2879:
Ellenblum, who describes the spread of Islam in
Palestine as the result of both resettlement by nomadic tribes and individual conversion. The coexistence of these two processes has also been described by Levtzion. Together with Speros Vryonis, who studied the importance of the process of sedentarization for the Islamization of Anatolia, Levtzion pointed out that whereas Islamization of areas due to sedentarization was a rapid process, conversely the spread of Islam among the local population through individual conversion was slow. ... Research on the topic has also highlighted the role played by Sufis and prominent local families in the spread of Islam in Palestinian villages once inhabited by Christians. This is the case for example with Dayr al-Sheykh and Sharafāt, both near to Jerusalem.
41:
1371:
1329:
2046:. Ibrahim Pasha, in wresting control of Palestine from the Ottoman Empire, clashed with the regional ambitions of the European Great Powers and, in order to assuage their unease, he reversed Ottoman policy and opened the country up to both foreigners and non-Muslim populations. Despite the brevity of Egyptian overlordship, since the great powers restored the fortunes of the Ottomans and their sovereignty over Palestine, the long-term effect was to lay the groundwork for the development of extensive European activities and interests in Palestine.
2829:
nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing
Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the subsequent vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized
1958:'s horde") brought about both growing insecurity and economic decline. By the end of their reign, with the decay of internal control and massive population losses due to plagues, Bedouins moved in to take advantage of the decline in defenses, and farmers abandoned their lands. They sacked Ramla in 1481 and annihilated a Mamluk army that had been raised in Gaza to repel them. By the end of the 15th century, Jerusalem's population amounted to approximately 10,000, mostly Muslims, with roughly 1,000 Christians and 400 Jews.
2066:
1439:
1967:
4467:
2538:
2193:
1566:
4477:
1751:
2524:
1211:
1434:
Having accepted the surrender, Caliph Umar then entered
Jerusalem with Sophronius "and courteously discoursed with the patriarch concerning its religious antiquities". When the hour for his prayer came, Umar was in the Anastasis, but refused to pray there, lest in the future the Muslims should use
2828:
From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of
Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the
2331:
posits that
Islamization stemmed from both nomadic resettlement and individual conversions. Levtzion, Vryonis and Avni emphasize the role of sedentarization, noting its facilitation of rapid Islamization compared to the slower pace of individual conversions among the local populace. Additionally,
1412:
continued. Ultimately, the
Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, agreed to surrender Jerusalem to Caliph Umar in person. Caliph Umar, then at Medina, agreed to these terms and traveled to Jerusalem to sign the capitulation in the spring of 637. Sophronius also negotiated a pact with Caliph
1998:
occupied the historic region of
Palestine. Their leadership reinforced and ensured the centrality and importance of Islam as the dominant religion in the region. Swamps with the risk of malaria made it difficult to settle and farm on the coastal plains and in the valleys throughout most of the
1547:
Bishop Arculf, whose account of his pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the 7th century, De Locis
Sanctis, written down by the monk Adamnan, described reasonably pleasant living conditions of Christians in Palestine in the first period of Muslim rule. The caliphs of Damascus (661–750) were tolerant
2878:
According to Kedar, at the arrival of the
Crusaders the distribution of the Muslims would therefore have varied from area to area. While some parts of Palestine were still mainly occupied by their former inhabitants, in others most of the residents were Muslim. Kedar's approach is followed by
3075:
The western coastline and the eastern deserts set the boundaries for the Levant ... The
Euphrates and the area around Jebel el-Bishrī mark the eastern boundary of the northern Levant, as does the Syrian Desert beyond the Anti-Lebanon range's eastern hinterland and Mount Hermon. This boundary
2332:
scholars like Michael Erlich highlight the impact of changes in social structures and the weakening of Christian authorities due to deurbanization under Islamic rule on the Islamization process. One possible exception is the mass conversion of Samaritans to Islam.
1324:
facilitated a more rapid Islamization compared to the slower pace of individual conversions among the local populace. Sufi activities and changes in social structures and the weakening of local Christian authorities under Islamic rule also played significant roles.
2179:
took place, the Council operated as the Governing body of the Arab community under the British Mandate, and co-operated with the British government in Palestine. All along its operation, the Supreme Muslim Council advocated an active resistance against the Jewish
3140:. From the classical perspective however Syria, including Palestine, formed no more than the western fringes of what was reckoned to be Arabia between the first line of cities and the coast. Since there is no clear dividing line between what are called today the
1934:
The Mamluks, ruling from Damascus, brought some prosperity to the area, particularly to Jerusalem, with an extensive programme involving the building of schools, hospices for pilgrims, the construction of Islamic colleges and the renovation of mosques.
2351:. Most of these cities declined under Muslim rule, and eventually disappeared; some of these became villages or townships, others were completely destroyed. This resulted in many cases in a weakening or complete disappearance of the local
1556:
at Baghdad (753–1242), as long as they ruled Syria, were also tolerant of the Christians. Harun Abu-Ja-'afar, (786–809) sent the keys of the Holy Sepulchre to Charlemagne, who built a hospice for Latin pilgrims near the shrine.
3204:
Arabic usage. It was only in the nineteenth century that the use of the name was revived in its modern Arabic form, frequently as Suriyya rather than the older Suriyah, to denote the whole of Bilad al-Sham: first of all in the
1347:, Palestine was already overwhelmingly Muslim, while others claim that it was only after the Crusades that Christianity lost its majority, and that the process of mass Islamization took place much later, perhaps during the
2488:'s fear of growing Iranian influence in Gaza caused the organization to crack down on Shiite organizations, including charities. Nevertheless, becoming Shiite is a growing trend in the Gaza Strip. Hundreds of Sunnis, both
2244:
repulsed the Arab nations from part of the occupied territories, thus extending its borders beyond the original UNSCOP partition. By December 1948, Israel controlled most of the portion of Mandate Palestine west of the
2300:
was eventually disbanded in 1951 by the Jordanian authorities. On July 20, 1951 king Abdullah of Jordan was assassinated while visiting the Al Aqsa Mosque. The assassination was carried out by a Palestinian from the
3148:, which actually form one stretch of arid tableland, the classical concept of what actually constituted Syria had more to its credit geographically than the vaguer Arab concept of Syria as Bilad al-Sham. Under the
2404:
took root in Gaza in the 1970s, when Palestinian students returned from studying abroad at religious schools in Saudi Arabia. A number of Salafi groups in Gaza continue to receive support and funding from Riyadh.
1632:, centered in Egypt. During that time the region of Palestine became again the center of violent disputes followed by wars, since enemies of the Fatimid dynasty attempted to conquer the region. At that time, the
1669:
The Samaritan community dropped in numbers during the various periods of Muslim rule in the region. The Samaritans could not rely on foreign assistance as much as the Christians did, nor on a large number of
1722:. During the campaign, the Crusaders launched an assault on the city of Jerusalem, captured it in July 1099, massacred many of the city's Muslim and Jewish inhabitants, and established the first Christian
3854:
GENERAL PROGRESS REPORT AND SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONCILIATION COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE, Covering the period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950, GA A/1367/Rev.1 23 October 1950
1742:). For the local Muslim population, the reaction to the events was to try to find an accommodation with the Crusaders, whereas the larger Muslim world typically looked upon the events with indifference.
1435:
that as an excuse to break the treaty and confiscate the church. The Mosque of Omar, opposite the doors of the Anastasis, with the tall minaret, is known as the place to which he retired for his prayer.
3188:. They also noted that it was an old name for the whole of Bilad al-Sham which had gone out of use. As a geographic expression, however, the name Syria survived in its original classical sense in
1919:
and even what they considered holy Muslim martyrs from Crusader and pre-Crusader times. Some historians say that the shrines were built to make a good strategic positions for Muslims (for example
1427:), a tax to be paid by conquered non-Muslims, called "dhimmis." Under Muslim Rule, the Christian and Jewish population of Jerusalem in this period enjoyed the usual tolerance given to non-Muslim
1990:
and they annexed the region of Palestine. By December of that year the entire region of Palestine was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. As a result of the Ottoman advance during the reign of
3405:
3596:
2284:. The Hashemites thus became the official guardians of the Islamic holy places of Jerusalem and the areas around it. Following the Jordanian rule of the West Bank during the war, King
2213:
2607:
2316:, the Chief Israeli Rabbinate announced that Jewish people are forbidden of entering the Temple Mount. Since 1967, Israel controls the security on the Temple Mount, but the
2305:
clan. The Palestinian gunman, motivated by fears that king Abdullah would make a separate peace with Israel, fired three fatal bullets into the King's head and chest.
1899:
The Mamluks were to rule Palestine for the following two centuries (1291–1516). The Muslim population became the majority, and many Muslim shrines were built such as
4022:
2779:
119:
40:
2459:. These villages were transferred from the French to the British sphere as a result of the border agreement of 1923. All of them were depopulated during the
1142:
3293:
1239:
2010:. The main cause of the uprising was indignation at being drafted by the Egyptian army. At first the rebels managed to take over many cities, including
793:
3781:
Ruth Kark and Noam Levin, "The Environment in Palestine in the Late Ottoman period, 1798-1918," in Daniel E. Orenstein, Alon Tal, Char Miller (eds.),
4501:
4381:
1889:
landhold in the Holy Land. The Mamluks captured the city on May 18, 1291, killing most of the Christian local inhabitants, thus ending the second
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281:
3593:
3625:
3525:
3366:
3315:
3121:
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2975:
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in Palestine. The British occupation of the region brought an end to hundreds of years of successive Muslim rule in the region of Palestine.
1486:(Temple Mount) of Jerusalem is believed by Muslims to be the location. According to the tradition, during a single night around the year 621
1162:
104:
3306:
2176:
4442:
4106:
2567:
1112:
1628:
Rival dynasties and revolutions led to the eventual disunion of the Muslim world. During the 9th century, Palestine was conquered by the
2497:
2489:
2156:
2098:
1320:, there are records of mass conversion due to economic pressure, political instability and religious persecution in the Abbasid period.
3937:
1370:
124:
1579:
Some scholars believe that Islam became the majority religion in Palestine in the 9th century, with acculturation of the locals into
4356:
4063:
3812:
3470:
3438:
3278:
3025:
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2320:
controls administrative matters, taking responsibility for the conduct of Islamic affairs just as it did during the Jordanian rule.
2102:
608:
2471:
in Palestine. All of these Shia Palestinian refugees have been given Lebanese citizenship and have largely assimilated into larger
1409:
4432:
3460:
2612:
1939:'s extensive writing about 15th century Jerusalem documents the consolidation and expansion of Islamic sites in the Mamluk era.
4401:
3796:
Alex Carmel "A Note on the Christian Contribution to the Development of Palestine in the 19th century," in David Kushner (ed.)
863:
708:
3963:
1784:
1232:
783:
1810:, the Crusaders arrived to Jerusalem, but withdrew without trying to conquer the city. Following another military clash in
3658:
2552:
2106:
2003:
1365:
1293:
1137:
1788:
1659:
1594:
1413:
Umar, known as the Umariyya Covenant or Covenant of Omar, allowing for religious freedom for Christians in exchange for
1316:
in the region. This process involved both resettlement by nomadic tribes and individual conversions. In the case of the
803:
643:
3349:
Neishtadt, Mila (2015). "The Lexical Component in the Aramaic Substrate of Palestinian Arabic". In Butts, Aaron (ed.).
3029:
2257:(occupied by Egypt). Prior to and during this conflict, 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled their original lands to become
2090:
1060:
878:
3674:
Little, Donald P. (April–June 1995). "Mujīr al-Dīn al-'Ulaymī's Vision of Jerusalem in the Ninth/Fifteenth Century".
1779:. As a direct result of the battle, Islamic forces once again became the dominant power in the region, re-conquering
1982:, the Ottoman Empire forces defeated the Mamluk sultanate forces and thus the Ottomans became the new rulers of the
4191:
2898:"New Evidence Relating to the Process of Islamization in Palestine in the Early Muslim Period: The Case of Samaria"
2414:
2050:
2026:
commanded an army force of 40,000 people against the rebels and managed to put an end to the rebellion, conquering
808:
421:
139:
2460:
2237:
1328:
4506:
4437:
2602:
2509:
1225:
1172:
1117:
1107:
1070:
3549:
1286:. The largest denomination among Palestinian Muslims are Sunnis, comprising 85% of the total Muslim population.
4396:
4301:
4123:
4099:
3754:
2293:
1874:
1847:
1182:
983:
978:
553:
2065:
1647:-inspired communities and institutions between 1000 and 1250 were part and parcel of the conversion to Islam.
4406:
2646:
2562:
2159:, issued an order in December 1921 establishing a Supreme Muslim Council with authority over all the Muslim
2121:
1846:
In 1250, the Ayyubid Egyptian dynasty was overthrown by slave ("Mamluk") regiments, and a new dynasty - the
1674:
immigrants as did the Jews. The once-flourishing community declined over time, either through emigration or
244:
3654:
3093:
2597:
2587:
2297:
2289:
2023:
1783:
and several other Crusader-held cities. In 1189, the first lodge for Sufi ascetics was established at the
1760:
1386:
1152:
943:
723:
179:
4351:
4316:
4271:
3246:
2352:
2241:
2152:
2007:
1987:
1819:
1699:
1651:
1636:
continued trying to recapture the territories they previously lost to the Muslims, including Jerusalem.
1529:
636:
603:
563:
306:
296:
84:
2136:
in Palestine, was increasingly identified as a threat by the Muslim-Arab population in Palestine. This
1597:
general and Palestine in particular, indigenous peoples in various regions who until then spoke mostly
4241:
4236:
4131:
2617:
2582:
2285:
2258:
2168:
2141:
2125:
1979:
1893:
1882:
1799:
1723:
1408:
The Muslim army conquered Jerusalem, held by the Byzantine Romans, in November, 636. For four months
1157:
1050:
788:
718:
653:
481:
476:
366:
311:
184:
114:
3639:
4421:
4361:
4336:
4251:
4231:
4181:
4151:
4141:
4092:
3308:
The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source
3176:, to denote one special region of Bilad al-Sham, which was the middle section of the valley of the
2478:
Since 1979, due to Iran's influence, some Palestinian Sunnis have converted to Shia Islam. Israeli
2420:
2384:
Today, Islam is a prominent religion in both Gaza and the West Bank. Most of the population in the
2340:
2201:
2110:
1851:
1675:
1517:. This widely accepted Islamic belief is a source of the religious and spiritual importance of the
1438:
1020:
973:
953:
693:
613:
588:
493:
466:
416:
386:
376:
291:
271:
251:
224:
209:
164:
99:
4476:
4447:
4326:
4321:
4201:
4016:
3691:
3462:
Spiritual wayfarers, leaders in piety: Sufis and the dissemination of Islam in medieval Palestine
3319:
2925:
2773:
2696:
2385:
2269:
2172:
1549:
1390:
1382:
1290:
1279:
1267:
1263:
1102:
1013:
948:
818:
763:
733:
648:
573:
568:
436:
426:
229:
3566:
2949:, Oxford University Press 2014 pp.312–324, 329 (theory of imported population unsubstantiated);.
1477:
3921:
2731:
1548:
princes who were on generally good terms with their Christian subjects. Many Christians (e.g.,
4391:
4341:
4296:
4276:
4266:
4166:
3971:
3909:
3739:
3724:
3621:
3531:
3521:
3487:
3466:
3434:
3372:
3362:
3274:
3197:
3117:
3064:
3042:
3021:
2999:
2981:
2971:
2917:
2867:
2819:
2809:
2761:
2751:
2719:
2680:
2638:
2577:
2493:
2444:
2114:
2094:
1971:
1954:
and taxation to cover the costs of wars against Crusaders and Mongols (the last of which was "
1806:
after which he conquered the city and killed 3,000 Muslims. After a second victory won in the
1739:
1711:
1679:
1474:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1147:
1132:
1075:
1035:
1030:
998:
868:
798:
773:
748:
703:
688:
658:
593:
543:
523:
518:
513:
401:
346:
321:
154:
149:
129:
94:
79:
3782:
3709:
3270:
3263:
3058:
4366:
4281:
4261:
4146:
4136:
3683:
3613:
3397:
3354:
3132:, this same territory, which the Romans considered Arabian, formed part of what they called
2909:
2859:
2672:
2543:
2344:
2328:
2209:
1900:
1878:
1867:
1776:
1755:
1727:
1715:
1633:
1606:
1532:, during the first century after the Muslim conquest (640–740), the caliph and governors of
1518:
1443:
1402:
1348:
1197:
1095:
1065:
1055:
1003:
963:
923:
918:
913:
903:
893:
888:
883:
873:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
813:
753:
728:
713:
668:
618:
528:
503:
381:
371:
331:
301:
286:
266:
256:
239:
234:
199:
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144:
89:
64:
32:
17:
4411:
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4311:
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4226:
4216:
4176:
4161:
4156:
3893:
3816:
3600:
3193:
3153:
2664:
2592:
2557:
2401:
2217:
2120:
The gradual increase in the number of Jews in Palestine led to the development of a proto-
2074:
1966:
1823:
1807:
1769:
1671:
1629:
1602:
1584:
1553:
1491:
1420:
1313:
1192:
1045:
1025:
1008:
993:
988:
968:
938:
933:
908:
898:
831:
768:
758:
738:
678:
673:
663:
598:
583:
488:
461:
451:
411:
396:
391:
341:
336:
276:
214:
174:
69:
57:
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3401:
1678:
among those who remained. According to Milka Levy-Rubin, many Samaritans converted under
1540:
ruled entirely over Christian and Jewish subjects. He further states that apart from the
3390:
Retsö, Jan (2011). "Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords". In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).
2363:
maintained their urban status, which is why, according to Erlich, religious minorities (
2249:. The remainder of the Mandate consisted of Jordan, the area that came to be called the
4452:
4371:
4331:
4306:
4286:
4221:
4196:
4186:
4171:
3738:
Richard G. Neuhauser, 'Jerusalem,' in John Block Friedman, Kristen Mossler Figg (eds.),
3213:. By the end of that century it had already replaced the name of Bilad al-Sham even in
3210:
3145:
3137:
3076:
continues south in the form of the highlands and eastern desert regions of Transjordan.
2684:
2355:. Over time, most of the local population converted to Islam. During this period, only
2086:
2082:
2078:
1855:
1834:
pilgrims. The treaty reduced the Latin Kingdom to a strip along the coast from Tyre to
1731:
1533:
1398:
1336:
1332:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1080:
1040:
958:
928:
743:
683:
623:
578:
558:
533:
508:
471:
456:
431:
406:
316:
261:
204:
189:
169:
159:
134:
74:
1621:, which lasted until the 12th century in Palestine and as late as the 17th century in
4495:
4470:
4291:
4256:
4211:
4206:
4115:
3798:
Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social, and Economic Transformation,
3177:
3160:, which carried the name of the territory. Otherwise, down the centuries, Syria like
3141:
3133:
3088:
2472:
2348:
2281:
1995:
1947:
1943:
1795:
1703:
1663:
1589:
1127:
1122:
778:
698:
538:
498:
446:
441:
359:
326:
219:
109:
2192:
1662:
in 1009. This powerful provocation started the near 90-year preparation towards the
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3149:
3107:
2572:
2529:
2456:
2336:
2309:
2246:
2137:
2133:
2043:
1936:
1803:
1735:
1719:
1618:
1565:
1522:
1513:. According to the tradition, from there he ascended to heaven where he spoke with
1506:
1466:
1447:
1215:
3294:
From the article on Islam in Palestine and Israel in Oxford Islamic Studies Online
3428:
3111:
2396:
Sunnis constitute 85% of Palestinian Muslims, of which the predominant madhab is
4480:
3165:
2688:
2659:
2463:, most of them went into Lebanon and their former locations are now in northern
2440:
2313:
2145:
1951:
1750:
1428:
1309:
1252:
3553:
The Islamic World:Past and Present 3-Volume Set: Past and Present 3-Volume Set
3535:
3376:
3358:
3201:
2985:
2519:
2424:
2368:
2364:
2302:
2254:
1908:
1886:
1870:
completed the victory by sweeping the last of the Crusaders out of Palestine.
1831:
1487:
1317:
1283:
3975:
3603:
University of California, Santa Cruz History. 21 March 2009. 2 February 2013.
3241:
3228:
2921:
2823:
1826:
in June 1192. Under the terms of the agreement, Jerusalem would remain under
1643:
became prime destinations for Sufi wayfarers. The creation of locally rooted
4064:"Al-Sabireen: an Iran-Backed Palestinian Movement in the Style of Hezbollah"
3189:
2913:
2765:
2642:
2360:
2273:
2250:
2167:
courts in Palestine. In addition, in 1922 the British authorities appointed
2054:
2027:
2015:
1924:
1920:
1904:
1780:
1707:
1695:
1544:
in the earliest days, the only Arabs west of the Jordan were the garrisons.
1537:
1510:
1454:
1321:
1275:
2863:
2853:
2184:", supporting the Arab underground anti-British movements in the country.
3995:
3711:
Historic Palestine, Israel, and the Emerging Palestinian Autonomous Areas
2947:
The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach
2745:
2676:
2432:
2347:
period, Palestine boasted more than thirty cities, or settlements with a
2265:
from Arab leaders that they would be able to return when the war is won.
1912:
1890:
1683:
1573:
1494:
1344:
1259:
3758:
3173:
3157:
2929:
2897:
2692:
2480:
2129:
1991:
1928:
1863:
1859:
1815:
1772:
1598:
1541:
1482:
46:
3695:
3515:
2965:
3214:
3161:
3060:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE
2803:
2464:
2436:
2397:
2356:
2335:
According to Erlich, Palestine's Islamization was mainly a result of
2277:
2229:
2205:
2181:
2164:
2140:
trend became linked to a fierce anti-British resistance (like in the
2031:
2019:
2011:
1983:
1916:
1827:
1644:
1640:
1610:
1569:
1462:
1271:
4039:
3864:
2855:
Passages of Faith: Conversion in Palestinian villages (17th century)
1950:, together with recurrent droughts, plagues and pestilence like the
1296:, succeeded by subsequent Arabic-speaking Muslim dynasties like the
3994:
Kaufman (2006). The 1922 census also listed the Muslim minority in
3687:
3741:
Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia
3594:"Locating Jerusalem in Theology and Practice During the Crusades."
3169:
3129:
2485:
2452:
2448:
2400:, which is one of the four schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam.
2225:
2221:
2191:
2124:, influenced and inspired by Muslim leader and Mufti of Jerusalem
2064:
2039:
2035:
1986:. On October 28, they defeated the Mamluk forces once more in the
1965:
1955:
1911:
and many more shrines that Muslims described as a burial sites of
1835:
1811:
1655:
1622:
1614:
1564:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1470:
1458:
1437:
1415:
1369:
1327:
1255:
3843:
Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict: A History With Documents
4084:
3784:
Between Ruin and Restoration: An Environmental History of Israel
3185:
3181:
2492:
activists and ordinary people, are known to have converted. The
2317:
2233:
2160:
1580:
1394:
1374:
4088:
1775:
captured the region after defeating the Crusader states in the
2388:
are Muslims (85% in the West Bank and 99% in the Gaza Strip).
1654:(996–1021), who was believed to be "God made manifest" by the
3832:. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 360–362.
3113:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
3044:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
3209:
Arabic literature of the period, and under the influence of
2288:
removed Amin al-Husayni as Grand Mufti and appointed Sheikh
2805:
Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
2691:
in the east. It includes the modern countries of Syria and
2188:
1948–1967: Islam under Israeli, Jordanian and Egyptian rule
3998:
as Shia, but Kaufman determined they were actually Sunni.
3269:(Revised ed.). Hebrew Union College Press. pp.
2858:(1 ed.). Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 69, 114–115.
3942:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
3200:
churches, from which it occasionally found its way into
3172:
times, the Arab geographers used the name arabicized as
2902:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
1613:
due to its significance as a liturgical language of the
3830:
The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East
3430:
The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions
1974:
painting celebrating Muhammad's ascent into the Heavens
1798:
aimed to regain the lost territories in the Holy Land.
3265:
The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315-1791
4040:"Hamas brutally assaults Shi'ite worshippers in Gaza"
3004:, (1988) Cambridge University Press 3rd.ed.2014 p.156
2512:
constitute 15% of the Palestinian Muslim population.
2343:
processes in Palestine under Muslim rule. During the
1639:
During the Fatimid era, the cities of Jerusalem and
4420:
4380:
4122:
2608:
Islamization of East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule
2496:was created in 2014 by some Shi’ites that left the
4009:Census of Palestine 1931; Palestine Part I, Report
3760:Whose Land?: A History of the Peoples of Palestine
3757:(1970) . "Turkish Territorial Divisions in 1914".
3262:
1617:. The shift took place with an extended period of
3865:"Yosef Weitz and the Transfer Committees 1948–49"
3337:Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine
2057:. It is the only mosque in Bethlehem's old city.
1343:Some scholars suggest that by the arrival of the
2419:From 1923 to 1948, there were seven villages in
3845:. Bedford/St. Martin’s: Boston. (2004). Pg. 198
3570:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. p. 73
3393:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
2200:On May 14, 1948, one day before the end of the
1706:campaign with the aims of regaining control of
4034:
4032:
2641:, East Jerusalem is considered a part of the
4100:
3168:was no more than a geographic expression. In
3018:A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
1787:in Jerusalem, which had been a palace of the
1552:) held important offices at their court. The
1233:
8:
4011:. Vol. 1. Alexandria. 1933. p. 82.
3192:and Western European usage, and also in the
2132:, the ideology advocating the creation of a
1266:, being the religion of the majority of the
3787:University of Pittsburgh 2012 pp.1–28 p.11.
3763:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 187
3517:The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634-1800
3047:, Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 201.
3012:
3010:
2967:The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634-1800
2081:conquered the region of Palestine from the
4107:
4093:
4085:
4021:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2778:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2423:in which the population was predominantly
1240:
1226:
28:
3682:(2). American Oriental Society: 237–247.
3454:
3452:
3450:
3433:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
3057:Killebrew, A. E.; Steiner, M. L. (2014).
2236:armies invaded Israel, thus starting the
2196:Palestinian refugees from Galilee in 1948
2069:Irregulars during the 1936–39 Arab revolt
1866:and stopped their advance. His successor
1850:- was born. On September 3, 1260, at the
3676:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3229:A Concise History of Islam and the Arabs
2089:was granted control of Palestine by the
2022:. In response, Egyptian military leader
1749:
1561:Islamization under Abbasids and Fatimids
3932:
3930:
3714:, The Rosen Publishing Group 2011 p.43.
2712:
2630:
2109:, who was instrumental in drafting the
1497:was carried by his mythological steed "
31:
4014:
3968:Foreign Affairs: America and the World
3509:
3507:
3465:(Illustrated ed.). Harvard CMES.
2771:
2671:) is a region that is bordered by the
2508:According to the Pew Research Center,
1830:control but the city would be open to
1274:comprise 85% of the population of the
3828:"al-Husseini, Hajj (Muhammad) Amin."
3726:A History of Israel and the Holy Land
3583:. 21 September 2001. 2 February 2013.
3581:The Politics of Holiness in Jerusalem
3408:from the original on 19 December 2021
3316:Central Conference of American Rabbis
2941:
2939:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2268:The British transferred the symbolic
1791:prior to the reconquest of the city.
7:
3964:"How Salafism's Rise Threatens Gaza"
3881:The Continuum Political Encyclopedia
3870:vol. 22, no. 4 (Oct., 1986), p. 522.
3520:. Arc Humanity Press. pp. 2–3.
3402:10.1163/1570-6699_eall_eall_com_0024
2959:
2957:
2955:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2568:Time periods in the Palestine region
1858:, the Muslim Egyptian Mamluks under
1473:does not clarify from where exactly
1457:is Islam's third holiest city after
3550:The Islamic World: Past and Present
2668:
2053:was built in the Christian city of
1814:, which wasn't won by either side,
1424:
1282:, and 99% of the population of the
3938:"Religious Identity Among Muslims"
3744:, Routledge 2013 pp.300–302, p.302
3261:Marcus, Jacob Rader (March 2000).
3180:, in the vicinity of the towns of
3020:, Indiana University Press, 1994,
2970:. Arc Humanity Press. p. 33.
2122:Arab-Palestinian national movement
1802:launched a siege upon the city of
25:
3819:Atlas Travels and Tourism Agency.
3729:, A&C Black, 2003 pp.279–282.
3618:A Concise History of the Crusades
3555:.] Google Books. 2 February 2013.
1289:During the 7th century, the Arab
4475:
4466:
4465:
3912:CIA. 19 December 2015. West Bank
3488:"Mill's History of the Crusades"
2747:A History of Palestine, 634-1099
2613:Islamization of the Temple Mount
2536:
2522:
2467:. The 1931 census counted 4,100
2371:, respectively) survived there.
2220:was established. Contingents of
2177:1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine
1883:long siege upon the city of Acre
1726:. The Crusaders transformed the
1209:
794:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
120:Democratic Republic of the Congo
39:
4502:Islam in the State of Palestine
3962:Clarke, Colin P. (2019-08-14).
3136:, which was their own name for
1730:into the "Shrine of the Lord" (
1381:Islam was first brought to the
4433:British Indian Ocean Territory
3664:Google Books. 4 February 2013.
3567:Islamic Imperialism: A History
3116:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 61–62.
3001:A History of Islamic Societies
2808:. Cambridge University Press.
2253:(occupied by Jordan), and the
2153:High Commissioner of Palestine
1794:The Christian defeat led to a
1785:Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque
1746:Ayyubid rule and Late Crusades
1595:Middle East and North Africain
1:
3868:JSTOR: Middle Eastern Studies
2852:Tramontana, Felicita (2014).
2553:Muslim conquest of the Levant
2353:ecclesiastical administration
2206:Jewish community in Palestine
1389:of the 7th century, when the
1366:Muslim conquest of the Levant
3620:, Rowman & Littlefield,
3351:Semitic Languages in Contact
3339:(Penguin books, 1970), p. 66
3097:, Volume 9 (1997), page 261.
2202:British Mandate of Palestine
2006:erupted against the rule of
1738:into the "Hall of Solomon" (
3660:Ibn Khaldun: Life and Times
3486:Charles Mills (June 1820).
2750:. Ethel Briodo. Cambridge.
2214:declaration of independence
2091:Versailles Peace Conference
2073:In 1917, at the end of the
1978:On August 24, 1516, at the
1923:was built on the road from
1873:In 1291, the forces of the
1528:According to the historian
18:Muslim history in Palestine
4523:
3894:"The History of Palestine"
3810:Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem)
3196:literature of some of the
2896:Levy-Rubin, Milka (2000).
2802:Ellenblum, Ronnie (2010).
2510:non-denominational Muslims
2415:Shia villages in Palestine
2412:
2308:After the conquest of the
1698:, with the support of the
1650:The sixth Fatimid caliph,
1609:languages, began adopting
1377:'s empire at its peak, 644
1363:
4461:
3514:Ehrlich, Michael (2022).
3359:10.1163/9789004300156_016
3063:. OUP Oxford. p. 2.
2964:Ehrlich, Michael (2022).
2603:Islamization of Jerusalem
2296:on 20 December 1948. The
2061:Islam during British rule
4182:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2504:Non-denominational Islam
2294:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
1393:under the leadership of
1163:Northern Mariana Islands
105:Central African Republic
4443:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3800:BRILL, 1986 pp.303–304.
3643:Encyclopædia Britannica
3548:Esposito, John L., ed.
3459:Ephrat, Daphna (2008).
3152:, there was actually a
2914:10.1163/156852000511303
2647:Palestinian territories
2645:and, therefore, of the
2563:Palestinian nationalism
2144:and during the 1936–39
1694:In 1099, the Christian
1308:. marking the onset of
1113:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3924:CIA. 19 December 2015.
3815:July 29, 2013, at the
3579:Wasserstein, Bernard.
3353:. Brill. p. 281.
3156:, with its capital at
3094:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3030:M1 Google Print, p. 70
2864:10.2307/j.ctvc16s06.10
2588:Palestinian Christians
2484:reported in 2012 that
2298:Supreme Muslim Council
2290:Hussam ad-Din Jarallah
2208:led by prime minister
2197:
2097:in 1919 and appointed
2093:which established the
2070:
1975:
1942:The ascendency of the
1885:, which was the final
1765:
1576:
1451:
1387:Early Muslim conquests
1378:
1340:
1268:Palestinian population
864:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3922:"The World Factbook."
3910:"The World Factbook."
3655:Fromherz, Allan James
3427:Beyer, Klaus (1986).
3247:Catholic Encyclopedia
3087:Article "AL-SHĀM" by
2461:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2242:Israeli Defense Force
2238:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2204:, the leaders of the
2195:
2068:
1988:Battle of Yaunis Khan
1969:
1820:Richard the Lionheart
1753:
1700:Roman Catholic Church
1568:
1441:
1373:
1331:
784:Saint Kitts and Nevis
282:São Tomé and Príncipe
125:Republic of the Congo
4357:United Arab Emirates
3883:. Sela. pp. 491–498.
2618:Islamization of Gaza
2583:History of Palestine
2286:Abdullah I of Jordan
2261:, in part, due to a
2259:Palestinian refugees
2169:Haj Amin al-Husseini
2142:1920 Palestine riots
2126:Haj Amin al-Husseini
1980:Battle of Marj Dabiq
1962:Rise of the Ottomans
1894:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1800:Richard I of England
1754:Illustration of the
1724:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1395:ʿUmar ibn al-Khattāb
1375:ʿUmar ibn al-Khattāb
1294:conquered the Levant
609:United Arab Emirates
45:World percentage of
4384:limited recognition
3879:Sela. "Jerusalem."
3723:Michael Avi-Yonah,
3640:"Battle of Ḥaṭṭīn."
3492:The Eclectic Review
2744:Gil, Moshe (1997).
2421:Mandatory Palestine
2272:of the land to the
2111:Balfour Declaration
1909:Maqam al-Nabi Rubin
1901:Maqam al-Nabi Yamin
1852:Battle of Ain Jalut
1761:Passages d'outremer
1758:from a copy of the
1676:conversion to Islam
1383:region of Palestine
804:Trinidad and Tobago
644:Antigua and Barbuda
3841:Smith, Charles D.
3645:. 4 February 2013.
3599:2014-09-01 at the
3592:Siddique, Tahsin.
3305:Mustafa Abu Sway,
2687:in the south, and
2679:in the north, the
2386:State of Palestine
2270:Islamic governance
2198:
2173:Mufti of Jerusalem
2103:Postmaster General
2071:
2004:a popular uprising
1976:
1905:Maqam al-Nabi Musa
1766:
1714:, and helping the
1583:identity and when
1577:
1550:St. John Damascene
1478:ascended to Heaven
1452:
1391:Rashidun Caliphate
1379:
1360:Early Islamization
1341:
709:Dominican Republic
4489:
4488:
4426:other territories
3708:Laura Etheredge,
3627:978-0-8476-9430-3
3527:978-1-64189-222-3
3368:978-90-04-30015-6
3198:Eastern Christian
3154:province of Syria
3123:978-1-86064-912-7
3070:978-0-19-921297-2
3016:Mark A. Tessler,
2977:978-1-64189-222-3
2873:978-3-447-10135-6
2815:978-0-511-58534-0
2697:land of Palestine
2683:in the west, the
2681:Mediterranean Sea
2639:international law
2578:History of Israel
2494:Sabireen Movement
2280:, and not to the
2115:High Commissioner
2095:League of Nations
2008:Wāli Muhammad Ali
1972:Persian miniature
1842:Mamluk domination
1740:Templum Solomonis
1712:Fatimid Caliphate
1521:and the adjacent
1278:, when including
1250:
1249:
140:Equatorial Guinea
16:(Redirected from
4514:
4507:Islam by country
4479:
4469:
4468:
4438:Christmas Island
4124:Sovereign states
4109:
4102:
4095:
4086:
4079:
4078:
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4060:
4054:
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3999:
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3387:
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3346:
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3333:
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3326:
3324:
3318:, archived from
3313:
3302:
3296:
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3268:
3258:
3252:
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3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
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3104:
3098:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3054:
3048:
3041:Ira M. Lapidus,
3039:
3033:
3014:
3005:
2998:Ira M. Lapidus,
2996:
2990:
2989:
2961:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2893:
2882:
2881:
2849:
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2799:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2769:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2700:
2673:Taurus Mountains
2670:
2656:
2650:
2635:
2598:Muslim conquests
2546:
2544:Palestine portal
2541:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2210:David Ben-Gurion
2042:, Jerusalem and
1879:al-Ashraf Khalil
1877:Sultan of Egypt
1868:Al-Ashraf Khalil
1777:Battle of Hattin
1756:Battle of Hattin
1728:Dome of the Rock
1716:Byzantine Empire
1658:, destroyed the
1634:Byzantine Empire
1519:Dome of the Rock
1444:Dome of the Rock
1426:
1403:Byzantine Empire
1401:region from the
1280:Israeli settlers
1242:
1235:
1228:
1216:Islam portal
1214:
1213:
1212:
1173:Papua New Guinea
1138:Marshall Islands
1108:Christmas Island
1071:Northern Ireland
43:
33:Islam by country
29:
21:
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3878:
3874:
3863:Morris, Benny.
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3823:
3817:Wayback Machine
3808:
3804:
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3607:
3601:Wayback Machine
3591:
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3564:Karsh, Efraim.
3563:
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2593:Spread of Islam
2558:Islam in Israel
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2518:
2506:
2427:(also known as
2417:
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2394:
2382:
2377:
2341:de-urbanization
2326:
2218:state of Israel
2190:
2113:, as its first
2107:British cabinet
2075:First World War
2063:
1970:A 16th century
1964:
1844:
1824:Treaty of Ramla
1808:Battle of Arsuf
1789:Latin Patriarch
1748:
1702:, launched the
1692:
1652:Caliph Al-Hakim
1630:Fatimid dynasty
1563:
1554:Abbasid caliphs
1492:Islamic prophet
1469:. Although the
1368:
1362:
1357:
1322:Sedentarization
1246:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1183:Solomon Islands
1098:
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984:North Macedonia
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60:
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4134:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4116:Islam in Asia
4114:
4112:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4055:
4028:
4000:
3987:
3954:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3885:
3872:
3856:
3847:
3834:
3821:
3802:
3789:
3774:
3746:
3731:
3716:
3701:
3688:10.2307/604667
3666:
3647:
3632:
3626:
3614:Madden, Thomas
3605:
3585:
3572:
3557:
3541:
3526:
3503:
3478:
3471:
3446:
3439:
3419:
3382:
3367:
3341:
3335:James Parkes,
3328:
3297:
3286:
3279:
3253:
3233:
3231:MidEastWeb.org
3221:
3211:Western Europe
3122:
3099:
3080:
3069:
3049:
3034:
3006:
2991:
2976:
2951:
2935:
2908:(3): 257–276.
2883:
2872:
2833:
2814:
2785:
2756:
2736:
2734:. CIA Factbook
2724:
2722:. CIA Factbook
2711:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2685:Arabian Desert
2651:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
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2580:
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2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2533:
2517:
2514:
2505:
2502:
2413:Main article:
2410:
2407:
2393:
2390:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2325:
2322:
2240:. The nascent
2189:
2186:
2157:Herbert Samuel
2099:Herbert Samuel
2087:United Kingdom
2083:Ottoman Empire
2079:British Empire
2062:
2059:
2051:Mosque of Omar
1963:
1960:
1856:Jezreel Valley
1843:
1840:
1770:Ayyubid Sultan
1747:
1744:
1736:Al-Aqsa mosque
1732:Templum Domini
1691:
1690:Early Crusades
1688:
1660:Holy Sepulchre
1562:
1559:
1523:al-Aqsa Mosque
1397:conquered the
1364:Main article:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1337:East Jerusalem
1333:Al-Aqsa Mosque
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1222:
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1205:
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1155:
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1125:
1120:
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1061:United Kingdom
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
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946:
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906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
835:
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829:
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811:
806:
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791:
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776:
771:
766:
761:
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751:
746:
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621:
616:
611:
606:
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591:
586:
581:
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571:
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429:
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334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
248:
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245:Western Sahara
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
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61:
56:
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51:
44:
36:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4423:
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4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:South Ossetia
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4373:
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4280:
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4018:
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3997:
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3806:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3755:Parkes, James
3750:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3727:
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3713:
3712:
3705:
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3504:
3493:
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3482:
3479:
3474:
3472:9780674032019
3468:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3440:9783525535738
3436:
3432:
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3423:
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3407:
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3399:
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3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3325:on 2011-07-28
3321:
3317:
3310:
3309:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3280:0-87820-217-X
3276:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3217:Arabic usage.
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:Orontes river
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:Bilad al-Sham
3131:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3108:Salibi, K. S.
3103:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3089:C.E. Bosworth
3084:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3026:0-253-20873-4
3023:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2945:Gideon Avni,
2942:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
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2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2757:0-521-59984-9
2753:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
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2674:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2648:
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2640:
2634:
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2624:
2619:
2616:
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2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
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2589:
2586:
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2569:
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2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2534:
2531:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2498:Islamic Jihad
2495:
2491:
2490:Islamic Jihad
2487:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2473:Lebanese Shia
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2408:
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2391:
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2366:
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2346:
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2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:House of Saud
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2049:In 1860, the
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Ibrahim Pasha
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1999:Ottoman era.
1997:
1996:Ottoman Turks
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:Bahri Mamluks
1945:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1862:defeated the
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:Third Crusade
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:In 1187, the
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:First Crusade
1701:
1697:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1664:First Crusade
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
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1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:lingua franca
1586:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
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1555:
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1500:
1496:
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1464:
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1456:
1449:
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1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1349:Mamluk period
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
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1287:
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1269:
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1261:
1257:
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1243:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:New Caledonia
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
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1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:Liechtenstein
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
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890:
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872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:
828:
827:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
809:United States
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:French Guiana
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
638:
633:
632:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
483:
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478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
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435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
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410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
361:
356:
355:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
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4422:Dependencies
4352:Turkmenistan
4317:Saudi Arabia
4072:. Retrieved
4070:. 2018-03-14
4067:
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4047:. Retrieved
4043:
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3967:
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3946:. Retrieved
3944:. 2012-08-09
3941:
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3759:
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3491:
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3392:
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3320:the original
3307:
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2633:
2573:Islamization
2530:Islam portal
2507:
2479:
2477:
2475:population.
2468:
2457:Abil al-Qamh
2428:
2418:
2395:
2383:
2375:Demographics
2349:bishop's see
2337:urbanization
2334:
2327:
2310:Temple Mount
2307:
2267:
2247:Jordan River
2199:
2175:. Until the
2150:
2138:anti-Zionist
2134:Jewish state
2119:
2072:
2048:
2001:
1994:, the Sunni
1977:
1941:
1937:Mujir al-Din
1933:
1898:
1872:
1854:held in the
1845:
1793:
1773:Salah ad-Din
1767:
1759:
1720:Seljuk Turks
1693:
1668:
1649:
1638:
1627:
1619:bilingualism
1588:
1578:
1546:
1530:James Parkes
1527:
1507:Temple Mount
1481:
1467:Saudi Arabia
1453:
1448:Temple Mount
1433:
1414:
1407:
1380:
1342:
1314:Islamization
1288:
1251:
1118:Cook Islands
604:Turkmenistan
564:Saudi Arabia
548:
307:South Africa
297:Sierra Leone
85:Burkina Faso
26:
4481:Asia portal
4382:States with
4302:Philippines
4242:South Korea
4237:North Korea
4132:Afghanistan
3412:19 December
3242:"Jerusalem"
3166:Mesopotamia
2689:Mesopotamia
2425:Shia Muslim
2392:Sunni Islam
2318:Muslim Waqf
2314:Six-Day War
2312:during the
2292:as the new
2146:Arab Revolt
2101:, a former
1952:Black Death
1822:signed the
1587:became the
1450:, Jerusalem
1429:monotheists
1385:during the
1310:Arabization
1258:is a major
1158:New Zealand
1051:Switzerland
979:Netherlands
789:Saint Lucia
719:El Salvador
554:Philippines
482:South Korea
477:North Korea
367:Afghanistan
312:South Sudan
185:Ivory Coast
4496:Categories
4362:Uzbekistan
4337:Tajikistan
4252:Kyrgyzstan
4232:Kazakhstan
4152:Bangladesh
4142:Azerbaijan
4074:2020-07-06
4049:2020-09-11
3981:2020-07-06
3948:2020-07-06
3536:1310046222
3497:2014-08-12
3377:1105497638
2986:1310046222
2732:Gaza Strip
2707:References
2695:, and the
2669:اَلـشَّـام
2445:Nabi Yusha
2409:Shia Islam
2369:Christians
2365:Samaritans
2274:Hashemites
2255:Gaza Strip
2216:, and the
1734:) and the
1718:fight the
1318:Samaritans
1284:Gaza Strip
1143:Micronesia
1021:San Marino
974:Montenegro
954:Luxembourg
694:Costa Rica
614:Uzbekistan
589:Tajikistan
494:Kyrgyzstan
467:Kazakhstan
417:East Timor
387:Bangladesh
377:Azerbaijan
292:Seychelles
252:Mozambique
225:Mauritania
210:Madagascar
100:Cape Verde
49:by country
4448:Hong Kong
4402:Palestine
4327:Sri Lanka
4322:Singapore
4202:Indonesia
4017:cite book
3976:0015-7120
3396:. Brill.
3207:Christian
3202:Christian
3190:Byzantine
2922:0022-4995
2824:958547332
2774:cite book
2720:West Bank
2643:West Bank
2469:Metawalis
2361:Jerusalem
2345:Byzantine
2329:Ellenblum
2276:based in
2251:West Bank
2230:Jordanian
2212:, made a
2055:Bethlehem
2016:Jerusalem
2002:In 1834,
1956:Tamurlane
1946:over the
1925:Jerusalem
1921:Nabi Musa
1887:Christian
1881:forced a
1832:Christian
1781:Jerusalem
1710:from the
1708:Jerusalem
1696:Crusaders
1593:. In the
1538:Holy Land
1511:Jerusalem
1455:Jerusalem
1425:جِـزْيَـة
1410:the siege
1345:Crusaders
1291:Rashiduns
1276:West Bank
1264:Palestine
1103:Australia
1014:Tatarstan
949:Lithuania
819:Venezuela
764:Nicaragua
734:Guatemala
649:Argentina
574:Sri Lanka
569:Singapore
549:Palestine
437:Indonesia
427:Hong Kong
230:Mauritius
4471:Category
4392:Abkhazia
4342:Thailand
4297:Pakistan
4277:Mongolia
4272:Maldives
4267:Malaysia
4167:Cambodia
3996:al-Bassa
3813:Archived
3616:(2000),
3597:Archived
3406:Archived
3110:(2003).
2766:59601193
2677:Anatolia
2660:Ash-Shām
2516:See also
2441:Malkiyeh
2433:Tarbikha
2429:Metawali
2402:Salafism
2303:Husseini
2222:Egyptian
1913:Prophets
1891:Crusader
1764:, c.1490
1672:diaspora
1574:Ramallah
1536:and the
1499:al-Burāq
1495:Muhammad
1475:Muhammad
1306:Fatimids
1304:and the
1302:Abbasids
1298:Umayyads
1260:religion
1133:Kiribati
1076:Scotland
1036:Slovenia
1031:Slovakia
999:Portugal
869:Bulgaria
799:Suriname
774:Paraguay
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704:Dominica
689:Colombia
659:Barbados
637:Americas
594:Thailand
544:Pakistan
524:Mongolia
519:Maldives
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402:Cambodia
347:Zimbabwe
322:Tanzania
155:Ethiopia
150:Eswatini
130:Djibouti
95:Cameroon
80:Botswana
4367:Vietnam
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4137:Armenia
4068:رصيف 22
4044:Haaretz
3767:13 July
3250:. 1910.
3174:Suriyah
3170:Islamic
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2693:Lebanon
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2263:promise
2171:as the
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2105:in the
1992:Selim I
1929:Jericho
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1864:Mongols
1860:Baibars
1848:Mamluks
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1684:Tulunid
1680:Abbasid
1599:Aramaic
1542:Bedouin
1505:to the
1501:" from
1483:Al-Aqsa
1446:on the
1355:History
1272:Muslims
1198:Vanuatu
1096:Oceania
1066:England
1056:Ukraine
1004:Romania
964:Moldova
924:Ireland
919:Iceland
914:Hungary
904:Germany
894:Finland
889:Estonia
884:Denmark
879:Czechia
874:Croatia
859:Belgium
854:Belarus
849:Austria
844:Andorra
839:Albania
814:Uruguay
754:Jamaica
729:Grenada
714:Ecuador
669:Bolivia
654:Bahamas
619:Vietnam
529:Myanmar
504:Lebanon
422:Georgia
382:Bahrain
372:Armenia
332:Tunisia
302:Somalia
287:Senegal
272:Réunion
267:Nigeria
257:Namibia
240:Morocco
235:Mayotte
200:Liberia
195:Lesotho
145:Eritrea
115:Comoros
90:Burundi
65:Algeria
47:Muslims
4412:Taiwan
4347:Turkey
4312:Russia
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4227:Jordan
4217:Israel
4177:Cyprus
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2226:Syrian
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2165:sharia
2085:. The
2077:, the
2032:Ramleh
2020:Hebron
2012:Nablus
1984:Levant
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1828:Muslim
1686:rule.
1641:Hebron
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1585:Arabic
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1009:Russia
994:Poland
989:Norway
969:Monaco
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909:Greece
899:France
832:Europe
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759:Mexico
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599:Turkey
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489:Kuwait
462:Jordan
452:Israel
412:Cyprus
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392:Bhutan
342:Zambia
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277:Rwanda
215:Malawi
175:Guinea
165:Gambia
70:Angola
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4453:Macau
4372:Yemen
4332:Syria
4307:Qatar
4287:Nepal
4222:Japan
4197:India
4187:Egypt
4172:China
3897:(PDF)
3692:JSTOR
3323:(PDF)
3312:(PDF)
3271:13–15
3138:Syria
3130:Arabs
2926:JSTOR
2625:Notes
2486:Hamas
2453:Hunin
2449:Qadas
2380:Islam
2324:Views
2234:Iraqi
2161:waqfs
2040:Haifa
2036:Jaffa
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1812:Jaffa
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1459:Mecca
1399:Shaam
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457:Japan
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205:Libya
190:Kenya
170:Ghana
160:Gabon
135:Egypt
75:Benin
4292:Oman
4257:Laos
4212:Iraq
4207:Iran
4023:link
3972:ISSN
3769:2011
3622:ISBN
3532:OCLC
3522:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3414:2021
3373:OCLC
3363:ISBN
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3186:Hama
3184:and
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