158:
145:
239:
4717:
251:
433:
3159:, writing about the language of the later 18th century, said that there were different feminine and masculine versions, which he also calls dialects, of the Muscogee language. Males "attach distinct endings to verbs", while Females "accent different syllables". These forms, mentioned in the first (1860) grammar of the Muscogee language, persisted in the
2726:, which express no action, imply no duration, and provide only description of a static condition. In some languages, such as English, they are expressed as adjectives. In Muscogee, the verbs behave like adjectives but are classed and treated as verbs. However, they are not altered for the person of the subject by an
3179:
of
Oklahoma and Florida are separate dialects from the ones spoken by Muscogee people. Oklahoma Seminole speak a dialect known as Oklahoma Seminole Creek. Florida Seminole Creek is one of two languages spoken among Florida Seminoles; it is less common than the Mikasuki language. The most distinct
459:
Creek
Community Center graduated a class of 14 from its Muscogee language class. In 2018, 8 teachers graduated from a class put on by the Seminole nation at Seminole State College to try and reintroduce the Muscogee language to students in elementary and high school in several schools around the
3180:
dialect of the language is said to be that of the
Florida Seminole, which is described as "rapid", "staccato" and "dental", with more loan words from Spanish and Mikasuki as opposed to English. Florida Seminole Creek is the most endangered register of the Muscogee language.
2391:
In some situations, case marking is omitted. This is especially true of sentences with only one noun where the role of the noun is obvious from the personal marking on the verb. Case marking is also omitted on fixed phrases that use a noun, e.g. "go
1302:. The deletion will affect the pitch of the following syllable by creating a higher-than-expected pitch on the new initial syllable. Furthermore, initial vowel deletion in the case of single-morpheme, short words such as
1333:
Long vowels are rarely followed by a sonorant in the same syllable. Therefore, when syllables are created (often from suffixation or contractions) in which a long vowel is followed by a sonorant, the vowel is shortened:
1225:
under them or a following superscript "n"). Most occurrences of nasal vowels are the result of nasal assimilation or the nasalizing grade, but there are some forms that show contrast between oral and nasal vowels:
2265:
of their vowels. These features are not marked in the traditional orthography, only in dictionaries and linguistic publications. The following additional markers have been used by Martin (2000) and Innes (2004):
3677:. and James H. Hill. 2014. Creek (Muskogee) Texts. Edited and translated by Jack B. Martin, Margaret McKane Mauldin, and Juanita McGirt. UC Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3375:
1397:), but long nasal vowels are more common. Nasal vowels usually appear as a result of a contraction, as the result of a neighboring nasal consonant, or as the result of nasalizing grade, a grammatical
4805:
1095:(lengthened). Some sonorants may also be geminated, but and are less common than other sonorant geminates, especially in roots. For the majority of speakers, except for those influenced by the
3360:
3393:
1800:
that does not occur in
English but is often represented as "hl" or "thl" in non-Muscogee texts. The sound is made by blowing air around the sides of the tongue while pronouncing English
4370:
2376:
can appear on multiple noun phrases in a single sentence at once, such as the direct object, indirect object, and adverbial nouns. Despite the distinction in verbal affixes between the
2884:
A body part or family member cannot be named in
Muscogee without mentioning the possessor, which is an integrated part of the word. A set of changeable prefixes serves this function:
2163:
While vowel length in
Muscogee is distinctive, it is somewhat inconsistently indicated in the traditional orthography. The following basic correspondences can be noted:
3961:
4442:
3414:
1427:
There are three phonemic tones in
Muscogee; they are generally unmarked except in the linguistic orthography: high (marked in the linguistic orthography with an
2972:
Again, even though the construction in
English would be redundant, the proper way to form the possessive in Muscogee must include the correct preposition:
2322:
of a word is often shown with an accent and is the last syllable that has normal (high) tone within a word; the following syllables are all lower in pitch.
4800:
4820:
4352:
3705:
3341:
424:
Muscogee is widely spoken among the
Muscogee people. The Muscogee Nation offers free language classes and immersion camps to Muscogee children.
3390:
3870:
3274:
3000:, and so on. In Muscogee, the locations are actually nouns. These are possessed just like parts of the body and family members were above.
1797:
657:
256:
682:
2277:. In English, falling tone is found in phrases such as "uh-oh" or commands such as "stop!" In Muscogee, however, changing a verb such as
4435:
691:
3913:
3854:
3826:
3807:
3779:
4790:
4379:
900:
620:
4259:
1495:
868:
643:
270:
2356:
tend to occur either at the beginning of the sentence (for time adverbs) or immediately before the verb (for manner adverbs).
1298:
will generally remain noncentral if it is word-final. Initial vowels can be deleted in
Muscogee, mostly applying to the vowel
4721:
4428:
4192:
4161:
3694:
3637:
440:
3428:
3315:
4556:
4384:
4325:
4264:
4056:
4025:
4795:
4664:
4404:
4389:
3771:
3686:
2341:
1176:
1170:
912:
876:
776:
741:
650:
225:
4743:
4671:
4336:
2132:
1148:
1142:
725:
668:
413:
2788:, and other variations. In Muscogee, the same principle of shading a verb's meaning is handled by locative prefixes:
3974:
698:
611:
604:
3850:
2976:= Toske's dog. That is grammatically correct in Muscogee, unlike the literal English translation "Toske his dog".
4815:
4810:
4315:
1198:
1192:
2876:. In Muscogee this relationship is expressed in two quite different ways, depending on the nature of the noun.
2768:
Prefixes are also used in Muscogee for shades of meaning of verbs that are expressed, in English, by adverbs in
4409:
4331:
2873:
788:
280:
374:. It is related to but not mutually intelligible with the other primary language of the Muscogee confederacy,
4399:
4228:
3237:
Powell, Amy; Martin, Jack (May 17, 2024). "The Muscogee Language Documentation Project". William & Mary.
1310:'deer' is impossible, as the shortest a Muscogee word can be is a one-syllable word ending in a long vowel (
627:
409:
184:
3264:
Powell, Amy; Martin, Jack (May 17, 2024). "The Muscogee Language Documentation Project". William & Mary
4659:
4589:
4320:
4294:
4254:
4213:
3906:
2337:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2199:
2195:
2180:
2176:
2009:
2005:
1987:
1965:
1928:
1909:
1890:
1886:
1863:
1859:
1840:
1821:
1792:
1773:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1724:
1705:
1686:
1667:
1649:
1645:
1626:
1607:
1588:
1569:
1547:
1543:
1524:
1520:
1327:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1032:
1025:
1013:
1005:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
925:
921:
906:
894:
886:
862:
858:
782:
755:
747:
729:
721:
717:
448:
3744:
2131:
In addition, certain combinations of consonants sound differently from English, giving multiple possible
393:. During the 1830s, however, the US government forced most Muscogee and Seminole to relocate west of the
4451:
4299:
4202:
4177:
3946:
882:
796:
582:
575:
2856:
on a verb in a clause marks that the verb's subject is the same as that of the next clause. The clitic
4595:
4394:
4244:
4187:
4146:
3419:
3338:
2731:
2452:
1017:
910:
898:
874:
866:
794:
786:
774:
739:
371:
4702:
4601:
4151:
4097:
4087:
3199:
2312:
497:
451:
and Glenpool Library in Tulsa and the Holdenville, Okmulgee, and Tulsa Muscogee Communities of the
328:
112:
4510:
4341:
4279:
4269:
4249:
4110:
3941:
3736:
3278:
2258:
2029:
1019:
733:
531:
481:
2828:
However, for verbs of motion, Muscogee has a large selection of verbs with a specific meaning:
4539:
4527:
4505:
4500:
4467:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
4346:
4289:
4223:
4125:
3899:
3822:
3803:
3775:
3728:
3690:
3633:
3630:
A New Order of Things. Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1810
3424:
3204:
2623:
2534:
2381:
1460:
1413:'nice and warm'). Nasal vowels may also appear as part of a suffix that indicates a question (
1279:
1009:
561:
554:
546:
536:
456:
394:
379:
352:
4697:
4687:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4617:
4551:
4522:
4516:
4485:
4479:
4218:
4120:
4105:
4062:
3720:
3681:
Hardy, Donald E. (January 2005). "Creek". In Hardy, Heather K.; Scancarelli, Janine (eds.).
3164:
2921:
Even if the possessor is mentioned specifically, the prefix still must be part of the word:
2849:
2053:
1471:
1100:
1096:
526:
398:
3706:"Acoustic Vowel Reduction in Creek: Effects of Distinctive Length and Position in the Word"
250:
4692:
4612:
4607:
4582:
4576:
4495:
4359:
4197:
4141:
4010:
3876:
3397:
3345:
3194:
3189:
2377:
1160:
569:
541:
452:
163:
104:
3871:
Acoustic vowel reduction in Creek: Effects of distinctive length and position in the word
4643:
4571:
4545:
4533:
4490:
4284:
3984:
3969:
3881:
3764:
2702:
Some Muscogee verbs, especially those involving motion, have highly irregular plurals:
1805:
1494:. Here are the (approximately) equivalent sounds using familiar English words and the
1467:
493:
389:
in the early 18th century. Combining with other ethnicities there, they emerged as the
362:
Historically, the language was spoken by various constituent groups of the Muscogee or
17:
382:, which is spoken by the kindred Mikasuki, as well as with other Muskogean languages.
217:
4784:
4274:
4238:
4067:
3156:
2869:
2769:
2723:
1124:
928:
is sometimes realized as the uvular when it is preceded by or when syllable-final:
473:
150:
57:
3740:
2289:
alters the meaning from one of process to one of state ("she is wearing (a dress)").
238:
4561:
4182:
2408:
In Muscogee, a single verb can translate into an entire English sentence. The root
2315:, a sense of repeated or habitual action ("she kept putting on (that same dress)").
2262:
1428:
1401:, which indicates intensification through lengthening and nasalization of a vowel (
485:
477:
1943:
There are also three vowel sequences whose spellings match their phonetic makeup:
3653:
2028:
As mentioned above, certain consonants in Muscogee, when they appear between two
4761:
4156:
4040:
4035:
3951:
3886:
3391:"Thunder Road Theater Company to perform plays in the Mvskoke (Creek) Language."
1136:
1119:
676:
432:
230:
2139:
means "to stop:" the verb for "you are stopping" may be written in Muscogee as
4233:
4000:
2538:
2409:
2274:
1440:
1278:
can be realized as the lax and centralized () when a neighboring consonant is
1184:
1129:
1092:
489:
3891:
1970:
similar to the exclamation "ew!". A combination of the sounds represented by
4077:
3979:
3674:
2988:. In English, speakers have prepositions to indicate location, for example,
2349:
993:
751:
736:
637:
513:
469:
404:
The language is today spoken by fewer than 400 people, most of whom live in
340:
210:
194:
176:
3732:
2225:
However, the correspondences do not always apply, and in some words, short
2135:. The most prominent case is the second person singular ending for verbs.
1330:), which are slightly longer than short vowels and are never centralized.
728:
and patterns as a single consonant and so with the other voiceless stops.
201:
4455:
4030:
4020:
4005:
3995:
3989:
3922:
3859:
Pum Opunvkv, Pun Yvhiketv, Pun Fulletv: Our Language, Our Songs, Our Ways
3176:
3160:
1456:
767:
759:
516:
501:
405:
390:
375:
344:
336:
332:
315:
288:
276:
260:
84:
68:
4420:
4082:
3298:
2984:
A final distinctive feature, related to the above, is the existence of
2934:
890:
598:
386:
367:
348:
284:
72:
3724:
2155:
transliteration has been used by Martin (2000) and Loughridge (1964).
4208:
4072:
4015:
3936:
3864:
2353:
2296:
1398:
1382:
Both long and short vowels can be nasalized (the distinction between
1222:
320:
39:
2925:= Toske's hand. It is not redundant in Muscogee ("Toske his_hand").
385:
The Muscogee first brought the Muscogee and Miccosukee languages to
4762:"Haas/Hill texts - Muskogee (Seminole/Creek) Documentation Project"
3877:
Mvskoke Nakcokv Eskerretv Esvhokkolat. Creek Second Reader. (1871)
3843:
2727:
1035:
in the same syllable and results in a single voiceless consonant:
763:
444:
431:
3853:. This site includes a draft of a Mvskoke textbook, which may be
3247:
1374:
In Muscogee, there are three diphthongs, generally realized as .
2345:
4424:
3895:
1221:(in the linguistic orthography, they are often written with an
885:. Predominantly among speakers in Florida, the articulation of
2530:= Long ago I heard (fourth or remote past, beyond a year ago).
2518:= I heard recently (second or middle past, within a week ago).
2860:
marks that verb's subject is different from the next clause.
3167:
languages at least into the first half of the 20th century.
2812:= I am going (in water / in a low place / under something);
2611:= I keep learning (imperfect, habitual or repeated action).
2500:= I just heard (first or immediate past; within a day ago).
2537:
versions of the above, as well as future, indefinite, and
287:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2388:
marks subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs.
1407:'warm' with the nasalizing grade intensifies the word to
1314:'bee') or a two-syllable word ending with a short vowel (
2933:
All other nouns are possessed through a separate set of
3762:
Innes, Pamela; Linda Alexander; Bertha Tilkens (2004).
3349:
University of Oklahoma: The Department of Anthropology.
2443:
Plural forms can be a bit more complicated (see below).
468:
The phoneme inventory of Muscogee consists of thirteen
3861:
by Margaret Mauldin, Jack Martin, and Gloria McCarty).
3658:, pp. 738–740. Elsevier. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
2599:= I am learning (progressive, ongoing or in progress).
2151:
transliteration is preferred by Innes (2004), and the
1459:
was adopted by the tribe in the late 1800s and has 20
2880:
Nouns in fixed relationships (inalienable possession)
2524:= I heard (third or distant past, within a year ago).
1286:
will generally not centralize when it is followed by
243:
Current geographic distribution of the Creek language
4806:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast
455:
offer Muscogee Creek language classes. In 2013, the
355:, when it is spoken by the Seminole, it is known as
4680:
4652:
4472:
4369:
4308:
4170:
4134:
4096:
4049:
3960:
3929:
3846:, Mvskoke Lanague Department of the Muscogee Nation
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2868:In some languages, a special form of the noun, the
2835:
2829:
1402:
224:
208:
192:
174:
169:
136:
131:
101:
91:
79:
63:
53:
32:
3763:
3683:Native Languages of the Southeastern United States
3361:"Library Presents Mvskoke (Creek) Language Class."
2852:clitics to co-ordinate their subjects. The clitic
3817:Martin, Jack B.; Margaret McKane Maudlin (2000).
2364:Case is marked on noun phrases using the clitics
1470:, some sounds are vastly different from those in
857:There are four voiceless fricatives in Muscogee:
2691:= What are you eating? (expecting a long answer)
2685:= Are you eating? (expecting a yes or no answer)
2617:= I just learned (action completed in the past).
781:, or after at the end of a syllable, the velar
4766:Muskogee (Seminole/Creek) Documentation Project
2639:= I was just stopped (passive voice, 1st past).
1111:The vowel phonemes of Muscogee are as follows:
1091:All plosives and fricatives in Muscogee can be
3887:OLAC resources in and about the Creek language
3655:Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world
2722:Another entire class of Muscogee verbs is the
2533:There are at least ten more tenses, including
71:, Muscogee and Seminole, south Alabama Creek,
4744:"The Muscogee Language Documentation Project"
4436:
3907:
3821:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
3802:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
8:
2800:= to go (singular subjects only, see above);
1394:
716:There are four voiceless stops in Muscogee:
319:in Muscogee), previously referred to by its
3793:. Okmulgee, OK: Baptist Home Mission Board.
3548:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3465:
3463:
2658:= I will not stop (negative, future tense).
2306:
2300:
2284:
2278:
1414:
1408:
1389:
1383:
4742:Powell, Amy; Martin, Jack (May 17, 2024).
4443:
4429:
4421:
3914:
3900:
3892:
3316:"Language vital part of cultural identity"
2633:= I just stopped (active voice, 1st past).
984:The sonorants in Muscogee are two nasals (
249:
237:
29:
3789:Loughridge, R.M.; David M. Hodge (1964).
3497:
3495:
3493:
2582:= He / She made someone stop (causative).
2449:Person of patient and/or indirect object.
2056:. They are the consonants represented by
1326:There are three long vowels in Muscogee (
1103:languages, the geminate does not occur.
1012:. Nasal assimilation occurs in Muscogee:
4353:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
3652:Brown, Keith, and Sarah Ogilvie (2008).
3596:
3594:
1945:
1500:
1113:
1031:Sonorants are devoiced when followed by
909:is a voiceless apico-alveolar fricative
511:
4734:
3221:
2706:= to run, with a singular subject, but
2652:= I will stop (positive, future tense).
443:offers a language certificate program.
281:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
865:can be realized as either labiodental
314:
3704:Johnson, Keith; Martin, Jack (2001).
766:but remain voiceless at the end of a
7:
3689:(published 2005). pp. 200–245.
2772:. For example, in English, the verb
2558:= He / She is stopping (indicative).
2147:. Both are pronounced the same. The
1439:, etc.), and falling (marked with a
4562:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
3415:"Creek language class graduates 14"
3366:8 Sept 2009 (retrieved 27 Dec 2010)
2824:= I am going (on top of something).
2299:under the vowel. Changing the verb
2283:("she is putting on (a dress)") to
75:, Seminole of Brighton Reservation.
3175:The forms of Muscogee used by the
2576:= If he / she stops (subjunctive).
2348:or a noun followed by one or more
1217:. There are also the nasal vowels
25:
3766:Beginning Creek: Mvskoke Emponvkv
2412:form of the verb is altered for:
2344:. The subject or object may be a
2257:Muscogee words carry distinctive
1282:or in closed syllables. However,
1197:
1191:
1175:
1169:
1147:
1141:
697:
690:
681:
667:
656:
649:
642:
626:
619:
610:
603:
581:
574:
4801:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma
4716:
4715:
4380:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
2570:= He / She may stop (potential).
156:
143:
4821:Indigenous languages of Florida
4260:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
3791:Dictionary Muskogee and English
3376:"Holdenville Indian Community."
3302:College of the Muscogee Nation.
2273:in a syllable is shown using a
4162:College of the Muscogee Nation
3819:A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee
3632:. Cambridge University Press.
441:College of the Muscogee Nation
1:
4385:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
4321:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
4265:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
4026:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
3800:A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee)
2818:= I am going (on the ground);
2710:= to run of two subjects and
2372:for non-subjects. The clitic
1419:'I wonder if it's raining').
1209:There are three short vowels
4665:Black American Sign Language
4405:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
4390:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
4205:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
3882:Muskogee Genesis Translation
3772:University of Oklahoma Press
3687:University of Nebraska Press
3314:Pratt, Stacey (2013-04-15).
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2836:
2830:
2698:Verbs with irregular plurals
2295:of a vowel is shown with an
2123:can sound like , the "d" in
2113:can sound like , the "z" in
2103:can sound like , the "b" in
2093:can sound like , the "g" in
2083:can sound like , the "j" in
1927:
1922:
1908:
1903:
1885:
1880:
1858:
1853:
1839:
1834:
1820:
1815:
1791:
1786:
1772:
1767:
1741:
1736:
1723:
1718:
1704:
1699:
1685:
1680:
1666:
1661:
1644:
1639:
1625:
1620:
1606:
1601:
1587:
1582:
1568:
1563:
1542:
1537:
1519:
1514:
1466:Although it is based on the
1403:
27:Indigenous American language
4557:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
4371:Federally recognized tribes
4337:Treaty of Washington (1826)
3588:Martin, 2011, pp. 53–54, 95
3561:Martin, 2011, pp. 64, 72-23
2714:= to run of three or more.
2605:= I know (resulting state).
2340:structure fits the pattern
726:voiceless palatal affricate
488:. It also makes use of the
414:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
4837:
4326:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
3923:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
3413:Brock, John (2013-08-17).
2848:Clauses in a sentence use
2451:That is accomplished with
1474:like those represented by
1294:in the same syllable, and
785:is realized as the uvular
97:fewer than 400 (2024)
4711:
4462:
4316:Treaty of New York (1790)
3275:"Muscogee (Creek) Nation"
2730:, as above; instead, the
2494:= I am hearing (present).
1455:The traditional Muscogee
905:, but for most speakers,
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
523:
339:people, primarily in the
267:
257:Native American languages
248:
236:
138:Official language in
46:
37:
4410:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
4332:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
3798:Martin, Jack B. (2011).
3401:Muscogee (Creek) Nation.
3379:Muscogee (Creek) Nation.
2384:of the verb, the clitic
1435:, etc.), low (unmarked:
1361:'to be uncovered, open'
397:, with most forced into
4791:Agglutinative languages
4517:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
4400:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
3865:Muskogee (Creek) Nation
3628:Saunt, Claudio (1999).
3579:Martin, 2011, pp. 54–55
3403:(retrieved 27 Dec 2010)
3381:(retrieved 27 Dec 2010)
3351:(retrieved 27 Dec 2010)
3304:(retrieved 27 Dec 2010)
3248:"Muscogee Citizen Data"
3228:Muscogee Nation website
3163:, Muscogee proper, and
2477:= I will see you again.
2307:
2301:
2285:
2279:
2253:Nonstandard orthography
1415:
1409:
1390:
1384:
1274:The three short vowels
1074:'a type of water bird'
758:are voiced to between
408:and are members of the
18:Muscogee Creek language
4660:American Sign Language
4295:Creek National Capitol
4255:Kimbell-James Massacre
4214:Leon-Jefferson culture
3851:Creek Language Archive
3570:Martin, 2011, p. 64–65
3457:Martin, 2011, p. 50–51
3364:Native American Times.
3152:Male vs. female speech
2440:= He / She is running.
1213:and three long vowels
449:University of Oklahoma
436:
269:This article contains
4300:Crazy Snake Rebellion
4203:Apalachicola Province
4178:Mississippian culture
4059:(Francis the Prophet)
3618:Hardy 2005, pp. 201-2
3519:Martin, 2011, p.49-50
3478:Martin, 2011, p.48-49
3420:Sapulpa Herald Online
3320:Tahlequah Daily Press
3015:= noun for "behind";
2506:= I am going to hear.
883:place of articulation
773:Between instances of
435:
4395:Kialegee Tribal Town
4245:Battle of Burnt Corn
4147:Four Mothers Society
3021:= behind the house;
2564:= Stop! (imperative)
2209:with the long vowel
2190:with the long vowel
2171:with the long vowel
1804:and is identical to
476:, which distinguish
447:public schools, the
4796:Muskogean languages
4152:Green Corn Ceremony
4088:William Weatherford
3609:Hardy 2005, pg. 202
3552:Martin, 2011, p. 53
3540:Martin, 2011, p. 51
3510:Martin, 2011, p. 49
3501:Martin, 2011, p. 63
3487:Martin, 2011, p. 62
3469:Martin, 2011, p. 47
3200:Muskogean languages
2747:= he / she is sick;
2342:subject–object–verb
2313:imperfective aspect
1955:English equivalent
1759:ne or the "oo" in b
1729:like the "n" in moo
1552:like the "ch" in su
1510:English equivalent
1349:'to uncover, open'
1004:), and the lateral
820:'his or her house'
520:
4748:William & Mary
4342:Indian Removal Act
4280:Indian Removal Act
4270:Battle of Ocheesee
4250:Fort Mims Massacre
3867:, official website
3528:Martin, 2011, p.64
3396:2015-07-15 at the
3344:2011-02-24 at the
2929:Transferable nouns
2872:, is used to show
2776:can be changed to
2434:= You are running.
2368:for subjects, and
2014:like the "ow" in h
1992:like the "oy" in b
1872:k or the "oa" in b
1868:like the "oo" in b
1654:like the "ay" in d
1593:like the "ee" in s
897:being realized as
512:
437:
329:Muskogean language
4731:
4730:
4540:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
4418:
4417:
4347:Treaty of Cusseta
4290:Creek War of 1836
4241:(Creek civil war)
4224:State of Muskogee
4126:Mikasuki-Hitchiti
3930:Four mother towns
3725:10.1159/000028489
3448:Hardy 2005:211-12
3425:Sapulpa, Oklahoma
3205:Mikasuki language
3171:Seminole dialects
3115:= Paternal Uncle.
3109:= Maternal Uncle.
3053:= under the tree.
2840:= to go through.
2764:Locative prefixes
2679:= You are eating.
2021:
2020:
1941:
1940:
1845:like the "t" in s
1778:like the "p" in s
1755:like the "o" in b
1672:like the "k" in s
1574:like the "i" in h
1556:or the "ts" in ca
1529:like the "a" in f
1365:
1364:
1265:
1264:
1207:
1206:
1082:
1081:
975:
974:
848:
847:
709:
708:
564:
557:
428:Language programs
395:Mississippi River
316:[maskókî]
299:Muscogee language
295:
294:
277:rendering support
273:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
4828:
4816:Seminole culture
4811:Muscogee culture
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4739:
4719:
4718:
4672:Plains Sign Talk
4445:
4438:
4431:
4422:
4309:Politics and law
4219:Battle of Taliwa
4063:William McIntosh
3992:(four locations)
3962:Groups and towns
3916:
3909:
3902:
3893:
3857:in .pdf format (
3832:
3813:
3794:
3785:
3769:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3743:. Archived from
3710:
3700:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3589:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3541:
3538:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3488:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3427:. Archived from
3410:
3404:
3388:
3382:
3373:
3367:
3358:
3352:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3311:
3305:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3277:. Archived from
3271:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
2986:locational nouns
2962:= his / her dog;
2916:
2908:
2900:
2893:= his / her hand
2892:
2850:switch-reference
2844:Switch-reference
2839:
2833:
2689:Naken hompetska?
2475:Hvtvm Cehēcares.
2417:Person of agent.
2360:Grammatical case
2310:
2304:
2288:
2282:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2205:The short vowel
2201:
2197:
2186:The short vowel
2182:
2178:
2167:The short vowel
2011:
2007:
1989:
1967:
1946:
1933:like the "y" in
1930:
1914:like the "w" in
1911:
1895:like the "a" in
1892:
1888:
1865:
1861:
1842:
1826:like the "s" in
1823:
1794:
1775:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1726:
1710:like the "m" in
1707:
1691:like the "l" in
1688:
1669:
1651:
1647:
1631:like the "h" in
1628:
1612:like the "f" in
1609:
1590:
1571:
1549:
1545:
1526:
1522:
1501:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1393:
1387:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1179:
1173:
1151:
1145:
1114:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
933:
932:
927:
923:
916:
908:
904:
896:
888:
880:
872:
864:
860:
806:
805:
800:
792:
784:
780:
757:
749:
745:
731:
723:
719:
701:
694:
685:
671:
660:
653:
646:
630:
623:
614:
607:
585:
578:
560:
553:
521:
399:Indian Territory
366:in what are now
318:
313:
255:Distribution of
253:
241:
220:
204:
197:
188:
187:
179:
162:
160:
159:
149:
147:
146:
107:
30:
21:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4770:
4768:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4707:
4676:
4648:
4468:
4458:
4449:
4419:
4414:
4365:
4360:Sharp v. Murphy
4304:
4229:Forbes purchase
4198:Long Swamp Site
4166:
4130:
4092:
4045:
3956:
3925:
3920:
3844:Mvskoke Opunvkv
3840:
3835:
3829:
3816:
3810:
3797:
3788:
3782:
3761:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3719:(1–2): 81–102.
3708:
3703:
3697:
3685:. Lincoln, NE:
3680:
3670:
3663:
3662:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3398:Wayback Machine
3389:
3385:
3374:
3370:
3359:
3355:
3346:Wayback Machine
3337:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3252:Muscogee Nation
3246:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3195:Creek mythology
3190:Muscogee people
3186:
3173:
3154:
3086:
2982:
2931:
2882:
2866:
2846:
2766:
2759:= you are sick.
2720:
2700:
2428:= I am running.
2406:
2362:
2334:
2329:
2255:
2161:
2026:
1453:
1425:
1380:
1372:
1324:
1272:
1109:
1089:
982:
893:, resulting in
855:
801:. For example:
714:
510:
474:vowel qualities
466:
453:Muscogee Nation
430:
422:
410:Muscogee Nation
311:
275:Without proper
263:
244:
216:
200:
193:
183:
182:
175:
164:Muscogee Nation
157:
155:
153:
144:
142:
139:
132:Official status
127:
108:
105:Language family
103:
94:
93:Native speakers
85:Muscogee people
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4834:
4832:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4753:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4681:Non-Indigenous
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4656:
4654:
4653:Sign languages
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4598:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4542:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4373:(20th century)
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:Trail of Tears
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4116:Creek-Seminole
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4057:Josiah Francis
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3847:
3839:
3838:External links
3836:
3834:
3833:
3827:
3814:
3808:
3795:
3786:
3780:
3770:. Norman, OK:
3759:
3701:
3695:
3678:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3645:
3638:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3489:
3480:
3471:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3405:
3383:
3368:
3353:
3331:
3306:
3291:
3266:
3257:
3239:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3172:
3169:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3054:
3034:
2981:
2980:Locative nouns
2978:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2930:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2881:
2878:
2865:
2862:
2845:
2842:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2719:
2716:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2512:= I will hear.
2507:
2501:
2495:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2405:
2402:
2361:
2358:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2290:
2254:
2251:
2223:
2222:
2203:
2184:
2160:
2157:
2133:transcriptions
2129:
2128:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1468:Latin alphabet
1452:
1449:
1424:
1421:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1323:
1320:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
972:
970:
968:
965:
963:
953:
952:
950:
948:
945:
943:
924:, the glottal
854:
851:
850:
849:
846:
845:
843:
841:
838:
836:
826:
825:
823:
821:
818:
816:
713:
710:
707:
706:
704:
702:
695:
688:
686:
679:
673:
672:
665:
663:
661:
654:
647:
640:
634:
633:
631:
624:
617:
615:
608:
601:
595:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
579:
572:
566:
565:
558:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
509:
506:
465:
462:
429:
426:
421:
420:Current status
418:
293:
292:
279:, you may see
265:
264:
254:
246:
245:
242:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
214:
206:
205:
198:
190:
189:
180:
172:
171:
170:Language codes
167:
166:
140:
137:
134:
133:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
123:
111:
109:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
81:
77:
76:
65:
61:
60:
55:
54:Native to
51:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4833:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4735:
4724:
4723:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
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4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4590:Plains Apache
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
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4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
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4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Seminole Wars
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4239:Red Stick War
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:Peter McQueen
4066:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3828:0-8032-8302-4
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3809:9780803211063
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3781:0-8061-3583-2
3777:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3750:on 2010-06-26
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3431:on 2013-08-23
3430:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3281:on 2015-07-15
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:Claudio Saunt
3151:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3033:= behind you.
3031:
3027:= behind me;
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:genitive case
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:= to go out;
2832:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:= I am going;
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:phrasal verbs
2763:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2741:= to be sick;
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:stative verbs
2718:Stative verbs
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2471:= You see me.
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:likŏ:th-os-i:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1281:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1245:'our father'
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1219:/ĩɑ̃õĩːɑ̃ːõː/
1203:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1011:
995:
979:
971:
969:
966:
964:
962:
960:
955:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
942:
940:
935:
934:
931:
930:
929:
918:
914:
902:
892:
884:
878:
870:
852:
844:
842:
839:
837:
835:
833:
828:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
815:
813:
808:
807:
804:
803:
802:
798:
790:
778:
771:
769:
765:
761:
753:
743:
738:
735:
727:
711:
705:
703:
700:
696:
693:
689:
687:
684:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
666:
664:
662:
659:
655:
652:
648:
645:
641:
639:
636:
635:
632:
629:
625:
622:
618:
616:
613:
609:
606:
602:
600:
597:
596:
593:
591:
589:
587:
584:
580:
577:
573:
571:
568:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
522:
518:
515:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
427:
425:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
351:. Along with
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
310:
309:
304:
300:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
272:
266:
262:
258:
252:
247:
240:
235:
232:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
213:
212:
207:
203:
199:
196:
191:
186:
181:
178:
173:
168:
165:
152:
151:United States
141:
135:
130:
122:
119:
118:
116:
115:
114:
110:
106:
100:
96:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:East central
66:
62:
59:
58:United States
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4769:. Retrieved
4765:
4756:
4747:
4737:
4720:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4600:
4588:
4581:
4566:
4544:
4532:
4515:
4464:
4358:
4351:
4328:(unratified)
4183:Pisgah phase
4115:
3975:Apalachicola
3858:
3818:
3799:
3790:
3765:
3752:. Retrieved
3745:the original
3716:
3712:
3682:
3675:Haas, Mary R
3668:Bibliography
3664:
3654:
3648:
3629:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3483:
3474:
3453:
3444:
3433:. Retrieved
3429:the original
3418:
3408:
3400:
3386:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3334:
3323:. Retrieved
3319:
3309:
3301:
3299:"Academics."
3294:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:the original
3269:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3174:
3155:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3089:
3073:= near you;
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2974:Toskē em efv
2973:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2883:
2867:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2786:to go around
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2721:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2593:= to learn.
2590:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2474:
2469:Cvhēcetskes.
2468:
2465:= I see you.
2462:
2456:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2407:
2397:
2396:" or "build
2393:
2390:
2385:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2336:The general
2335:
2320:key syllable
2319:
2293:Nasalization
2292:
2271:Falling tone
2270:
2263:nasalization
2256:
2246:
2241:, and short
2238:
2230:
2224:
2210:
2206:
2191:
2187:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:Vowel length
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:(a vowel or
2027:
2015:
2000:
1993:
1982:
1975:
1971:
1960:
1952:Sound (IPA)
1942:
1934:
1923:
1915:
1904:
1896:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1854:
1846:
1835:
1827:
1816:
1808:
1801:
1787:
1779:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1737:
1730:
1719:
1711:
1700:
1692:
1681:
1673:
1662:
1655:
1640:
1632:
1621:
1613:
1602:
1594:
1583:
1575:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1538:
1530:
1515:
1507:Sound (IPA)
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1454:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1429:acute accent
1426:
1381:
1378:Nasal vowels
1373:
1355:in-ɬam-k-itá
1354:
1342:
1332:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1273:
1270:Short vowels
1252:
1250:
1236:
1234:
1208:
1110:
1090:
1065:
1063:
1045:
1043:
1030:
983:
958:
956:
938:
936:
919:
873:or bilabial
856:
831:
829:
811:
809:
772:
715:
519:of Muscogee
486:nasalization
467:
438:
423:
403:
384:
363:
361:
356:
335:(Creek) and
324:
307:
306:
302:
298:
296:
268:
209:
154:
120:
47:
4157:Stomp dance
4041:Tribal town
3952:Tukabatchee
3067:= near me;
2956:= your dog;
2909:= your hand
2753:= I'm sick;
2677:Hompetskes.
2574:Wiken omat.
2568:Wike wites.
2552:= to stop.
2488:= to hear.
2432:Lētketskes.
2245:is spelled
2237:is spelled
2229:is spelled
1451:Orthography
1343:in-ɬa:m-itá
1322:Long vowels
754:consonants
677:Approximant
283:instead of
4785:Categories
4771:2017-12-22
4703:Vietnamese
4602:Potawatomi
4473:Indigenous
4234:Red Sticks
4193:Moundville
4036:Tallapoosa
4001:Miccosukee
3855:downloaded
3754:2009-04-26
3696:0803242352
3639:0521660432
3600:Innes 2004
3435:2013-08-23
3325:2013-04-17
3285:2015-07-15
3211:References
3133:= Grandma.
3127:= Grandpa.
3079:= near us.
2968:= our dog.
2923:Toskē enke
2917:= our hand
2874:possession
2864:Possession
2683:Hompetskv?
2669:= to eat;
2664:Questions.
2656:Wikakarēs.
2645:Negatives.
2637:Cvwihokes.
2580:Wikepices.
2539:pluperfect
2528:Pohicatēs.
2516:Pohiyvnks.
2504:Pohvhanis.
2459:= to see.
2422:= to run.
2410:infinitive
2350:adjectives
2332:Word order
2275:circumflex
2052:), become
2024:Consonants
1441:circumflex
1370:Diphthongs
1261:'cutworm'
994:semivowels
853:Fricatives
508:Consonants
498:fricatives
490:gemination
472:and three
470:consonants
331:spoken by
4511:Chickasaw
4452:Languages
4111:Apalachee
4098:Languages
4078:Neamathla
3980:Coushatta
3713:Phonetica
3216:Citations
3177:Seminoles
3103:= Mother.
3097:= Father.
3041:= under;
3018:cuko yopv
3009:= house;
2950:= my dog;
2901:= my hand
2837:ropottetv
2734:changes:
2712:pefatketv
2708:tokorketv
2522:Pohimvts.
2311:adds the
2145:wiketskes
2030:sonorants
1949:Spelling
1504:Spelling
1447:, etc.).
1416:o:sk-ihá:
1318:'corn').
1306:'dog' or
1161:Close-mid
1093:geminated
1087:Geminates
980:Sonorants
941:-leyk-itá
760:sonorants
752:obstruent
737:allophone
638:Fricative
514:Consonant
502:sonorants
464:Phonology
341:US states
211:Glottolog
195:ISO 639-3
177:ISO 639-2
113:Muskogean
80:Ethnicity
4722:Category
4567:Muscogee
4534:Delaware
4528:Comanche
4506:Cheyenne
4501:Cherokee
4456:Oklahoma
4142:Religion
4031:Sabacola
4021:Okfuskee
4011:Muscogee
4006:Muklassa
3996:Hitchiti
3990:Fowltown
3741:38872292
3733:11096370
3394:Archived
3342:Archived
3339:"Creek,"
3184:See also
3143:Hoktuce.
3084:Examples
3061:= near;
3050:eto lecv
3047:= tree;
2935:pronouns
2816:tak-ayis
2792:Example:
2782:to go in
2778:to go up
2757:cenokkēs
2751:cvnokkēs
2673:= what.
2650:Wikarēs.
2615:Kerîyis.
2510:Pohares.
2453:prefixes
2338:sentence
2141:wikeckes
1457:alphabet
1328:/iːɑːoː/
1215:/iːɑːoː/
1196:
1174:
1146:
1016:becomes
947:'chair'
889:is more
840:'money'
768:syllable
756:/ptt͡ʃk/
734:alveolar
718:/ptt͡ʃk/
712:Plosives
532:Alveolar
517:phonemes
412:and the
406:Oklahoma
391:Seminole
380:Mikasuki
376:Hitchiti
357:Seminole
353:Mikasuki
345:Oklahoma
337:Seminole
333:Muscogee
303:Muskogee
289:Help:IPA
261:Oklahoma
231:Muskogee
218:cree1270
121:Muscogee
83:100,000
69:Oklahoma
33:Muscogee
4698:Spanish
4688:English
4638:Wyandot
4631:Wichita
4624:Tonkawa
4618:Shawnee
4552:Koasati
4523:Choctaw
4486:Arapaho
4480:Alabama
4465:Italics
4171:History
4135:Culture
4121:Koasati
4106:Alabama
4083:Osceola
4050:Leaders
3985:Eufaula
3970:Alabama
3947:Kasihta
3165:Koasati
3161:Hichiti
3145:= Girl.
3137:Cēpvnē.
3121:= Aunt.
3119:Eckuce.
3113:Erkuce.
3090:Family.
3076:putempe
3070:cetempe
3064:cvtempe
2966:pum efv
2954:cem efv
2822:oh-ayis
2810:ak-ayis
2745:enokkēs
2704:letketv
2667:Hompetv
2631:Wihkis.
2609:Kęrris.
2603:Kêrris.
2597:Kērris.
2591:Kerretv
2588:Aspect.
2535:perfect
2498:Pohhis.
2463:Cehēcis
2438:Lētkes.
2426:Lētkis.
2420:Letketv
2394:to town
2382:patient
2354:Adverbs
2327:Grammar
2233:, long
1798:a sound
1472:English
1461:letters
1404:likoth-
1280:coronal
1125:Central
1101:Koasati
1097:Alabama
1054:'bell'
1024:before
992:), two
967:'year'
961:ɬolopi:
891:laminal
746:before
732:has an
599:Plosive
562:Lateral
555:Central
547:Glottal
537:Palatal
460:state.
457:Sapulpa
387:Florida
372:Georgia
368:Alabama
364:Maskoki
349:Florida
327:, is a
308:Mvskoke
285:Unicode
117:Eastern
73:Florida
48:Mvskoke
38:Creek (
4693:German
4613:Seneca
4608:Quapaw
4583:Pawnee
4577:Ottawa
4496:Cayuga
4209:Chiaha
4188:Etowah
4073:Menawa
4016:Okchai
3942:Coweta
3937:Abihka
3825:
3806:
3778:
3739:
3731:
3693:
3636:
3139:= Boy.
3107:Pauwv.
3030:ceyopv
3024:cvyopv
2998:beside
2994:around
2990:behind
2960:em efv
2948:vm efv
2944:= dog;
2831:ossetv
2739:enokkē
2732:prefix
2562:Wikvs.
2556:Wikes.
2550:Wiketv
2492:Pohis.
2486:Pohetv
2483:Tense.
2457:Hecetv
2398:a fire
2297:ogonek
2153:-etsk-
2137:Wiketv
2072:, and
2054:voiced
1616:ather
1490:, and
1399:ablaut
1223:ogonek
1107:Vowels
1010:voiced
1008:, all
859:/fsɬh/
764:vowels
750:. The
527:Labial
478:length
321:exonym
161:
148:
87:(2024)
64:Region
40:exonym
4644:Yuchi
4596:Ponca
4572:Osage
4546:Kansa
4491:Caddo
3873:(pdf)
3748:(PDF)
3737:S2CID
3709:(PDF)
3131:Puse.
3125:Puca.
3101:Ecke.
3095:Erke.
3058:tempe
2914:punke
2906:cenke
2898:cvnke
2798:vyetv
2774:to go
2728:affix
2624:Voice
2547:Mood.
2404:Verbs
2378:agent
2308:ącces
2302:acces
2286:âcces
2280:acces
2259:tones
2149:-eck-
2048:, or
1899:bout
1806:Welsh
1635:atch
1533:ther
1423:Tones
1395:below
1391:ącces
1385:acces
1276:/iɑo/
1211:/iɑo/
1137:Close
1120:Front
1048:cá:ka
1022:]
1018:[
920:Like
915:]
911:[
903:]
899:[
879:]
875:[
871:]
867:[
834:ná:wa
810:in-co
799:]
795:[
791:]
787:[
779:]
775:[
744:]
740:[
730:/t͡ʃ/
724:is a
722:/t͡ʃ/
570:Nasal
542:Velar
494:stops
445:Tulsa
325:Creek
3849:The
3823:ISBN
3804:ISBN
3776:ISBN
3729:PMID
3691:ISBN
3634:ISBN
3038:lecv
3012:yopv
3006:cuko
2890:enke
2804:ayis
2671:nake
2380:and
2346:noun
2318:The
2261:and
2235:/iː/
2219:/oː/
2217:vs.
2200:/iː/
2198:vs.
2181:/aː/
2179:vs.
1974:and
1830:pot
1714:oon
1695:ook
1388:and
1239:-ɬki
1185:Open
1130:Back
1064:akcá
1000:and
988:and
762:and
500:and
484:and
482:tone
439:The
370:and
347:and
312:IPA:
297:The
4454:of
3721:doi
3044:eto
2942:efv
2400:".
2305:to
2243:/o/
2227:/a/
2215:/o/
2196:/i/
2177:/a/
2143:or
2127:ust
2107:oat
2097:oat
2087:ust
1937:et
1918:et
1849:op
1782:ot
1676:im
1496:IPA
1316:ací
1312:fóː
1308:icó
1304:ifa
1300:/i/
1296:/o/
1292:/k/
1290:or
1288:/h/
1284:/ɑ/
1255:ɬko
1099:or
1033:/h/
1026:/k/
1014:/n/
1006:/l/
1002:/j/
998:/w/
990:/n/
986:/m/
926:/h/
922:/k/
907:/s/
895:/s/
887:/s/
881:in
863:/f/
793:or
783:/k/
748:/k/
742:t͡s
492:of
343:of
271:IPA
259:in
226:ELP
202:mus
185:mus
4787::
4764:.
4746:.
3774:.
3735:.
3727:.
3717:58
3715:.
3711:.
3593:^
3545:^
3533:^
3492:^
3462:^
3423:.
3417:.
3318:.
3250:.
2996:,
2992:,
2937:.
2858:-n
2854:-t
2784:,
2780:,
2455:.
2386:-t
2374:-n
2370:-n
2366:-t
2352:.
2249:.
2117:oo
2076::
2068:,
2064:,
2060:,
2044:,
2040:,
2036:,
2016:ow
2010:əʊ
2008:~
2006:aʊ
2001:vo
1994:oy
1988:oɪ
1983:ue
1966:iʊ
1961:eu
1889:~
1876:t
1874:oa
1870:oo
1862:~
1811:.
1809:ll
1763:k
1761:oo
1749:~
1745:~
1743:oː
1656:ay
1650:ɛj
1648:~
1597:d
1595:ee
1589:iː
1578:t
1558:ts
1554:ch
1548:ts
1546:~
1544:tʃ
1523:~
1521:aː
1498::
1486:,
1482:,
1478:,
1463:.
1443::
1431::
1251:op
1199:ɑː
1177:oː
1149:iː
1068:ko
1066:wh
1046:mh
1044:ca
1028:.
917:.
861:.
830:to
770:.
720:.
621:tʃ
504:.
496:,
480:,
416:.
401:.
359:.
323:,
305:,
4774:.
4750:.
4482:*
4444:e
4437:t
4430:v
3915:e
3908:t
3901:v
3831:.
3812:.
3784:.
3757:.
3723::
3699:.
3642:.
3438:.
3328:.
3288:.
3254:.
2626:.
2541:.
2247:o
2239:e
2231:a
2221:)
2213:(
2211:o
2207:u
2202:)
2194:(
2192:ē
2188:e
2183:)
2175:(
2173:a
2169:v
2125:d
2121:t
2115:z
2111:s
2105:b
2101:p
2095:g
2091:k
2085:j
2081:c
2074:s
2070:c
2066:k
2062:t
2058:p
2050:y
2046:w
2042:l
2038:n
2034:m
1976:u
1972:e
1935:y
1929:j
1924:y
1916:w
1910:w
1905:w
1897:a
1891:a
1887:ə
1882:v
1864:o
1860:ʊ
1855:u
1847:t
1841:t
1836:t
1828:s
1822:s
1817:s
1802:l
1793:ɬ
1788:r
1780:p
1774:p
1769:p
1757:o
1751:o
1747:ʊ
1738:o
1731:n
1725:n
1720:n
1712:m
1706:m
1701:m
1693:l
1687:l
1682:l
1674:k
1668:k
1663:k
1646:ɛ
1641:i
1633:h
1627:h
1622:h
1614:f
1608:f
1603:f
1584:ē
1576:i
1570:ɪ
1565:e
1539:c
1531:a
1525:a
1516:a
1492:v
1488:r
1484:i
1480:e
1476:c
1445:â
1437:a
1433:á
1253:ó
1237:ó
1235:p
1193:ɑ
1171:o
1143:i
1020:ŋ
996:(
959:h
957:o
939:h
937:o
913:s
901:ʃ
877:ɸ
869:f
832:k
814:o
812:k
797:ɢ
789:q
777:o
699:j
692:l
683:w
669:h
658:ɬ
651:s
644:f
628:k
612:t
605:p
583:n
576:m
378:-
301:(
291:.
42:)
20:)
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