410:, is very limited in scope and is not adopted by academic institutions as a true category of music. The individual aspects and collectively of black music is surrounded by the culture in itself as well as experience. Black music is centered around a story and origin. Many artist start song with the things they experience first hand. Musical Blackness was a way of communicating and a way to express themselves especially during hard times such as slavery. Their songs were used to give guidance to one another and tell stories. The varieties of sounds and expressions used in the music helped stress their emotions.
402:, it was a way that the early slaves could express themselves and communicate when they were being forcibly relocated and when there were restrictions on what cultural activities they could pursue. The sorrows of song were the only freedom slaves had working on cotton fields, and overall through labor tactics. This burden of slavery became a gateway for other genres of music such as the blues. For example, Black music does not just encompass sounds of the U.S. black experience but also a global black experience that stretches from Africa to Americas.
992:
223:
121:
1094:“folk, or local expressions of Black culture have been identified as authentic and positively evaluated for that reason, while subsequent hemispheric or global manifestations of the same cultural forms have been dismissed as inauthentic and therefore lacking in cultural or aesthetic value precisely because of their distance (supposed or actual) from a readily identifiable point of origin.”
1099:
their mutation.” By making the word artifice synonymous with the representation of authenticity in this context, Gilroy is acknowledging the lack of definitive ability to denote authenticity. Gilroy then goes a step further to express how sticking to conversations of what is authentic hurts our ability to better understand the “mutation” of Black music as it engages and it changed by the
22:
1026:. Spirituals were the songs that the enslaved Africans sang. Most have religious texts, and they were sung by the enslaved Africans at many different times, including while working, in prayer meetings, and in Black churches. They helped the enslaved Africans cope with slavery. They were composed by the community and the genre came out of the enslaved African experience.
797:. (Mical 1995) Along with the rise of ska came the popularity of deejays who began talking stylistically over the rhythms of popular songs at sound systems, known as toasting. This would later give birth to dancehall and pioneer rapping that later emerged in New York. Reggae stems from early ska and rocksteady, but also has its own style of Jamaican authenticity.
63:
1107:
demonstrating the reason for desiring being denoted as authentic. However, he also acknowledges that even seemingly authentic art forms like hip-hop, an
American art form, are diasporic in nature incorporating global influences into their origin questioning how definitive apparent authenticity can be. Gilroy describes
1098:
However, Gilroy proceeds to counter this perception by saying, “In all these cases it is not enough for critics to point out that representing authenticity involves artifice. This may be true, but it is not helpful when trying to evaluate or compare cultural forms let alone in trying to make sense of
405:
The term for many coming from places of "Black" origin can be perceived in a derogatory manner by cultures who see the term as a blurring of lines which ignores the true roots of certain peoples and their specific traditions. To refer to musical genres with strong
African-American influence, such as
1106:
In understanding the motivations behind pronouncing authenticity, Gilroy identifies the financial and market-based benefits to this pronouncement by saying, “the discourse of authenticity has been a notable presence in the mass marketing of successive Black folks cultural forms to white audiences,”
1081:
starts a discussion of authenticity in the Black trans-Atlantic arena of diasporic music production by presenting how black music has become a truly global phenomenon leading to a dilution of black music into an ever-increasing number of genres and styles across the world. This dilution has created
1111:
as having “formal borrowings from the linguistic innovations of
Jamaica's distinct modes of 'kinetic orality,' " this flips his earlier description of authenticity on its head by presenting a seemingly culturally regional and authentic Black art form as a truly global manifestation, depicting how
964:
indigenous groups. Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait
Islanders were able to identify with the American and West Indian servicemen due to the similarities of their physical appearance, most notably their darker skin color, and consequently shared dances and songs with them. The so-called Black
413:
Black music began to reflect urban environments through amplified sounds, social concerns, and cultural pride expressed through music. It combined blues, jazz, boogie-woogie and gospel taking the form of fast paced dance music with highly energized guitar work appealing to young audiences across
868:
ensemble that evolved from improvised percussion instruments used in
Carnival processions. Steel bands were banned by the British colonial authorities. Nevertheless, steel drums spread across the Caribbean, and are now an entrenched part of the culture of
1033:
onto them. Through
Christianity, the enslaved Africans learned many hymns. Eventually, the hymns and the text of the Bible combined with many elements of music that the enslaved Africans had brought with them from Africa, such as antiphony (the
1054:
As the music of the
African Diaspora progresses, more recent and popular songs have demonstrated an act of protest in their lyrics and significant elements that are featured in the music of the African Diaspora. An example of a song would be,
663:. The subjects of bachata are often romantic with tales of heartbreak and sadness. The original term used to name the genre was amargue ("bitterness", "bitter music", or "blues music"), until the more neutral term bachata became popular.
1063:; released in 2016. This popular musical composition mentioned racial injustice events that triggered the Black Lives Matter Movement (e.g. police brutality/violence) but, also included Beyoncé embracing her distinct African heritage.
1521:
345:
people of
African descent preserved elements of their African heritage while inventing new genres of music. The culmination of this great sublimation of musical energy into vocal work can be seen in genres as disparate as
1313:
Daynes, Sarah and Peter Martin. “Ch. 5: Slavery and the
Diaspora: Temporal and Spatial Articulations.” In Time and Memory in Reggae Music: The Politics of Hope. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010. Pp. 85,
1344:
UNSW, Brewster, Anne, English, Media, & Performing Arts, Faculty of Arts & Social
Sciences, UNSW Miller, Benjamin Ian, English, Media, & Performing Arts, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences (2009).
1085:
In understanding how authenticity is conceived, Gilroy discusses how authenticity functions as an aspect of Black music that comes from perceived proximity to the origin of said music. On page 96 of his book
800:
In Jamaica, African diasporic music is made to portray resistance through music in order to strengthen the communal bond and identity for groups that share collective memories of oppression, suffering, etc.
1295:
Kunzler's dictionary of jazz provides two separate entries: "blues", and the "blues form", a widespread musical form (p. 131). Kunzler, Martin (1988). Jazz-Lexicon. Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag.
789:). Mento is a style of Jamaican music that predates and has greatly influenced ska, which was also fused with African traditions, American jazz and blues. Subsequent styles besides ska include,
341:
Music of the African diaspora was mostly refined and developed during the period of slavery. Slaves did not have easy access to instruments, so vocal work took on new significance. Through chants and
1189:
626:, the first written music to be rhythmically based on an African rhythm pattern, gained international fame in the 19th century. The habanera "El Arreglito" composed by the Spanish musician
927:
share folk and popular styles that are connected enough to the Antilles and other Caribbean islands that both countries are studied in the broader context of Antillean or Caribbean music.
1160:
1505:
1370:
1121:
1726:
1679:
1629:
1582:
1131:
423:
138:
35:
1249:
358:, a motif or phrase which is persistently repeated at the same pitch. The repeating idea may be a rhythmic pattern, part of a tune, or a complete melody. The
956:
is a phenomenon that occurred post-1970s, however the racial identifications expressed within said phenomenon originate from the mid 20th century during
1181:
1760:
1488:
185:
73:
1152:
748:, although it also has varieties that have developed in francophone Africa. It is popular throughout the French-speaking world, including
157:
84:
969:
that became the focal point of cultural communication, including music and the arts. Popular music bands with an evident anti-colonial,
896:
41:
232:
164:
973:
identity were the Black Brothers, a rock-reggae band from West Papua in 1970s, and the Black Sweet, a Melanesian band in the 1980s.
283:
265:
204:
102:
49:
1219:
1770:
960:. American presence in the Second World War brought African-American and West Indian soldiers into contact with Melanesian and
557:
171:
1022:
When Africans came to the United States they brought their music with them. Over time, a new genre of music developed, called
861:
arose, characterized by a focus on dance rhythms rather than lyricism. Soca has since spread across the Caribbean and abroad.
1702:
1655:
1605:
1558:
142:
841:
style is an especially potent part of the music of the other former British colonies, which also share traditions like the
153:
1126:
641:
845:
dance. Trinidadian folk calypso is found throughout the area, as are African-Caribbean religious music styles like the
1765:
1274:
1241:
1775:
1304:
Stephen Davis. "Reggae." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web.16. 30 January 2020.
131:
1035:
965:
Pacific, i.e. the cultural contact of African and Melanesian people, was fostered mainly through the Melanesian
236:
1460:
Curtis, Marvin V. (August 1996). "The Lyric of the African-American Spiritual: The Meaning behind the Words".
940:
Starting from the second half of the 19th century, African American performance through the colonial type of
887:
882:
718:
699:
825:
tribes, while the European slaveholders added their own musics into the mix, as did immigrants from India.
178:
1780:
982:
961:
660:
335:
707:
311:
77:
that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
1420:
1384:
Solis, Gabriel (2015). "The Black Pacific: Music and Racialization in Papua New Guinea and Australia".
1112:
ambiguous authenticity can be. As such, Gilroy effectively deconstructs the concept of authenticity.
970:
814:
243:
870:
834:
445:
382:
in West Africa. Hence, the melodic traditions of the African diaspora are probably most alive in
1720:
1673:
1623:
1576:
1442:
1401:
1364:
1073:
678:. It developed during the early decades of the 19th century. When jazz became popular worldwide,
656:
702:
in the French-speaking Antilles of the Caribbean. Haiti's most well-known modern music genre is
849:
music of Trinidad. Calypso's early rise was closely connected with the adoption of Carnival by
1708:
1698:
1661:
1651:
1611:
1601:
1564:
1554:
1513:
1484:
1421:"The "Black pacific" and decolonisation in Melanesia: Performing 'negritude and indigenitude'"
1352:
1041:
Many other African-American music genres, such as gospel and jazz, developed from this genre.
916:
627:
595:
429:
1432:
1393:
1100:
1056:
953:
745:
469:
319:
908:
818:
810:
652:
553:
537:
331:
323:
307:
1481:
The Struggle for Freedom: A History of African Americans, Combined Volume, Second Edition
1348:
The Fantasy of Whiteness: Blackness and Aboriginality in American and Australian Culture
892:
770:
698:
for cadence, followed the mini-jazz era. Kadans had an influence on the development of
695:
687:
561:
517:
991:
857:
drumming and the music masquerade processions. In the 1970s, a calypso variant called
659:. Having strong African and Spanish influences, it is therefore also considered to be
398:
Many genres of music originate from communities that have visible roots in Africa. In
1754:
1506:"The Black Lives Matter protest that you missed from Beyoncé's halftime show dancers"
1446:
1405:
1211:
1182:"The soundtrack of history: How Black music has shaped American culture through time"
924:
838:
730:
691:
631:
525:
477:
449:
407:
399:
379:
1038:
pattern) and syncopation. This eventually formed into the genre called spirituals.
1030:
957:
611:
573:
549:
433:
347:
303:
247:
966:
1078:
865:
850:
822:
786:
675:
623:
619:
615:
603:
598:, a form of social club among African slaves brought to the island. Traditional
513:
465:
437:
367:
327:
315:
120:
1437:
1356:
1060:
1023:
900:
858:
790:
782:
726:
722:
599:
509:
485:
481:
453:
342:
1517:
1397:
1712:
1665:
1615:
1568:
941:
854:
679:
461:
1270:
895:, itself once a French colony though not part of the Lesser Antilles. The
842:
778:
533:
521:
363:
355:
1351:. University of New South Wales. English, Media, & Performing Arts.
1108:
904:
774:
734:
607:
569:
371:
351:
1346:
920:
912:
846:
753:
749:
738:
703:
636:
505:
493:
375:
1745:
Black hymnody: a hymnological history of the African-American church
1479:
Carson, Clayborne; Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J.; Nash, Gary B. (2011).
1419:
Webb, -Gannon Camellia; Webb, Michael; Solis, Gabriel (2018-07-01).
1029:
Spirituals developed because the enslaved Africans masters forced
794:
671:
565:
489:
473:
441:
383:
359:
1082:
tension around what music can be considered authentically Black.
744:
The conventional zouk sound has a slow tempo, and it is sung in
591:
529:
497:
457:
387:
986:
821:
elements are a hybrid of instruments and styles from numerous
501:
216:
114:
56:
15:
674:
music is familiar to people in the English-speaking world as
1695:
The black Atlantic : modernity and double consciousness
1648:
The black Atlantic : modernity and double consciousness
1598:
The black Atlantic : modernity and double consciousness
1551:
The black Atlantic : modernity and double consciousness
1153:"Roots: The Impact of Black Music on America and the World"
891:
style and have also had extensive musical contact with the
74:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
354:. The music of the African diaspora makes frequent use of
630:, was adapted to become one of the most famous arias in
1003:
729:
during the 1980s,It has many influences, from Haitian,
80:
911:
popular style. The islands also share a passion for
813:musical cultures are largely based on the music of
145:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
760:Former British West Indies and the Lesser Antilles
655:is a popular guitar music that originated in the
1641:
1639:
817:brought by European traders and colonizers. The
706:music. It was first popularized in the 1950s by
1122:List of calypsos with sociopolitical influences
885:of Martinique and Guadeloupe share the popular
1132:List of musical genres of the African diaspora
424:List of musical genres of the African diaspora
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
302:is a sound created, produced, or inspired by
8:
1369:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
667:Haiti and Francophone music in the Caribbean
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1725:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1678:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1628:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1581:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
296:Musical traditions of the African diaspora
246:. Please do not remove this message until
1436:
1210:Humanities, Center for the (2011-07-09).
809:As is the case throughout the Caribbean,
284:Learn how and when to remove this message
266:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
1697:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 85.
1650:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 99.
1600:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 96.
1242:"Exploring the History of Black Music -"
952:The use of funk, hip hop, and reggae in
690:) was created as Haiti's local variety.
242:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1143:
1718:
1671:
1621:
1574:
1362:
1151:Singley, Richard Lawson (2021-02-02).
1483:. Boston: Prentice Hall. p. 22.
1045:Protest Music of the African Diaspora
586:Cuba and Latin music in the Caribbean
7:
143:adding citations to reliable sources
877:French Caribbean islands and others
721:is a style of music originating in
1059:" by the African-American singer,
14:
1425:Journal of the Polynesian Society
1277:from the original on 29 July 2015
785:now more closely associated with
622:, which became also known as the
31:This article has multiple issues.
990:
944:gained popularity in Australia.
864:Steel drums are a distinctively
221:
119:
61:
20:
1524:from the original on 2017-12-07
1252:from the original on 2022-11-07
1222:from the original on 2022-12-05
1192:from the original on 2022-04-19
1163:from the original on 2022-11-30
558:Arab states of the Persian Gulf
154:"Music of the African diaspora"
130:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
642:L'amour est un oiseau rebelled
362:is a direct descendant of the
1:
1761:Music of the African diaspora
1240:Wickham, Phebe (2021-06-22).
919:; Suriname and its neighbors
300:Music of the African diaspora
1553:. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1127:Music of Black Origin Awards
248:conditions to do so are met
1799:
1504:Wang, Yanan (2016-02-09).
1438:10.15286/jps.127.2.177-206
980:
421:
1271:"Negro Spiritual Singers"
1216:Center for the Humanities
1398:10.1177/0896920513509822
1246:Music Forward Foundation
308:African music traditions
942:blackface entertainment
594:music forms lie in the
1771:African-American music
1743:Spencer, Jon Michael.
1212:"What is Black Music?"
1096:
1090:he was quoted saying:
983:African-American music
661:music of Latin America
336:African-American music
83:by rewriting it in an
1693:Gilroy, Paul (1993).
1646:Gilroy, Paul (1993).
1596:Gilroy, Paul (1993).
1549:Gilroy, Paul (1993).
1092:
829:Trinidad & Tobago
708:Nemours Jean-Baptiste
312:African popular music
1273:. New Deal Network.
1188:. 21 February 2021.
907:and Aruba share the
564:is performed in the
139:improve this article
871:Trinidad and Tobago
835:Trinidad and Tobago
235:of this article is
1766:Music by ethnicity
1386:Critical Sociology
1332:Caribbean Currents
1088:The Black Atlantic
1074:The Black Atlantic
1002:. You can help by
853:slaves, including
657:Dominican Republic
648:Dominican Republic
590:The roots of most
85:encyclopedic style
72:is written like a
1776:Traditional music
1490:978-0-205-83240-8
1036:call-and-response
1020:
1019:
628:Sebastian Yradier
322:, including some
294:
293:
286:
276:
275:
268:
215:
214:
207:
189:
113:
112:
105:
54:
1788:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1716:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1572:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1341:
1335:
1334:, pgs. 183 - 211
1328:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1148:
1015:
1012:
994:
987:
954:Papua New Guinea
917:Surinamese music
811:Lesser Antillean
746:Antillean Creole
602:styles, include
414:racial divides.
320:African diaspora
289:
282:
271:
264:
260:
257:
251:
225:
224:
217:
210:
203:
199:
196:
190:
188:
147:
123:
115:
108:
101:
97:
94:
88:
65:
64:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1738:Further reading
1735:
1734:
1717:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1670:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1620:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1573:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1510:Washington Post
1503:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1361:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1118:
1069:
1052:
1047:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1000:needs expansion
985:
979:
950:
938:
933:
909:combined rhythm
879:
831:
819:African musical
807:
805:Lesser Antilles
769:Early forms of
767:
762:
716:
669:
650:
588:
583:
556:, performed in
554:Fann at-Tanbura
546:
428:Genres include
426:
420:
396:
366:created by the
332:Brazilian music
324:Caribbean music
314:as well as the
297:
290:
279:
278:
277:
272:
261:
255:
252:
241:
226:
222:
211:
200:
194:
191:
148:
146:
136:
124:
109:
98:
92:
89:
81:help improve it
78:
66:
62:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1703:
1685:
1656:
1635:
1606:
1588:
1559:
1534:
1496:
1489:
1471:
1462:Choral Journal
1452:
1431:(2): 177–206.
1411:
1392:(2): 297–312.
1376:
1336:
1316:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1262:
1232:
1202:
1173:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1101:Black Diaspora
1077:, Sociologist
1068:
1065:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1018:
1017:
997:
995:
981:Main article:
978:
975:
949:
946:
937:
934:
932:
929:
897:Dutch colonies
893:music of Haiti
883:French islands
878:
875:
830:
827:
815:African slaves
806:
803:
771:Afro-Caribbean
766:
763:
761:
758:
715:
712:
696:Haitian Creole
688:Haitian Creole
668:
665:
649:
646:
634:'s 1875 opera
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
562:Mizmar (dance)
545:
542:
540:, and others.
518:Detroit techno
422:Main article:
419:
416:
395:
392:
295:
292:
291:
274:
273:
229:
227:
220:
213:
212:
127:
125:
118:
111:
110:
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1781:Popular music
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1071:In his book,
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1014:
1011:December 2012
1005:
1001:
998:This section
996:
993:
989:
988:
984:
977:United States
976:
974:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
947:
945:
943:
935:
930:
928:
926:
925:French Guiana
922:
918:
915:, a genre of
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:
884:
876:
874:
872:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
804:
802:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
764:
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
647:
645:
643:
639:
638:
633:
632:Georges Bizet
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:
547:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:rock and roll
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
425:
417:
415:
411:
409:
408:hip hop music
403:
401:
400:North America
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:Guinea-Bissau
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
288:
285:
270:
267:
259:
249:
245:
239:
238:
234:
228:
219:
218:
209:
206:
198:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156: –
155:
151:
150:Find sources:
144:
140:
134:
133:
128:This article
126:
122:
117:
116:
107:
104:
96:
86:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1744:
1694:
1688:
1647:
1597:
1591:
1550:
1526:. Retrieved
1509:
1499:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1265:
1254:. Retrieved
1245:
1235:
1224:. Retrieved
1215:
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1185:
1176:
1165:. Retrieved
1156:
1146:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1072:
1070:
1067:Authenticity
1053:
1050:2016-present
1040:
1031:Christianity
1028:
1021:
1008:
1004:adding to it
999:
958:World War II
951:
939:
886:
880:
863:
832:
823:West African
808:
799:
768:
743:
717:
683:
670:
651:
635:
618:. The Cuban
589:
574:Saudi Arabia
550:Liwa (music)
427:
412:
404:
397:
348:Gospel Music
340:
316:music genres
306:, including
304:Black people
299:
298:
280:
262:
253:
231:
201:
192:
182:
175:
168:
161:
149:
137:Please help
132:verification
129:
99:
93:October 2021
90:
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
1079:Paul Gilroy
971:Black Power
866:Trinidadian
851:Trinidadian
795:raggamuffin
787:The Bahamas
781:(a type of
620:contradanza
572:regions of
544:Middle East
448:, country,
370:, found in
368:Jola people
328:Latin music
1755:Categories
1704:0674076052
1657:0674076052
1607:0674076052
1560:0674076052
1528:2017-12-06
1357:1130301951
1281:31 January
1256:2022-11-07
1226:2022-12-05
1196:2022-11-30
1167:2022-11-30
1138:References
1024:spirituals
962:Aboriginal
791:rocksteady
783:folk music
727:Martinique
723:Guadeloupe
714:Zouk music
600:Afro-Cuban
510:dub reggae
394:Background
343:work songs
256:March 2024
233:neutrality
165:newspapers
36:improve it
1721:cite book
1674:cite book
1624:cite book
1577:cite book
1518:0190-8286
1447:149505067
1406:144748531
1365:cite book
1057:Formation
967:négritude
948:Melanesia
936:Australia
855:camboulay
773:music in
684:mini-djaz
680:mini-jazz
581:Caribbean
538:bluegrass
430:spiritual
244:talk page
195:July 2014
42:talk page
1713:28112279
1666:28112279
1616:28112279
1569:28112279
1522:Archived
1468:(1): 15.
1330:Manuel,
1275:Archived
1250:Archived
1220:Archived
1190:Archived
1186:NBC News
1161:Archived
1116:See also
843:Big Drum
837:, whose
779:Junkanoo
676:MĂ©ringue
624:Habanera
596:cabildos
534:afrobeat
522:amapiano
364:Akonting
356:ostinato
237:disputed
1314:94-104.
1109:Hip-Hop
1061:Beyoncé
931:Oceania
905:Bonaire
901:Curaçao
839:calypso
775:Jamaica
765:Jamaica
735:beguine
731:calypso
672:Haitian
653:Bachata
570:Tihamah
526:hip hop
478:calypso
470:R&B
372:Senegal
352:Hip-Hop
318:of the
179:scholar
79:Please
1747:(1992)
1711:
1701:
1664:
1654:
1614:
1604:
1567:
1557:
1516:
1487:
1445:
1404:
1355:
1157:Medium
921:Guyana
913:kaseko
847:Shango
754:Quebec
750:France
739:compas
704:compas
692:Kadans
637:Carmen
506:reggae
494:kwaito
434:gospel
418:Genres
376:Gambia
181:
174:
167:
160:
152:
1443:S2CID
1402:S2CID
616:Rumba
592:Cuban
566:Hejaz
514:house
490:disco
474:samba
466:salsa
446:bomba
442:blues
438:rumba
384:Blues
360:banjo
186:JSTOR
172:books
1727:link
1709:OCLC
1699:ISBN
1680:link
1662:OCLC
1652:ISBN
1630:link
1612:OCLC
1602:ISBN
1583:link
1565:OCLC
1555:ISBN
1514:ISSN
1485:ISBN
1371:link
1353:OCLC
1283:2020
923:and
888:zouk
881:The
859:soca
793:and
777:was
752:and
737:and
725:and
719:Zouk
700:Zouk
614:and
612:yuka
610:and
608:Batá
568:and
552:and
530:gqom
498:funk
486:soul
482:soca
458:jazz
454:rock
388:Jazz
386:and
378:and
350:and
334:and
310:and
230:The
158:news
1433:doi
1429:127
1394:doi
1006:.
899:of
833:In
686:in
644:".
640:, "
604:son
502:ska
462:pop
338:.
141:by
1757::
1723:}}
1719:{{
1707:.
1676:}}
1672:{{
1660:.
1638:^
1626:}}
1622:{{
1610:.
1579:}}
1575:{{
1563:.
1537:^
1520:.
1512:.
1508:.
1466:37
1464:.
1441:.
1427:.
1423:.
1400:.
1390:41
1388:.
1367:}}
1363:{{
1319:^
1248:.
1244:.
1218:.
1214:.
1184:.
1159:.
1155:.
1103:.
903:,
873:.
756:.
741:.
733:,
710:.
694:,
606:,
560:.
536:,
532:,
528:,
524:,
520:,
516:,
512:,
508:,
504:,
500:,
496:,
492:,
488:,
484:,
480:,
476:,
472:,
468:,
464:,
460:,
456:,
452:,
444:,
440:,
436:,
432:,
390:.
374:,
330:,
326:,
45:.
1729:)
1715:.
1682:)
1668:.
1632:)
1618:.
1585:)
1571:.
1531:.
1493:.
1449:.
1435::
1408:.
1396::
1373:)
1359:.
1285:.
1259:.
1229:.
1199:.
1170:.
1055:"
1013:)
1009:(
682:(
576:.
287:)
281:(
269:)
263:(
258:)
254:(
250:.
240:.
208:)
202:(
197:)
193:(
183:·
176:·
169:·
162:·
135:.
106:)
100:(
95:)
91:(
87:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
