Knowledge (XXG)

Museum of Science (Boston)

Source đź“ť

614: 327: 319: 290: 590: 516: 976: 301: 190: 947: 56: 1140: 603: 1233:
were located on the museum grounds. However, in 2015 several of the scale models were removed from their original locations, and their current status is unknown as of 2022. As of 2023, only the model of Mars still remains, inside Cambridgeside Galleria Mall. The nearest known surviving scale model is
1072:. The exhibit displayed more than 70 artifacts, on loan from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Arguably, the centerpiece of the exhibit was a 40-foot-tall model of an Egyptian temple which housed a 3,000-year-old, 57-ton granite statue of Ramses. The exhibit ran from May 7, 1988 through August 30, 1988. 1024:
Engineering Design Workshop is an exhibit on the first level in the Blue Wing that sees about 200–800 visitors a day. It includes various different design challenges and other more one-on-one "cart activities" for visitors. The design center includes about a dozen activities for visitors to attempt
506:
The main entrance to the museum straddles the border between the cities of Boston and Cambridge, and the boundary is indicated by a marker embedded in the floor inside the museum. In 2013, the Museum of Science was the venue for the first joint session of the Boston and Cambridge city councils, to
1029:
run twice a day from 10am-12pm and from 2pm–4pm during the school year, and also 4:30pm–6:30pm during the summer. The cart activities include robotics and circuitry and are more meant for teaching visitors about new technology. All activities also include a magnet for visitors who attempted the
47: 528:
Starting in 2013, the Museum of Science has been undergoing a major renovation to upgrade the physical structure and develop new educational content. This $ 250 million campaign will upgrade nearly half of the Exhibit Halls from 2012, and open three new major exhibits: the
547:
has been moved to the atrium to make way for a new exhibit in the lower lobby called The Yawkey Gallery on the Charles River. This exhibit opened in 2016, creating a new entry to the museum with better views of the Charles River and Boston-Cambridge skyline.
1221:, where several children participate in a scavenger hunt to find all of the bronze model planets (including the former ninth planet Pluto, as the show premiered before Pluto was downgraded), scattered all throughout Boston. The bronze models of the 1406:
The same day that Mayor Menino shared the end of his 20 year reign, Boston and Cambridge city councils led by Tito Jackson (Boston) and Leland Cheung (Cambridge) met on neutral ground – the Museum of Science – to talk retention of talent in both
410:
The Boston Museum of Natural History of 1830/1864–1945 should not be confused with the private Warren Museum of Natural History (1858–1906, formerly on Chestnut Street in Boston). The contents of the latter collection, including the first intact
848:: small space exhibit located within the above-mentioned planetarium featuring real images of space and small bronze models of the Solar System's Sun and planets similar to the ones once displayed outside scattered throughout Boston 445:, now known as Science Park. The museum pays $ 1 a year to the state for use of the land. Construction and development began in 1948, and the museum opened in 1951, arguably the first all-encompassing science museum in the country. 3133: 2051: 2046: 1080: 1498: 250:. Along with over 700 interactive exhibits, the museum features a number of live and interactive presentations throughout the building each day, along with scheduled film showings at the 2786: 2029: 2041: 1245:
Construction began on a rooftop Wind Turbine Lab in 2009. The lab tests nine wind turbines from five different manufacturers on the roof of the museum. An exhibit in the Blue Wing,
372:
in the 19th century, and this name occurs frequently in the literature. In 1862, after the society had gone through several temporary facilities, a building was constructed in the
569:, an exhibition of new technologies, especially those created in or around the Boston area. This new exhibit also contains a few interactive activities, including a novel type of 1389: 1009:
The MoS has extensive educational programs from pre-school up through adult programming, including lecture series, concerts, films, workshops, and public policy discussions.
381: 348:
in 1830, founded by a collection of men who wished to share scientific interests. Their first meeting was held on February 9, 1830 with seven original members in attendance:
3168: 1130:. This exhibit featured some of the activities, videos, and images that describe the math, computer science, and science that go into making computer-animated films. 488:
in Boston closed and became part of the Museum of Science, integrating some of its educational displays, although most of the historical artifacts were moved to the
2966: 2826: 2203: 1944: 425:, an exhibit of artifacts from the early years of the society, is located near the second floor Blue Wing entrance to the Theater of Electricity in today's museum. 3143: 2507: 1167:, some former TCM educational exhibits and objects were transferred to the Boston Museum of Science where two new computing and technology exhibits were created. 3128: 654: 270: 1420: 959: 503:
A major renovation and expansion took place during 2005 and 2006. In 2010, the Charles Hayden Planetarium was closed for renovation, and has since reopened.
3138: 1913:
Video on the making of this large interactive polarized light mural, located in the atrium of the Mugar Imax Wing of the MOS (Artist: Austine Wood Comarow)
1126:
is a 13,000 square feet (1,200 m) exhibition currently on tour around the US. It was created by the Museum of Science, Boston, in collaboration with
1043:
was featured in the main entrance hall. Visitors could come within inches of radioactive material to watch the vapor trails of the particles they emitted.
2711: 1097: 471: 3173: 438: 146: 456:
who became a symbol or mascot of the museum; he lived to age 38, the longest any great horned owl is known to have lived. Today, a number of other
2751: 2143: 1085: 2393: 95: 3094: 1171:
an exhibit no longer on display at the Museum of Science, related the history of computing through a variety of hands-on interactive exhibits.
448:
In these first few years, the museum developed a traveling planetarium, a version of which is still brought to many elementary schools in the
2831: 2816: 2193: 2014: 686: 392:. The original MIT building was demolished in 1939, but the Natural History Museum building survives today, as a home furnishings showcase. 385: 281:(AZA), being home to over 100 animals, many of which the museum gained after they were surrendered, confiscated, rescued or rehabilitated. 3188: 3153: 1984: 2959: 2720: 2130: 2110: 1937: 541:
opened in November 2013 in the newly expanded Level 2 of the Green Wing, and has a focus on human biology. The audio kinetic sculpture
1393: 3058: 2551: 1006:
The museum offers many free live presentations to visitors, including hands-on demonstrations and live animal show-and-tell sessions.
416: 395:
A great deal of scientific work was done by the society, especially around geology, and the results of this work can be found in the
2368: 1259: 344: 278: 150: 3183: 1293: 1065:, and it was exhibited outside the museum’s building. The museum ended their lease on the locomotive to allow room for expansion. 399:
which are now freely available online. A library and children's rooms were added to the museum around 1900. It was renamed the
2821: 2198: 2105: 1974: 1862: 28: 1736: 3178: 2952: 2865: 2704: 1930: 752:
a collection of fossils and life-size models of dinosaurs and extinct animals, including a full-size Tyrannosaurus rex model
2668: 1472:"Museum of Science opens new, transformative exhibit, the Yawkey Gallery on the Charles River | Museum of Science, Boston" 3148: 3089: 2470: 2363: 2148: 1900: 1785: 1116: 274: 142: 88: 3073: 2841: 2330: 2213: 2163: 1999: 1286: 1156: 939: 485: 468: 349: 185: 2741: 433:
After World War II, the old Museum of Science building was sold, and the museum was relocated, again under the name
3158: 2847: 2453: 2300: 2219: 2115: 2080: 2836: 2697: 2458: 2373: 2305: 2208: 493: 1711: 581:, is very popular with visitors, who can control complex visual displays by means of body gestures and motions. 2398: 2383: 2120: 1217: 1205: 613: 559: 543: 520: 442: 326: 312: 239: 3063: 2931: 2913: 2408: 2320: 2265: 2188: 1994: 1895: 1164: 682: 678: 607: 489: 251: 1652: 3035: 2890: 2655: 2645: 2485: 2378: 2009: 1989: 1979: 901: 573:
which visitors can sit in and maneuver. A large-scale interactive digital video projection devised at the
552: 365: 308: 1905: 1837: 3102: 2903: 2766: 2731: 2247: 2100: 2095: 1212: 1077: 1058: 659: 602: 357: 2416: 1758: 1683: 46: 3163: 3068: 2860: 2761: 2650: 2546: 2529: 2232: 2158: 1051: 878: 704: 2995: 2465: 2443: 2438: 2353: 2348: 2310: 2036: 2024: 1026: 891: 719: 2502: 2295: 562:, is donating $ 50 million to the museum, the largest gift in the institution's 186-year history. 507:
discuss policy measures to improve retention of talented recent university graduates in the area.
2811: 2585: 2480: 2085: 2063: 1266: 1201: 1187:. The first integrated quantum computing system, developed by MOS Director of Strategic Projects 887: 389: 353: 296:
in the 1910s. The museum was later constructed behind the Metropolitan Police Station on the left
258: 3025: 2736: 634:
containing invertebrates, reptiles, and amphibians with an area dedicated to botanical education
318: 1811: 598:
human-powered hydrofoil boat was formerly displayed above the main entrance lobby of the museum
289: 3010: 2880: 2801: 2781: 2597: 2573: 2558: 2517: 2512: 2490: 2475: 2448: 2325: 2315: 2242: 2178: 2058: 2019: 2004: 1235: 1188: 1062: 951: 858: 555: 477:
was opened in August 1955, allowing easier access to the museum by public transportation. The
404: 181: 3053: 2923: 2918: 2885: 2875: 2771: 2756: 2617: 2602: 2590: 2536: 2433: 2426: 2358: 2285: 2257: 2237: 2153: 2075: 1682: 1651: 1503: 1226: 811: 728: 641: 453: 293: 3045: 3000: 2635: 2568: 2388: 2290: 2070: 874: 515: 273:(ASTC) (and President Tim Ritchie serves as Chair of the ASTC Board of Directors) and the 1101:. It was on display there from October 2005 to April 2006, and traveled to other venues. 300: 17: 2870: 2673: 2640: 2630: 2090: 1287:"TEA-AECOM 2016 Theme Index and Museum Index: The Global Attractions Attendance Report" 1175:
previously located in the Blue Wing, Level 1, housed displays ranging from educational
1160: 955: 668: 589: 474: 449: 231: 201: 189: 130: 975: 946: 3122: 2976: 2898: 2806: 2746: 2678: 2625: 2524: 2183: 2138: 1969: 1340: 1040: 927: 905: 574: 305: 247: 243: 712:: exhibits and brief biographies of Boston engineers, including minorities and women 3005: 2791: 2607: 2580: 2168: 1047: 1524: 1601: 650:: exhibit on the use of physical and abstract models to understand the real world 2796: 2776: 2497: 2173: 1366: 1249:, includes a live data stream on how much electricity each turbine is producing. 1215:). This model was noticeably featured in the first episode of the PBS Kids show 1144: 1106: 1089: 807: 594: 461: 361: 262: 254: 55: 854:: offers the opportunity to talk with scientists and participate in experiments 234:
and indoor zoological establishment located in Science Park, a plot of land in
3107: 2563: 1910: 1575: 1445: 1191:
in collaboration with IBM, is on display as part of MOS's computing exhibits.
1176: 1095:
The Museum of Science built and designed its own film-based exhibit, entitled
699:
an immersive exploration of math and proportion including the former exhibit,
690: 631: 570: 497: 1068:
In 1988, the museum was host to an exhibit focusing on the life and times of
437:. Under the leadership of Bradford Washburn, the society negotiated with the 110: 97: 3030: 2908: 2252: 1069: 457: 1269:
Network, global after-school technology program headquartered at the museum
1660:. Vol. 30, no. 4. Kalmbach Publishing. February 1970. p. 16 1234:
a walkable 200-metre (660 ft) installation on the third floor of the
938:
The exterior stone panels on the facade were executed by Belmont sculptor
277:(AAM). Additionally, the Museum of Science is an accredited member of the 3015: 2541: 1013: 452:
area every year. They also obtained during these early years "Spooky", a
412: 373: 2944: 1139: 2421: 1626: 1549: 1075:
From August to October 2004, the museum was host to the US premiere of
1012:
Special "overnight" programs invite students in grades 1–7, as well as
758:
a 65-million-year-old fossil, discovered in the Dakota Badlands in 2004
1812:"Community Solar System Trail - Museum of Science (Tips, Local Guide)" 1691:. Vol. 45, no. 8. Kalmbach Publishing. June 1985. p. 17 2340: 1953: 1917: 1838:"Have You Seen Jupiter At South Station? Have You Seen Uranus In JP?" 578: 235: 81: 1471: 460:
specimens remain on display, teaching children about the animals of
2689: 1111:
was at the Museum of Science from July 29, 2006 to January 7, 2007.
27:"Museum of Science" redirects here. For other science museums, see 1901:
A science podcast from the Current Science & Technology Center
1390:"Boston and Cambridge City Councils Unite Around Retention Issues" 1230: 1184: 1138: 1127: 945: 612: 601: 588: 514: 484:
Many more expansions continued into the 1970s and 1980s. In 1999,
325: 317: 299: 288: 1123: 1208: 1180: 834: 820:: an exhibit of interactive activities focusing on human biology 266: 2948: 2693: 1926: 1092:, and containing many of the costumes and props from the films. 2984: 1906:
Navesink lighthouse information from the National Park Service
1315: 1239: 1222: 970: 814:, preserved as a historical exhibit and also used for meetings 3134:
Association of Science-Technology Centers member institutions
1200:
In 1997, the museum developed a permanent to-scale community
1054:
lighthouse), was on display from the early 1950s until 1979.
658:: a roomful of classic mathematical exhibits by designers 1922: 388:(MIT), and both neoclassical structures were designed by 2787:
Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate
1057:
From 1969 to 1985, the museum loaned a steam locomotive—
987: 311:
adjacent to the museum and positioned just west of the
213: 1888: 718:: a house-sized collection of rooms to explore using 703:: over 100 working models of mechanical motions and 397:
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History
3082: 3044: 2983: 2616: 2407: 2339: 2276: 2129: 1962: 671:
of mysterious objects and natural history specimens
208: 196: 172: 164: 156: 138: 126: 87: 77: 69: 36:
Science museum, Indoor zoo in Boston, Massachusetts
1497: 1916:MOS is a member of NISE Net, and participates in 1786:"Museum of Science Boston Community Solar System" 1109:2: The Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies 926:: an open area filled with information about the 1499:"With $ 50m, Bloomberg thanks Museum of Science" 2827:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 2204:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 1421:"Museum of Science gallery to overlook Charles" 862:: shows the effect of the rotation of the Earth 697:Math Moves!: Experiencing Ratio and Proportion: 533:, the Yawkey Gallery on the Charles River, and 1050:using electricity in the US (removed from the 950:The Museum of Science spans the length of the 606:Demonstration of the world's largest open-air 380:. The museum was located next to the original 2960: 2705: 1938: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1341:"Computer History Museum | Backgrounder" 677:: features the world's largest air-insulated 655:Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond 271:Association of Science and Technology Centers 8: 1316:"Museum History | Museum of Science, Boston" 1114:From October 25, 2009 to February 21, 2010, 960:Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge 39: 2967: 2953: 2945: 2712: 2698: 2690: 1945: 1931: 1923: 1576:"Clark Collection of Mechanical Movements" 1143:A disk containing the source code for the 1098:Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination 54: 45: 38: 1081:the Motion Picture Trilogy the Exhibition 3169:Natural history museums in Massachusetts 2394:Planning & Development Agency (BPDA) 1737:"Ramses the Great Will Shift His Weight" 1016:groups, to spend a night at the museum. 701:Clark Collection of Mechanical Movements 269:theater). The Museum is a member of the 2752:Boston Convention and Exhibition Center 2144:Boston Convention and Exhibition Center 1278: 441:for a 99-year lease of the land on the 3095:Boston Aquarial and Zoological Gardens 1865:. Renewable Energy World. June 1, 2009 1204:that physically spanned as far as the 810:filled with stuffed animal heads from 3144:Dinosaur museums in the United States 2832:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1677: 1675: 1621: 1619: 386:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 378:New England Museum of Natural History 7: 3129:1830 establishments in Massachusetts 1739:. deseretnews.com. September 9, 1988 644:, including many motorized illusions 924:Yawkey Gallery on the Charles River 756:Colossal Fossil: Triceratops Cliff: 407:, a renowned American mountaineer. 403:in 1939, under the directorship of 3139:Buildings and structures in Boston 3059:Cape Cod Museum of Natural History 1712:"Ramses II Visits a Boston Museum" 1496:Shirley Leung (October 18, 2016). 1163:to become the core of the current 1155:Although the history artifacts of 617:The many exhibits in the Blue Wing 417:American Museum of Natural History 368:. It was more commonly called the 25: 2772:Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum 2154:Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum 1863:"New US Rooftop Wind Turbine Lab" 1260:Boston Society of Natural History 782:Wicked Smart: Invented in the Hub 750:Dinosaurs: Modeling the Mesozoic: 567:Wicked Smart: Invented in the Hub 345:Boston Society of Natural History 279:Association of Zoos and Aquariums 3174:Science museums in Massachusetts 2369:Emergency Medical Services (EMS) 1419:Ross, Casey (January 29, 2013). 1294:Themed Entertainment Association 1159:(TCM) were moved from Boston to 974: 693:, and other electrical apparatus 439:Metropolitan District Commission 376:area of the city and dubbed the 370:Boston Museum of Natural History 188: 2822:Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum 2199:Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum 1836:Cook, Greg (February 9, 2018). 967:Live presentations and programs 29:Science Museum (disambiguation) 2866:New England Holocaust Memorial 1896:Current Exhibits & Reviews 886:: a stairway fitted by artist 667:: an investigative exhibit on 558:revealed that his foundation, 1: 2817:Institute of Contemporary Art 2194:Institute of Contemporary Art 762:Machines & Transportation 76: 2149:Boston Irish Famine Memorial 1388:Boston Fab (April 2, 2013). 1147:was located in the museum's 1117:Harry Potter: The Exhibition 962:is visible in the background 930:and river science in general 894:which trigger musical sounds 877:collage of shapes by artist 837:movie theater in New England 405:Henry Bradford Washburn, Jr. 275:American Alliance of Museums 3189:Wind power in Massachusetts 3154:Museums established in 1830 3074:Woods Hole Science Aquarium 2777:Citi Performing Arts Center 2331:List of companies in Boston 2164:Dorchester Heights Monument 1710:Gold, Allan R. (May 1988). 1556:. Museum of Science, Boston 1452:. Museum of Science, Boston 1262:, predecessor to the museum 1020:Engineering Design Workshop 740:Mapping the World Around Us 689:in 1956. Demonstrations of 577:using sensors from an Xbox 551:On October 18, 2016 former 3205: 2848:Appeal to the Great Spirit 2220:Appeal to the Great Spirit 841:Charles Hayden Planetarium 628:Garden Walk and Insect Zoo 479:Charles Hayden Planetarium 419:of New York City in 1906. 26: 3090:Barnum's Aquarial Gardens 2919:USS Cassin Young (DD-793) 2837:Massachusetts State House 2727: 2664: 2209:Massachusetts State House 2030:Colleges and universities 1169:The Computing Revolution, 1025:while learning about the 65: 53: 44: 40:Museum of Science, Boston 2742:Boston Children's Museum 1218:FETCH! with Ruff Ruffman 1124:The Science Behind Pixar 954:, including a dedicated 898:Archimedean Excogitation 681:, designed by Professor 560:Bloomberg Philanthropies 544:Archimedean Excogitation 521:Archimedean Excogitation 443:Charles River Dam Bridge 435:Boston Museum of Science 415:, were relocated to the 342:The museum began as the 313:Charles River Dam Bridge 18:Museum of Science Boston 3184:Towers in Massachusetts 3064:Maria Mitchell Aquarium 2189:Hynes Convention Center 1995:Boston Marathon bombing 1550:"Field Trip Activities" 1173:Cahners ComputerPlace, 1165:Computer History Museum 1128:Pixar Animation Studios 806:: a classic explorer's 683:Robert J. Van de Graaff 679:Van de Graaff generator 608:Van de Graaff generator 565:The museum also opened 490:Computer History Museum 3036:The Zoo In Forest Park 2656:New England Revolution 2646:New England Free Jacks 1684:"Railroad News Photos" 1152: 1039:In the 1950s, a small 963: 902:rolling ball sculpture 675:Theater of Electricity 618: 610: 599: 553:mayor of New York City 525: 338:Origin and early years 334: 323: 315: 297: 3179:Zoos in Massachusetts 3103:South Boston Aquarium 2767:Boston Public Library 2732:African Meeting House 1367:"Planetarium History" 1347:. Computerhistory.org 1213:Newton, Massachusetts 1142: 1078:The Lord of the Rings 1059:Boston and Maine 3713 1034:Notable past exhibits 949: 660:Charles and Ray Eames 616: 605: 592: 518: 469:Science Park/West End 329: 321: 303: 292: 173:Public transit access 111:42.36750°N 71.07111°W 82:Boston, Massachusetts 60:Viewed from Cambridge 3069:New England Aquarium 2861:New England Aquarium 2762:Boston Public Garden 2651:New England Patriots 2233:New England Aquarium 2159:Bunker Hill Monument 1602:"Live presentations" 1582:. Cornell University 1446:"Hall of Human Life" 1149:Computing Revolution 1105:Gunther von Hagens' 1041:Wilson cloud chamber 879:Austine Wood Comarow 794:New England Habitats 710:Innovative Engineers 481:was opened in 1958. 331:New England Habitats 186:Science Park station 3149:Landmarks in Boston 3099:Sealand of Cape Cod 2996:Buttonwood Park Zoo 2842:Museum of Fine Arts 2311:Innovation district 2214:Museum of Fine Arts 2015:Diplomatic missions 1911:"Human Connections" 1792:. September 6, 2014 1653:"Steam News Photos" 1627:"Design Challenges" 1157:The Computer Museum 1084:, developed by the 1027:engineering process 940:Theodore Barbarossa 892:photoelectric cells 720:scientific thinking 638:Seeing is Deceiving 535:What Is Technology? 486:The Computer Museum 423:Museum Then and Now 160:1.53 million (2016) 116:42.36750; -71.07111 107: /  41: 2812:Harvard University 2454:Financial District 2321:Route 128 corridor 2301:Financial District 1759:"Fuel for Wizards" 1716:The New York Times 1267:Computer Clubhouse 1202:Solar System model 1179:to an interactive 1153: 1135:Computing exhibits 1120:was at the museum. 986:. You can help by 964: 888:Christopher Janney 831:Mugar Omni Theater 818:Hall of Human Life 767:Living on the Edge 745:Take a Closer Look 640:: a collection of 619: 611: 600: 539:Hall of Human Life 531:Hall of Human Life 526: 464:and of the world. 390:William G. Preston 356:, George Hayward, 354:Benjamin D. Greene 335: 324: 322:Mugar Omni Theater 316: 298: 259:Mugar Omni Theater 230:) is a nature and 3159:Museums in Boston 3116: 3115: 3021:Museum of Science 3011:Franklin Park Zoo 2992:Animal Adventures 2942: 2941: 2886:Prudential Center 2881:Paul Revere House 2856:Museum of Science 2802:Franklin Park Zoo 2782:Downtown Crossing 2687: 2686: 2459:Government Center 2306:Government Center 2243:Paul Revere House 2228:Museum of Science 2179:Franklin Park Zoo 2000:COVID-19 pandemic 1554:Museum of Science 1450:Museum of Science 1247:Catching the Wind 1236:Infinite Corridor 1195:Other attractions 1189:Carol Lynn Albert 1063:Steamtown, U.S.A. 1004: 1003: 958:at far left. The 952:Charles River Dam 859:Foucault pendulum 777:Behind the Scenes 665:Natural Mysteries 642:optical illusions 630:: a walk-through 556:Michael Bloomberg 401:Museum of Science 366:George B. Emerson 360:, Edward Brooks, 224:Museum of Science 220: 219: 16:(Redirected from 3196: 3054:Berkshire Museum 2969: 2962: 2955: 2946: 2876:Old North Church 2757:Boston Navy Yard 2721:Boston landmarks 2714: 2707: 2700: 2691: 2537:Leather District 2417:Allston–Brighton 2238:Old North Church 1956: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1924: 1892: 1891: 1889:Official website 1875: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1782: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1686: 1679: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1623: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1504:The Boston Globe 1501: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1396:on June 29, 2017 1392:. Archived from 1385: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1296:. pp. 68–73 1291: 1283: 999: 996: 978: 971: 852:Discovery Center 812:big-game hunting 729:renewable energy 454:great horned owl 294:Lechmere Viaduct 216: 192: 179: 122: 121: 119: 118: 117: 112: 108: 105: 104: 103: 100: 58: 49: 42: 21: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3078: 3040: 3026:Southwick's Zoo 3001:Capron Park Zoo 2979: 2973: 2943: 2938: 2737:Boston Athenæum 2723: 2718: 2688: 2683: 2660: 2636:Boston Marathon 2612: 2449:Downtown Boston 2403: 2335: 2278: 2272: 2125: 2042:Historic Places 1958: 1954: 1951: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1774: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1681: 1680: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1574: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1399: 1397: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1256: 1197: 1137: 1036: 1022: 1000: 994: 991: 984:needs expansion 969: 934:The Rock Garden 911:Thrillride 360: 875:polarized light 873:: a wall-sized 685:and donated by 587: 513: 431: 382:Rogers Building 350:Walter Channing 340: 287: 246:, spanning the 212: 197:Nearest parking 184: 177: 133: 115: 113: 109: 106: 101: 98: 96: 94: 93: 61: 37: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3121: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2972: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2921: 2916: 2914:Trinity Church 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2871:Newbury Street 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2702: 2694: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2674:Greater Boston 2671: 2669:Suffolk County 2665: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2641:Boston Red Sox 2638: 2633: 2631:Boston Celtics 2628: 2622: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2510: 2508:Harbor Islands 2505: 2503:Fenway–Kenmore 2500: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2491:Upham's Corner 2488: 2486:Columbia Point 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2413: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2345: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2296:Fenway–Kenmore 2293: 2288: 2282: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2135: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2121:Transportation 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2101:Public Schools 2098: 2096:Public Library 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1935: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1882: 1881:External links 1879: 1877: 1876: 1854: 1828: 1816:Boston Central 1803: 1772: 1750: 1728: 1702: 1671: 1643: 1615: 1593: 1567: 1541: 1516: 1488: 1463: 1437: 1411: 1380: 1358: 1332: 1307: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1263: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1196: 1193: 1161:Silicon Valley 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1121: 1112: 1102: 1093: 1073: 1066: 1055: 1044: 1035: 1032: 1021: 1018: 1002: 1001: 981: 979: 968: 965: 956:parking garage 944: 943: 936: 931: 915: 914: 913:Simulator ride 908: 895: 881: 868: 863: 855: 849: 843: 838: 822: 821: 815: 801: 799:A Bird's World 796: 785: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 753: 747: 742: 737: 735:Nanotechnology 732: 727:: exhibits of 722: 713: 707: 694: 672: 669:classification 662: 651: 645: 635: 586: 583: 512: 509: 475:infill station 450:Greater Boston 430: 427: 339: 336: 286: 283: 265:’s only domed 252:Charles Hayden 232:science museum 218: 217: 210: 206: 205: 202:parking garage 198: 194: 193: 176: 174: 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 140: 136: 135: 131:Science museum 128: 124: 123: 91: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 35: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3201: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2977:Massachusetts 2970: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2904:Symphony Hall 2902: 2900: 2899:South Station 2897: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2807:Freedom Trail 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2747:Boston Common 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2680: 2679:Massachusetts 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2626:Boston Bruins 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2525:Jamaica Plain 2523: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2471:Chestnut Hill 2469: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2409:Neighborhoods 2406: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2384:Housing (BHA) 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2275: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2248:Symphony Hall 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2184:Freedom Trail 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2139:Boston Common 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2106:Sister cities 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1975:Annual events 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1703: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1659: 1654: 1647: 1644: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1505: 1500: 1492: 1489: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1381: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1295: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1007: 998: 989: 985: 982:This section 980: 977: 973: 972: 966: 961: 957: 953: 948: 941: 937: 935: 932: 929: 928:Charles River 925: 922: 921: 920: 919: 918:Miscellaneous 912: 909: 907: 906:George Rhoads 903: 899: 896: 893: 889: 885: 882: 880: 876: 872: 869: 867: 864: 861: 860: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 842: 839: 836: 832: 829: 828: 827: 826: 819: 816: 813: 809: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 791: 790: 789: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 730: 726: 723: 721: 717: 714: 711: 708: 706: 702: 698: 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673: 670: 666: 663: 661: 657: 656: 652: 649: 648:Making Models 646: 643: 639: 636: 633: 629: 626: 625: 624: 623: 615: 609: 604: 597: 596: 591: 585:Exhibit halls 584: 582: 580: 576: 575:MIT Media Lab 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 554: 549: 546: 545: 540: 536: 532: 523: 522: 517: 510: 508: 504: 501: 499: 495: 494:Mountain View 491: 487: 482: 480: 476: 473: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 428: 426: 424: 420: 418: 414: 408: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 346: 337: 332: 328: 320: 314: 310: 307: 306:Charles River 302: 295: 291: 284: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 253: 249: 248:Charles River 245: 244:Massachusetts 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152: 148: 144: 141: 139:Accreditation 137: 132: 129: 125: 120: 92: 90: 86: 83: 80: 72: 68: 64: 57: 52: 48: 43: 34: 30: 19: 3020: 3006:Drumlin Farm 2926:Constitution 2925: 2892:Samuel Adams 2891: 2855: 2846: 2792:Faneuil Hall 2608:West Roxbury 2581:South Boston 2547:Mission Hill 2530:Forest Hills 2354:City council 2349:City charter 2260:Constitution 2259: 2227: 2218: 2169:Faneuil Hall 2010:Demographics 1990:Bibliography 1980:Architecture 1867:. Retrieved 1857: 1845:. Retrieved 1841: 1831: 1819:. Retrieved 1815: 1806: 1794:. Retrieved 1789: 1763:. Retrieved 1753: 1743:February 18, 1741:. Retrieved 1731: 1721:February 18, 1719:. Retrieved 1715: 1705: 1693:. Retrieved 1688: 1662:. Retrieved 1657: 1646: 1634:. Retrieved 1630: 1606:. Retrieved 1596: 1584:. Retrieved 1579: 1570: 1558:. Retrieved 1553: 1544: 1532:. Retrieved 1525:"Museum Map" 1519: 1507:. Retrieved 1491: 1479:. Retrieved 1475: 1466: 1454:. Retrieved 1449: 1440: 1428:. Retrieved 1425:Boston Globe 1424: 1414: 1405: 1398:. Retrieved 1394:the original 1383: 1371:. Retrieved 1361: 1349:. Retrieved 1344: 1335: 1325:November 20, 1323:. Retrieved 1319: 1310: 1298:. Retrieved 1281: 1246: 1216: 1211:station (in 1172: 1168: 1154: 1148: 1115: 1104: 1096: 1076: 1048:Fresnel lens 1030:activities. 1023: 1011: 1008: 1005: 992: 988:adding to it 983: 933: 923: 917: 916: 910: 897: 883: 870: 866:Museum Store 865: 857: 851: 846:Cosmic Light 845: 840: 830: 824: 823: 817: 803: 798: 793: 787: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 755: 749: 744: 739: 734: 731:technologies 724: 716:Investigate! 715: 709: 700: 696: 674: 664: 653: 647: 637: 627: 621: 620: 593: 566: 564: 550: 542: 538: 534: 530: 527: 519: 505: 502: 483: 478: 466: 447: 434: 432: 422: 421: 409: 400: 396: 394: 377: 369: 343: 341: 330: 227: 223: 221: 33: 3164:Indoor zoos 2797:Fenway Park 2498:East Boston 2466:Charlestown 2444:Beacon Hill 2439:Bay Village 2174:Fenway Park 2131:Attractions 2111:Skyscrapers 1761:. Zagat.com 1636:January 18, 1631:MOS Website 1509:October 18, 1476:www.mos.org 1320:www.mos.org 1177:video games 1145:Morris worm 1107:Body Worlds 1090:New Zealand 808:trophy room 772:To the Moon 691:Tesla coils 595:Decavitator 462:New England 362:Amos Binney 263:New England 255:Planetarium 168:Tim Ritchie 114: / 89:Coordinates 70:Established 3123:Categories 3108:ZooQuarium 2586:Fort Point 2564:Roslindale 2481:Dorchester 2341:Government 1842:Wonderland 1790:Foursquare 1765:August 19, 1608:August 19, 1534:August 19, 1373:August 19, 1274:References 1088:museum in 1046:The first 995:April 2019 900:: a large 884:Soundstair 833:: largest 804:Colby Room 788:Green Wing 632:greenhouse 571:wheelchair 498:California 458:taxidermed 200:Dedicated 182:Green Line 134:Indoor zoo 102:71°04′16″W 99:42°22′03″N 3046:Aquariums 3031:Stone Zoo 2909:TD Garden 2894:(Whitney) 2598:South End 2574:Fort Hill 2559:North End 2518:Readville 2513:Hyde Park 2476:Chinatown 2364:Elections 2359:City Hall 2326:South End 2316:North End 2279:districts 2253:TD Garden 2076:Nicknames 2037:Geography 2025:Education 1695:March 16, 1664:March 16, 1604:. Mos.org 1530:. Mos.org 1369:. Mos.org 1300:March 23, 1206:Riverside 1070:Ramses II 725:Energize! 622:Blue Wing 429:Post WWII 358:John Ware 304:Original 240:Cambridge 3016:Lupa Zoo 2975:Zoos of 2603:West End 2552:Longwood 2542:Mattapan 2434:Back Bay 2427:Brighton 2291:Downtown 2286:Back Bay 2277:Business 2086:Politics 2064:Timeline 2052:Southern 2047:Northern 1918:NanoDays 1847:March 8, 1821:March 8, 1796:March 8, 1481:July 15, 1254:See also 1151:exhibit. 1052:Navesink 825:Red Wing 705:linkages 413:mastodon 374:Back Bay 257:and the 165:Director 157:Visitors 78:Location 3083:Defunct 2591:Seaport 2569:Roxbury 2422:Allston 2374:FinComm 2059:History 2020:Economy 2005:Culture 1869:July 7, 1586:May 21, 1560:May 22, 1456:June 4, 1430:June 4, 1407:cities. 1400:July 5, 1351:June 4, 1227:Mercury 1086:Te Papa 835:Omnimax 524:in 2014 384:of the 333:exhibit 285:History 214:mos.org 209:Website 2932:Museum 2618:Sports 2399:Police 2266:Museum 2081:People 1970:Accent 1963:Topics 1955:Boston 1689:Trains 1658:Trains 1580:KMODDL 1265:Intel 1229:, and 1183:ERS-7 1061:—from 871:Polage 579:Kinect 511:Future 364:, and 236:Boston 180:  178:  2389:Mayor 2116:Songs 2071:Media 1528:(PDF) 1290:(PDF) 1231:Venus 1185:robot 1014:Scout 890:with 204:(fee) 2985:Zoos 2924:USS 2379:Fire 2258:USS 2091:Port 1985:Arts 1871:2009 1849:2022 1823:2022 1798:2022 1767:2013 1745:2014 1723:2014 1697:2024 1666:2024 1638:2018 1610:2021 1588:2013 1562:2013 1536:2013 1511:2016 1483:2017 1458:2013 1432:2013 1402:2013 1375:2013 1353:2013 1327:2018 1302:2018 1209:MBTA 1181:AIBO 537:The 472:MBTA 467:The 309:lock 267:IMAX 238:and 222:The 147:ASTC 127:Type 73:1830 1345:CHM 1240:MIT 1238:at 1223:Sun 990:. 904:by 687:MIT 492:in 228:MoS 151:AZA 143:AAM 3125:: 1840:. 1814:. 1788:. 1775:^ 1714:. 1687:. 1674:^ 1656:. 1629:. 1618:^ 1578:. 1552:. 1502:. 1474:. 1448:. 1423:. 1404:. 1343:. 1318:. 1292:. 1225:, 500:. 496:, 352:, 242:, 149:, 145:, 2968:e 2961:t 2954:v 2713:e 2706:t 2699:v 1946:e 1939:t 1932:v 1873:. 1851:. 1825:. 1800:. 1769:. 1747:. 1725:. 1699:. 1668:. 1640:. 1612:. 1590:. 1564:. 1538:. 1513:. 1485:. 1460:. 1434:. 1377:. 1355:. 1329:. 1304:. 1242:. 997:) 993:( 942:. 261:( 226:( 31:. 20:)

Index

Museum of Science Boston
Science Museum (disambiguation)


Boston, Massachusetts
Coordinates
42°22′03″N 71°04′16″W / 42.36750°N 71.07111°W / 42.36750; -71.07111
Science museum
AAM
ASTC
AZA
Green Line
Science Park station
Disabled access
parking garage
mos.org
science museum
Boston
Cambridge
Massachusetts
Charles River
Charles Hayden
Planetarium
Mugar Omni Theater
New England
IMAX
Association of Science and Technology Centers
American Alliance of Museums
Association of Zoos and Aquariums

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

↑