1553:. In 2018 CissĂ© was to play at peace festival in his hometown of DirĂ©, Timbuktu when he and his band were held captive and their musical instruments destroyed by an armed gang. The aftermath of 2012 is present in contemporary Malian music as musicians aim for artistic freedom and the promotion of peace and unity in Mali. Vieux Farka TourĂ© has been quoted as saying that âWithout music, Mali will cease to existâ. Musicians in Mali continue to create music even in the face of persecution and violence. Mali traditionally has been renowned for its musical roots especially by the âDesert bluesâ guitarist Ali Farka TourĂ©. Post-2012, the musical prohibition of Mali has indirectly promoted Malian music by its exposure to western mainstream music.
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1545:, stated âThere's no music up there anymore. You can't switch on a radio or a TV, even at home." Malian Guitarist Anansy CissĂ©âs album âAnouraâ reached number 1 for May 2021 at the World Music charts for 2021. The album includes issues such as poverty, righteous conduct, and an indirect commentary on Maliâs parlous political situation. Anansyâs music implements Malian culture with the use of traditional instruments such as the â
197:, discouraged Cuban music in favor of Malian traditional music. The annual arts festivals were held biannually and were known as the Biennales. At the end of the 1980s public support for the Malian government declined and praise-singing's support for the status quo and its political leaders became unfashionable. The ethnomusicologist Ryan Skinner has done work on the relationship of music and politics in contemporary Mali.
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fundamental part of Malian society, which is intertwined with music. Music which was deemed âUn
Islamicâ has been at the centre of religious life in Mali which arguably connected national and religious identity. Music has been an effective means of socialisation and cohesion in Malian society. Due to the imposition of the
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change!â. Songhoy Blues
Guitarist Aliou TourĂ© stated that the track was about change and how it must be implemented in Mali and that the older generation must give space to the new generation. The Songhoy blues affirmed that the bandsâ goal was to spread Malian culture in the form of music and to promote peace and unity.
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The Mansa
Sunjata forced some Fulani to settle in various regions where the dominant ethnic groups were Maninka or Bamana. Thus, today, we see a number of people with Fula names (Diallo, Diakite, Sangare, Sidibe) who display Fula cultural characteristics, but only speak the language of the Maninka or
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Most vocalists are female in everyday Mande culture, partially due to the fact that many traditional celebrations revolve around weddings and baptisms, mostly attended by women. Several male and female singers are world-renowned. Although it once was rare for women to play certain instruments, in the
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formed in 1971, playing popular songs imported from
Senegal, Cuba and France. Les Ambassadeurs and Rail Band were the two biggest bands in the country, and a fierce rivalry developed. Salif Keita, perhaps the most popular singer of the time, defected to Les Ambassadeurs in 1972. This was followed by
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Historical interethnic relations were facilitated by the Niger River and the country's vast savannahs. The
Bambara, Malinké, Sarakole, Dogon and Songhay are traditionally farmers, the Fula, Maur, and Tuareg herders and the Bozo are fishers. In recent years, this linkage has shifted considerably, as
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had to go into exile however they continued to create music. The band collaborated with Iggy pop on the song âSaharaâ which featured on their critically acclaimed album âRĂ©sistanceâ. Featured on their album âOptimismeâ, the song âBarreâ provides optimistic lyrics such as âYouth! Letâs rise or this
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information and family events, laud the deeds of their patron's ancestors and praise their patrons themselves, as well as exhorting them to behave morally to ensure the honour of the family name. They also act as dispute mediators. Their position is highly respected and they are often trusted by
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Most of Keita's support for the arts was cancelled, but the "Semaines
Nationale de la Jeunesse" festival, renamed the "Biennale Artistique et Culturelle de la Jeunesse", was held every 2 years starting in 1970. Notable and influential bands from the period included the first electric dance band,
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drums. Jeli Lamine
Soumano states: "If you want to learn the bala go to Guinea or Mali. If you want to learn the kora go to Gambia or Mali. If you want to learn the n'goni you have only to go to Mali." Each area has developed a speciality instrument while still recognizing that the roots of the
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Most musicians in the North fled the country alongside an estimated 500,000 fellow
Malians. An announcement from MUJAO spokesman, Osama Ould Abdel Kader justified the ban stating that âWe do not want Satanâs music. In its place there will be Quranic verse. Shariâa demands thisâ. Islam is a
1105:, has gained popularity after playing in front of an estimated 1 billion viewers worldwide at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. He has also been called, "the Hendrix of the Sahara", since his music explores the affinity between West African song and Afro-American blues guitar.
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Islam which makes up most of the majority if the
Islamic population in Mali. The doctrine of Mali questioned morality, religion, and everyday life for Malians. The more radical form of Salafism in Mali was seen on May 5, 2012, when Ansar al-Din attacked the tomb of Islamic saints in
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were state-sponsored and the government created regional orchestras for all seven then regions. From 1962 the orchestras competed in the annual "Semaines
Nationale de la Jeunesse" ("National Youth Weeks") held in Bamako. Keita was ousted by a coup d'Ă©tat in 1968 organized by General
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and can have between 21 and 25 strings. There are two styles of playing the kora; the western style is found mostly in Senegal and The Gambia, and is more rhythmically complex than the eastern tradition, which is more vocally dominated and found throughout Mali and Guinea.
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Since the 1990s, although the majority of Malian popular singers are still jelimusow, wassoulou's popularity has continued to grow. Wassoulou music is especially popular among youth. Although western audiences categorise wassoulou performers like Oumou Sangaré as
1222:, the first bajourou LP. Fanta Sacko's success set the stage for future jelimusow stars which have been consistently popular in Mali; the mainstream acceptance of female singers is unusual in West Africa, and marks Malian music as unique. In 1975,
1299:. The album revolutionized Malian pop, eliminating all Cuban traces and incorporating influences from rock and pop. By the middle of the decade, Paris had become the new capital of Mande dance music. Mory Kanté saw major mainstream success with
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approximation: jenbe) drumming has become popular since the mid-1990s throughout the world. It is a traditional instrument of the Bamana people from Mali (This is incorrect, the instrument is a Maninka/Maraka instrument adopted by the Bamana).
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which was highly condemned by the government who issued a statement on national television describing the act as âunspeakable in the name of Islamâ. Islamists proceeded to violently enforce the ban of music on Malian musicians.
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are ubiquitous on radio and television, in markets and on street-corner stalls. Fans follow them for the moralizing nature of their lyrics, the perception that they embody tradition and their role as fashion trend-setters.
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peoples form the core of Malian culture, but the region of the Mali Empire has been extended far to the north in present-day Mali, where Tuareg and Maure peoples continue a largely nomadic desert culture. In the east
1018:, the "Soso Bala", the source of Soumaoro's power. When Soumaoro heard Diakouma Doua play on the bala he named him Bala Fasseke Kwate (Master of the bala). The Soso Bala still rests with the descendants of the
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guitarist received a threat that he would lose his fingers if he ever played guitar again. Islamists further destroyed his guitars, microphones, and amps by dousing them in petrol and setting them alight.
1077:(a one-string bowed instrument, in addition to vocal music. "Zaghareet" or ululation is a popular form of vocal music formed by rapidly moving the tongue sideways and making a sharp, high sound.
1271:, an album which featured their most popular song, "Mandjou". The song helped make Salif Keita a solo star. Many of the biggest musicians of the period also emigrated—to Abidjan,
1275:, Paris (Salif Keita, Mory Kanté), London, New York or Chicago. Their recordings remained widely available, and these exiles helped bring international attention to Mande music.
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tail"), and the modern guitar are all instruments commonly found in the Bamana repertoire. Bamana culture is centered around Segou, Sikasso, the Wassalou region and eastern
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Bamana-speaking peoples live in central Mali: the language is the most common in Mali. Music is simple and unadorned, and pentatonic. Traditional Bamana music is based on
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Turino, pgs. 172 - 173; Bensignor, François, Guus de Klein, and Lucy Duran, "Hidden Treasure", "The Backyard Beats of Gumbe" and "West Africa's Musical Powerhouse" in the
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became common throughout Africa, partially resulting from the mixing of African, American and British soldiers. Dance bands were popular in Mali, especially the town of
264:, Mali's best-known historian, spent much of his life recording the oral traditions of his own Fula teachers as well as those of Bambara and other Mande neighbors. The
810:). Many ethnic groups, including the Kassonke, the Djokarame, the Kakalo, the Bobo, the Djoula, the Susu, and others, have historical connections with the djembe.
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Their repertoire includes several ancient songs of which the oldest may be "Lambang", which praises music. Other songs praise ancient kings and heroes, especially
238:, formerly nomadic cattle-herders, have settled in patches across the nation and are now as often village and city dwelling, as they are over much of West Africa.
1570:"October 11, 2012: The Art and Ambivalence of Afropolitan Patriotism: Making Malian Music in Times of Celebration and Crisis | Institute for Advanced Study"
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Orchestre Nationale A, and the Ensemble Instrumental National du Mali, comprising 40 traditional musicians from around the country and still in operation today.
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1242:) program. The audience fell into a frenzy of excitement and unity, and the concert is still remembered as one of the defining moments in 1970s Malian music.
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Les Ambassadeurs and Rail Band continued recording and performing under a variety of names. In 1982 Salif Keita, who had recorded with Les Ambassadeurs'
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structure. The slat idiophone bala, the 6-string doson n'goni (hunter's lute-harp) and its popular version the 6-12 string kamel n'goni, the soku (gourd/
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1621:"Jeliya Instruments of Mandinka Hereditary Musicians from The Gambia · Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection · Grinnell College Libraries"
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Duran, Lucy. "West Africa's Musical Powerhouse". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.),
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is thought to be the first Tuareg electric band, active since 1982. They played at the Eden project stage of the Live8 concert in July 2005.
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794:) and one djembe soloist. A djembe accompanist who carries a steady pattern throughout the piece has since been added, as have the
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387:) and an improvised section. Improvised lyrics praise ancestors, and are usually based around a surname. Each surname has an
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also gained international popularity during this period; his music is less in the jeli tradition and resembles American
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As a result of the conflict, Malian artists gained widespread attention to its music scene with artists such as the
1405:, within Mali they are not viewed in that light because their messages, when they do not support the status quo of
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is, like that of most West African nations, ethnically diverse, but one influence predominates: that of the ancient
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The Mandinka live in Mali, The Gambia and Senegal and their music is influenced by their neighbors, especially the
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While internationally Malian popular music has been known more for its male artists, there are some exceptions:
33:(right) and Valery Assouan are two international known musicians from Mali. The photograph is from a concert in
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lute is the most popular traditional instrument. Most of the best-known Maninka musicians are from eastern
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their patrons with privileged information since the caste system does not allow them to rival nobles. The
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1962:"Malian Artist Anansy Cissé #1 in May 2021 at the World Music Charts Europe | World Music Central.org"
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became the first jelimuso to tour Europe, as bajourou continued to become mainstream throughout Mali.
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BBC Radio 3 Audio (75 minutes): Mopti, Timbuktu and Bamako featuring Les Escrocs and Toumani Diabate.
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and recordings. Cuban music remained popular in Mali throughout the 1960s and remains popular today.
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used to glorify its ancient holders, and singers also praise recent and still-living family members.
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began to rise. After independence in 1960, Malians saw new opportunities for cultural expression in
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is said to have begun this trend, followed by a series of acoustic releases from Kanté Manfila and
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ensemble is most commonly attributed to the Maninka and Maraka: it basically consists of one small
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at the end of the 1970s due to a poor economic climate in Mali. There, Les Ambassadeurs recorded
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1795:"Music, Identity and National Cohesion in Mali: The Role of Music in The Post-Colonial Era"
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was the first major wassoulou star; she achieved fame suddenly in 1989 with the release of
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Maninka music is the most complex of the three Mande cultures. It is highly ornamented and
450:(large mallet drum hung from one shoulder and played with a curved stick, accompanied by a
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These are typically accompanied by a full dance band The common instruments of the Maninka
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have also achieved some international prominence, as have the late Songhai/Fula guitarist
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and his semi-mythic rivalry with the great sorcerer-ruler Soumaoro Kante Mansa of the
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The Mande people, including the Mandinka, Maninka and Bamana, have produced a vibrant
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who led a movement to incorporate Maninka praise-singing into Cuban-style music.
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is a traditional Wassoulou single string fiddle, corresponding to the Songhai
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Maninka music traces its legend back more than eight centuries to the time of
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Well-known Bamana performers include Mali's first female musical celebrity,
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is by far the most popular traditional instrument. It is similar to both a
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BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Neba Solo, Abdoulaye Diabate, Habib Koite.
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A clickable map of Mali exhibiting its eight regions and capital district.
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of professional musicians and orators, sponsored by noble patrons of the
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The Songhay are an ethnolinguistic group that traces its history to the
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The modern form of wassoulou is a combination of hunter's songs with
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Diakouma Doua to learn the secrets of his rival. He finds a magical
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are known throughout the country for a style of guitar music called
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The melodic instruments of the Bamana are typically built around a
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2009:"Mali and its wailers: How music unites this West African country"
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Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations
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Songhoy Blues - Barre (Official Music Video) + Lyric Translations
1836:"Refworld | North African Salafists Turn on Sufi Shrines in Mali"
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154:. Domestically, since at least the 1980s, female singers such as
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701:) The Mande people all claim descent from the legendary warrior
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ethnic groups seek diverse, nontraditional sources of income.
1766:"Mali: no rhythm or reason as militants declare war on music"
1647:, pgs. 437 - 439, pgs. 499 - 504 and pgs. 539 - 562; Manuel,
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a major concert at which both bands performed as part of the
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BBC Radio 3 Audio (75 minutes): Festival in the Desert 2003.
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people (Bambara, Mandinka, Soninke) make up around 50% of
1983:"Anansy CissĂ©: Anoura review â a heartfelt plea for Mali"
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Griots at War: Conflict, Conciliation and Caste in Mande
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began in the mid-1980s. Guinean singer and kora player
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Old dance bands reformed under new names as part of the
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reciting or singing histories and stories from memory.
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to the world, adopting traditional garb and styles. The
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http://www.radioafrica.com.au/Discographies/Malian.html
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World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East
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Mali's literary tradition is largely oral, mediated by
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National Museum of Mali. Accessed November 25, 2010.
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National Museum of Mali. Accessed November 25, 2010.
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National Museum of Mali. Accessed November 25, 2010.
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National Museum of Mali. Accessed November 25, 2010.
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National Museum of Mali. Accessed November 25, 2010.
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National Museum of Mali. Accessed November 25, 2010.
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National Museum of Mali. Accessed November 25, 2010.
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National Museum of Mali. Accessed November 25, 2010.
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National Museum of Mali. Accessed November 25, 2010.
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National Museum of Mali. Accessed November 25, 2010.
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BBC Radio 3 Audio (180 minutes): Music of Mali 1989.
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French National Library. Accessed November 25, 2010.
484:-shaped drum played with long, thin flexible sticks)
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BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Mali Bambara Blues.
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2139:BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Amadou and Mariam.
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1413:The impact of the 2012 Coup dâĂ©tat on Malian Music
395:are another major component of traditional songs.
1261:Both the Rail Band and Les Ambassadeurs left for
22:The Ensemble instrumental National du Mali, 2008.
2115:BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Ali Farka Toure.
2074:10 Malian musicians you should know - Flavorwire
1834:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
1249:, a band that played Cuban music and soon added
901:adopted from the Songhai, soku literally means "
2033:, pp 539â562. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
814:21st century women have broadened their range.
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2127:BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Oumou Sangare.
2047:. 2000. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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1896:Songhoy Blues - Sahara (Official Music Video)
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1466:Learn how and when to remove this message
761:Mande percussion instruments include the
2091:Audio clips - traditional music of Mali.
1188:. Especially influential bands included
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909:near the border of Mali's Kayes region.
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2082:Audio clips: Traditional music of Mali.
1739:"Mali: Three years after the music ban"
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1093:and inhabits the great bend of the mid
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1861:"The Mali musicians fighting al Qaeda"
1709:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1478:Music was outlawed in August 2012 by
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969:, dominated by female vocalists and
383:are composed of a scripted refrain (
290:class and part of the same caste as
1361:harp invented in the late 1950s by
2181:Audio clip: N'tama (talking drum).
139:saw major mainstream success with
14:
1389:, that doubles the vocal melody.
535:Nationalistic and patriotic songs
3054:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2824:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2060:A discography of Malian music -
1421:
957:is the most popular instrument.
886:played in the djembe ensemble).
167:The national anthem of Mali is "
1443:sentence structure and grammar.
1397:for criticizing practices like
379:") and Tutu Jara ("Tut Jara").
2085:Musée d'ethnographie de GenÚve
2007:Deboick, Sophia (2020-04-06).
1937:"Barre (+ Lyric Translations)"
993:) to the imported instrument.
878:, essentially the same as the
774:related forms come from Mali.
758:(xylophones) are also common.
454:played with the opposite hand)
234:people predominate, while the
1:
2087:. Accessed November 25, 2010.
834:(calabash bowl with seeds or
685:scene alongside traditional
171:". After independence under
2141:Accessed November 25, 2010.
2135:Accessed November 25, 2010.
2129:Accessed November 25, 2010.
2123:Accessed November 25, 2010.
2117:Accessed November 25, 2010.
2111:Accessed November 25, 2010.
2105:Accessed November 25, 2010.
2099:Accessed November 25, 2010.
1521:, gaining recognition from
1441:. The specific problem is:
474:, large and small variants)
427:(slat xylophone with small
53:(from c. 1230 to c. 1600).
3184:
2271:History of the Mali Empire
1672:"Tinariwen | Amadjar"
1645:Rough Guide to World Music
1482:as a direct result of the
1437:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
1365:. Most singers are women.
1109:20th century popular music
1044:Tuareg people § Music
1037:
249:
2685:
2565:
2524:
2441:
2368:
2199:Audio clip: Maninka Bala.
1793:Samantha, Potter (2019).
1598:Milet & Manaud, p128.
1537:Referring to North Mali,
1231:Les Ambassadeurs du Motel
798:(also referred to as the
193:Mali's second president,
143:-influenced Mande music.
2809:Central African Republic
2193:Audio clip: KamalenkĂČni.
2053:, by Banning Eyre, from
1059:The Fula use drums, the
1295:and French keyboardist
973:-oriented rhythms. The
1118:
989:-playing (traditional
854:(large bowl drum with
366:
38:
23:
2969:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2829:Republic of the Congo
2321:2012 Tuareg rebellion
2051:"The Mali connection"
1363:Allata Brulaye SidibĂ
1116:
1038:Further information:
842:(metal scraper), the
364:
250:Further information:
61:'s population; other
29:
21:
2395:Environmental issues
2175:Audio clip: KĂČnkĂČni.
2169:Audio clip: Yabaraw.
2043:Hoffman, Barbara G.
1625:omeka-s.grinnell.edu
1448:improve this section
1297:Jean-Philippe Rykiel
1206:Super Biton de SĂ©gou
1133:'s orchestra led by
3044:States with limited
2336:Ebola disease event
2145:Audio clip: N'goni.
1725:"Vieux Farka Touré"
1653:World Music Central
1484:Malian Coup dâĂ©tat.
1008:, Sunjata sent his
981:and play a type of
111:and his successors
2534:Telecommunications
2286:Kénédougou Kingdom
2163:Audio clip: Jenbe.
2157:Audio clip: Sinbi.
1658:2006-07-11 at the
1580:on 15 October 2012
1523:Julian Casablancas
1251:Kassé Mady Diabaté
1139:Afro-Jazz de SĂ©gou
1119:
985:music that adapts
367:
211:Soninke - Sarakole
39:
24:
3145:
3144:
3071:other territories
2844:Equatorial Guinea
2721:
2720:
2681:
2680:
2595:Human trafficking
2552:
2551:
2511:
2510:
2488:Political parties
2483:National Assembly
2456:Foreign relations
2428:
2427:
2301:Toucouleur Empire
2261:Pre-Imperial Mali
2187:Audio clip: Bala.
2151:Audio clip: Kora.
1812:10.15664/jtr.1489
1539:Vieux Farka Touré
1476:
1475:
1468:
1439:quality standards
1430:This section may
1403:arranged marriage
1099:Vieux Farka Toure
1000:. In the time of
679:
678:
555:
554:
530:
442:(4-7 string lute)
262:Amadou Hampùté Bù
201:Traditional music
148:Fatoumata Diawara
117:Vieux Farka Touré
31:Vieux Farka Touré
3175:
3132:
3131:(United Kingdom)
3127:Tristan da Cunha
3123:Ascension Island
3115:
3102:
3093:
3069:Dependencies and
2762:Sovereign states
2755:Music of Africa
2748:
2741:
2734:
2725:
2701:
2694:
2563:
2522:
2439:
2366:
2306:Wassoulou Empire
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2080:
2057:, September 2002
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2013:The New European
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1958:
1952:
1951:
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1948:
1933:
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1750:
1749:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1688:. Archived from
1682:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1576:. Archived from
1566:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1312:Jali Musa Jawara
1117:A Bwa xylophone.
897:skin/horse hair
782:The traditional
671:
664:
657:
541:
493:
351:
320:: these include
129:Amadou et Mariam
3183:
3182:
3178:
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3063:
3047:
3045:
3038:
2757:
2752:
2722:
2717:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2677:
2673:Public holidays
2624:
2548:
2507:
2473:Law enforcement
2424:
2355:
2316:Mali Federation
2242:
2233:
2078:
2070:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
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1959:
1955:
1946:
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1747:
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1737:
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1701:
1695:
1693:
1686:"Archived copy"
1684:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1660:Wayback Machine
1642:
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1614:
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1543:Ali Farka Touré
1472:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1338:
1326:Ali Farka Touré
1281:
1259:
1247:National Badema
1111:
1103:Ali Farka Toure
1087:
1057:
1046:
1036:
963:
943:
820:
780:
735:
675:
544:National anthem
491:
369:
368:
363:
254:
248:
203:
165:
109:Ali Farka Touré
105:Toumani Diabaté
12:
11:
5:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:Western Sahara
3133:
3116:
3103:
3094:
3080:Canary Islands
3076:
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2612:
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2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Child marriage
2566:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2503:Vice President
2500:
2498:Prime Minister
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2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
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2469:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
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2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:National parks
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2363:
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2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:Massina Empire
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2276:Songhai Empire
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2217:
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2203:
2202:
2196:
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2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2076:
2069:
2068:External links
2066:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2055:Boston Phoenix
2048:
2041:
2025:
2024:
1999:
1974:
1953:
1928:
1907:
1886:
1859:Coghlan, Tom.
1851:
1826:
1782:
1754:
1730:
1716:
1677:
1663:
1649:Popular Musics
1636:
1612:
1600:
1591:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1507:Ahmed Ag Kaedi
1497:Malikite Sunni
1474:
1473:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1340:The region of
1337:
1334:
1293:Ibrahima Sylla
1280:
1277:
1258:
1255:
1135:Boureima Keita
1110:
1107:
1091:Songhai Empire
1086:
1083:
1056:
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1035:
1032:
962:
959:
942:
939:
819:
816:
800:kassonke dunun
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560:Regional music
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409:(21-24 string
402:ensemble are;
347:
346:
247:
246:Praise-singers
244:
202:
199:
164:
163:National music
161:
156:Kandia Kouyaté
101:Sidiki Diabaté
75:Songhai people
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3180:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Music of Mali
3161:
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3111:
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2884:Guinea-Bissau
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2606:
2603:
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2580:Ethnic groups
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2341:2020 protests
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2329:
2327:
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2281:Bamana Empire
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2200:
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2128:
2125:
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2110:
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2042:
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2039:1-85828-636-0
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1942:
1941:Songhoy Blues
1938:
1932:
1929:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1908:
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1692:on 2012-03-12
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1519:Songhoy Blues
1515:
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1508:
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1368:
1367:Oumou Sangaré
1364:
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1348:
1343:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:roots revival
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:Kanté Manfila
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1199:
1195:
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1187:
1186:Moussa Traoré
1183:
1182:roots revival
1178:
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1096:
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1085:Songhay music
1084:
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1072:
1068:
1067:
1063:(same as the
1062:
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715:Guinea-Bissau
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152:Grammy Awards
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63:ethnic groups
60:
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43:music of Mali
36:
32:
28:
20:
16:
3168:Music scenes
3119:Saint Helena
3090:
2994:South Africa
2984:Sierra Leone
2923:
2789:Burkina Faso
2662:
2605:Prostitution
2575:Demographics
2461:Human rights
2446:Constitution
2377:
2311:French Sudan
2256:Ghana Empire
2054:
2044:
2030:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1989:. 2021-02-13
1987:the Guardian
1986:
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1964:. 2021-05-01
1956:
1945:. Retrieved
1943:. 2020-09-16
1940:
1931:
1921:, retrieved
1916:
1910:
1900:, retrieved
1895:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1864:
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:
1829:
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1798:
1774:. Retrieved
1772:. 2012-10-23
1770:the Guardian
1769:
1746:. Retrieved
1742:
1733:
1719:
1694:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1680:
1666:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1615:
1610:Velton, p28.
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1578:the original
1573:
1564:
1536:
1516:
1491:doctrine by
1477:
1462:
1453:
1446:Please help
1442:
1431:
1407:gender roles
1391:
1386:
1382:
1376:
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1352:
1345:
1339:
1315:
1305:
1288:
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1244:
1228:
1217:
1190:Tidiane Koné
1179:
1147:Pioneer Jazz
1120:
1088:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1040:Berber music
1034:Tuareg music
1009:
995:
964:
944:
911:
888:
883:
879:
875:
867:
863:
859:
851:
850:stick), the
843:
839:
831:
830:hand drum),
823:
821:
812:
808:talking drum
803:
799:
796:jeli dununba
795:
791:
787:
781:
760:
754:(lutes) and
736:
707:Burkina Faso
698:
694:
680:
638:Sierra Leone
612:
573:Burkina Faso
496:
468:talking drum
457:
445:
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384:
370:
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305:genealogical
302:
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204:
192:
188:
176:Modibo Keita
166:
145:
87:
71:Gur-speakers
65:include the
42:
40:
15:
3046:recognition
2999:South Sudan
2889:Ivory Coast
2529:Foreign aid
2466:LGBT rights
2266:Mali Empire
2079:(in French)
1574:ias.umn.edu
1531:Coup dâetat
1450:if you can.
1359:kamalengoni
1224:Fanta Damba
1219:Fanta Sacko
1214:Fanta Sacko
1198:Salif Keita
1167:Cuban music
1123:World War 2
1095:River Niger
1022:lineage in
1006:Susu people
1002:Mali Empire
928:). Bamana
914:Fanta Damba
733:Instruments
711:Ivory Coast
489:Mande music
470:or tension
236:Fula people
113:Afel Bocoum
89:Salif Keita
47:Mali Empire
3152:Categories
3101:(Portugal)
3059:Somaliland
2979:Seychelles
2944:Mozambique
2929:Mauritania
2914:Madagascar
2869:The Gambia
2804:Cape Verde
2653:Literature
2018:2021-11-22
1993:2021-11-22
1968:2021-11-22
1947:2021-11-22
1923:2021-11-22
1902:2021-11-22
1880:2021-11-22
1845:2021-11-22
1776:2021-11-22
1748:2021-11-22
1696:2010-11-16
1651:, pg. 95;
1630:2020-10-02
1584:15 January
1557:References
1509:, a famed
1493:Ansar Dine
1372:Moussoulou
1355:sogoninkun
1322:Kasse Mady
1202:Mory Kanté
1175:television
1055:Fula music
1024:Niaggasola
967:heptatonic
891:pentatonic
727:The Gambia
687:folk music
618:Mauritania
588:The Gambia
578:Cape Verde
432:resonators
421:structure)
314:endogamous
179:orchestras
137:Mory Kanté
127:, the duo
2934:Mauritius
2600:Languages
2585:Education
2544:Transport
2493:President
2451:Elections
2400:Mountains
2361:Geography
2351:2021 coup
2346:2020 coup
2326:2012 coup
1875:0140-0460
1866:The Times
1821:197833696
1805:(3): 51.
1551:calabashâ
1456:July 2022
1395:feminists
1383:n'diaraka
1347:wassoulou
1342:Wassoulou
1336:Wassoulou
1161:-derived
1159:Argentine
1143:Rail Band
1101:, son of
1049:Tinariwen
991:xylophone
926:Tutu Jara
840:karignyen
697:, French
521:Wassoulou
464:hourglass
326:Kamissoko
312:class is
297:nyamakala
292:craftsmen
278:, French
276:jelimusow
173:President
125:Tinariwen
3125: /
3121: /
3114:(France)
3108: /
3086: /
3082: /
3034:Zimbabwe
3009:Tanzania
2859:Ethiopia
2854:Eswatini
2834:Djibouti
2799:Cameroon
2784:Botswana
2708:Category
2668:Polygamy
2610:Religion
2478:Military
2434:Politics
2420:Wildlife
2390:Communes
2331:Mali War
2240:articles
1840:Refworld
1743:Freemuse
1705:cite web
1656:Archived
1527:Iggy Pop
1502:Timbuktu
1489:Salafist
1432:require
1399:polygamy
1317:Yasimika
1314:'s 1983
1306:Another
1240:literacy
1210:Bajourou
1081:Bamana.
941:Mandinka
934:phonetic
922:Bajourou
874:-struck
870:(small,
828:calabash
804:n'tamani
516:Bajourou
466:-shaped
393:Proverbs
330:Sissokho
282:) are a
99:players
93:Afro-pop
51:Mandinka
37:in 2016.
3110:RĂ©union
3106:Mayotte
3097:Madeira
3092:(Spain)
3088:Melilla
3019:Tunisia
2989:Somalia
2974:Senegal
2959:Nigeria
2949:Namibia
2939:Morocco
2904:Liberia
2899:Lesotho
2849:Eritrea
2819:Comoros
2794:Burundi
2769:Algeria
2692:Outline
2638:Cuisine
2630:Culture
2615:Slavery
2558:Society
2539:Tourism
2517:Economy
2410:Regions
2379:Cercles
2373:Borders
2248:History
1549:â and â
1434:cleanup
1291:, with
1268:Mandjou
1263:Abidjan
1155:waltzes
1020:Kouyate
1016:balafon
987:balafon
961:Maninka
907:Senegal
884:kenkeni
880:konkoni
866:), the
856:cowhide
852:kunanfa
844:bonkolo
806:(small
792:konkoni
756:balafon
723:Senegal
693:(sing.
633:Senegal
628:Nigeria
608:Liberia
550:Le Mali
459:n'taman
447:dununba
425:balafon
389:epithet
385:donkili
377:Sunjata
338:Diabaté
334:Soumano
322:Kouyaté
274:, fem.
270:(sing.
224:Songhay
219:Bambara
207:Malinké
169:Le Mali
85:(10%).
69:(17%),
49:of the
3158:Bamana
3129:
3112:
3099:
3029:Zambia
3024:Uganda
2964:Rwanda
2919:Malawi
2879:Guinea
2774:Angola
2713:Portal
2590:Health
2415:Rivers
2385:Cities
2291:Kaarta
2238:
2037:
1873:
1819:
1511:Tuareg
1387:njarka
1301:techno
1257:Exodus
1236:Kibaru
1204:, and
1163:tangos
1151:rumbas
1141:, the
1127:guitar
1121:After
1028:Guinea
983:guitar
979:Guinea
930:djembe
918:Bamako
899:violin
895:lizard
872:mallet
868:gangan
848:bamboo
836:cowrie
826:(half
818:Bamana
784:djembe
778:Djembe
767:djembe
745:and a
719:Guinea
598:Guinea
503:Genres
480:(tall
478:tabale
439:n'goni
419:bridge
381:Lyrics
141:techno
121:Tuareg
119:, the
79:Tuareg
77:(6%),
3084:Ceuta
3004:Sudan
2954:Niger
2909:Libya
2894:Kenya
2874:Ghana
2864:Gabon
2839:Egypt
2779:Benin
2699:Index
2663:Music
2658:Media
2643:Films
2620:Women
1817:S2CID
1547:ngoni
1480:MUJAO
1330:blues
1279:1980s
1273:Dakar
1171:radio
1075:riiti
1066:xalam
1061:hoddu
975:ngoni
971:dance
947:Wolof
903:horse
876:dunun
860:barra
824:fileh
788:dunun
771:dunun
752:Ngoni
699:griot
691:jeliw
623:Niger
593:Ghana
568:Benin
511:Griot
482:conga
429:gourd
318:jeliw
288:horon
284:caste
280:griot
267:jeliw
258:jalis
252:Griot
232:Dogon
215:Dyula
123:band
83:Moors
73:12%,
55:Mande
3014:Togo
2924:Mali
2814:Chad
2648:Flag
2236:Mali
2035:ISBN
1871:ISSN
1711:link
1586:2022
1525:and
1401:and
1378:soku
1289:Soro
1200:and
1157:and
1145:and
1137:and
1131:Kita
1125:the
1071:riti
1042:and
1011:jeli
955:kora
951:Jola
949:and
864:chun
832:gita
790:(or
769:and
763:tama
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737:The
725:and
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452:bell
415:harp
411:lute
407:kora
400:jeli
342:Koné
340:and
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272:jeli
230:and
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