(A_{white}+4)\left({\frac {\sqrt{5L_{A}}}{10}}\right)^{0.25}}
973:
22:
904:
4115:
4008:
3666:
1435:
3434:
Nathan
Moroney, Mark D. Fairchild, Robert William Gainer Hunt, Changjun Li, Ming Ronnier Luo & Todd Newman:
4325:
4143:
3793:
3526:
2328:
976:(OSA) on Munsell renotation. They suggest a quintic parabola (relating the reflectance in terms of the value):
4320:
4315:
4310:
3160:
Glasser, L.G.; A.H. McKinney; C.D. Reilly; P.D. Schnelle (October 1958). "Cube-root color coordinate system".
1311:
1259:
4377:
4330:
1190:
4335:
753:
81:
3098:
Jameson, Dorothea; Leo M. Hurvich (May 1964). "Theory of brightness and color contrast in human vision".
827:
Observe that the lightness is 50% for a relative luminance of around 18% relative to the reference white.
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both take advantage of dramatic contrasts of value to heighten drama in art. Artists may also employ
202:
37:
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lightness scale. A question of interest is the relationship between the
Munsell value scale and the
4536:
3947:
3879:
3133:
Ladd, J.H.; Pinney, J.E. (September 1955). "Empirical relationships with the
Munsell Value scale".
420:
318:
If we take an image and extract the hue, saturation, and lightness or value components for a given
3053:
Hurvich, Leo M.; Jameson, Dorothea (November 1957). "An
Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision".
2143:
This models that a sample will appear darker on a light background than on a dark background. See
1364:
define the lightness as ten times the
Munsell value (so that the lightness ranges from 0 to 100):
4362:
3768:
3676:
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3080:
2053:
held a symposium in 1996, objectives for a new standard colour model were formulated and in 1997
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741:
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Moon, Parry; Spencer, Domina Eberle (May 1943). "Metric based on the composite color stimulus".
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2163:, cz = 1, representing the assumption that most scenes have an average relative luminance of
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Towards a uniform color space: A better formula to describe the Munsell and OSA color scales
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1590:{\displaystyle L^{\star }=116\left({\frac {Y}{Y_{\mathrm {n} }}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}-16.}
551:
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122:
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are interested in the Munsell value as a perceptually uniform lightness scale for use in
53:
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This subjective perception of luminance in a non-linear fashion is one thing that makes
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578:
531:
417:. Notice this appears similar in perceived lightness to the original color image. Luma
396:
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184:
98:
1253:), they relate value to reflectance by raising the reflectance to the power of 0.352:
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CIE technical committee: Colour Appearance Models for Color Management Applications
3393:
Robert William Gainer Hunt, Changjun Li, Lu-Yin Grace Juan & Ming Ronnier Luo:
710:
694:
297:
256:
1068:{\displaystyle Y=1.2219V-0.23111V^{2}+0.23951V^{3}-0.021009V^{4}+0.0008404V^{5}.}
4357:
4215:
3992:
3987:
3851:
3820:
3786:
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3587:
3553:
2744:
Kuehni, Rolf G. (February 2002). "The early development of the Munsell system".
2024:
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can be achieved by adding white, black, or grey respectively. This also reduces
212:
77:
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is the average luminance of the adapting visual field as a whole, measured in
1242:
1084:
450:
is a gamma-encoded luminance component of some video encoding systems such as
353:
is a perceptually uniform lightness prediction that is derived from luminance
3016:
Saunderson, Jason L.; Milner, B.I. (March 1944). "Further study of ω space".
2323:
Here Y is the relative luminance compared to white on a scale of 0 to 1 and L
2133:{\displaystyle {\text{cz}}={\frac {1+{\sqrt {n}}}{1+{\sqrt {\frac {1}{5}}}}}}
1976:{\displaystyle L^{\star }=116f\left({\frac {Y}{Y_{\mathrm {n} }}}\right)-16.}
292:
model (e.g. paint, dye, or ink) lightness changes to a color through various
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4195:
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2004:
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216:
48:
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843:, and Harry McNicholas provide a basic estimate of the Munsell value (with
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3310:
Light adaptation of primate cones: An analysis based on extracellular data
3119:
1618:(the subscript n suggests "normalized") and is subject to the restriction
4482:
4205:
3813:
758:
116:
1157:{\displaystyle V=5\left({\frac {Y}{19.77}}\right)^{0.426}=1.4Y^{0.426}.}
76:
of an object. It is often judged relative to a similarly lit object. In
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28:
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85:
27:
786:. Since the reflectance of magnesium oxide (MgO) relative to the
4095:
4075:
4055:
3925:
3842:
3422:
Robert William Gainer Hunt, Changjun Li & Ming Ronnier Luo:
3369:
Changjun Li, Ming Ronnier Luo & Robert William Gainer Hunt:
3243:
3202:
3200:(November 1963). "Proposal for a New Color-Difference Formula".
3162:
3018:
2981:
2909:
2864:
243:
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3471:
3424:
Dynamic cone response functions for models of colour appearance
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are neither perceptually uniform, nor uniform as to luminance.
4171:
4065:
3830:
3298:
The generation and spread of S-potentials in fish (Cyprinidae)
278:
201:
as used for luminance. In some color ordering systems such as
33:
3347:
Some comments on using the CIECAM97s colour-appearance model
645:* (further transformed back to sRGB for consistent display).
504:
465:
432:
2893:
This paper contains a historical survey stretching to 1760.
2027:" because its lightness is midway between black and white.
1894:
1486:
This formula approximates the Munsell value function for
2235:
1091:
express the value in terms of the relative luminance:
273:
In some colorspaces or color systems such as Munsell,
95:
The symbol for perceptual lightness is usually either
3359:
The structure of the CIE 1997 colour appearance model
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326:). The original is in the sRGB color space. CIELAB
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3357:Ming Ronnier Luo & Robert William Gainer Hunt:
3383:A revision of CIECAM97s for practical applications
3336:§ The CIE Color Appearance Model (1997), CIECAM97s
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84:, lightness is a prediction of how an illuminated
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4124:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
3296:Ken-Ichi Naka & William Albert Hugh Rushton:
2276:
2229:
1411:{\displaystyle L^{\star }=25.29{\sqrt{Y}}-18.38.}
1644:. Pauli removes this restriction by computing a
3135:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
1743:is computed. This gives the two-part function:
2734:, though as mere statements, without examples.
2726:Most of the disadvantages below are listed in
2023:), has a lightness value of 50. It is called "
3487:
1245:. After considering one logarithmic and five
629:Fig. 1a. Color photograph (sRGB color space).
8:
3308:Jean Mathieu Valeton & Dirk van Norren:
2331:. The achromatic response follows a kind of
2147:for more information on the topic. When n =
949:{\displaystyle V^{2}=1.4742Y-0.004743Y^{2}.}
728:Relationship to value and relative luminance
3412:A uniform colour space based upon CIECAM97s
2851:(3). United States Bureau of Standards: 27.
1476:{\displaystyle W^{\star }=25{\sqrt{Y}}-17.}
4506:
4298:
4043:
3886:
3516:
3494:
3480:
3472:
2380:where C is the chroma and h the hue angle
1180:claim that this corrects for simultaneous
2946:Journal of the Optical Society of America
2796:
2728:A Technical Introduction to Digital Video
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4275:International Commission on Illumination
3231:The asterisks are not used in the paper.
2051:International Commission on Illumination
1345:{\displaystyle V=2.468{\sqrt{Y}}-1.636.}
684:Fig. 1d. Component average: "intensity"
2773:"Light Energy and Brightness Sensation"
2719:
1291:{\displaystyle V=2.217Y^{0.352}-1.324.}
4265:Color Association of the United States
1222:{\displaystyle V=2.357Y^{0.343}-1.52.}
1301:Realizing this is quite close to the
181:("Lstar") is not to be confused with
7:
3410:Changjun Li & Ming Ronnier Luo:
2826:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 200.
3436:The CIECAM02 color appearance model
3320:Thorstein Seim & Arne Valberg:
2771:Hunt, Robert W. G. (May 18, 1957).
2388:a broad plateau in the deep blues.
1614:tristimulus value of the reference
847:running from 0 to 1 in this case):
4129:Blue–green distinction in language
2007:, having an exact reflectance of (
1955:
1558:
1083:Using Table II of the OSA report,
227:Lightness in different colorspaces
14:
3395:Further improvements to CIECAM97s
3371:A revision of the CIECAM97s model
820:if MgO is used as the reference.
4505:
4496:
4495:
4286:International Colour Association
3869:
3460:
3399:Further refinements to CIECAM97s
2746:Color Research & Application
879:{\displaystyle V=10{\sqrt {Y}}.}
709:
693:
677:
650:
634:
622:
255:
235:
223:, subtle manipulation of value.
2360:= J + (100 – J) (C / 300) |sin(
521:{\displaystyle (Y^{\prime }UV)}
482:{\displaystyle (Y^{\prime }IQ)}
4281:International Color Consortium
4270:International Colour Authority
3272:Color Research and Application
2613:
2582:
1762:
1756:
515:
496:
476:
457:
437:
424:
63:
57:
47:is a visual perception of the
1:
4346:List of Crayola crayon colors
779:) has a tristimulus value of
443:{\displaystyle (Y^{\prime })}
205:, Lightness is referenced as
3345:Robert William Gainer Hunt:
3112:10.1016/0042-6989(64)90037-9
1516:uses the following formula:
4149:Traditional colors of Japan
3926:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
3809:Multi-primary color display
3583:Spectral power distribution
2687:Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect
2677:Other psychological effects
2383:Q is then calculated from J
2350:Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect
2339:Q = (1.24 / c) (J / 100) (A
788:perfect reflecting diffuser
4560:
3147:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.277892
1494:(it is not applicable for
974:Optical Society of America
23:Lightness (disambiguation)
20:
4491:
4009:Color realism (art style)
3867:
3667:Evolution of color vision
2037:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
972:prepare a report for the
771:runs from 0 to 10, while
4326:List of colors (compact)
4144:Color in Chinese culture
3794:Digital image processing
3527:Electromagnetic spectrum
2421:response is much lower:
736:has long been used as a
548:or non-linear lightness
4331:List of colors by shade
3334:Color Appearance Models
2003:. An approximately 18%
1911:The lightness is then:
1305:, they simplify it to:
716:Fig. 1f. HSL lightness
657:Fig. 1c. Rec. 601 luma
294:tints, shades, or tones
82:color appearance models
4336:List of color palettes
3257:10.1364/JOSA.66.000866
3224:10.1364/JOSA.53.001318
3184:10.1364/JOSA.48.000736
3040:10.1364/JOSA.34.000167
3003:10.1364/JOSA.33.000270
2966:10.1364/JOSA.33.000385
2931:10.1364/JOSA.23.000419
2886:10.1364/JOSA.23.000394
2820:Valberg, Arne (2006).
2664:
2534:
2303:
2134:
1977:
1902:
1591:
1501:) and is used for the
1477:
1412:
1346:
1292:
1223:
1158:
1069:
950:
880:
828:
609:
589:
569:
542:
522:
483:
444:
407:
387:
367:
347:
195:
175:
140:
109:
70:
41:
4260:Color Marketing Group
4015:On Vision and Colours
3948:Tinctures in heraldry
3559:Structural coloration
3469:at Wikimedia Commons
2665:
2535:
2304:
2135:
1978:
1903:
1592:
1478:
1413:
1347:
1293:
1224:
1159:
1070:
951:
881:
826:
610:
590:
570:
568:{\displaystyle L^{*}}
543:
523:
484:
445:
408:
388:
368:
348:
346:{\displaystyle L^{*}}
196:
176:
174:{\displaystyle L^{*}}
141:
139:{\displaystyle L^{*}}
110:
71:
31:
4341:List of color spaces
4233:Tint, shade and tone
4116:Cultural differences
3931:Polychromatic colors
3916:Complementary colors
3904:Monochromatic colors
3056:Psychological Review
2708:Tint, shade and tone
2551:
2428:
2187:
2080:
1918:
1750:
1723:, then the slope of
1646:linear extrapolation
1523:
1503:CIE 1964 color space
1436:
1429:simplifies this to:
1371:
1312:
1260:
1191:
1098:
983:
905:
854:
738:perceptually uniform
599:
579:
552:
532:
493:
454:
421:
397:
377:
357:
330:
185:
158:
123:
99:
54:
21:For other uses, see
4321:List of colors: N–Z
4316:List of colors: G–M
4311:List of colors: A–F
3381:Mark D. Fairchild:
3332:Mark D. Fairchild:
3216:1963JOSA...53.1318W
3176:1958JOSA...48..736G
3032:1944JOSA...34..167S
2995:1943JOSA...33..270M
2958:1943JOSA...33..385N
2923:1933JOSA...23..419G
2878:1933JOSA...23..394M
2849:Technical Paper 167
2789:1957Natur.179Q1026H
2044:1 / V ~ 1 + (σ / I)
1237:Ladd and Pinney of
894:Alexander Munsell,
754:Stevens's power law
700:Fig. 1e. HSV value
415:CIE XYZ color space
373:, but discards the
69:{\displaystyle (L)}
38:Munsell color model
16:Property of a color
4368:List of web colors
4363:List of RAL colors
3769:Color reproduction
3734:Lüscher color test
3571:Color of chemicals
2823:Light Vision Color
2660:
2530:
2299:
2244:
2130:
1973:
1898:
1893:
1587:
1473:
1408:
1342:
1288:
1251:Stevens' power law
1219:
1154:
1065:
946:
876:
829:
742:relative luminance
605:
585:
565:
538:
518:
479:
440:
403:
383:
363:
343:
191:
171:
136:
105:
66:
42:
4519:
4518:
4459:
4458:
4241:
4240:
4033:
4032:
4023:Theory of Colours
3865:
3864:
3777:Color photography
3729:Color preferences
3672:Impossible colors
3662:Color vision test
3657:Color temperature
3635:Color calibration
3564:Animal coloration
3465:Media related to
3284:10.1002/col.21768
3210:(11): 1318–1319.
2903:Munsell, A.E.O.;
2798:10.1038/1791026a0
2758:10.1002/col.10002
2683:gamma compression
2648:
2644:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2528:
2525:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2493:
2488:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2319:
2291:
2271:
2243:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2105:
2086:
1961:
1889:
1882:
1856:
1841:
1817:
1796:
1788:
1578:
1564:
1465:
1400:
1334:
1123:
966:Dorothy Nickerson
871:
746:Weber–Fechner law
608:{\displaystyle V}
588:{\displaystyle L}
541:{\displaystyle Y}
406:{\displaystyle Z}
386:{\displaystyle X}
366:{\displaystyle Y}
290:subtractive color
194:{\displaystyle L}
108:{\displaystyle J}
4549:
4509:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4299:
4165:Color dimensions
4154:Human skin color
4044:
3921:Analogous colors
3887:
3873:
3799:Color management
3716:Color psychology
3682:Opponent process
3598:Color perception
3517:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3238:
3232:
3227:
3198:Wyszecki, Günter
3194:
3188:
3187:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3106:(1–2): 135–154.
3095:
3089:
3088:
3069:10.1037/h0041403
3050:
3044:
3043:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2900:
2894:
2889:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2741:
2735:
2724:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2623:
2622:
2606:
2605:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2466:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2250:
2245:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1945:
1930:
1929:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1657:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1627:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1548:
1535:
1534:
1500:
1493:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1182:contrast effects
1174:Dorothea Jameson
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1045:
1044:
1029:
1028:
1013:
1012:
964:Sidney Newhall,
955:
953:
952:
947:
942:
941:
917:
916:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
819:
817:
815:
814:
811:
808:
796:
785:
713:
697:
681:
665:
663:
654:
641:Fig. 1b. CIELAB
638:
626:
614:
612:
611:
606:
594:
592:
591:
586:
574:
572:
571:
566:
564:
563:
547:
545:
544:
539:
527:
525:
524:
519:
508:
507:
488:
486:
485:
480:
469:
468:
449:
447:
446:
441:
436:
435:
412:
410:
409:
404:
392:
390:
389:
384:
372:
370:
369:
364:
352:
350:
349:
344:
342:
341:
325:
259:
239:
200:
198:
197:
192:
180:
178:
177:
172:
170:
169:
145:
143:
142:
137:
135:
134:
114:
112:
111:
106:
75:
73:
72:
67:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4487:
4455:
4372:
4290:
4247:
4237:
4160:
4139:Blue in culture
4110:
4029:
3976:Secondary color
3952:
3909:black-and-white
3881:
3874:
3861:
3763:
3749:National colors
3744:Political color
3724:Color symbolism
3710:
3640:Color constancy
3618:Color blindness
3592:
3549:Spectral colors
3506:
3500:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:(also cited as
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3170:(10): 736–740.
3159:
3158:
3154:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3100:Vision Research
3097:
3096:
3092:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2917:(12): 419–425.
2902:
2901:
2897:
2872:(11): 394–411.
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2732:Charles Poynton
2725:
2721:
2716:
2699:
2691:Purkinje effect
2679:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2585:
2549:
2548:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2458:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2411:
2394:
2386:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2342:
2326:
2317:
2273:
2255:
2251:
2217:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2145:contrast effect
2108:
2093:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2033:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1949:
1940:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1844:
1843:
1830:
1829:
1805:
1804:
1791:
1776:
1769:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1606:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1495:
1487:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1427:Günter Wyszecki
1424:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1310:
1309:
1272:
1258:
1257:
1249:functions (per
1235:
1203:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1141:
1111:
1110:
1096:
1095:
1081:
1052:
1036:
1020:
1004:
981:
980:
962:
933:
908:
903:
902:
892:
852:
851:
834:
812:
809:
806:
805:
803:
798:
797:corresponds to
791:
780:
777:magnesium oxide
744:. Aware of the
730:
725:
724:
723:
722:
721:
714:
706:
705:
698:
690:
689:
682:
671:
670:
669:
668:
667:
661:
658:
655:
647:
646:
639:
631:
630:
627:
597:
596:
577:
576:
555:
550:
549:
530:
529:
499:
491:
490:
460:
452:
451:
427:
419:
418:
395:
394:
375:
374:
355:
354:
333:
328:
327:
323:
271:
270:
269:
268:
267:
260:
252:
251:
240:
229:
183:
182:
161:
156:
155:
126:
121:
120:
97:
96:
52:
51:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:Color history
4133:
4132:
4131:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4018:(Schopenhauer)
4011:
4006:
4003:Color analysis
4000:
3998:Color triangle
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3895:
3893:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3804:Color printing
3801:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3739:Kruithof curve
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3611:Sonochromatism
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3457:
3456:External links
3454:
3451:
3450:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3262:
3251:(8): 866–867.
3233:
3189:
3152:
3125:
3090:
3063:(6): 384–404.
3045:
3026:(3): 167–173.
3008:
2989:(5): 270–277.
2971:
2952:(7): 385–418.
2936:
2895:
2854:
2839:
2833:978-0470849026
2832:
2812:
2783:(4568): 1026.
2763:
2736:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2541:
2540:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2500:
2483:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2357:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2141:
2140:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2046:
2045:
2032:
2029:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1909:
1908:
1895:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1698:
1665:
1635:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1510:
1507:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1299:
1298:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1089:Domina Spencer
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
961:
958:
957:
956:
945:
940:
936:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
915:
911:
891:
888:
887:
886:
875:
870:
865:
862:
859:
833:
830:
750:Albert Munsell
729:
726:
715:
708:
707:
699:
692:
691:
683:
676:
675:
674:
673:
672:
656:
649:
648:
640:
633:
632:
628:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
604:
584:
562:
558:
537:
517:
514:
511:
506:
502:
498:
478:
475:
472:
467:
463:
459:
439:
434:
430:
426:
402:
382:
362:
340:
336:
261:
254:
253:
241:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
228:
225:
190:
168:
164:
133:
129:
104:
65:
62:
59:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4555:
4554:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4512:
4504:
4502:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:organizations
4244:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4189:Pastel colors
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Primary color
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Light-on-dark
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3877:
3872:
3858:
3857:Color mapping
3855:
3853:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Color balance
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3759:Chromotherapy
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:Tetrachromacy
3697:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Achromatopsia
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:Chromesthesia
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:Color physics
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:Color science
3509:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2674:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2498:
2481:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2312:
2311:
2296:
2293:
2285:
2282:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2146:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2006:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1697:
1689:
1678:
1664:
1656:
1647:
1634:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1603:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Eastman Kodak
1232:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
979:
978:
977:
975:
971:
967:
959:
943:
938:
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
913:
909:
901:
900:
899:
897:
889:
873:
868:
863:
860:
857:
850:
849:
848:
846:
842:
841:Kasson Gibson
838:
831:
825:
821:
801:
794:
789:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:Munsell value
727:
719:
712:
703:
696:
687:
680:
664:
653:
644:
637:
625:
616:
602:
582:
560:
556:
535:
512:
509:
500:
473:
470:
461:
428:
416:
400:
380:
360:
338:
334:
321:
316:
312:
308:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
265:
258:
249:
245:
238:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
208:
204:
188:
166:
162:
153:
149:
131:
127:
118:
102:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
60:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
24:
19:
4221:Fluorescence
4200:
4184:Colorfulness
4177:Dichromatism
4021:
4013:
3983:Chromaticity
3966:Color mixing
3958:Color theory
3891:Color scheme
3754:Chromophobia
3703:
3459:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3228:
3207:
3201:
3192:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3023:
3017:
3011:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2914:
2908:
2898:
2890:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2822:
2815:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2752:(1): 20–27.
2749:
2745:
2739:
2727:
2722:
2680:
2672:
2542:
2419:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2382:
2379:
2346:
2322:
2142:
2072:
2047:
2034:
1985:
1910:
1721:) ≈ 0.008856
1695:
1687:
1676:
1662:
1654:
1632:
1624:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1512:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1425:
1361:
1359:
1300:
1236:
1171:
1082:
963:
896:Louise Sloan
893:
844:
837:Irwin Priest
835:
799:
792:
781:
772:
768:
767:– Munsell's
764:
763:
731:
717:
701:
685:
659:
642:
317:
313:
309:
302:
287:
272:
262:Fig 2b. The
247:
242:Fig 2a. The
211:
206:
94:
90:
44:
43:
18:
4358:Color chart
4216:Iridescence
4048:Basic terms
4039:Color terms
3993:Color wheel
3988:Color solid
3852:Color space
3838:subtractive
3821:Color model
3692:Unique hues
3588:Colorimetry
3554:Chromophore
3278:(1): 6–15.
3141:(9): 1137.
2905:Sloan, L.L.
1648:which maps
1616:white point
1178:Leo Hurvich
320:color space
305:HSL and HSV
213:Chiaroscuro
146:as used in
115:as used in
78:colorimetry
4537:Photometry
4526:Categories
4378:Shades of:
4211:Brightness
3943:Web colors
3899:Color tool
3882:philosophy
3787:Color cast
3687:Afterimage
3677:Metamerism
3650:Color code
3645:Color task
3628:Dichromacy
2730:(1996) by
2714:References
2703:Brightness
2408:J = 100 (A
2376:h – 45°)|,
2061:J = 100 (A
1243:television
1085:Parry Moon
970:Deane Judd
790:is 97.5%,
298:saturation
4228:Grayscale
4201:Lightness
4196:Luminance
4005:(fashion)
3705:The dress
3467:Lightness
2283:−
2055:CIECAM97s
2005:grey card
1987:far from
1968:−
1927:⋆
1888:otherwise
1741:) ≈ 903.3
1642:> 0.01
1582:−
1532:⋆
1468:−
1445:⋆
1403:−
1380:⋆
1337:−
1303:cube root
1283:−
1247:power-law
1214:−
1050:0.0008404
1031:−
999:−
928:−
818:% ≈ 102.6
561:∗
505:′
466:′
433:′
413:, of the
339:∗
264:Adobe RGB
250:* values.
217:Tenebrism
167:∗
132:∗
49:luminance
45:Lightness
4501:Category
4483:Lighting
4206:Darkness
4026:(Goethe)
3826:additive
3814:Quattron
3085:27613265
3077:13505974
2807:13430776
2697:See also
2025:mid grey
1795:if
1492:< 98%
1488:1% <
1360:Glasser
1034:0.021009
931:0.004743
759:CIECAM02
595:and HSV
117:CIECAM02
4465:Related
4426:Magenta
4351:history
4255:Pantone
3542:Visible
3537:Rainbow
3212:Bibcode
3172:Bibcode
3120:5888593
3028:Bibcode
2991:Bibcode
2954:Bibcode
2919:Bibcode
2874:Bibcode
2785:Bibcode
2374:
2362:
2333:S-curve
2177:
2165:
2161:
2149:
2021:
2009:
2001:
1989:
1739:
1727:
1719:
1707:
1703:
1684:
1670:
1651:
1640:
1621:
1609:CIE XYZ
1607:is the
1499:< 1%
1018:0.23951
1002:0.23111
816:
804:
575:. HSL
221:shading
203:Munsell
36:in the
4542:Vision
4478:Qualia
4473:Vision
4421:Purple
4416:Violet
4396:Yellow
4391:Orange
4086:Orange
4081:Purple
4071:Yellow
3505:topics
3118:
3083:
3075:
2830:
2805:
2777:Nature
2410:sample
2063:sample
1600:where
1514:CIELAB
1406:18.38.
1362:et al.
1340:1.636.
1286:1.324.
993:1.2219
968:, and
922:1.4742
324:fig. 1
283:chroma
152:CIELUV
148:CIELAB
32:Three
4532:Color
4511:Index
4451:Black
4441:White
4436:Brown
4401:Green
4303:Lists
4295:Names
4277:(CIE)
4246:Color
4106:Brown
4101:White
4091:Black
4061:Green
3880:Color
3576:Water
3532:Light
3503:Color
3229:Note:
3081:S2CID
2891:Note:
2468:27.13
2414:white
2341:white
2067:white
1679:* = 0
1388:25.29
1322:2.468
1278:0.352
1270:2.217
1217:1.52.
1209:0.343
1201:2.357
1147:0.426
1131:0.426
1121:19.77
784:= 100
765:Note.
288:In a
207:value
86:color
4446:Gray
4431:Pink
4411:Blue
4406:Cyan
4096:Gray
4076:Pink
4056:Blue
3843:CMYK
3244:JOSA
3203:JOSA
3163:JOSA
3116:PMID
3073:PMID
3019:JOSA
2982:JOSA
2910:JOSA
2865:JOSA
2828:ISBN
2803:PMID
2656:0.25
2521:0.42
2456:1220
2392:2002
2348:the
2343:+ 3)
2329:cd/m
2286:0.73
2031:1997
1802:>
1509:1976
1422:1964
1356:1958
1233:1955
1176:and
1168:1944
1087:and
1079:1943
960:1943
890:1933
832:1920
813:97.5
795:= 10
732:The
489:and
393:and
281:and
244:sRGB
215:and
150:and
80:and
34:hues
4386:Red
4172:Hue
4066:Red
3831:RGB
3280:doi
3253:doi
3220:doi
3180:doi
3143:doi
3108:doi
3065:doi
3036:doi
2999:doi
2962:doi
2927:doi
2882:doi
2793:doi
2781:179
2754:doi
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2215:122
2065:/ A
1971:16.
1935:116
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1674:to
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1471:17.
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279:hue
275:HCL
119:or
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2085:cz
2018:58
2012:33
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