730:. She asked 'Abd al-Aziz why his guests did not bow to him as they used to do in the presence of his father. It was reported that he began to force guests to bow to him. It was rumoured that he had secretly become a Christian, and a group of Arabs assassinated him, cut off his head and sent it to the caliph. Sulayman had Musa in his audience when the head arrived, and seeing whose it was, callously asked Musa if he recognized it. Musa maintained his dignity, saying he recognized it as belonging to someone who had always practiced the faith fervently, and cursed the men who had killed him. Another son, Abd Allah, who had acted as governor of
581:, and the entire Visigoth nobility was all but exterminated at the battle. The Muslims then marched towards Córdoba, bypassing several strong fortifications. The well-defended city fell, and Tariq established a garrison there consisting mainly of the city's Jews who welcomed the invaders, having been subjected to conversion from the Visigoths for centuries. Tariq then continued on his way to
464:
1331:, Yale University Press, 1932. Spanish translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African and Spanish parts of Torrey's Arabic text: "Conquista de Africa del Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966. An online copy of an older and less reliable (19th-century) English translation of the portion dealing only with Spain is at:
701:
became temporarily in charge, and asked Musa, who was arriving with a cavalcade of soldiers and spoils, to delay his grand entry into the city. He most certainly intended to claim the glories brought from the conquest for himself. But Musa dismissed this request, triumphantly entered
Damascus anyway,
576:
crossed the strait with approximately 7,000 Berbers and Arabs, and landed at
Gibraltar (from Jebel Tariq, meaning Tariq's mountain in Arabic). The expedition's purpose must have been to conduct further raids and explore the territory. Tariq's army contained some guides supplied by Julian. Three weeks
353:
attacks. Musa bin Nusayr was then sent to renew the attacks against the
Berbers. But he did not impose Islam by force, rather, he respected Berber traditions and used diplomacy in subjugating them. This proved highly successful, as many Berbers converted to Islam and even entered his army as soldiers
820:
used Musa's decline in fortune as an object lesson in the vagaries of human existence, with some exaggerations: "Musa, who had conquered half the inhabited world, who had acquired so many riches, died in poverty, begging alms from passers-by, after having been abandoned by the last of his servants.
640:
on the
Mediterranean, that his followers will not be killed, taken prisoner, forced into Islam, and that their churches will not be burned. It also demanded that Theodemir not encourage or support others to resist the Muslims, and that he and every citizen of his dominion pay an annual tax in money
803:
to the deserts of Spain and came upon a city that was surrounded by walls with no entrance. Those who attempted to look over the wall became entranced and jumped, laughing deliriously. Musa then proceeded to a nearby lake, which contained copper jars. When opened, a genie emerged from each one.
710:
then died a few days later and was succeeded by his brother
Sulayman, who demanded that Musa deliver up all his spoils. When Musa complained, Sulayman stripped him of his rank and confiscated all the booty, including the table which had reputedly once belonged to
604:
pretended to be
Christian reinforcements and managed to convince the guards into opening the gates. Once inside, the "reinforcements", nearly 700, overwhelmed the guards and managed to keep the gates open for the Muslims to enter the city and capture it.
661:. Musa chose to ignore this order temporarily, knowing that if he did not continue his advance, Visigoth resistance may increase and turn the tables against the Muslims. Having done so, he continued with Tariq to the north; Musa heading for
446:, while giving him cause for conquest by telling him of the riches that would be found, and of the many palaces, gardens and beauties of Hispania. Legend tells that Julian wished for the fall of the Visigothic kingdom because his daughter,
821:
Overcome by shame and misery, he wished for death, and God gave it to him. I only mention the details of Musa's death to give my contemporaries, who are poorly read, a striking example of the vicissitudes of human life."
1250:
It has been suggested that this life of Musa originated with an
Egyptian descendant of his son Marwan, in the 2nd half of the 9th century: M. Makki, "Egipto y los orígenes de la historiografía árabe-española",
628:, or Tudmir as he was called by the Muslims, surrendered to 'Abd al-Aziz after several hard-fought engagements in April 713. The terms imposed on Theodemir declared that the duke would keep the citadel of
644:
Musa finally met up with Tariq where there was an argument over the latter's booty, which reportedly included a gold table covered with gems and other precious stones that had reputedly once belonged to
1323:
of portion of this 9th century work covering the period: "The
Mohammedan conquest of Egypt and North Africa in the Years 643-705 A.D., translated from the Original Arabic of Ibn 'Abd-el Hakem'",
612:, who would return to Seville to deal with an uprising. 'Abd al-Aziz made short work of the rebellion. He then conducted several campaigns on the return journey in the territories of Lusitania.
1509:
813:, in which Musa encounters many other marvels, such as a palace filled with jewels, whose only human occupant was the embalmed corpse of a beautiful woman, guarded by two robot warriors.
697:
Both conquerors of Spain were therefore summoned by the caliph to
Damascus. Tariq arrived first, according to some accounts. But then the caliph was taken ill. So the caliph's brother,
1168:
See, for example, article by Ahmed Benabbès cited below which analyzes this tendency. Brunschvig, cited below, has stated that medieval historians could be divided into those
608:
After Mérida, Musa divided his forces, taking the majority with him to meet Tariq at Toledo where he would remain for winter. The remainder of his forces were led by his son '
588:
Musa, learning of Tariq's successes, landed in Iberia with an army of 18,000 Berbers and Arabs. He planned to rendezvous with Tariq at Toledo, but first proceeded to take
795:
Less than 200 years after his death, Musa ibn Nusayr became the subject of fantastic legends. These tales were first recorded in the late 9th or early 10th century by
1912:
746:
pilgrimage with
Sulayman in about the year 715–716. Because of his disgrace, and the misfortunes of his sons, there was a tendency among medieval historians of the
311:) who gave him his freedom. He returned to Syria where Musa was born at a place called Kafarmara or Kafarmathra. The date of his birth has been given as 640.
1631:
130:
1867:
853:
1882:
1495:
1518:
1469:
592:, which Tariq had bypassed, and where Musa met stiff resistance, and succeeded after three months of siege. He then campaigned in the province of
1586:
1907:
1872:
1801:
1601:
1561:
1902:
1116:
1086:
1060:
326:. There was some quarrel over missing tax money, and Musa was given the choice: pay a huge fine, or pay with his head. His father's patron,
1551:
1596:
830:, which contains a lengthy description of his deeds accompanied by many supposed speeches and sayings. Unlike many other authors, such as
536:
327:
300:
1679:
1641:
572:
where the raiding force returned with a booty captured without any reported resistance, Musa decided to land a larger invasion force.
508:
304:
1349:
555:
1502:
577:
after his landing, the Muslims were faced with a superior Visigoth royal army of 100,000 troops under Roderic. The Muslims won the
1892:
1887:
1646:
843:
515:
485:
371:
1616:
1606:
919:, states this is Mt. Galilee, presumably intending the reader to infer the place of that name near Jerusalem. But according to
1591:
1581:
685:. The Islamic conquest of Iberia now complete, Musa proceeded to place governors and prefects throughout the newly conquered
489:
188:
799:, who wrote that Musa was ordered by the caliph to investigate reports of a strange city called al-Baht. Musa marched from
657:
to inform him of the situation in Hispania, had returned. The Caliph requested Musa to withdraw and to report in person to
522:
1674:
1556:
1897:
1636:
1571:
1281:
1033:
966:
946:
916:
890:
848:
420:(Note: Most of what follows in this section is to be found first in Ibn Abd al-Hakam, then repeated by others, e.g. the
415:
289:
245:
193:
1626:
809:
504:
288:(633). According to this account, he was an Arab Christian who was one of a number being held hostage there. However,
1327:
vol. 1 (1901), 279-330 (covers North Africa only, not Spain). Critical Arabic edition of the whole work published by
734:
after Musa, was executed on the orders of the caliph on suspicion of having had killed the man who had replaced him.
474:
1827:
1621:
1566:
1383:
493:
478:
330:, had a high opinion of Musa, and paid the ransom; he was later responsible for appointing Musa to be governor of
284:
confederation. One account stated that Musa's father was taken captive after the fall of the Mesopotamian city of
1747:
1576:
1546:
925:
698:
442:, had encouraged him to invade Iberia, telling him of the people's sufferings and the injustice of their king,
1832:
1706:
1701:
596:, eliminating the remaining Gothic resistance there. His last destination before meeting Tariq was to subdue
1791:
319:
74:
58:
422:
1877:
1711:
1686:
1435:
1226:
439:
342:
1762:
1752:
1452:
1328:
1320:
1286:
826:
285:
1806:
1796:
617:
529:
1541:
1479:
1046:
719:
650:
625:
609:
435:
144:
1862:
1857:
766:
578:
824:
Probably the most extensive work to be inspired by the life of Musa is a section of the anonymous
1611:
249:
666:
1732:
1716:
1345:
1112:
1082:
1076:
1056:
1050:
253:
230:
176:
1782:
1772:
1696:
1312:
1156:
1144:
1078:
The Sword of Islam: A.D. 565 to 740 : the Muslim Onslaught All But Destroys Christendom
990:
954:
831:
597:
447:
391:
323:
268:
Various suggestions have been made as to his ancestry. Some say his father belonged to the
1822:
1669:
1462:
1407:
Robert Brunschvig, "Ibn 'Abdalh'akam et la conquête de l'Afrique du Nord par les Arabes."
1340:
A. Benabbès: "Les premiers raids arabes en Numidie Byzantine: questions toponymiques." In
1132:
1021:
920:
807:
A more extensive version of the same legend is recorded in "The City of Brass," a tale in
621:
573:
355:
211:
600:, capital of Lusitania. After five months of siege and inconclusive fighting, a group of
706:, which brought Musa and Tariq unprecedented popularity amongst the people of Damascus.
378:
not to be subordinate to the governor of Egypt. He was the first Muslim general to take
1332:
1102:
674:
670:
1851:
1767:
1291:
759:
682:
582:
434:
Muslim and Christian sources quote that while Musa bin Nusayr was eager to cross the
1418:
M.J. Viguera Molina, "The Muslim settlement of Spania/al-Andalus", p. 13-38 in
1135:
for more details of the supposed disagreements, accounts of which vary considerably.
769:
is named for Musa bin Nusayr according to the 14th-century Berber Muslim geographer
1369:
1355:
1238:
1213:
817:
796:
637:
293:
237:
1487:
1106:
1737:
770:
463:
689:, before returning to Damascus with most of the booty captured from the Jihad.
1691:
1522:
1391:
858:
707:
703:
686:
654:
277:
257:
233:
62:
1757:
1742:
1309:, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol. 1, Madrid, 1867.
593:
350:
281:
273:
1442:
1267:
1020:
It is not completely certain that Tariq was a Berber. See the article on
978:
950:
934:
894:
877:
800:
784:
776:
751:
731:
662:
658:
633:
629:
379:
375:
367:
345:
was sent to continue the Islamic conquest in North Africa all the way to
331:
308:
269:
241:
37:
1305:. Arabic text edited with Spanish translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara,
1003:
1274:. Spanish translation of extracts relating to Spain, E. Vidal Beltran,
747:
727:
723:
712:
646:
613:
589:
443:
403:
399:
387:
374:
and of the Balearic Islands and Sardinia. He was the first governor of
346:
33:
953:(p. 41 of Spanish translation) says that some say he was liberated by
929:, the name applies to mountains which extend up the coast of Syria to
949:, p. 397 of English translation; the same in other sources, although
678:
569:
108:
993:, p. 329 of the English translation, p. 203 of Torrey's Arabic text.
620:
were captured in the spring of 714. 'Abd al-Aziz then campaigned in
394:
navy and he built a navy that would go on to conquer the islands of
665:, to which he lay siege, while Tariq continued to the provinces of
438:
to Hispania, he determined to do so only when a Visigoth nobleman,
1401:(9th-10th century?). English translation: Appendix E of Gayangos'
601:
395:
120:
930:
755:
743:
383:
315:
226:
1491:
1159:, pp. 213–214 of Arabic text, pp. 55–56 of Spanish translation.
1147:, pp. 212–213 of Arabic text, pp. 51–52 of Spanish translation.
457:
1362:(1681). French translation by E. Pellisier & E. Rémusat,
1253:
Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid
677:. Musa continued after taking Zaragoza to the north, taking
386:, effectively taking control of all of the northern half of
1185:
Norris, H.T. (1959), "Ibn Battutah's Andalusian Journey",
854:
Timeline of the Muslim Occupation of the Iberian peninsula
1420:
The Foundation of al-Andalus. Part 1: History and Society
349:. He was relieved of his command for allowing continuing
292:, relating the same events, states he was an Arab of the
1052:
God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570-1215
358:
who would lead the later Islamic expedition in Iberia.
568:
After a successful minor raid on the Spanish coast at
390:. He also had to deal with constant attacks from the
16:
Arab military commander provincial governor (640-716)
1815:
1781:
1725:
1662:
1655:
1529:
1303:
Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā
969:, p. 397 of English translation, and editor's note.
876:Editor's note, p. 41 of the Spanish translation of
182:
172:
167:
159:
137:
126:
114:
99:
94:
80:
68:
54:
32:
21:
1403:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain.
1388:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain.
299:As a slave, Musa's father entered the service of
1081:. Christian History Project. 2004. p. 243.
1422:(ed. M. Martin), Ashgate, UK, 1998 (vol. 46 of
426:, with more detail but little real variation.)
783:, mentions that Musa Ibn Nusayr was buried in
1503:
1424:The Foundation of the Classical Islamic World
382:and occupy it; his troops also conquered the
8:
1342:Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique
1278:, Textos Medievales vol. 53, Zaragoza, 1982.
889:These conflicting accounts are mentioned by
834:, the work is entirely favourable to Musa.
492:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
131:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr
1659:
1510:
1496:
1488:
1429:
1317:Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus
1201:المسالك والممالك (al-Masalik wa al-Mamlik)
1111:(2004 ed.). Kegan Paul. p. 109.
296:tribe, from Jabal al-Jalīl in Palestine .
272:clan of semi-nomads who lived east of the
229:general and governor who served under the
18:
1409:Annales de l'Institut d'Etudes Orientales
632:and several other settlements, including
556:Learn how and when to remove this message
256:and part of what is now southern France (
1024:for a list of the several possibilities.
750:to attribute his deeds (the conquest of
702:and brought the booty before the ailing
653:(the Roman) who had been sent to Caliph
280:, while others claim he belonged to the
236:. He ruled over the Muslim provinces of
1411:, v. 6 (1942–44) 108-155. Reprinted in
915:Hitti, on p. 397 of his translation of
869:
370:and was responsible for completing the
1913:One Thousand and One Nights characters
366:In 698, Musa was made the governor of
1390:vol. 1. 1840. English translation of
1360:Al-Mu’nis fi Akhbar Ifriqiya wa Tunis
322:, together with the caliph's brother
7:
1426:series). Reviews all Arabic sources.
1225:The tale of "The City of Brass", in
1216:, pp. 108–112 of French translation.
669:and Castile, capturing the towns of
490:adding citations to reliable sources
1356:Muhammad ibn Abi Dinar al-Qayrawānī
215:
1376:. French translation by H. Massé:
1241:, pp. 60–61 of French translation.
1055:. W. W. Norton. pp. 119–120.
14:
1868:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
906:English translation, pp. 396–397.
893:(p. 362 of English translation),
742:Musa died naturally while on the
354:and officers, possibly including
1436:Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani
1296:The Origins of the Islamic State
1036:, p. 362 of English translation.
844:Umayyad conquest of North Africa
462:
1883:Umayyad governors of Al-Andalus
1108:A Short History of the Saracens
981:, p. 42 of Spanish translation.
897:(p. 41 of Spanish translation).
649:. Meanwhile, Musa's messenger,
1415:, 40 (1975), pp. 129–179.
1229:'s edition vol. 6, pp. 86–121.
189:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
1:
1908:Al-Andalus military personnel
1873:Umayyad governors of Ifriqiya
1344:, University of Rouen, 2005 (
1335:The Islamic conquest of Spain
1272:Kitāb al-masālik w'al-mamālik
450:, had been raped by Roderic.
314:Musa was made co-governor of
222:
103:
1903:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
1325:Biblical and Semitic Studies
849:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
416:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
194:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
816:The 17th-century historian
810:One Thousand and One Nights
681:and reaching as far as the
505:"Musa ibn Nusayr in Iberia"
338:Islamic conquest of Maghreb
1931:
1399:Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa
1384:Pascual de Gayangos y Arce
1319:. English translation by
827:Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa
413:
1552:al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman
1476:
1467:
1459:
1449:
1440:
1432:
699:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
201:
90:
43:
28:
1647:Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman
1378:Abrégé du Livre des Pays
1370:Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadānī
1214:Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadānī
1187:The Geographical Journal
372:conquest of North Africa
1893:8th-century Arab people
1888:7th-century Arab people
1255:, v. 5, 157–248 (1957).
781:al-Maslik wa al-Mamalik
276:and were allies of the
1632:Abu'l-Khattar al-Husam
1597:Muhammad ibn Abd Allah
1470:Governor of Al-Andalus
926:Kitāb mu'jam al-buldān
624:. The Duke of Murcia,
440:Julian, Count of Ceuta
410:Conquest of Al-Andalus
328:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan
307:and son of the caliph
301:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan
1712:Abdallah ibn Muhammad
1582:Hudhaifa ibn al-Ahwas
1364:Histoire de l'Afrique
1333:Medieval Sourcebook:
1287:Kitab Futuh al-Buldan
1047:Lewis, David Levering
225:640 – c. 716) was an
1592:al-Haytham ibn Ubayd
1587:Uthman ibn Abi Nis'a
1480:Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa
1443:Governor of Ifriqiya
1199:al-Bakri (c. 1048).
720:Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa
718:One of Musa's sons,
486:improve this section
436:Straits of Gibraltar
252:that controlled the
244:), and directed the
145:Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa
75:Hassan ibn al-Nu'man
1898:7th-century Muslims
1807:Al-Qasim ibn Hammud
1797:Al-Qasim ibn Hammud
1572:Udhra ibn Abd Allah
1276:Geografia de España
1131:See the article on
1049:(12 January 2009).
579:Battle of Guadalete
343:Hasan ibn al-Nu'man
1675:Al-Ala ibn Mughith
1627:Thalaba ibn Salama
1612:Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj
1453:Muhammad ibn Yazid
1394:and other authors.
765:The Moroccan peak
693:Return to Damascus
250:Visigothic Kingdom
152:Abd Allah ibn Musa
86:Muhammad ibn Yazid
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1733:Abd al-Rahman III
1717:Abd al-Rahman III
1637:Tuwaba ibn Salama
1567:Anbasa ibn Suhaym
1557:al-Samh ibn Malik
1519:Umayyad governors
1486:
1485:
1477:Succeeded by
1450:Succeeded by
1380:, Damascus, 1973.
1118:978-0-7103-0918-1
1088:978-0-9689873-4-6
1062:978-0-393-06790-3
641:and other goods.
566:
565:
558:
540:
305:governor of Egypt
254:Iberian Peninsula
205:
204:
177:Umayyad Caliphate
1920:
1773:Abd al-Rahman IV
1697:Abd ar-Rahman II
1660:
1577:Yahya ibn Salama
1512:
1505:
1498:
1489:
1460:Preceded by
1433:Preceded by
1430:
1313:Ibn Abd al-Hakam
1290:, translated by
1256:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1166:
1160:
1157:Ibn Abd al-Hakam
1154:
1148:
1145:Ibn Abd al-Hakam
1142:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1000:
994:
991:Ibn Abd al-Hakam
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
944:
938:
913:
907:
904:
898:
887:
881:
874:
832:Ibn Abd al-Hakam
726:who was wife of
561:
554:
550:
547:
541:
539:
498:
466:
458:
448:Florinda la Cava
324:Bishr ibn Marwan
246:Islamic conquest
224:
217:
168:Military service
105:
95:Personal details
83:
71:
48:
19:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1837:
1823:Abd al-Rahman V
1816:Umayyad caliphs
1811:
1777:
1726:Umayyad caliphs
1721:
1670:Abd al-Rahman I
1651:
1547:Ayyub ibn Habib
1537:Musa ibn Nusayr
1525:
1516:
1482:
1473:
1465:
1463:Tariq ibn-Ziyad
1455:
1446:
1438:
1374:Kitāb al-buldān
1264:
1259:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1133:Tariq bin Ziyad
1130:
1126:
1119:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1022:Tariq bin Ziyad
1019:
1015:
1008:ww38.tarikhe.me
1002:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
973:
965:
961:
945:
941:
914:
910:
905:
901:
888:
884:
875:
871:
867:
840:
793:
740:
695:
651:Mughith al-Rumi
574:Tariq bin Ziyad
562:
551:
545:
542:
499:
497:
483:
467:
456:
432:
418:
412:
364:
356:Tariq bin Ziyad
340:
266:
219:Mūsá bin Nuṣayr
208:Musa ibn Nusayr
155:
149:Marwan ibn Musa
119:
107:
81:
69:
61:
49:
44:
24:
23:Musa ibn Nusayr
17:
12:
11:
5:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:Ali ibn Hammud
1788:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1666:
1664:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:Balj ibn Bishr
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1447:703–715
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1405:
1395:
1381:
1367:
1366:, Paris, 1845.
1353:
1338:
1310:
1299:
1279:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1243:
1231:
1218:
1206:
1191:
1178:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1124:
1117:
1103:Syed Ameer Ali
1094:
1087:
1068:
1061:
1038:
1026:
1013:
995:
983:
971:
959:
939:
933:and across to
908:
899:
882:
868:
866:
863:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
839:
836:
792:
789:
739:
736:
694:
691:
564:
563:
470:
468:
461:
455:
452:
431:
428:
423:Akhbār majmūʿa
411:
408:
363:
360:
339:
336:
318:by the caliph
265:
262:
231:Umayyad caliph
203:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
191:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
154:
153:
150:
147:
141:
139:
135:
134:
128:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
56:
52:
51:
41:
40:
30:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1926:
1925:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Arab generals
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Yahya ibn Ali
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
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1756:
1754:
1751:
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1744:
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1731:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:Abd al-Rahman
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:Umayyad emirs
1661:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Abd al-Rahman
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Abd al-Rahman
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Abd al-Rahman
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:2-87775-391-3
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:Ajbar Machmua
1304:
1300:
1298:(1916, 1924).
1297:
1293:
1292:Phillip Hitti
1289:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:Ibn Abi Dinar
1235:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1188:
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1128:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1098:
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1080:
1079:
1072:
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1064:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
992:
987:
984:
980:
975:
972:
968:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
922:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
896:
892:
886:
883:
879:
873:
870:
864:
860:
857:
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852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
837:
835:
833:
829:
828:
822:
819:
818:Ibn Abi Dinar
814:
812:
811:
805:
802:
798:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
772:
768:
763:
761:
760:Uqba ibn Nafi
757:
753:
749:
745:
737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
709:
705:
700:
692:
690:
688:
684:
683:Bay of Biscay
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
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571:
560:
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549:
546:November 2021
538:
535:
531:
528:
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
507: –
506:
502:
501:Find sources:
495:
491:
487:
481:
480:
476:
471:This section
469:
465:
460:
459:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
429:
427:
425:
424:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
359:
357:
352:
348:
344:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
220:
213:
209:
200:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
166:
162:
158:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
117:
113:
110:
102:
98:
93:
89:
85:
79:
76:
73:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
35:
31:
27:
20:
1828:Muhammad III
1617:Abd al-Malik
1607:Abd al-Malik
1536:
1468:
1441:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1387:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1359:
1341:
1334:
1324:
1316:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1285:
1282:al-Baladhuri
1275:
1271:
1252:
1246:
1234:
1221:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1127:
1107:
1097:
1077:
1071:
1051:
1041:
1034:al-Baladhuri
1029:
1016:
1007:
1004:"tarikhe.me"
998:
986:
974:
967:al-Baladhuri
962:
947:al-Baladhuri
942:
924:
917:al-Baladhuri
911:
902:
891:al-Baladhuri
885:
872:
825:
823:
815:
808:
806:
797:ibn al-Faqih
794:
780:
775:
764:
741:
717:
696:
643:
607:
587:
567:
552:
543:
533:
526:
519:
512:
500:
484:Please help
472:
433:
421:
419:
365:
341:
320:Abd al-Malik
313:
298:
290:al-Baladhuri
267:
238:North Africa
218:
216:موسى بن نصير
207:
206:
183:Battles/wars
82:Succeeded by
59:Abd al Malik
45:
36:governor of
1763:Sulayman II
1753:Sulayman II
1748:Muhammad II
1738:Al-Hakam II
1656:Independent
1542:Abd al-Aziz
771:Ibn Battuta
610:Abd al-Aziz
286:Ayn al-Tamr
70:Preceded by
1863:716 deaths
1858:640 births
1852:Categories
1833:Hisham III
1768:al-Mu'ayti
1707:al-Mundhir
1702:Muhammad I
1692:al-Hakam I
1523:al-Andalus
1413:Al-Andalus
1392:al-Maqqari
1262:References
859:Al-Andalus
767:Jebel Musa
722:, married
708:Al-Walid I
704:Al-Walid I
687:Al-Andalus
655:al-Walid I
516:newspapers
430:Background
414:See also:
278:Sassanians
264:Background
258:Septimania
234:Al-Walid I
173:Allegiance
133:(grandson)
63:Al-Walid I
1758:Hisham II
1743:Hisham II
1530:Dependent
791:In legend
626:Theodemir
594:Lusitania
473:does not
392:Byzantine
351:Byzantine
282:Banu Bakr
274:Euphrates
127:Relations
46:In office
1783:Hammudid
1687:Hisham I
1474:712–714
1268:Al-Bakri
1105:(1899).
979:Al-Bakri
951:Al-Bakri
935:Damascus
895:Al-Bakri
878:Al-Bakri
838:See also
801:Qayrawan
785:Zaragoza
777:Al-Bakri
754:and the
752:Tangiers
732:Ifriqiya
663:Zaragoza
659:Damascus
634:Alicante
630:Orihuela
618:Santarém
454:Invasion
380:Tangiers
376:Ifriqiya
368:Ifriqiya
362:Governor
332:Ifriqiya
309:Marwan I
242:Ifriqiya
138:Children
55:Monarchs
38:Ifriqiya
1785:caliphs
1397:Anon.,
1301:Anon.,
1174:against
779:in his
748:Maghreb
728:Roderic
724:Egilona
713:Solomon
675:Astorga
647:Solomon
614:Coimbra
602:Ceutans
590:Seville
530:scholar
494:removed
479:sources
444:Roderic
404:Menorca
400:Majorca
388:Morocco
347:Morocco
270:Lakhmid
248:of the
50:703–715
34:Umayyad
1348:
1329:Torrey
1321:Torrey
1227:Burton
1115:
1085:
1059:
955:Uthman
679:Oviedo
622:Murcia
598:Mérida
583:Toledo
570:Tarifa
532:
525:
518:
511:
503:
402:, and
212:Arabic
163:Nusayr
160:Parent
109:Hebron
1176:Musa.
921:Yaqut
865:Notes
758:) to
738:Death
638:Lorca
537:JSTOR
523:books
396:Ibiza
121:Hejaz
1346:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1057:ISBN
931:Homs
756:Sous
744:Hajj
673:and
671:León
667:León
636:and
616:and
509:news
477:any
475:cite
384:Sous
316:Iraq
294:Balī
227:Arab
115:Died
100:Born
1521:of
1294:in
1172:or
1170:for
488:by
260:).
118:716
106:640
1854::
1386:,
1372:,
1358:,
1315:,
1284:,
1270:,
1006:.
923:,
787:.
773:.
762:.
715:.
585:.
406:.
398:,
334:.
223:c.
221:;
214::
104:c.
1511:e
1504:t
1497:v
1352:)
1203:.
1189:.
1121:.
1091:.
1065:.
1010:.
957:.
937:.
880:.
559:)
553:(
548:)
544:(
534:·
527:·
520:·
513:·
496:.
482:.
303:(
240:(
210:(
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