474:
serving directly under him. Shanibov would later bemoan
Basayev's shift to radical Islamism, saying that the War in Abkhazia was a time "in those days when Shamil still took my orders." CMPC involvement was critical to Abkhazia successfully obtaining independence, and Shanibov was revered in Abkhazia
501:
In 1996 Shanibov announced the suspension of the CMPC, citing the attempts of other groups to seek out the CMPC to settle conflicts. For the remainder of his life, Shanibov was relatively quiet, though he continued to give interviews and attended a 2017 ceremony celebrating foreign volunteers of the
437:
Within his native
Kabardino-Balkaria, Shanibov was also developing a reputation as a leading politician of the pro-democratic opposition to the former communist leadership, which had begun to reconsolidate power in the region. Shanibov and the CMPC led efforts against incumbent
532:. In 1993, he delivered a speech in front of the North Caucasian volunteers, urging them to "kill, hack, cut off ears and noses of Georgians". Many of those actions were reported to be committed against Georgian civilians and they were classified as ethnic cleansing.
111:
320:
from its founding until 1996. Popularly known as the "Garibaldi of the
Caucasus", Shanibov led a largely-unsuccessful campaign for the region's nations to achieve independence from Russia and commanded volunteer troops in both the 1992–1993
449:
efforts to achieve greater autonomy, calling for the separation of
Kabardians and Balkars into two separate republics along a 1863 border agreement. The agreement would have halved the amount of territory controlled by ethnic Balkars.
939:"We need to learn how to kill, hack, cut off noses of Georgians" - Musa Shanibov, a leader of North Caucasian islamists, openly states what kind of war crimes they will commit against Georgians in Abkhazian war of 1992-1993
453:
Shanibov was arrested in
September 1992 on charges of causing political unrest as Kabardians and Balkars continued to clash. Shortly afterwards, however, he escaped prison amidst violent protests by his supporters (though
469:
Shanibov's CMPC expressed overt support for Abkhaz independence efforts and began militarising itself in an effort to fight
Georgia. Shanibov commanded CMPC troops during the war, with future Chechen militant leader
430:, where a conflict between Abkhaz and Georgian nationalists was already beginning to become violent. The CMPC supported the Abkhaz drive for independence, and additionally provided backing to the 1991
458:
argued this escape was engineered by the
Kabardino-Balkarian government to deescalate tensions). His escape earned him widespread popularity in the Caucasus, and he came to be widely described as "
342:
494:
was viewed by the CMPC as a sign of political hubris, and
Shanibov would later fail to support Chechnya militarily (despite publicly vowing to do so) after the beginning of the
1003:
551:
423:
317:
71:
746:
478:
At the same time, within Russia, Shanibov's achievements were also bearing fruit. The three ethnically-Circassian republics of Russia (Kabardino-Balkaria,
529:
523:
326:
1013:
1008:
993:
397:'s accession to the leadership of the Soviet Union, and a 1968 thesis on self-government brought additional unwanted attention. Prior to the
998:
378:
197:
814:
706:
455:
349:). However, his true birthdate could be as much as a year earlier, owing to poor record-keeping and the occupation of the region by
619:
466:
322:
269:
590:
439:
398:
20:
1023:
1018:
491:
806:
365:
tribe, and his father was killed after having been ousted as an anti-communist by his neighbour. A participant in the
711:""RUSSIA'S TINDERBOX": Conflict in the North Caucasus and its Implications for the Future of the Russian Federation"
855:
742:
1028:
151:
911:
370:
218:
445:, who was accused of violently cracking down on CMPC-backed dissent. Further, Shanibov was an opponent of
983:
374:
222:
938:
402:
106:
886:[Caucasus peoples unite against Georgia: Abkhaz War veterans ready to remember the old days].
988:
860:
487:
390:
434:. Concurrent with his taking on the CMPC's leadership, Shanibov changed his name from Yuri to Musa.
836:
751:
479:
951:
459:
431:
264:
163:
884:"Народы Кавказа объединились против Грузии: ветераны абхазской войны готовы тряхнуть стариной"
810:
773:
495:
413:
680:"How to Feud and Rebel: 2. Histories, Cultures and Grievances of the Chechens and Albanians"
416:
with calls for democracy and a "common
Caucasian home". On 25 August 1989 he was elected as
290:
914:[Musa Shanibov is the second patient to die from COVID-19 in Kabardino-Balkaria].
409:
394:
883:
647:
471:
977:
782:
656:
346:
147:
408:
Amidst the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Shanibov initially styled himself after
651:
442:
354:
350:
337:
Yuri
Mukhamedovich Shanibov was officially born on 29 December 1936 in the town of
159:
155:
490:, acquiring widespread autonomy. The rejection of the Treaty of Federation by the
710:
552:"Musa Shanibov, Former president of the Confederation of Peoples of the Caucasus"
358:
203:
505:
Shanibov died in Kabardino-Balkaria on 28 April 2020 due to complications from
585:
362:
213:
24:
386:
916:
912:"Муса Шанибов — второй пациент, умерший от COVID-19 в Кабардино-Балкарии"
506:
382:
366:
831:
777:
679:
446:
427:
338:
143:
32:
888:
483:
418:
953:
International Society: To Bring a Verdict on the Tragedy of Abkhazia
509:. He was the second individual in the region to die from COVID-19.
316:, was a Circassian politician and revolutionary who led the
588:[Abkhazia says goodbye to their Musa Shanibov].
343:
Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
832:"Circassians and the Politics of Genocide Recognition"
393:, Shanibov's career prospects were stalled following
856:"Caucasus unofficial body reemerges, backs Abkhazia"
620:"A Hero of His Times: Yuri/Musa Shanibov, 1936-2020"
257:
249:
241:
236:
228:
212:
188:
180:
170:
128:
123:
100:
88:
66:
46:
652:"Musa Shanib in the Caucasus: a political odyssey"
424:Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
318:Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
253:Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
72:Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
586:"В Абхазии прощаются со своим Мусой Шанибовым"
345:, or the town of Staraya Krepost (now part of
959:. Supreme Council of Abkhazian AR. p. 37
8:
1004:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia
43:
803:Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus
530:ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia
524:Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia
405:at Kabardino-Balkarian State University.
401:Shanibov taught courses on sociology and
327:ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia
540:
16:Circassian revolutionary (c. 1936–2020)
7:
778:"Postmodernity's Unexpected Arrival"
737:
735:
718:Defense Technical Information Center
701:
699:
697:
642:
640:
618:Derluguian, Georgi (28 April 2020).
613:
611:
609:
579:
577:
575:
573:
546:
544:
379:Kabardino-Balkarian State University
377:, and he became a professor at the
198:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
747:"IN CAUCASUS, A CALDRON OF STRIFE"
369:movement, Shanibov graduated from
14:
584:Shariya, Vitaly (29 April 2020).
591:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
475:for his military achievements.
399:dissolution of the Soviet Union
375:Candidate of Political Sciences
1014:Foreign volunteers in Chechnya
1009:European democratic socialists
528:Musa Shanibov was involved in
84:25 August 1989 – 1996
1:
830:Catic, Maja (December 2015).
690:(1/2): 252 – via JSTOR.
518:Ethnic cleansing of Georgians
298:
136:
21:Eastern Slavic naming customs
492:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
999:Circassian people of Russia
920:(in Russian). 29 April 2020
892:(in Russian). 29 April 2008
807:University of Chicago Press
801:Derluguian, Georgi (2005).
381:, additionally joining the
312:) and also known simply as
306:Yuri Mukhamedovich Shanibov
270:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
133:Yuri Mukhamedovich Shanibov
1045:
950:Gamakharia, Jemal (2005).
521:
465:With the beginning of the
287:Musa Magomedovich Shanibov
176:Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia
174:28 April 2020 (aged 83–85)
19:In this name that follows
18:
325:. He was involved in the
309:
294:
280:
232:Garibaldi of the Caucasus
119:
77:
62:
53:
994:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
678:ten Dam, Caspar (2011).
310:Юрий Мухамедович Шанибов
295:Муса Магомедович Шанибов
152:Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR
54:
844:(10) – via JSTOR.
684:Iran & the Caucasus
371:Rostov State University
304:– 28 April 2020), born
219:Rostov State University
790:(4) – via JSTOR.
341:, the capital of the
861:Jamestown Foundation
720:. pp. 25–26, 61
488:Treaty of Federation
391:democratic socialism
389:. As a supporter of
95:Position established
1024:Soviet sociologists
1019:People from Nalchik
864:. 26 September 1995
837:Europe-Asia Studies
752:The Washington Post
745:(25 October 1992).
650:(11 October 2005).
480:Karachay-Cherkessia
462:of the Caucasus".
432:Chechen Revolution
265:Georgian Civil War
164:Kabardino-Balkaria
776:, Georgi (2019).
502:War in Abkhazia.
496:First Chechen War
486:) all signed the
414:Mikhail Gorbachev
361:, from the tribe
357:. His family was
284:
283:
107:Yusup Soslambekov
1036:
969:
968:
966:
964:
958:
947:
941:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
880:
874:
873:
871:
869:
852:
846:
845:
827:
821:
820:
798:
792:
791:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
739:
730:
729:
727:
725:
715:
703:
692:
691:
675:
669:
668:
666:
664:
644:
635:
634:
632:
630:
615:
604:
603:
601:
599:
581:
568:
567:
565:
563:
548:
403:Marxism–Leninism
311:
303:
300:
296:
237:Military service
141:
138:
124:Personal details
115:
103:
91:
82:
57:
44:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1029:Revolutionaries
974:
973:
972:
962:
960:
956:
949:
948:
944:
937:
933:
923:
921:
910:
909:
905:
895:
893:
882:
881:
877:
867:
865:
854:
853:
849:
829:
828:
824:
817:
800:
799:
795:
772:
771:
767:
757:
755:
741:
740:
733:
723:
721:
713:
705:
704:
695:
677:
676:
672:
662:
660:
648:de Waal, Thomas
646:
645:
638:
628:
626:
617:
616:
607:
597:
595:
583:
582:
571:
561:
559:
558:. 28 April 2020
550:
549:
542:
538:
526:
520:
515:
467:War in Abkhazia
410:Andrei Sakharov
395:Leonid Brezhnev
335:
323:War in Abkhazia
301:
276:
208:
190:
189:Other political
181:Political party
175:
148:Staraya Krepost
142:
139:
135:
134:
109:
101:
89:
83:
78:
58:
55:
49:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
976:
975:
971:
970:
942:
931:
903:
875:
847:
822:
815:
809:. p. 61.
793:
765:
743:Dobbs, Michael
731:
693:
670:
636:
605:
569:
539:
537:
534:
522:Main article:
519:
516:
514:
511:
472:Shamil Basayev
334:
331:
282:
281:
278:
277:
275:
274:
273:
272:
261:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
243:
239:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
216:
210:
209:
207:
206:
201:
194:
192:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
132:
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
104:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
75:
74:
64:
63:
60:
59:
51:
50:
47:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1041:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
979:
955:
954:
946:
943:
940:
935:
932:
919:
918:
913:
907:
904:
891:
890:
885:
879:
876:
863:
862:
857:
851:
848:
843:
839:
838:
833:
826:
823:
818:
816:9780226142821
812:
808:
804:
797:
794:
789:
785:
784:
783:Slavic Review
779:
775:
769:
766:
754:
753:
748:
744:
738:
736:
732:
719:
712:
708:
702:
700:
698:
694:
689:
685:
681:
674:
671:
659:
658:
657:OpenDemocracy
653:
649:
643:
641:
637:
625:
621:
614:
612:
610:
606:
593:
592:
587:
580:
578:
576:
574:
570:
557:
553:
547:
545:
541:
535:
533:
531:
525:
517:
513:Controversies
512:
510:
508:
503:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
473:
468:
463:
461:
457:
451:
448:
444:
441:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
330:
328:
324:
319:
315:
307:
292:
288:
279:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
215:
211:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
193:
187:
183:
179:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
131:
127:
122:
118:
113:
108:
105:
99:
96:
93:
87:
81:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
52:
48:Musa Shanibov
45:
42:
38:
34:
31: and the
30:
26:
22:
984:1930s births
961:. Retrieved
952:
945:
934:
922:. Retrieved
915:
906:
894:. Retrieved
887:
878:
866:. Retrieved
859:
850:
841:
835:
825:
802:
796:
787:
781:
768:
756:. Retrieved
750:
722:. Retrieved
717:
687:
683:
673:
661:. Retrieved
655:
627:. Retrieved
624:Abkhaz World
623:
596:. Retrieved
594:(in Russian)
589:
560:. Retrieved
556:Abkhaz World
555:
527:
504:
500:
477:
464:
452:
443:Valery Kokov
436:
417:
407:
355:World War II
351:Nazi Germany
336:
313:
305:
286:
285:
258:Battles/wars
223:K. polit. N.
200:(until 1989)
191:affiliations
160:Soviet Union
156:Russian SFSR
102:Succeeded by
94:
79:
67:
56:Муса Шанибов
41:
36:
29:Magomedovich
28:
989:2020 deaths
707:Hill, Fiona
314:Musa Shanib
302: 1936
204:Adyghe Hase
140: 1936
110: [
90:Preceded by
33:family name
978:Categories
774:Derluguian
536:References
456:Fiona Hill
426:(CMPC) in
359:Circassian
308:(Russian:
242:Allegiance
214:Alma mater
25:patronymic
963:3 January
924:3 January
896:3 January
868:3 January
758:3 January
724:3 January
663:3 January
629:3 January
598:3 January
562:3 January
460:Garibaldi
440:President
387:Militsiya
363:Kabardian
333:Biography
166:, Russia)
80:In office
917:OC Media
507:COVID-19
383:Komsomol
250:Commands
245:Abkhazia
229:Nickname
37:Shanibov
428:Sukhumi
422:of the
367:Sixtier
353:during
339:Nalchik
291:Russian
144:Nalchik
70:of the
889:NEWSru
813:
484:Adygea
482:, and
447:Balkar
419:tamada
347:Baksan
68:Tamada
23:, the
957:(PDF)
714:(PDF)
373:as a
162:(now
114:]
965:2024
926:2024
898:2024
870:2024
811:ISBN
760:2024
726:2024
665:2024
631:2024
600:2024
564:2024
412:and
385:and
184:CMPC
171:Died
129:Born
146:or
35:is
27:is
980::
858:.
842:67
840:.
834:.
805:.
788:77
786:.
780:.
749:.
734:^
716:.
709:.
696:^
688:15
686:.
682:.
654:.
639:^
622:.
608:^
572:^
554:.
543:^
498:.
329:.
299:c.
297:;
293::
158:,
154:,
150:,
137:c.
112:ru
967:.
928:.
900:.
872:.
819:.
762:.
728:.
667:.
633:.
602:.
566:.
289:(
221:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.