495:, on 16 September in Cepu, Musso ordered his men in Solo to stop the incident from spreading. On 18 September, the crossfire broke up in Madiun. A PKI sympathizer stated that the new government, called the National Front, was formed after killing government of loyalist officers and the take over of over strategic places. Hearing this, Musso, Amir, and the others went to Madiun to control the rebellion. According to the PKI-influenced militia leader Soemarsono, his action was approved by Musso when Soemarsono visited Musso and Amir two days before. However, according to Ann Swift and Himawan Soetanto, Musso did not know about this.
391:, a newspaper based in Solo, wrote that "there was a possibility that Musso, a veteran leader who was very popular, had returned". Later, on 13 August, he met Sukarno to discuss a revolution. During a meeting of the PKI Politbiro on 13–14 August, Musso presented the New Road. He denounced the Indonesian revolution as a bourgeois revolution instead of an authentic proletariat revolution. He also demanded more laborer representatives in the government and the armed forces. Musso also criticized the PKI movement in his absence, the use of funds from van der Plas - 25000 gulden by Amir Sjarifudin to fight the
537:). This vision and the associated plans the direction of the PKI from being largely dominated by the ideas of Dimitrov to Zhdanov. The next PKI leader after the Madiun affair, Alimin, disagreed with Musso's vision and supported the idea of the PKI as small party of solid professional revolutionaries with militant members throughout Indonesia. Despite Alimin's vision for the revolutionary struggle in Indonesia, young members during the era of Alimin's dominance such as those led by Njoto, Aidit, and M.H. Lukman were largely influenced by the ideas of Musso.
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instruct the PKI in the Dutch Indies to refrain from beginning a revolt until material aid arrived. It would be after the arrival of aid, that then PKI would launch a full revolt, else if
Comintern did not support this plan the PKI would launch guerrilla and terror attacks. The Comintern rejected the request reasoning that Dutch Indies government's control was still too strong. To prevent the revolt the plan as proposed by Musso and Alimin, the Comintern instructed them to stay in Moscow longer studying the
368:, Musso defended his comrades in Indonesia from criticism by Moscow, especially Amir Sjarifudin, stating that it was "just a tactic, in order not to the draw attention of the anti-communist faction." After the talks in Prague finished on the third week of May, concluding with the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Indonesia, Musso, under the name Soeparto, and Soeripno returned to Indonesia on 21 June 1948. They stopped in New Delhi and stayed for two or three weeks waiting for the
502:, Musso had no experience in Indonesia so he had no base of political power over the majority of Indonesian people compared to Sukarno. Even local militias influenced by anti-government side would not support Musso. Responding to this, Musso formed the Nasional Daerah Madiun Front, and appointed Soemarsono as military governor and Djoko Soedjono as militia commander. Hatta was dissatisfied with the response, and stated that Musso wanted to take over the government and "establish a Soviet government."
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277:. The five, together with Sardjono, Mohammad Sanusi, and Winanta held discussions for three days before deciding to organize a revolt by the middle of 1926. The meeting also resulted in the sending of Alimin to Manila to request Tan Malaka to gather support for the revolt, but this plan was rejected by Tan Malaka. In February, another meeting was held but Alimin made no mention of the rejection by Tan Malaka.
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228:(PKI) and SI before they were arrested due to the Afdeling B affair. Musso was involved in a farmers revolt in Cimareme, Garut supported by Sarekat Islam Afdeling B. In the trial, while Alimin confessed to making a false statement to help Tjokroaminoto, Musso refused to make a confession. In prison, the Dutch government handled him roughly.
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from van
Hinloopen Labberton. However the Japanese government rejected Musso's explanation that he did not have a sufficient academic diploma, though McVey believes that the main reasons were his experience in prison and his political views. Musso then reorganized the Batavia PKI branch and led this
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Musso, through the
Politbiro, announced a merger of the PKI that had a poor leadership with Pesindo and SOBSI which was under the Demokrasi Rakyat Front on 21 August and turned PKI into a mass-based party, though the idea of a merger was rejected by Asrarudin and SK Trimurti. Other party members who
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either in Prague or on the way home. While in Prague, Musso discussed with Dutch-Indonesian relations
Soeripno and Paul de Groot, a Dutch communist, and also whether Indonesia was to become a Netherlands commonwealth or fully independent. The plan, according to Ann Swift, was doubtlessly approved by
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To publicize the PKI's new course and gain more support, Musso gave speeches and conducted mass meetings. On 3 September, Musso met the
Barisan Tani in Indonesia, while on 5 September, he met with students. Starting on 7 September, Musso, Wikana, Setiadjit, and Amir Sjarifudin held mass meetings in
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In
January 1925, a committee of the Indies National Congress conducted a meeting resulting in the formation of the politically neutral, Surabaya-based Indonesian Study Club association. Musso was present at the club's first convention in February supporting the club agenda and wishing it to be more
38:
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In April 1935, Musso went to
Surabaya to meet Siti Larang Djojopanatas, wife of Musso's old friend Sosrokardono, to request permission to stay in their residence for several months. Musso was sent there to consolidate the old PKI that had been crushed in 1927. He explained the Dimitrov line, a new
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for a revolt. Knowing the plan from the meeting in
Singapore remained to be implemented, Tan Malaka arrived in Singapore in June to prevent Musso and Alimin, but he was too late because both of them had already gone to Russia. The plan was if they could get support from the Comintern, they would
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was ordered to attack the PKI force in Madiun. Musso and Amir who knew that they could not successfully resist a
Subroto-led attack, instructed the PKI force to try to escape and hide in the mountains. On 28 September, Musso, Amir, and Soemarsono left Madiun for Ngebel and Dungus,
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Moscow, though Musso himself denied this. According to the former Armed Forces Chief of Staff
Himawan Soetanto, the idea was influenced by the so-called "Zhdanov line". The idea was named New Road because it was different from old PKI which was influenced by the Dimitrov line.
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In December 1925, PKI leaders planned to rebel against the Dutch Indies government. The government knew this and arrested most of the leaders in January 1926. Musso was one of the few who managed to escape. He along with Budisutjitro and Sugono fled to
395:, the resignation of Amir as prime minister without consulting the party, the leader of illegal PKI not hastening the formation of legal party after independence, and complexity of the communist organizations which were divided into the PKI,
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Sukarno described Musso as a "jago", a fighting cock, because when Sukarno and Musso lived together in Tjokroaminoto's house, Musso "liked to fight". Ruth T. McVey paired Musso with Alimin as the leaders of revival of the PKI in the 1920s.
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in early November 1947 helping Soeripno, that represented Indonesia in discussions about a consular agreement with the USSR. However, Soeripno himself claimed that Musso went there in March 1948. In January 1948 after the signing of the
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from the Gerakan Revolusi Rakjat (GRR) and Akoma leaders the possibility of both organizations merging with the PKI. However, after the PKI announced its reorganization on 31 August, the GRR criticized Musso and the PKI.
236:(People's Assembly) about this treatment. According to McVey, Musso held a grudge against the Dutch government after this treatment. After Musso and Alimin were released in 1923, the former received an offer to teach
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In early September, all leftist parties were merged with the PKI. After the reorganization, the new Politbiro was created on 1 September. The new members were younger and more amenable to Musso's ideas including
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the year before. After the congress, Musso served as member of the Comintern executive committee. He also continued his study at Lenin University in Moscow but he did not graduate. Musso married a
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and Stalinist who thought there could only be one party for the proletariat, a party led by Soviet-supported communists. After returning from Moscow, Musso developed a vision of
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to join the PKI. Musso instructed the new members to infiltrate and join nationalist organizations. The Dutch Indies government discovered this and exiled the members to
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to finish arranging the acquisition of an aircraft. They joined the flight of a newly bought aircraft to Indonesia, via Thailand, staying in Bukittinggi for eight days.
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In the middle of the month, an incident between PKI-influenced armed forces and government loyalist armed forces occurred in Solo. After this incident, according to
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514:. While in Balong, Ponorogo, Musso and Amir had a serious disagreement over tactical plans. While Musso wanted to move to the south, Amir preferred moving north.
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Triyana, Bonnie (2011). "Jalan Berliku Tuan Mussotte". In Dhyatmika, Wahyu (ed.).
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The Road to Madiun: The Indonesian Communist Uprising of 1948
1448:. Seri Buku Tempo. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
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1429:(reprint ed.). Equinox Publishing.
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1351:Musso, Si Merah di Simpang Republik
531:Jalan Baru untuk Republik Indonesia
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1664:North Kalimantan Communist Party
1604:1965–66 Indonesian mass killings
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1389:The Rise of Indonesian Communism
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1885:The Year of Living Dangerously
1372:. Princeton University Press.
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1569:Battle of Sungei Koemba
1406:Ricklefs, M.C. (2001).
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1989:Executed communists
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1425:Swift, Ann (2010).
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1899:The Act of Killing
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1309:Dhyatmika 2011
1301:
1299:, p. 104.
1297:Dhyatmika 2011
1289:
1285:Dhyatmika 2011
1277:
1275:, p. 130.
1265:
1261:Dhyatmika 2011
1253:
1251:, p. 281.
1236:
1232:Dhyatmika 2011
1224:
1222:, p. 121.
1212:
1210:, p. 106.
1200:
1188:
1184:Dhyatmika 2011
1176:
1172:Dhyatmika 2011
1164:
1162:, p. 108.
1152:
1148:Dhyatmika 2011
1140:
1136:Dhyatmika 2011
1125:
1121:Dhyatmika 2011
1113:
1098:
1096:, p. 280.
1077:
1073:Dhyatmika 2011
1065:
1061:Dhyatmika 2011
1053:
1049:Dhyatmika 2011
1038:
1026:
1022:Dhyatmika 2011
1014:
999:
995:Dhyatmika 2011
987:
983:Dhyatmika 2011
975:
960:
956:Dhyatmika 2011
948:
944:Dhyatmika 2011
936:
932:Dhyatmika 2011
924:
920:Dhyatmika 2011
909:
905:Dhyatmika 2011
897:
895:, p. 202.
885:
881:Dhyatmika 2011
873:
869:Dhyatmika 2011
861:
849:
847:, p. 321.
834:
830:Dhyatmika 2011
822:
801:
797:Dhyatmika 2011
789:
785:Dhyatmika 2011
777:
775:, p. 316.
762:
760:, p. 225.
750:
748:, p. 310.
738:
736:, p. 303.
726:
724:, p. 283.
714:
712:, p. 170.
702:
690:
688:, p. 137.
678:
674:Dhyatmika 2011
666:
664:, p. 168.
654:
650:Dhyatmika 2011
642:
638:Dhyatmika 2011
630:
626:Dhyatmika 2011
618:
614:Dhyatmika 2011
603:
601:, p. 169.
586:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
522:
519:
488:
485:
282:
279:
213:
210:
206:Henk Sneevliet
166:
163:
161:
158:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
87:
79:
75:
74:
61:
55:
53:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2001:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:Brunei Revolt
1854:
1852:
1851:Domino theory
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
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1798:
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1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:Organisations
1615:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Battle of Bau
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Madiun Affair
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:and incidents
1508:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1455:9789799109194
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1436:9786028397223
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1417:9781403990242
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1398:9789793780368
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1379:9781400879663
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1360:9789799109194
1356:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1263:, p. 98.
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:Ricklefs 2001
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1186:, p. 51.
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:, p. 44.
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:, p. 41.
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Ricklefs 2001
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1075:, p. 38.
1074:
1069:
1066:
1063:, p. 37.
1062:
1057:
1054:
1051:, p. 43.
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1024:, p. 42.
1023:
1018:
1015:
1012:, p. 94.
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
997:, p. 40.
996:
991:
988:
984:
979:
976:
973:, p. 93.
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
952:
949:
946:, p. 34.
945:
940:
937:
933:
928:
925:
922:, p. 31.
921:
916:
914:
910:
907:, p. 30.
906:
901:
898:
894:
889:
886:
883:, p. 20.
882:
877:
874:
871:, p. 19.
870:
865:
862:
859:, p. 92.
858:
853:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
832:, p. 18.
831:
826:
823:
820:, p. 92.
819:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
793:
790:
787:, p. 13.
786:
781:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
758:Ricklefs 2001
754:
751:
747:
742:
739:
735:
730:
727:
723:
718:
715:
711:
706:
703:
699:
694:
691:
687:
682:
679:
675:
670:
667:
663:
658:
655:
652:, p. 10.
651:
646:
643:
639:
634:
631:
627:
622:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
591:
587:
584:, p. 91.
583:
578:
575:
569:
564:
559:
548:
546:
544:
538:
536:
532:
528:
520:
518:
515:
513:
508:
503:
501:
500:M.C. Ricklefs
496:
494:
493:Bintang Merah
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:on the 11th,
466:
462:
458:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
429:
424:
422:
418:
415:and from the
414:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
393:Japanese army
390:
386:
381:
378:
373:
371:
367:
362:
358:
357:Bintang Merah
353:
351:
347:
346:Tan Ling Djie
343:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
303:
301:
296:
292:
288:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
262:
260:
256:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Sarekat Islam
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:Tjokroaminoto
187:
186:Madiun affair
183:
179:
174:
172:
164:
159:
157:
155:
154:Madiun affair
151:
147:
146:Munawar Musso
139:
136:
132:
129:
124:
122:Occupation(s)
120:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
95:
91:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:Munawar Musso
54:
50:
39:
34:
27:
22:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1728:
1724:M. H. Lukman
1549:Limbang raid
1445:
1426:
1407:
1388:
1369:
1350:
1342:Bibliography
1333:Triyana 2011
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1116:
1068:
1056:
1029:
1017:
990:
978:
951:
939:
927:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
825:
792:
780:
753:
741:
729:
717:
705:
693:
686:Triyana 2011
681:
669:
657:
645:
640:, p. 9.
633:
621:
616:, p. 2.
577:
539:
534:
530:
524:
516:
504:
497:
492:
490:
453:
433:
425:
405:
388:
382:
376:
374:
356:
354:
337:
334:
315:
311:Lenin school
304:
284:
263:
251:
222:Surjopranoto
215:
175:
168:
145:
144:
83:(1948-10-31)
1949:1948 deaths
1944:1897 births
1778:Affiliation
1759:Bakri Wahab
1719:D. N. Aidit
1639:Acoma Party
1634:Murba Party
857:McLane 2015
543:Soe Hok Gie
441:M.H. Lukman
350:Boven Digul
88:Semanding,
1938:Categories
1836:Marhaenism
1689:Tan Malaka
1675:Key people
1273:Swift 2010
1220:Swift 2010
1208:Swift 2010
1196:Swift 2010
1160:Swift 2010
1109:Swift 2010
1034:Swift 2010
1010:Swift 2010
971:Swift 2010
893:McVey 2006
845:McVey 2006
818:Swift 2010
773:McVey 2006
746:McVey 2006
734:McVey 2006
722:McVey 2006
710:McVey 2006
698:McVey 2006
662:McVey 2006
599:McVey 2006
582:Swift 2010
565:References
473:Bojonegoro
437:D.N. Aidit
428:Ibnu Parna
300:Trotskyist
271:Tan Malaka
238:Indonesian
234:Voolksraad
230:Agus Salim
182:Soemarsono
165:Early life
128:Politician
1739:Samikidin
1537:Incidents
570:Footnotes
481:Purwodadi
295:Comintern
267:Singapore
160:Biography
112:Education
67:East Java
1764:Sudisman
1644:Sarbupri
512:Ponorogo
449:Sudisman
202:Surabaya
94:Ponorogo
1831:Nasakom
1704:Sukarno
1699:Darsono
469:Jombang
457:Central
413:Sjahrir
397:Pesindo
389:Merdeka
330:Russian
326:Sumatra
242:English
198:Sukarno
178:Batavia
1826:CONEFO
1769:Wikana
1744:Semaun
1709:Alimin
1452:
1433:
1414:
1395:
1376:
1357:
465:Kediri
461:Madiun
447:, and
399:, and
361:Prague
344:, and
318:Stalin
291:Canton
287:Moscow
275:Manila
259:strike
255:Banten
240:using
194:Alimin
171:Kediri
90:Kauman
63:Kediri
42:Musso
1734:Njoto
1729:Musso
445:Njoto
417:Murba
401:SOBSI
246:Japan
220:than
30:Musso
1516:Wars
1506:Wars
1450:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1355:ISBN
479:and
477:Cepu
471:and
419:and
385:Solo
324:and
322:Java
289:via
196:and
78:Died
59:1897
52:Born
46:1948
273:in
176:In
1940::
1239:^
1128:^
1101:^
1080:^
1041:^
1002:^
963:^
912:^
837:^
804:^
765:^
606:^
589:^
451:.
443:,
439:,
403:.
208:.
156:.
92:,
69:,
65:,
44:c.
1487:e
1480:t
1473:v
1458:.
1439:.
1420:.
1401:.
1382:.
1363:.
533:(
23:.
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