1097:
1508:
1426:
898:
1359:
973:
883:
913:
943:
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74:
1028:. Eastern Visayas, the second largest producer had 24% and the Davao Region, the third largest producer had 11% of the total production. Around 42 percent of the total abacá fiber shipments from the Philippines went to the United Kingdom in 2014, making it the top importer. Germany imported 37.1 percent abacá pulp from the Philippines, importing around 7,755 metric tons (MT). Sales of abacá cordage surged 20 percent in 2014 to a total of 5,093
3734:
658:
53:
1065:
3744:
691:
1535:
dry before use so that the shrinkage is less than it would be if the rope had never been wet. A major disadvantage in this shrinkage is that many knots made with manila rope became harder and more difficult to untie when wet, thus becoming subject of increased stress. Manila rope will rot after a period of time when exposed to saltwater.
897:
622:
Mindanao. Ninety-five (95) percent was attributed to molecular variance within the population, and only 5% of the molecular variance to variation among populations. Genetic analysis by
Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) revealed several clusters irrespective of geographical origin.
621:
The
Philippines, especially the Bicol region in Luzon, has the most abaca genotypes and cultivars. Genetic analysis using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers revealed that the Philippines' abaca germplasm is genetically diverse. Abaca genotypes in Luzon had higher genetic diversity than Visayas and
532:
that are tightly wrapped together to form the pseudostem. There are from 12 to 25 leaves, dark green on the top and pale green on the underside, sometimes with large brown patches. They are oblong in shape with a deltoid base. They grow in succession. The petioles grow to at least 1 foot (30 cm)
1534:
Manila ropes shrink when they become wet. This effect can be advantageous under certain circumstances, but if it is not a wanted feature, it should be well taken into account. Since shrinkage is more pronounced the first time the rope becomes wet, new rope is usually immersed into water and put to
861:
planted at the start of the rainy season. In addition, new plants can be started by seeds. Growers harvest abacá fields every three to eight months after an initial growth period of 12–25 months. Harvesting is done by removing the leaf-stems after flowering but before fruit appears. The plant loses
1538:
Manila hemp rope was previously the favoured variety of rope used for executions by hanging, both in the U.K. and USA. Usually 3/4 to 1 inch diameter, boiled prior to use to take out any overelasticity. It was also used in the 19th century as whaling line. Abacá fiber was once used primarily for
725:
By 1897, the
Philippines were exporting almost 100,000 tons of abacá, and it was one of the three biggest cash crops, along with tobacco and sugar. In fact, from 1850 through the end of the 19th century, sugar or abacá alternated with each other as the biggest export crop of the Philippines. This
681:
Today, Catanduanes has many other modern kinds of abacá which are more competitive. For many years, breeders from various research institutions have made the cultivated varieties of
Catanduanes even more competitive in local and international markets. This results in the optimum production of the
523:
The abacá plant is stoloniferous, meaning that the plant produces runners or shoots along the ground that then root at each segment. Cutting and transplanting rooted runners is the primary technique for creating new plants, since seed growth is substantially slower. Abacá has a "false trunk" or
536:
When the plant is mature, the flower stalk grows up inside the pseudostem. The male flower has five petals, each about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) long. The leaf sheaths contain the valuable fiber. After harvesting, the coarse fibers range in length from 6–12 feet (180–370 cm) long. They are
645:
was a major source of high quality fiber: soft, silky and fine. Ancestors of the modern abacá are thought to have originated from the eastern
Philippines, where there is significant rainfall throughout the year. Wild varieties of abacá can still be found in the interior forests of the island
749:
claims the "colonial government found ways to prevent
Filipinos from profiting off of the abaca crops, instead favoring the businesses of American expats and Japanese immigrants, as well as ensuring that the bulk of the abaca harvests were exported to the United States" for use in military
467:
and naturally salt-resistant, making it ideal for making twines and ropes (especially for maritime shipping). It became a major trade commodity in the colonial era for this reason. The abaca industry declined sharply in the mid-20th century when abaca plantations were decimated by
1482:
552:
The fruit, which is inedible and is rarely seen as harvesting occurs before the plant fruits, grows to about 2–3 inches (5.1–7.6 cm) in length and 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter. It has black turbinate seeds that are 0.167 inches (0.42 cm) in diameter.
972:
1358:
3128:
Yllano, O. B., Diaz, M. G. Q., Lalusin, A. G., Laurena, A. C., & Tecson-Mendoza, E. M. (2020). Genetic
Analyses of Abaca (Musa textilis Née) Germplasm from its Primary Center of Origin, the Philippines, Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers.
1425:
844:
Today, abacá is produced primarily in the
Philippines and Ecuador. The Philippines produces between 85% and 95% of the world's abacá, and the production employs 1.5 million people. Production has declined because of virus diseases.
882:
912:
1531:. A 1 inch (2.5 cm) rope can require 4 metric tons (8,800 lb) to break. Manilla rope is still the only material specified for lifeboat falls (the ropes with which a ship's lifeboat is lowered) in the United Kingdom.
987:
1008:, the Philippines provided 87.4% of the world's abacá in 2014, earning the Philippines US$ 111.33 million. The demand is still greater than the supply. The remainder came from Ecuador (12.5%) and Costa Rica (0.1%). The
1965:
1096:
942:
1023:
The
Philippine Rural Development Program (PRDP) and the Department of Agriculture reported that in 2009–2013, Bicol Region had 39% share of Philippine abacá production while overwhelming 92% comes from
1966:"Genetic Analyses of Abaca (Musa textilis Née) Germplasm from its Primary Center of Origin, the Philippines, Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers – The Philippine Agricultural Scientist"
1233:, etc.); and so on. They were often woven into specific patterns, and further ornamented with embroidery, beadwork, and other decorations. Most clothing made from abacá took the form of the
927:
1388:
2980:
Ploetz, Randy C.; Kepler, Angela Kay; Daniells, Jeff & Nelson, Scot C. (2007). "Banana and
Plantain: An Overview with Emphasis on Pacific Island Cultivars". In Elevitch, C. R. (ed.).
2667:
2368:
957:
469:
862:
productivity between 15 and 40 years. The slopes of volcanoes provide a preferred growing environment. Harvesting generally includes several operations involving the leaf sheaths:
906:
Abacá plants are harvested by "topping", cutting the leaves with a bamboo sickle, cutting or "tumbling" the stalks. The leaves are compost on the ground, creating a fertiliser.
1507:
1455:
1440:
1491:
The finished Manila hemp fabric, a natural beeswax coating is added to make the fabric waterproof. This particular fabric is manufactured by the Swiss company QWSTION.
2473:
Philippine Progress Prior to 1898: A Source Book of Philippine History to Supply a Fairer View of Filipino Participation and Supplement the Defective Spanish Accounts
5624:
3193:
1005:
1617:
1373:
1245:, literally "shirt" or "clothing"), a simple collar-less shirt or jacket with close-fitting long sleeves worn by both men and women in most ethnic groups in the
5663:
476:
in the 1930s (which eventually replaced the use of abacá in maritime cordage). Today, abaca is mostly used in a variety of specialized paper products including
1075:
Due to its strength, it is a sought after product and is the strongest of the natural fibers. It is used by the paper industry for such specialty uses such as
3196:
A comprehensive pamphlet about Philippine abacá presented 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition held in San Francisco. Online publication uploaded in
1403:
2617:
738:
2079:
1470:
1246:
2330:
5572:
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2390:
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5585:
2815:
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1759:
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1259:
1139:
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710:
2990:
2970:
1808:
981:
The fibres are then air-dried and bundled together before being transported from forest to the trading warehouse of the farmers cooperative.
3155:
1602:
1335:
people. Abacá cloth is found in museum collections around the world, like the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Textile Museum of Canada.
2513:
5794:
670:
2430:
2025:
5804:
5774:
5351:
3780:
3108:
3042:
2949:
2930:
2911:
2601:
1864:
1835:
709:
landed in the Philippines in 1521, as the natives were already cultivating it and utilizing it in bulk for textiles. Throughout the
362:
2132:
1130:, they were the main source of textile fibers used for clothing in the pre-colonial Philippines. Abacá cloth was often compared to
2843:
2291:
426:
used in various clothing components. Native abaca textiles also survive into the modern era among various ethnic groups, like the
5784:
5377:
3224:
1143:
1001:
In Costa Rica, more modern harvest and drying techniques are being developed to accommodate the very high yields obtained there.
73:
1434:
The natural white yarn is then coloured using the yarn dyeing method which is more sustainable than the roll dyeing alternative.
1126:
Abacá fibers were traditionally woven into sturdy textiles and clothing in the Philippines since pre-colonial times. Along with
5799:
5611:
5230:
817:
790:
271:
5642:
2742:
1286:
was recorded as being made of medriñaque as early as 1584. Abacá cloth also appear in English records, spelled variously as
2811:
2487:
1755:
1079:, banknotes and decorative papers. It can be used to make handcrafts such as hats, bags, carpets, clothing and furniture.
770:
for export. The railway system was destroyed during World War II; the abaca continues to be transported to Cebu by road.
1367:
The raw fibres are tied with rope and shipped to a factory, where they are boiled and pressed into cardboard like sheets.
5789:
876:
When the processing is complete, the bundles of fiber are pale and lustrous with a length of 6–12 feet (1.8–3.7 m).
746:
647:
61:
1636:
A plant grown from a shoot takes three years to maturity; while a plant grown from a seed takes four years to maturity.
5481:
5191:
2860:
1577:
1114:
1249:. These were paired with wraparound sarong-like skirts (for both men and women), close-fitting pants, or loincloths (
397:. The plant grows to 13–22 feet (4.0–6.7 m), and averages about 12 feet (3.7 m). The plant, also known as
630:
5715:
5668:
5260:
2961:
2561:
and the Emergence of Fine European-Style Embroidery Tradition in Colonial Philippines, 19th to early-20th Centuries
2621:
742:
5305:
1049:
5720:
996:
There they are sorted by colour grades, with lighter coloured fibres being more expensive due to their rarity.
2105:
5559:
2338:
311:
301:
281:
252:
5564:
5551:
2668:"Textile Museum of Canada Collection and Exhibitions | Textile Museum of Canada Collection and Exhibitions"
5546:
5434:
5104:
4443:
1999:
1045:
695:
5486:
5779:
5769:
5331:
3868:
3773:
2401:
921:
The tuxy, the outer layer of the leaf sheath contains primary fibres is separated from the inner layers.
206:
5590:
2797:
1741:
2541:
Clothing and the Colonial Culture of Appearances in Nineteenth Century Spanish Philippines (1820–1896)
1338:
The inner fibers are also used in the making of hats, including the "Manila hats", hammocks, matting,
5520:
5341:
5119:
5057:
4168:
3575:
3537:
3217:
3197:
1556:
802:
291:
179:
891:
Abacá plants have several stalks which can be harvested annually and regenerate fully within a year.
5336:
5275:
4850:
4598:
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3550:
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1723:
5741:
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230:
68:
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4741:
4433:
4263:
4098:
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3514:
3335:
3104:
3087:
3052:
Wong, Carol; Kiew, Ruth; Argent, George; Set, Ohn; Lee, Sing Kong & Gan, Yik Yuen (2002).
3038:
2966:
2945:
2926:
2907:
2787:
2597:
1860:
1831:
1804:
1553:(Japanese banana), banana species also used as a traditional source of fiber in Okinawa, Japan
1017:
371:
2965:. Vol. 1: A - ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
2183:
1964:
Yllano, O. B.; Diaz, M. G. Q.; Lalusin, A. G.; Laurena, A. C.; Tecson-Mendoza, E. M. (2020).
1825:
5681:
5407:
5206:
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4865:
4825:
4664:
4373:
4178:
3958:
3948:
3933:
3828:
3766:
3177:
3077:
3069:
2564:
1883:
1271:
1267:
1200:
1119:
1107:
525:
433:
420:, the national male attire of the Philippines, as well as in sheer lace-like fabrics called
379:
336:
330:
2981:
422:
5382:
4835:
4749:
4674:
4623:
4553:
4353:
4348:
3737:
3560:
3522:
3315:
3210:
3021:
2770:
2646:
2426:
1251:
1217:
810:
786:
577:
489:
111:
2539:
3119:
3099:
Wood, Frances A.; Roberts, George A. F. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
2140:
1886:. Transport Information Service, Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.V
5694:
5689:
5402:
5326:
5184:
5177:
5172:
5162:
4646:
4540:
4468:
4368:
4268:
4213:
4203:
4188:
4103:
4038:
3888:
3608:
3268:
3082:
3053:
2831:
1339:
1324:
1279:
1091:
782:
666:
571:
417:
416:) in the Philippines. They still figure prominently as the traditional material of the
98:
2692:
5763:
5650:
5255:
5220:
5196:
5167:
4936:
4916:
4840:
4727:
4717:
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4689:
4463:
4383:
4023:
3978:
3626:
3598:
3585:
3483:
3398:
3241:
3031:
2578:
1853:
1612:
1607:
727:
441:
124:
3188:
2266:
1142:. There are multiple traditional types and names of abaca cloth among the different
5746:
5499:
5392:
5225:
4991:
4921:
4830:
4588:
4478:
4323:
4318:
4308:
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3848:
3804:
3683:
3673:
3603:
3378:
3370:
2717:
1592:
1320:
1184:
1146:. Undyed plain abacá cloth, woven from fine fibers of abaca, is generally known as
1009:
806:
778:
657:
590:
493:
481:
167:
147:
408:
The lustrous fiber is traditionally hand-loomed into various indigenous textiles (
1792:
1511:
Manila hawser is examined for defects at Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York, circa 1941
5598:
5466:
5129:
5041:
4931:
4926:
4855:
4809:
4654:
4173:
4163:
4158:
4143:
3993:
3963:
3953:
3593:
3458:
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3383:
3340:
3273:
2906:. Vol. I: A-H (6th ed.). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
1549:
1528:
1180:
1069:
1025:
951:
The tuxies are separated by hand using a stripping knife at the harvesting site.
759:
731:
699:
651:
529:
394:
222:
137:
52:
1519:
made from manila hemp. Manila rope is very durable, flexible, and resistant to
661:
The Banton Burial Cloth (c. 1200-1400 AD), the oldest existing example of warp
515:. Abaca is grown as a commercial crop in the Philippines, Ecuador, Costa Rica.
5285:
5280:
5213:
5201:
5109:
4986:
4870:
4845:
4769:
4593:
4428:
4358:
4283:
4208:
4193:
4183:
4153:
3938:
3893:
3873:
3858:
3663:
3658:
3565:
3527:
3393:
3360:
3325:
3250:
3181:
3148:
2718:"Eliminating silo thinking and the word 'waste', plus a tip from Jimi Hendrix"
1726:; William Scrugham Lyon & Murad M. Saleeby (1904). "Abacá (manila hemp)".
1597:
1567:
1502:
1315:
1274:
name). They were exported to other Spanish colonies since the 16th century. A
1102:
1013:
825:
635:
606:
500:
428:
5457:
682:
island which had a consistent highest production throughout the archipelago.
17:
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4088:
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3863:
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3838:
3678:
3473:
3408:
3168:
2766:
2080:"A Manila Envelope: The Inspiration behind an Exhibition's Graphic Identity"
1275:
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833:
767:
538:
449:
445:
5733:
5114:
5099:
3973:
3468:
3091:
2868:
1150:
in most of the islands. Abacá cloth with a more delicate texture is called
1082:
Lupis is the finest quality of abacá. Sinamay is woven chiefly from abacá.
524:
pseudostem about 6–15 inches (15–38 cm) in diameter. The leaf stalks (
1179:
Traditional abacá textiles were often dyed in various colors from various
773:
Excluding the Philippines, abacá was first cultivated on a large scale in
5728:
5451:
5387:
5265:
5237:
5150:
5134:
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3988:
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3823:
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3491:
3073:
2292:"Bananatex®, the World's First Waterproof Fabric Made From Banana Plants"
1520:
1222:
1076:
858:
829:
566:
508:
485:
157:
2897:. Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P. F. Collier.
690:
5577:
5507:
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3908:
3878:
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3789:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3555:
3413:
3330:
3263:
2361:"Sugarcane mosaic virus abaca mosaic strain (SCMVA0)[Overview]"
1562:
1164:
774:
674:
603:
477:
5603:
2989:. Hōlualoa, HI: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR). pp. 1–27.
2569:
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3641:
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2594:
Textiles in the Philippine Landscape: A Lexicon and Historical Survey
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1572:
1524:
1332:
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1131:
1127:
821:
562:
546:
542:
390:
31:
5428:
1036:
MT, with the United States holding around 68 percent of the market.
2893:
Borneman, John A. Jr. (1997). "Abaca". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.).
1313:
Philippine indigenous tribes still weave abacá-based textiles like
5616:
5538:
5372:
5310:
5075:
5031:
5016:
5011:
4981:
4971:
4902:
4722:
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3651:
3618:
3570:
3505:
3423:
3355:
3345:
3320:
3298:
3288:
3233:
2902:
Considine, Douglas M.; Considine, Glenn D., eds. (1983). "Abaca".
2743:"NATURAL & SYNTHETIC FIBRE CORDAGE FOR LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES"
2618:"Philippine Basketry of the Luzon Cordillera | www.flysfo.cn"
2360:
1587:
1506:
1113:
1095:
1063:
794:
763:
689:
656:
629:
586:
512:
473:
402:
85:
3162:
Christenhusz, M.J.M. (2009). "Typification of ornamental plants:
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The inner layers contain the secondary fibres and pulpy material.
5525:
5417:
5046:
5026:
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4956:
4941:
4712:
4707:
4631:
4393:
4343:
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3305:
3293:
3278:
1516:
1306:
for sails and for stiffening clothing like skirts, collars, and
1283:
1169:
854:
798:
734:, although in time rope-making shifted back to the Philippines.
662:
504:
464:
5432:
3762:
3206:
448:, as well as for bags, shawls, and other decorative items. The
2944:(3rd ed.). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Company.
2925:(3rd ed.). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Company.
1397:
They are then made into paper which are then cut into strips.
354:
339:
3037:. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
1134:
in terms of texture and was a major trade commodity in the
405:, also called Manila hemp, extracted from the leaf-stems.
345:
1985:
785:
since the nineteenth century, followed up by plantings in
781:, who had observed its cultivation in the Philippines for
3758:
3202:
2865:
National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
1827:
From the neck up : an illustrated guide to hatmaking
1793:"The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan"
1539:
rope, but this application is now of minor significance.
766:
would transport Philippine abacá from the plantations to
401:, has great economic importance, being harvested for its
2888:. Vol. I: A-E. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.
2369:
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
1154:. While especially fine lace-like abacá cloth is called
809:, the supply from the Philippines was eliminated by the
705:
Europeans first came into contact with Abacá fibre when
569:; it resembles the closely related wild seeded bananas,
2861:"(Research) Plant Molecular Biology and Plant Virology"
872:
drying (usually following the tradition of sun-drying).
5235:
5211:
5182:
5148:
5139:
5085:
4526:
1044:
Abacá is vulnerable to a number of pathogens, notably
463:
The fiber is also exceptionally strong, stronger than
2331:"PH biggest abaca exporter | Malaya Business Insight"
1730:. Bureau of Agriculture. Republic of the Philippines.
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
363:
351:
2391:"A Primer on the New Generation Philippine Currency"
1671:
1669:
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1665:
1663:
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1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
866:
tuxying (separation of primary and secondary sheath)
342:
5441:
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5319:
5248:
5055:
4901:
4818:
4740:
4688:
4645:
4622:
4539:
4492:
3803:
3796:
3617:
3584:
3536:
3513:
3504:
3482:
3369:
3249:
3240:
3029:Seekins, Donald M. (1993). Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.).
2488:"Demand rises for PH abaca as raw material for PPE"
348:
3030:
2226:
1852:
673:). The cloth was found in the sacred Ipot cave of
1944:
30:"Abacas" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2983:Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry
2026:"Catanduanes declared Philippines abaca capital"
1859:(1st U.S. ed.). Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's.
1382:The abacá fibre sheets are then soaked in water.
472:and plant diseases, as well as the invention of
3054:"Assessment of the Validity of the Sections in
2544:(PhD thesis). Université Nice Sophia Antipolis.
1830:(1st ed.). Minneapolis, Minn.: Madhatter.
1559:, similar traditional fiber from Okinawa, Japan
1006:Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority
444:. Abaca is also used in traditional Philippine
2940:Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. (1976a). "Sinamay".
1722:H. T. Edwards; B. E. Brewer; George E. Nesom;
1618:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
966:The fibres are then "combed" to separate them.
726:19th-century trade was predominantly with the
3774:
3218:
2563:(MA thesis). Mount Saint Vincent University.
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
1464:The yarn is then woven at extra high density.
1449:The warp yarns are then prepared for weaving.
1342:, ropes, coarse twines, and types of canvas.
8:
2942:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
2923:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
853:The plant is normally grown in well-drained
2921:Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. (1976). "Lupis".
2514:"Philippine Natural Dyes: A Short Overview"
2249:
2247:
1932:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1172:, or fine cotton to create a fabric called
1162:. Fine abacá fibers may also be woven with
1068:Mats made from woven abacá fibers from the
730:and the making of ropes was done mainly in
5429:
3800:
3781:
3767:
3759:
3510:
3246:
3225:
3211:
3203:
51:
38:
3081:
2789:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Vol. 15
2568:
1907:
1717:
1715:
1412:The paper strips are then spun into yarn.
758:In the early 1900s, a train running from
641:Before synthetic textiles came into use,
2620:(in Chinese). Flysfo.com. Archived from
2475:. Manila: Philippine Education Co., Inc.
2471:Craig, Austin; Benitez, Conrado (1916).
2466:
2464:
2253:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2062:
2060:
2058:
3121:The Philippine Islands and Their People
2959:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Sbaca".
2886:The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
2816:United States Department of Agriculture
2807:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2170:
2066:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1760:United States Department of Agriculture
1751:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1649:
1629:
1421:
1354:
1302:, among other names. They were used as
1110:dreamweavers are made from abacá fibers
878:
801:. Commercial planting began in 1930 in
739:United States colonized the Philippines
243:
3124:. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.
3017:
3007:
2904:Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia
2641:
2639:
2433:from the original on January 20, 2020.
2238:
2222:
2220:
2000:"History and design in Death Blankets"
1998:Ocampo, Ambeth R. (October 19, 2011).
1903:
1901:
1695:
1683:
452:straw made from Manila hemp is called
2884:Bailey, L. H., ed. (1947) . "Abacá".
2596:. Ateneo De Manila University Press.
2455:
2212:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2084:The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation
2049:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1016:of abacá in 2014, the largest of any
378:
7:
3743:
3156:International Year of Natural Fibres
2996:from the original on January 1, 2016
2518:HABI: The Philippine Textile Council
2443:
2106:"What happened to Cebu's old train?"
1707:
1603:International Year of Natural Fibres
1476:Weaving looms processing the fabric.
1122:dreamweaver using a traditional loom
2846:from the original on August 5, 2017
1012:in the Philippines produced 27,885
528:) are expanded at the base to form
496:derive their name from this fiber.
1523:damage, allowing its use in rope,
1270:(apparently derived from a native
671:National Museum of the Philippines
634:Abacá fiber drying in abaca farm,
598:(now including the former section
25:
3131:Philippine Agricultural Scientist
2486:Ocampo, Keith R. (May 10, 2020).
5721:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:797617-1
3742:
3733:
3732:
2538:Coo, Stéphanie Marie R. (2014).
2024:Flores, Helen (April 30, 2022).
1803:. Leuven University Press: 170.
1481:
1469:
1454:
1439:
1424:
1402:
1387:
1372:
1357:
1144:ethnic groups of the Philippines
986:
971:
956:
941:
926:
911:
896:
881:
793:. It also was transplanted into
335:
72:
2337:. June 15, 2015. Archived from
2104:Tampos, Nikki (July 16, 2015).
561:The abacá plant belongs to the
3101:The Cultural History of Plants
2748:. Marine and Coastguard Agency
2555:Ramos, Marlene Flores (2016).
2227:Considine & Considine 1983
1855:The hat: trends and traditions
1262:, abacá cloth became known as
869:stripping (getting the fibers)
818:U.S. Department of Agriculture
791:U.S. Department of Agriculture
654:, away from cultivated areas.
1:
3812:
2812:Agricultural Research Service
2592:Castro-Baker, Sandra (2018).
1756:Agricultural Research Service
1346:Industrial textile production
3118:Worcester, Dean C. (1899) .
3033:Philippines: A Country Study
2722:www.innovationintextiles.com
2672:collections.textilemuseum.ca
1851:Ginsburg, Madeleine (1990).
62:United States Botanic Garden
5236:
5212:
5183:
5149:
5140:
5086:
4527:
3103:. New York, NY: Routledge.
2400:. p. 7. Archived from
2398:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
1136:pre-colonial maritime trade
602:), members of which have a
308:Musa troglodytàrum textòria
5821:
2792:. Arthur H. Clark Company.
1791:Katrien Hendrickx (1904).
1500:
1183:. These include blue from
1089:
594:, it is placed in section
29:
5795:History of Asian clothing
3728:
3182:10.11646/phytotaxa.2.1.10
2492:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1799:. Studia anthropologica.
1515:Manila rope is a type of
789:in 1929 sponsored by the
713:, it was referred to as "
581:. Its scientific name is
499:Abaca is classified as a
236:
229:
212:
205:
69:Scientific classification
67:
59:
50:
41:
5805:Austronesian agriculture
5775:Flora of the Philippines
5403:Swatches and strike-offs
5306:Vitale Barberis Canonico
1247:pre-colonial Philippines
1050:abaca bract mosaic virus
677:. It is made from abacá.
5785:Biodegradable materials
3151:encyclopedia set, 1988.
2962:Encyclopædia Britannica
2335:Malaya Business Insight
1933:Wood & Roberts 2005
1824:Dreher, Denise (1981).
737:From 1898 to 1946, the
375:
5800:Philippine handicrafts
4444:Vinyl coated polyester
3058:(Musaceae) using ALFP"
2895:Collier's Encyclopedia
2184:"Future Fibres: Abaca"
2139:. RAFI. Archived from
2110:www.everythingcebu.com
1512:
1123:
1111:
1072:
1046:abaca bunchy top virus
820:started production in
702:
696:Lagonoy, Camarines Sur
678:
638:
537:composed primarily of
5320:Manufacturingindustry
2624:on September 30, 2017
2429:. Torb & Reiner.
2131:Palmera, Erica Jean.
1510:
1117:
1099:
1067:
693:
660:
633:
5276:Holland & Sherry
2786:Blair, Emma (1906).
1527:, ships' lines, and
1260:Spanish colonial era
1199:, etc.); black from
1140:Spanish colonial era
803:British North Borneo
743:Spanish-American War
711:Spanish colonial era
5790:Philippine clothing
5378:History of textiles
2871:on December 3, 2013
2427:"All About Sinamay"
2371:). February 4, 2001
2133:"The Sugbo railway"
1724:Otis Warren Barrett
1211:) leaves; red from
816:After the war, the
5231:Woodblock printing
4760:Conductive textile
3929:Cedar bark textile
3074:10.1093/aob/mcf170
2697:www.bananatex.info
2271:www.bananatex.info
1986:Ploetz et al. 2007
1513:
1418:Dyeing and weaving
1124:
1112:
1073:
1054:abaca mosaic virus
1026:Catanduanes Island
805:; at the onset of
777:in 1925 under the
707:Ferdinand Magellan
703:
679:
639:
389:, is a species of
5757:
5756:
5677:Open Tree of Life
5435:Taxon identifiers
5426:
5425:
4785:Lenticular fabric
4736:
4735:
4434:Vegetable flannel
3756:
3755:
3724:
3723:
3500:
3499:
2972:978-0-85229-961-6
2341:on August 9, 2016
2112:. Everything Cebu
1810:978-90-5867-614-6
1797:Farmers' Bulletin
1728:Farmers' Bulletin
1018:Philippine region
1004:According to the
617:Genetic diversity
324:
323:
314:
304:
294:
284:
274:
268:Musa mindanaensis
264:
255:
16:(Redirected from
5812:
5750:
5749:
5737:
5736:
5724:
5723:
5711:
5710:
5698:
5697:
5685:
5684:
5672:
5671:
5659:
5658:
5646:
5645:
5633:
5632:
5620:
5619:
5607:
5606:
5594:
5593:
5581:
5580:
5568:
5567:
5555:
5554:
5542:
5541:
5529:
5528:
5516:
5515:
5503:
5502:
5490:
5489:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5430:
5408:Synthetic fabric
5241:
5217:
5207:Textile printing
5188:
5154:
5145:
5091:
4665:Machine knitting
4599:Velours du Kasaï
4532:
3801:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3746:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3511:
3247:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3204:
3185:
3125:
3114:
3095:
3085:
3062:Annals of Botany
3048:
3036:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2988:
2976:
2955:
2936:
2917:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2867:. Archived from
2855:
2853:
2851:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2793:
2773:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2327:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2298:. April 27, 2020
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1961:
1948:
1945:Wong et al. 2002
1942:
1936:
1930:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1858:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1788:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1719:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1637:
1634:
1485:
1473:
1458:
1443:
1428:
1406:
1391:
1376:
1361:
1100:The traditional
990:
975:
960:
945:
930:
915:
900:
885:
643:M. textilis
490:Manila envelopes
382:
380:[ɐbɐˈka]
367:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
310:
300:
290:
280:
278:Musa mindanensis
270:
262:
260:Musa amboinensis
251:
218:
198:M. textilis
184:
77:
76:
55:
39:
27:Species of plant
21:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5745:
5740:
5732:
5727:
5719:
5714:
5706:
5701:
5693:
5688:
5680:
5675:
5667:
5662:
5654:
5649:
5641:
5636:
5628:
5623:
5615:
5610:
5602:
5597:
5589:
5584:
5576:
5571:
5563:
5558:
5550:
5545:
5537:
5532:
5524:
5519:
5511:
5506:
5498:
5493:
5485:
5480:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5437:
5427:
5422:
5383:History of silk
5356:
5315:
5244:
5192:Roller printing
5064:
5051:
4897:
4886:Tartan or plaid
4814:
4750:Ballistic nylon
4732:
4684:
4641:
4618:
4535:
4494:
4488:
4354:Seerhand muslin
3792:
3787:
3757:
3752:
3720:
3613:
3580:
3532:
3523:Artificial silk
3496:
3478:
3365:
3236:
3231:
3198:Filipiniana.net
3161:
3144:
3117:
3111:
3098:
3051:
3045:
3028:
3016:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2939:
2933:
2920:
2914:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2796:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2771:Herman Melville
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2407:on May 29, 2019
2404:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2365:Global Database
2359:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2143:on June 8, 2016
2137:www.rafi.org.ph
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1790:
1789:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1698:, p. 2078.
1694:
1690:
1682:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1545:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1348:
1094:
1088:
1062:
1042:
997:
991:
982:
976:
967:
961:
952:
946:
937:
931:
922:
916:
907:
901:
892:
886:
851:
842:
811:Empire of Japan
787:Central America
756:
723:
694:Abacá Fiber in
688:
628:
619:
578:Musa balbisiana
559:
521:
393:endemic to the
365:
338:
334:
320:
317:
288:Musa silvéstris
242:
241:
225:
220:
214:
201:
182:
71:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5818:
5816:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5762:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5747:wfo-0000475111
5738:
5725:
5712:
5699:
5686:
5673:
5660:
5647:
5634:
5621:
5608:
5595:
5582:
5569:
5556:
5543:
5530:
5517:
5504:
5491:
5478:
5463:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5180:
5178:Rogan printing
5175:
5173:Parchmentising
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5146:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4907:
4905:
4903:Textile fibers
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
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4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
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4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
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4524:
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4509:
4504:
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4471:
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4456:
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4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
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4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:Linsey-woolsey
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4169:Kijōka-bashōfu
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4104:Grenfell Cloth
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3809:
3807:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
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3691:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3538:Semi-synthetic
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
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3456:
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3446:
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3431:
3426:
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3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3191:
3186:
3159:
3152:
3143:
3142:External links
3140:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3115:
3109:
3096:
3068:(2): 231–238.
3049:
3043:
3026:
3018:|website=
2977:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2937:
2931:
2918:
2912:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2859:Anon (2013a).
2856:
2840:The Plant List
2827:
2794:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2759:
2734:
2709:
2684:
2659:
2635:
2609:
2602:
2584:
2547:
2530:
2504:
2478:
2460:
2458:, p. 2122
2448:
2446:, p. 1347
2436:
2418:
2382:
2352:
2309:
2296:Global Shakers
2283:
2258:
2243:
2241:, p. 171.
2231:
2216:
2200:
2175:
2154:
2123:
2096:
2071:
2054:
2042:
2016:
1990:
1978:
1949:
1937:
1912:
1908:Worcester 1899
1897:
1875:
1865:
1843:
1836:
1816:
1809:
1772:
1733:
1711:
1700:
1688:
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1642:
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1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1557:Kijōka-bashōfu
1554:
1544:
1541:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1331:, made by the
1325:South Cotabato
1319:, made by the
1221:; yellow from
1092:Barong tagalog
1087:
1084:
1061:
1058:
1041:
1038:
999:
998:
992:
985:
983:
977:
970:
968:
962:
955:
953:
947:
940:
938:
932:
925:
923:
917:
910:
908:
902:
895:
893:
887:
880:
874:
873:
870:
867:
850:
847:
841:
838:
755:
752:
741:following the
722:
719:
687:
684:
667:Southeast Asia
627:
624:
618:
615:
572:Musa acuminata
558:
555:
520:
517:
418:barong tagalog
322:
321:
319:
318:
316:
315:
305:
295:
285:
275:
265:
257:
245:
239:
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96:
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88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5817:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5748:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5473:Musa textilis
5468:
5464:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5443:Musa textilis
5440:
5436:
5431:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5332:Manufacturing
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5256:Carlo Barbera
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5221:Warp printing
5219:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5197:Sanforization
5195:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:Mercerization
5156:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
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5090:
5089:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
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5069:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
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4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:(Manila hemp)
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:Needlerun net
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:Carbon fibers
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
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4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
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4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:Donegal tweed
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Cloth of gold
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Almerían silk
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3749:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3166:(Musaceae)".
3165:
3164:Musa textilis
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3110:0-415-92746-3
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3044:0-8444-0748-8
3040:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3011:
2992:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2951:0-87779-101-5
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2932:0-87779-101-5
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2913:0-442-25164-5
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:Musa textilis
2830:Anon (2013).
2828:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2800:Musa textilis
2795:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2648:
2647:"Abaca cloth"
2642:
2640:
2636:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2603:9789715508957
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:The Filipina
2551:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2531:
2519:
2515:
2512:Palasi, Kat.
2508:
2505:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2254:Borneman 1997
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1947:, p. 234
1946:
1941:
1938:
1935:, p. 301
1934:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1910:, p. 506
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1885:
1884:"Manila hemp"
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1866:9780812061987
1862:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1837:9780941082006
1833:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1744:Musa textilis
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:Manila folder
1611:
1609:
1608:Natural fiber
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1106:cloth of the
1105:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1032:MT from 4,240
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
995:
989:
984:
980:
974:
969:
965:
959:
954:
950:
944:
939:
935:
929:
924:
920:
914:
909:
905:
899:
894:
890:
884:
879:
877:
871:
868:
865:
864:
863:
860:
856:
848:
846:
839:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
753:
751:
750:initiatives.
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
728:United States
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
701:
697:
692:
685:
683:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
655:
653:
649:
644:
637:
632:
625:
623:
616:
614:
612:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
588:
585:. Within the
584:
583:Musa textilis
580:
579:
574:
573:
568:
564:
556:
554:
550:
548:
544:
540:
534:
531:
527:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
503:, along with
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:Bagobo people
439:
435:
434:T'boli people
431:
430:
425:
424:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:
386:Musa textilis
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:
359:
332:
328:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
293:
289:
286:
283:
279:
276:
273:
269:
266:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
246:
244:
235:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
216:Musa textilis
211:
208:
207:Binomial name
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:Tracheophytes
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
63:
58:
54:
49:
46:
45:Musa textilis
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Musa textilis
5780:Fiber plants
5770:Musa (genus)
5442:
5342:Preservation
5249:Fabric mills
5226:Waxed cotton
4910:
4831:Bizarre silk
4589:Polar fleece
4324:Saga Nishiki
4319:Russell cord
4124:Harris tweed
3869:Brilliantine
3849:Bedford cord
3815:(Medriñaque)
3684:Polyethylene
3258:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3100:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3032:
2998:. Retrieved
2982:
2960:
2941:
2922:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:the original
2864:
2848:. Retrieved
2839:
2833:
2819:. Retrieved
2805:
2799:
2788:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2721:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:
2693:"BANANATEX®"
2687:
2677:September 1,
2675:. Retrieved
2671:
2662:
2652:September 1,
2650:. Retrieved
2626:. Retrieved
2622:the original
2612:
2593:
2587:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2540:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2517:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2491:
2481:
2472:
2451:
2439:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2402:the original
2397:
2385:
2375:September 4,
2373:. Retrieved
2364:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:the original
2334:
2300:. Retrieved
2295:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:
2267:"BANANATEX®"
2261:
2234:
2193:February 16,
2191:. Retrieved
2187:
2178:
2171:Hoiberg 2010
2147:November 18,
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2136:
2126:
2116:November 18,
2114:. Retrieved
2109:
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:
2074:
2069:, p. 11
2067:Seekins 1993
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2030:Philstar.com
2029:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:
1993:
1981:
1971:February 16,
1969:. Retrieved
1940:
1888:. Retrieved
1878:
1870:
1854:
1846:
1826:
1819:
1800:
1796:
1763:. Retrieved
1749:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1703:
1691:
1632:
1593:Yakan people
1548:
1537:
1533:
1529:fishing nets
1514:
1488:
1461:
1446:
1431:
1409:
1394:
1379:
1364:
1337:
1328:
1314:
1312:
1299:
1296:medrianackes
1295:
1291:
1287:
1278:of a native
1263:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:natural dyes
1178:
1173:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1125:
1101:
1081:
1074:
1043:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1010:Bicol region
1003:
1000:
993:
978:
963:
948:
933:
918:
903:
888:
875:
857:soil, using
852:
843:
840:21st century
815:
807:World War II
772:
757:
754:20th century
736:
724:
721:19th century
714:
704:
686:16th century
680:
642:
640:
620:
610:
609:number of 2n
600:Australimusa
599:
595:
589:
582:
576:
570:
560:
551:
535:
522:
498:
494:Manila paper
482:filter paper
470:World War II
462:
457:
453:
437:
427:
421:
413:
409:
407:
398:
385:
384:
326:
325:
307:
297:
287:
277:
267:
259:
248:
215:
213:
197:
196:
180:
168:
148:Zingiberales
131:
118:
105:
92:
44:
36:
5599:iNaturalist
5467:Wikispecies
5352:Terminology
5337:Performance
5185:Rōketsuzome
5130:Heatsetting
5105:Calendering
5095:Bògòlanfini
5042:Spider silk
4856:Houndstooth
4851:Herringbone
4810:Windstopper
4655:Boiled wool
4174:Kente cloth
4164:Khaki drill
4144:Irish linen
4129:Herringbone
3994:Cotton duck
3954:Cheesecloth
3813:Abacá cloth
3515:Regenerated
3459:Spider silk
3189:Plants USDA
2256:, p. 4
2239:Bailey 1947
2229:, p. 1
2188:www.fao.org
2173:, p. 6
2089:October 27,
1988:, p. 4
1696:Bailey 1947
1684:Bailey 1947
1550:Musa basjoo
1497:Manila rope
1300:medrinacles
1292:medrianacks
1258:During the
1070:Philippines
1014:metric tons
849:Cultivation
732:New England
700:Philippines
652:Catanduanes
557:Systematics
533:in length.
519:Description
458:tagal straw
410:abaca cloth
399:Manila hemp
395:Philippines
256:nom. inval.
138:Commelinids
112:Angiosperms
5764:Categories
5695:kew-255018
5690:Plant List
5286:Loro Piana
5281:Larusmiani
5214:Tsutsugaki
5202:Tenterhook
5110:Decatising
4987:Microfiber
4891:Tattersall
4871:Pinstripes
4846:Glen plaid
4770:E-textiles
4637:Cedar bark
4594:Terrycloth
4541:Pile woven
4429:Ultrasuede
4359:Seersucker
4284:Perpetuana
4209:Madapollam
4154:Kerseymere
3939:Char cloth
3894:Byrd Cloth
3874:Broadcloth
3859:Beta cloth
3664:Modacrylic
3659:Microfiber
3576:Triacetate
3528:Milk fiber
3394:Camel hair
3326:Lotus silk
3149:World Book
2780:References
2570:10587/1788
2559:Bordadoras
2456:Gove 1976a
2213:Anon 2013a
2050:Blair 1906
1598:Fiber crop
1521:salt water
1503:Fiber rope
1501:See also:
1351:Processing
1288:medrinacks
1264:medriñaque
1215:roots and
1090:See also:
826:Costa Rica
747:Guggenheim
717:" cloth.
715:medriñaque
636:Costa Rica
607:chromosome
501:hard fiber
414:medriñaque
298:Musa tikap
249:Musa abaca
5656:158542150
5565:200028244
5552:200028244
5398:Shrinkage
5347:Recycling
5271:E. Thomas
5120:Finishing
5058:Finishing
5002:Polyester
4952:Eisengarn
4876:Polka dot
4742:Technical
4670:Milliskin
4609:Velveteen
4564:Crimplene
4379:Shot silk
4304:Rayadillo
4299:Rakematiz
4199:Longcloth
4119:Haircloth
4109:Grosgrain
4099:Grenadine
4089:Ghalamkar
4084:Georgette
4069:Gabardine
3944:Charmeuse
3864:Bombazine
3854:Bengaline
3839:Barkcloth
3679:Polyester
3551:Diacetate
3506:Synthetic
3409:Chiengora
3176:: 53–54.
3169:Phytotaxa
3020:ignored (
3010:cite book
2767:Moby-Dick
2579:194439772
2444:Gove 1976
1708:Anon 2013
1644:Footnotes
1323:tribe of
1276:waistcoat
1209:batulinao
1152:tinampipi
1040:Pathogens
834:Guatemala
768:Cebu City
596:Callimusa
539:cellulose
486:banknotes
450:hatmaking
446:millinery
192:Species:
185:Callimusa
176:Section:
82:Kingdom:
5734:21500493
5729:Tropicos
5630:10212432
5617:797617-1
5452:Wikidata
5388:Knitting
5291:Piacenza
5266:Dormeuil
5151:Katazome
5135:Indienne
5081:Beetling
5071:Androsia
5062:printing
5022:Sea silk
4997:Pashmina
4937:Cashmere
4881:Shweshwe
4819:Patterns
4805:SympaTex
4800:Stub-tex
4790:Silnylon
4780:Gore-Tex
4698:Bobbinet
4624:Nonwoven
4614:Zibeline
4579:Moquette
4559:Corduroy
4554:Chenille
4493:Figured
4474:Whipcord
4274:Paduasoy
4259:Osnaburg
4229:Nainsook
4219:Moleskin
4204:Mackinaw
4049:Eolienne
4009:Cretonne
3989:Corduroy
3924:Capilene
3919:Chambray
3899:C change
3834:Barathea
3824:Armazine
3738:Category
3647:Technora
3609:Metallic
3492:Asbestos
3434:Pashmina
3399:Cashmere
3092:12197520
2991:Archived
2844:Archived
2821:June 10,
2769:, 1851,
2727:July 12,
2702:July 12,
2628:June 17,
2431:Archived
2411:July 12,
2367:. EPPO (
2345:June 14,
2302:July 12,
2276:July 12,
2004:Inquirer
1543:See also
1308:doublets
1223:turmeric
1138:and the
1086:Textiles
1077:tea bags
859:rhizomes
830:Honduras
648:province
567:Musaceae
565:family,
526:petioles
509:henequin
478:tea bags
436:and the
372:Filipino
231:Synonyms
158:Musaceae
154:Family:
125:Monocots
5578:2762907
5526:1116051
5508:Ecocrop
5458:Q161097
5413:Weaving
5361:Related
5261:Cerruti
5125:Fulling
5100:Burnout
5088:Bingata
5037:Spandex
4917:Acrylic
4866:Paisley
4795:Spandex
4765:Darlexx
4755:Ban-Lon
4660:Coolmax
4647:Knitted
4574:Mockado
4569:Fustian
4522:Songket
4502:Brocade
4484:Zorbeez
4449:Viyella
4439:Ventile
4404:Ticking
4389:Taffeta
4349:Scarlet
4314:Ripstop
4279:Percale
4264:Ottoman
4254:Organza
4249:Organdy
4244:Oilskin
4234:Nankeen
4149:Jamdani
4114:Habutai
4094:Gingham
4064:Fustian
4059:Foulard
4054:Flannel
4044:Drugget
3984:Cordura
3959:Chiffon
3949:Charvet
3934:Challis
3909:Cambric
3884:Bunting
3879:Buckram
3844:Batiste
3748:Commons
3706:Vinylon
3701:Vectran
3696:Spandex
3627:Acrylic
3619:Polymer
3586:Mineral
3566:Piñatex
3556:Lyocell
3546:Acetate
3484:Mineral
3414:Guanaco
3264:Bagasse
3242:Natural
3083:4240415
3000:June 4,
2875:June 4,
2850:June 4,
2752:July 9,
2523:May 31,
2497:May 30,
2035:June 2,
2009:June 2,
1890:May 15,
1765:June 5,
1568:T'nalak
1525:hawsers
1340:cordage
1316:t'nalak
1282:man in
1280:Quechua
1272:Cebuano
1268:Spanish
1227:kalawag
1148:sinamáy
1103:t'nalak
783:cordage
775:Sumatra
675:Romblon
669:at the
626:History
604:diploid
530:sheaths
440:of the
432:of the
429:t'nalak
331:Spanish
302:Warburg
164:Genus:
144:Order:
86:Plantae
60:At the
5703:PLANTS
5682:562615
5669:228183
5643:506500
5604:425852
5487:368799
5368:Dyeing
5327:Design
5301:Scabal
5142:Kasuri
5115:Devoré
4992:Olefin
4977:Mohair
4967:Kevlar
4947:Cotton
4927:Angora
4922:Alpaca
4861:Kelsch
4826:Argyle
4775:Gannex
4690:Netted
4680:Velour
4675:Jersey
4604:Velvet
4517:Lampas
4512:Damask
4507:Camlet
4479:Zephyr
4464:Waffle
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