572:, in which 8 rows and 8 columns of wires cross — thus, 16 wires can provide 8 × 8 = 64 crossings, which the keyboard controller scans to determine which key was pressed. The problem with this system is that it provides only a crude binary on/off signal for each key. Better electronic keyboards employ two sets of slightly offset switches for each key. By determining the timing between the activation of the first and second switches, the velocity of a key press can be determined, greatly improving the performance dynamic of a keyboard. The best electronic keyboards have dedicated circuits for each key, providing polyphonic aftertouch.
557:
596:
334:
696:
142:
38:
413:) has ranged from as little as 125 mm (4.9 in) to as much as 170 mm (6.7 in). Modern piano keyboards ordinarily have an octave span of 164–165 mm (6.46–6.50 in), resulting in the width of black keys averaging 13.7 mm (0.54 in) and white keys about 23.5 mm (0.93 in) at the base, disregarding space between keys.
365:) of keyboard instruments has tended to increase. Harpsichords often extended over five octaves (>60 keys) in the 18th century, while most pianos manufactured since about 1870 have 88 keys. The lowest pitch (frequency: 27.5 Hz) of an 88-key piano is equivalent to a sub contrabass in the range name. Some modern pianos have even more notes (a
417:
in the 1970s. This size, along with the 15/16 size (152 mm (6.0 in) octave span) and a smaller size (130 mm (5.1 in) octave span) have since been developed and marketed by
Steinbuhler & Company in Pennsylvania. These three sizes are registered as DS6.0, DS5.5 and DS5.1. The company was converted to the non-profit
50:
421:
in 2018. Hailun USA manufactures pianos in the two alternative DS6.0 and DS5.5 sizes through an agreement with the DS Standard
Foundation. Since 2013, a global network of pianists, teachers and performing arts health professionals has been increasingly advocating for change to the 'one size fits all'
416:
In recent years, there has been evidence of a correlation between pianists with smaller hand spans and hand or arm injuries. Several reduced-size standards have been proposed for these pianists. A 7/8 size (140 mm (5.5 in) octave span) keyboard was developed by
Canadian Christopher Donison
583:
Despite their visual similarity, different keyboard instrument types require different techniques. The piano hammer mechanism produces a louder note the faster the key is pressed, while the harpsichord's plectrum mechanism does not perceptibly vary the volume of the note with different touch on the
373:
model has 108 keys). While modern synthesizer keyboards commonly have either 61, 76 or 88 keys, small MIDI controllers are available with 25 keys (digital systems allow shifting octaves, pitch, and "splitting" ranges dynamically, which, in some cases, reduce the need for dedicated keys. However,
269:
The arrangement of longer keys for C major with intervening, shorter keys for the intermediate semitones date to the 15th century. Many keyboard instruments dating from before the nineteenth century, such as harpsichords and pipe organs, have a keyboard with the colours of the keys reversed: the
430:
has promoted piano keyboards with narrower octave spans and has a U.S. patent on the apparatus and methods for modifying existing pianos to provide interchangeable keyboards of different sizes. Narrower keyboards are available from
Steinway & Sons USA in new grand pianos or as a retrofit to
642:(not to be confused with a piano technician's "voicing" of a piano by modifying the hardness of the hammers). Keyboardists speak of playing harder and softer, or with more or less force. This may accurately describe the player's experience—but in the mechanics of the keyboard,
470:: the eight aforementioned notes were arranged at the leftmost side of the keyboard, compressed in the keys between E and C (at the time, accidentals that low were very uncommon and thus not needed). During the sixteenth century, when instruments were often tuned in
1001:
646:
controls musical dynamics. The faster the player depresses the key, the louder the note. Players must learn to coordinate two hands and use them independently. Most music is written for two hands; typically the right hand plays the
393:
keys, the width of the natural notes C, D and E differ slightly from the width of keys F, G, A and B. This allows close to uniform spacing of 12 keys per octave while maintaining uniformity of seven "natural" keys per octave.
278:
are covered with softer white bone. A few electric and electronic instruments from the 1960s and subsequent decades have also done this; Vox's electronic organs of the 1960s, Farfisa's FAST portable organs, Hohner's
536:). The "broken octave", a variation of the aforementioned short octave, similarly used split keys to add accidentals left out of the short octave. Other examples of variations in keyboard design include the
638:) keyboards (i.e., that respond to varying playing velocity) may require finger independence, so that some fingers play "harder" while others play more softly. Pianists call this control of touch velocity
588:'s volume and timbre are controlled by the flow of air from the bellows and the stops preselected by the player. Players of these instruments therefore use different techniques to color the sound. An
290:
Some 1960s electronic organs used reverse colors or gray sharps or naturals to indicate the lower part (or parts) of a single keyboard divided into two parts, each controlling a different
943:"Effects of hand span size and right-left hand side on the piano playing performances: Exploration of the potential risk factors with regard to piano-related musculoskeletal disorders"
1532:
603:
Even though the keyboard layout is simple and all notes are easily accessible, playing requires skill. A proficient player has undertaken much training to play accurately and in
466:"white keys" and only four "black keys". The emphasis on these eight notes would continue for a few centuries after the "seven and five" system was adopted, in the form of the
434:
There have been variations in the design of the keyboard to address technical and musical issues. The earliest designs of keyboards were based heavily on the notes used in
374:
smaller keyboards will typically limit which musical scores can be played). Organs normally have 61 keys per manual, though some spinet models have 44 or 49. An organ
729:— have pitched elements arranged in the keyboard layout. Rather than pressing a key, the performer typically strikes each element (e.g., a metal or wood bar) with a
378:
is a keyboard with long pedals played by the organist's feet. Pedalboards vary in size from 12 to 32 notes or 42 on a touring organ used by
Cameron Carpenter.
1133:
876:"The correlation between upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms and joint kinematics, playing habits and hand span during playing among piano students"
568:
Simpler electronic keyboards have switches under each key. Depressing a key connects a circuit, which triggers tone generation. Most keyboards use a
672:
1522:
771:
played one of these. Egyptian belly-dance musicians like Hassam Ramzy use custom-tuned accordions so they can play traditional scales. The small
592:
may be preset to produce any of a range of voices as well as percussion and other accompaniments that respond to chords played by the left hand.
355:(1619). At the top is the earliest example of the "seven plus five" layout. The bottom two illustrate the earlier "eight plus four" arrangement
850:
615:, which can be difficult for people with small hands, chords requiring unusual hand positions that can initially be uncomfortable, and fast
526:, extended the flexibility of the harpsichord, enabling composers to write keyboard music calling for harmonies containing the so-called
1097:
680:
664:
1126:
708:
298:, and were a regular feature in Spanish and some English organs of the renaissance and baroque eras. The break was between
1527:
250:) are raised and shorter. Because these keys receive less wear, they are often made of black colored wood and called the
874:
Kaufman-Cohen, Yael; Portnoy, Sigal; Sopher, Ran; Mashiach, Lital; Baruch-Halaf, Lilach; Ratzon, Navah Z. (2018-12-19).
77:. Pressing a key on the keyboard makes the instrument produce sounds—either by mechanically striking a string or tine (
736:
There are some examples of a musical keyboard layout used for non-musical devices. For example, some of the earliest
1119:
541:
311:
1412:
397:
Over the last three hundred years, the octave span distance found on historical keyboard instruments (organs,
1452:
1180:
575:
Advanced electronic keyboards may provide hundreds of key touch levels and have 88 keys, as most pianos do.
569:
941:
Lai, Kuan-Yin; Wu, Shyi-Kuen; Jou, I-Ming; Hsu, Hsiao-Man; Chen Sea, Mei-Jin; Kuo, Li-Chieh (2015-11-01).
611:. The sequences of movements of the player's hands can be very complicated. Problems include wide-spanned
294:
or sound. Such keyboards accommodate melody and contrasting accompaniment without the expense of a second
389:
keys have uniform width and uniform spacing at the front of the keyboard. In the larger gaps between the
303:
73:, with a combination of larger, longer keys and smaller, shorter keys that repeats at the interval of an
1348:
829:
30:
This article is about keyboards on musical instruments. For instruments referred to as "keyboards", see
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There are some rare variations of keyboards with more or fewer than 12 keys per octave, mostly used in
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471:
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are laid out with the lowest note on the left. The longer keys (for the seven "natural" notes of the
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182:. The keys for the remaining five notes—which are not part of the C major scale—(i.e., C
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approach to piano keyboard manufacturing by major companies. This network is known as PASK (
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fifth (G-sharp to E-flat), but without producing aural discomfort in the listeners (see
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607:. Beginners seldom produce a passable rendition of even a simple piece due to lack of
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851:"World's first 108-key concert grand piano built by Australia's only piano maker"
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69:. Keyboards typically contain keys for playing the twelve notes of the Western
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752:, after the discoveries and theoretical developments of musician and inventor
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range, while the left plays an accompaniment of bass notes and chords in the
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range. Examples of music written for the left hand alone include several of
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sometimes has keys that can play microtones when a "shift" key is pressed.
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438:(the seven diatonic notes plus B-flat) and as such would often include B
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technique, both hands play different melodies at the same time.
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49:
345:, built in 1361 and enlarged 1495. The illustration is from
170:
forward. Because these keys were traditionally covered in
423:
65:
is the set of adjacent depressible levers or keys on a
699:
Keyboard of a Letter-Printing
Telegraph Set built by
740:
machines used a layout similar to a piano keyboard.
1494:
1473:
1438:
1400:
1367:
1339:
1303:
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262:. The entire pattern repeats at the interval of an
125:, the keyboard layout is often referred to as the
791:, instrument with alternate keyboard with 36 keys
516:, the other portion operating a string tuned to D
713:A number of percussion instruments—such as the
474:, some harpsichords were constructed with the G
287:synthesizer and Roland's digital harpsichords.
947:International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics
564:synthesizer has 25 slim keys and an E-E range.
456:at the leftmost side of the keyboard and the B
1127:
767:include microtones. Electronic music pioneer
522:. This type of keyboard layout, known as the
462:at the rightmost. Thus, an octave would have
8:
1533:Electric and electronic keyboard instruments
759:Some free-reed instrument keyboards such as
321:such as the B3, C3 and A100 are latch-style
1134:
1120:
1112:
703:in Saint Petersburg, Russia, ca. 1900
540:and the chromatic keyboard systems on the
498:and the other operated a string tuned to A
450:both as diatonic "white notes", with the B
424:Pianists for Alternatively Sized Keyboards
917:
899:
486:keys split into two. One portion of the G
841:
744:Keyboards with alternative sets of keys
117:). Since the most commonly encountered
681:Piano Concerto No. 4 for the left hand
7:
1078:The House Printing Telegraph (image)
145:Harpsichord with black keys for the
1066:Improvement in Telegraphic Machines
816:tuned organ with alternate keyboard
849:King, Rosie (September 14, 2018).
369:290 "Imperial" has 97 keys, and a
41:Layout of a musical keyboard (all
25:
359:The chromatic range (also called
93:), causing air to flow through a
1050:(100 pressure levels specified).
673:Piano Concerto for the Left Hand
510:key operated a string tuned to E
504:, similarly one portion of the E
492:key operated a string tuned to G
155:The twelve notes of the Western
709:Keyboard percussion instrument
599:A typical harpsichord keyboard
381:In a typical keyboard layout,
325:for selecting pre-set sounds.
1:
665:53 Studies on Chopin's Etudes
385:keys have uniform width, and
329:Size and historical variation
901:10.1371/journal.pone.0208788
317:The reverse-colored keys on
27:Musical instrument component
959:10.1016/j.ergon.2015.09.011
1549:
1090:A Guide to the Harpsichord
706:
542:chromatic button accordion
274:are made of ebony and the
174:they are often called the
53:The musical keyboard of a
29:
1523:Human–machine interaction
630:Playing instruments with
310:, the split occurring at
775:accordion played in the
1453:Piano Technicians Guild
1068:issued November 1, 1859
1002:Patent claim #6,020,549
570:keyboard matrix circuit
166:: C, D, E, F, G, A, B)
1036:"Keyboard Matrix Help"
704:
600:
565:
419:DS Standard Foundation
356:
339:Nicholas Faber's organ
283:L, one version of the
152:
89:), plucking a string (
58:
46:
1062:U.S. patent 0,026,003
830:Piano key frequencies
698:
683:. In music that uses
598:
559:
336:
258:. Black keys form a
144:
52:
40:
1528:Keyboard instruments
1474:Amplifiers, speakers
1316:Generalized keyboard
1147:keyboard instruments
701:Siemens & Halske
552:Electronic keyboards
472:meantone temperament
101:), or activating an
1321:Isomorphic keyboard
1311:Enharmonic keyboard
1201:Electronic keyboard
1048:Digital piano specs
892:2018PLoSO..1308788K
820:Keyboard instrument
805:Enharmonic keyboard
800:Isomorphic keyboard
795:Electronic keyboard
777:Music of Azerbaijan
524:enharmonic keyboard
119:keyboard instrument
115:electronic keyboard
97:, striking a bell (
57:concert grand piano
32:Keyboard instrument
1481:Keyboard amplifier
1401:Piano construction
1088:Bond, Ann (1997).
1059:George M. Phelps,
1038:, (June 24, 2000).
1004:, August 10, 1998.
738:printing telegraph
705:
632:velocity sensitive
601:
579:Playing techniques
566:
357:
153:
103:electronic circuit
67:musical instrument
59:
47:
1510:
1509:
1092:. Amadeus Press.
1000:Reimann, Hannah.
590:arranger keyboard
431:existing pianos.
371:Stuart & Sons
16:(Redirected from
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886:(12): e0208788.
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769:Pauline Oliveros
750:microtonal music
677:Sergei Prokofiev
661:Leopold Godowsky
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352:Syntagma Musicum
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538:JankĂł keyboard
428:Hannah Reimann
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319:Hammond organs
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83:electric piano
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1331:Short octave
1211:Harmonichord
1142:
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1018:. Retrieved
1015:"PASK Piano"
1009:
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984:. Retrieved
975:
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946:
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883:
879:
869:
858:. Retrieved
854:
844:
810:Fokker organ
789:Archicembalo
758:
747:
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727:glockenspiel
712:
685:counterpoint
639:
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468:short octave
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1440:Maintenance
1413:Innovations
1359:Split sharp
1349:Frequencies
1290:Synthesizer
1216:Harpsichord
1154:Instruments
986:16 November
763:and Indian
534:Split sharp
403:clavichords
367:Bösendorfer
343:Halberstadt
276:black notes
272:white notes
252:black notes
176:white notes
137:Description
107:synthesizer
91:harpsichord
1517:Categories
1377:Expression
1246:Reed organ
1241:Pipe organ
1206:Fortepiano
1186:Clavichord
953:: 97–104.
860:2018-09-15
836:References
765:harmoniums
761:accordions
723:vibraphone
707:See also:
691:Other uses
586:pipe organ
387:white note
383:black note
376:pedalboard
347:Praetorius
256:black keys
180:white keys
131:piano keys
129:or simply
95:pipe organ
87:clavichord
1408:Acoustics
1196:Claviharp
1020:27 August
967:0169-8141
910:1932-6203
715:xylophone
625:arpeggios
609:technique
546:bandoneĂłn
399:virginals
308:harmonium
1295:Virginal
1226:Melodica
1171:Carillon
1166:Calliope
928:30566535
880:PLOS ONE
783:See also
644:velocity
519:♯
513:♭
507:♭
501:♭
495:♯
489:♯
483:♭
477:♯
459:♭
453:♮
447:♮
441:♭
300:middle C
281:Clavinet
239:♭
233:♯
227:♭
221:♯
215:♭
209:♯
203:♭
197:♯
191:♭
185:♯
99:carillon
79:acoustic
55:Steinway
1423:Aliquot
1387:Sustain
1304:Layouts
1258:Orphica
1176:Celesta
1143:Musical
919:6300245
888:Bibcode
719:marimba
651:in the
640:voicing
636:dynamic
362:compass
304:C-sharp
242:) (see
161:C major
147:C major
121:is the
43:octaves
1463:Wrench
1458:Tuning
1448:Action
1418:Wiring
1369:Pedals
1285:Spinet
1221:Keytar
1096:
965:
926:
916:
908:
825:Keytar
773:Garmon
731:mallet
653:treble
649:melody
621:trills
617:scales
613:chords
411:pianos
409:, and
296:manual
264:octave
75:octave
45:shown)
1428:Cross
1263:Piano
1231:Organ
1181:Chime
814:31TET
725:, or
605:tempo
480:and E
464:eight
444:and B
391:black
314:/F4.
244:Sharp
172:ivory
164:scale
150:scale
123:piano
1382:Soft
1341:Keys
1145:and
1094:ISBN
1022:2021
988:2022
963:ISSN
924:PMID
906:ISSN
675:and
657:bass
634:(or
623:and
560:The
544:and
529:wolf
341:for
302:and
248:Flat
246:and
81:and
955:doi
914:PMC
896:doi
855:ABC
679:'s
671:'s
663:'s
254:or
230:, A
218:, G
206:, F
194:, D
178:or
168:jut
1519::
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236:/B
224:/A
212:/G
200:/E
188:/D
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1135:e
1128:t
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105:(
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20:)
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