393:, the grey gummy shark has two large dorsal fins, an anal fin, and nictitating eyelids. It has a pale grey skin colour with no white or other coloured spots. A further analysis of the shark's fins shows that it has an expanded and curved ventral caudal lobe. Furthermore, the grey gummy shark's dorsal fins are curved slightly backwards; its front and back dorsal fin have a white and dusky tip, respectively while its terminal caudal lobe has a distinct black tip. Its first dorsal fin, which is brownish in colour, is also taller in comparison to the second dorsal fin, which has a paler centre. In regard to pre-caudal vertebral count, the grey gummy shark has a relatively high amount ranging from 90 to 91. In addition to, counting a shark's vertebral count is one reliable way for scientists to distinguish various species.
376:, which the grey gummy shark is a part of, requires active swimming and is heavily associated with coastal-benthic (or ground-dwelling) areas. Specifically, the grey gummy shark is endemic to Australia. It is commonly found in continental shelves, particularly the north-west shelf off Western Australia, and usually at the depth range 106–300 metres. This oceanic range is usually referred to as the twilight zone which spans from 200 metres to 1000 metres and is partly or wholly impenetrable by sunlight. Notably, the grey gummy shark is often found in the upper range of the twilight zone.
339:). The three species form a monophyletic group which can be distinguished from other related species by the absence of white spots on the sharks’ body. In addition, similar to the Andaman smooth-hound, the grey gummy shark's skeletal upper jaw possesses subdivided palatoquadrates as opposed to undivided palatoquadrates. The main difference between a subdivided palatoquadrate and an undivided palatoquadrate is that the former involves a palatoquadrate cartilage with four parts, and the latter involves a palatoquadrate cartilage with two parts.
443:(commonly known as the IUCN Red List). It is now listed under the IUCN Red List's least concern (LC) category and its population is thought to be generally stable given the shark's limited contact with fisheries and the absence of major biological threats. Consequently, there are no established conservation measures specific to the grey gummy shark. However, in 1993, shark fishing was no longer permitted at the northern part of Steep Point, Western Australia which is believed to have been valuable in safekeeping the shark's stable population.
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approximate total length of 580 millimetres or 58 centimetres. In many instances, female sharks are larger than males. This is often due to the fact that female sharks require more body girth to carry eggs or young. In addition, given its small dimension and non-aggressive nature, the grey gummy shark is normally not a threat to humans. At present, there have been no recorded interactions between a grey gummy shark and humans, nor have there been reports of the shark attacking or injuring a human.
360:
throughout the pregnancy. The grey gummy shark is identified as a placental and viviparous species. Accordingly, Boomer et al. (2012) found that the most recent common ancestor of the placental clade existed earlier prior to those without it (aplacental clade), which suggests that the placental species had undergone a recent divergence. Moreover, the molecular dating conducted by Boomer et al. strongly supports the theory that divergence was an integral factor in speciation in
77:
459:) comprised most of the catch, and while the species of grey gummy sharks is not specifically targeted in Western Australia, it cannot be made certain that they were never caught as bycatch. However, another fishery in Western Australia called the Pilbara Fish Trawl Fishery has stated it had no records of catching grey gummy sharks in spite of ample sampling. In the United Kingdom, other houndsharks such as the starry smooth-hound (
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certain species. Therefore, it is not uncommon for a smooth-hound species to be incorrectly recognised as a separate species. However, this particular mis-identification has not reportedly occurred with the grey gummy shark. Presently, researchers continue to use DNA sampling to identify shark species and to further understand their history and ancestry.
269:
may be found globally in tropical and temperate waters, the grey gummy shark in particular is native to the
Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean waters surrounding Australia and is particularly widespread in deep coastal waters. The grey gummy shark is known to be a viviparous species and gives birth
428:
The grey gummy shark is a placental and viviparous animal, meaning it nourishes its embryo through a placental attachment and gives birth to live young. At present, however, there is a lack of supplemental research on the shark's life cycle and mating behaviour. Nonetheless, available data suggests
410:
The grey gummy shark's mouth is reasonably strong and has a broad arch. X-rays taken by White and Last (2006) further show that grey gummy shark's palatine processes are divided with a small gap on both sides; this is referred to as subdivided palatoquadrates which is composed of a palatoquadrate
401:
With an elongated and slender body, the grey gummy shark is relatively small in size. In fact, the largest known prototype of the species is an adult female shark measured at a total length of 788 millimetres or 78.8 centimetres. Male grey gummy sharks are generally smaller and often mature at an
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evolved into species presenting either placental viviparity or aplacental viviparity. Thus, all
Mustelus produce live young; however, only some possess a placental attachment during gestation (placental viviparity). Conversely, aplacental viviparity indicates the absence of a placental attachment
454:
Similar to many fishes, the grey gummy shark is subject to harvesting or being a bycatch in commercial fishing. However, these chances are relatively slimmer. In fact, since 2010, the
Western Australian West Coast Demersal Gillnet and Demersal Longline Fishery reported an average annual combined
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Despite this, the grey gummy shark is still moderately vulnerable to other fishing methods. According to one study, it received a fishing vulnerability rating of 52 of 100, with 100 being the highest vulnerability. In addition, the increased use of aerial drones has led to an emergence of marine
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Furthermore, scientific studies demonstrate an association between the presence or absence of white spots and the reproductive mode of those belonging to the genus
Mustelus. For instance, the absence of white spots on a Mustelus’ body indicates a placental reproductive mode while the presence of
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In general, the intricate ecology and nature of sharks make them susceptible to human-related activities such as harvesting, habitat loss, and habitat degradation. In 2018, the grey gummy shark was assessed under the
International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species
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to be morphologically complex, with various smooth-hound species being incorrectly identified under the generic name smooth-hounds, houndsharks, or gummy sharks. Furthermore, many smooth-hound species possess very similar or overlapping traits, further complicating the differentiation of
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Grey gummy sharks have large eyes which are elongate-oval in shape. Like many animals, the grey gummy shark is also found to have nictitating lower eyelids and deep sub-ocular pouches. It is said that nictitating eyelids may be used to protect the animal's eye or help moisten it and maintain
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recreation drone fishing which involves the use of drones in capturing small fishes and, at times, sharks. In an observation of
Australian drone catches on YouTube, the grey gummy shark was found to be one of the most commonly caught species (16%) after other elasmobranchs (58%) and the
331:
In regards to the grey gummy shark's lineage with other species, experts White, Arunrugstichai, and Naylor (2021) found the grey gummy shark to be closely related to the
Andaman smooth-hound (
319:, a large family of sharks which consists of houndsharks or smooth-hounds and whose diet consists of ground-dwelling and midwater invertebrates and fishes. Additionally, it is a member of the genus
491:"(2021). Revision of the genus Mustelus (Carcharhiniformes: Triakidae) in the northern Indian Ocean, with description of a new species and a discussion on the validity of M. walkeri and M. ravidus"
601:
White, W. T; Last, P. R (2006). "Description of two new species of smooth-hounds, Mustelus widodoi and
Mustelus ravidus (Carcharhiniformes: Triakidae) from the western central Pacific".
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cartilage with four segments. In addition, the grey gummy shark has a bluntly pointed snout and between its jaws are asymmetrical teeth that have dull, rounded cusps.
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which often consists of small, benthic sharks. Additional studies by White and Last (2006) and White, Arunrugstichai, and Naylor (2021) found the genus
781:"Aspects of the reproductive biology of the data-deficient Mustelus minicanis and M. norrisi (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae) in the southern Caribbean Sea"
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to live young. With little data available, it is regarded to have a relatively stable population and possesses little threat to humans.
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that a female grey gummy shark may lay between six and twenty-four pups or an average of eighteen pups during each pregnancy cycle.
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644:"Molecular research on the systematically challenging smoothhound shark genus Mustelus: a synthesis of the past 30 years"
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364:. (2012) It is also believed that the recent and rapid speciation in the genus is a factor for its complex taxonomy.
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which is scientifically used for weasels. On the other hand, ravidus denotes the grey gummy shark's dorsal colour.
541:"Genetic divergence, speciation and biogeography of Mustelus (sharks) in the central Indo-Pacific and Australasia"
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Winkler, Alexander C.; Butler, Edward C.; Attwood, Colin G.; Mann, Bruce Q.; Potts, Warren M. (2022-03-01).
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879:"A fuzzy logic expert system to estimate intrinsic extinction vulnerabilities of marine fishes to fishing"
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Heralgi, Mallikarjun; Thallangady, Ashok; Venkatachalam, Kavitha; Vokuda, Hariprasad (March 2017).
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833:"Mustelus ravidus: McAuley, R.B.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T63165A12625425"
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Compagno, L.J.V (1984). "An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date".
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visibility underwater particularly since the grey gummy shark lives in the twilight zone.
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683:"Habitat partitioning and vulnerability of sharks in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park"
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Tagliafico, Alejandro; Rago, Néstor; Rangel, Salomé; Broadhurst, Matt K. (2017-07-01).
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catch of gummy sharks of less than three tonnes. It is believed that the gummy shark (
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Table showing the relevant ocean depths where
Mustelus ravidus is commonly found
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Ceccarelli, D; Frisch, A. J; Graham, N. A. J; Ayling, A. M.; Beger, M (2013).
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is a reference to how sharks were addressed in ancient times as weasels or
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Cheung, William W. L.; Pitcher, Tony J.; Pauly, Daniel (2005-07-01).
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Boomer, J. J; Harcourt, R. G; Francis, M. P; Stow, A. J (2012).
463:) are also captured and sold as flake in fish and chips stores.
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261:. It is one of the twenty-eight species belonging to the genus
257:) is a species of houndshark classified under the large family
265:, which are often small in length. While members of the genus
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White, W. T; Arunrugstichai, S; Naylor, G. J (7 April 2021).
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Scientific classification and relationship with other species
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and, therefore, insufficient fossil findings on the species
291:) and grey, respectively. Hence, the literal translation of
985:"Shark on UK plates highlights trade in endangered species"
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white spots denotes an aplacental reproductive function.
303:. However, this is to be distinguished from the genus
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In general, the population distribution of the genus
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347:There are limited recorded fossils for the genus
842:10.2305/iucn.uk.2011-2.rlts.t63165a12625425.en
642:Maduna, S. N; Bester-van der Merwe, A (2017).
451:(24%) or more commonly known as the goldfish.
287:, is derived from the Latin words for weasel (
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315:The grey gummy shark belongs to the family
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283:The grey gummy shark's scientific name,
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648:African Journal of Marine Science
397:Size and relationship with humans
1857:Marine fish of Western Australia
1188:Deepwater sicklefin houndshark (
389:Like most members of the family
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785:Environmental Biology of Fishes
726:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
1503:Australian grey smooth-hound (
1415:Spotted estuary smooth-hound (
1:
660:10.2989/1814232X.2017.1394365
35:Australian grey smooth-hound
895:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.017
335:) and Arabian smooth-hound (
245:Australian grey smooth-hound
1494:Blackspotted smooth-hound (
1485:Whitespotted smooth-hound (
1013:Fishes of Australia :
557:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.024
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1433:Starspotted smooth-hound (
937:10.1007/s13280-021-01578-y
622:FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125
507:10.1007/s12526-021-01161-4
1512:Narrownose smooth-hound (
1370:Sharptooth smooth-hound (
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797:10.1007/s10641-017-0606-1
699:10.1007/s11160-013-9324-8
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1539:White-fin smooth-hound (
1476:Narrowfin smooth-hound (
1424:Sicklefin smooth-hound (
368:Distribution and habitat
1605:Sharptooth houndshark (
1530:Humpback smooth-hound (
1442:Speckled smooth-hound (
1406:Smalleye smooth-hound (
1388:Spotless smooth-hound (
1215:Indonesian houndshark (
883:Biological Conservation
1862:Fish described in 2006
1458:Arabian smooth-hound (
1379:Striped smooth-hound (
1206:Sicklefin houndshark (
858:Cite journal requires
739:10.4103/ijo.IJO_436_15
380:Anatomy and appearance
355:Ultimately, the genus
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1587:Sharpfin houndshark (
1563:Flapnose houndshark (
1467:Common smooth-hound (
1343:Starry smooth-hound (
1281:Longnose houndshark (
1164:Sailback houndshark (
333:Mustelus andamanensis
295:is ‘greyish weasel’.
247:or also known as the
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1596:Spotted houndshark (
1397:Brown smooth-hound (
1361:Dusky smooth-hound (
1233:Whitefin topeshark (
1224:Japanese topeshark (
1197:Ocellate topeshark (
457:Mustelus antarcticus
1614:Banded houndshark (
1521:Gulf smooth-hound (
1352:Gray smooth-hound (
1299:Lowfin houndshark (
1290:Bigeye houndshark (
1199:H. complicofasciata
831:IUCN (2003-05-01).
495:Marine Biodiversity
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1523:M. sinusmexicanus
1235:H. leucoperiptera
1096:Carcharhiniformes
449:Carassius auratus
353:Mustelus ravidus.
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1558:
1556:
1555:
1554:Scylliogaleus
1550:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1440:
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1436:
1431:
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1427:
1422:
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1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1334:Gummy shark (
1332:
1330:
1329:
1328:M. albipinnis
1325:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1259:H. hyugaensis
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1217:H. indroyonoi
1213:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1159:
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1133:
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1127:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1006:
990:
986:
980:
977:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:10400.1/16777
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
913:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
889:(1): 97–111.
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
852:
843:
838:
834:
827:
825:
823:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
767:
763:
758:
753:
749:
745:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
713:
708:
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696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
636:
632:
628:(2): 251–655.
627:
623:
616:
613:
609:(3): 235–246.
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367:
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192:Binomial name
189:
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139:Selachimorpha
137:
135:Subdivision:
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123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
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87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
63:
58:
57:Least Concern
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1651:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1576:
1565:S. quecketti
1564:
1552:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1452:M. minicanis
1451:
1443:
1434:
1426:M. lunulatus
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1381:M. fasciatus
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1327:
1312:
1300:
1292:I. omanensis
1291:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1177:
1166:G. filewoodi
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1088:Subdivision
1014:
993:. Retrieved
991:. 2019-01-31
988:
979:
928:
924:
886:
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851:cite journal
788:
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729:
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690:
686:
676:
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625:
621:
615:
606:
602:
548:
544:
498:
494:
460:
456:
453:
448:
445:
441:
431:(IUCN, 2019)
430:
427:
424:Reproduction
418:
409:
400:
390:
388:
373:
371:
361:
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352:
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266:
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244:
242:
200:
198:
182:
181:
169:
29:
1728:iNaturalist
1616:T. scyllium
1598:T. maculata
1532:M. whitneyi
1514:M. schmitti
1487:M. palumbes
1469:M. mustelus
1372:M. dorsalis
1345:M. asterias
1283:I. garricki
1226:H. japanica
1179:Hemitriakis
1131:Galeorhinus
208:W. T. White
1841:Categories
1541:M. widodoi
1505:M. ravidus
1478:M. norrisi
1408:M. higmani
1390:M. griseus
1248:Hypogaleus
1208:H. falcata
1053:houndshark
995:2022-05-27
467:References
125:Subclass:
1435:M. manazo
1399:M. henlei
1190:H. abdita
1142:G. galeus
1107:Furgaleus
1082:Subclass
953:1654-7209
903:0006-3207
805:1573-5133
748:0301-4738
515:233582631
391:Triakidae
343:Evolution
317:Triakidae
279:Etymology
259:Triakidae
177:Species:
159:Triakidae
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1852:Mustelus
1746:11125439
1702:FishBase
1667:Q1951826
1661:Wikidata
1460:M. mosis
1444:M. mento
1363:M. canis
1314:Mustelus
1118:F. macki
1090:Selachii
1072:Chordata
1066:Animalia
1064:Kingdom
989:BBC News
971:34145559
766:28440259
668:90473761
565:22659513
501:(3): 1.
374:Mustelus
362:Mustelus
357:Mustelus
349:Mustelus
325:Mustelus
321:Mustelus
297:Mustelus
274:Taxonomy
267:Mustelus
263:Mustelus
170:Mustelus
155:Family:
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
1772:1213695
1720:2418329
1578:Triakis
1155:Gogolia
1070:Phylum
1055:species
1051:Extant
962:8800965
813:7070668
757:5426135
385:General
305:Mustela
301:mustela
289:mustela
165:Genus:
145:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
1824:390093
1811:498769
1798:390093
1785:906579
1733:106269
1303:sp. A)
1094:Order
1076:Class
969:
959:
951:
901:
811:
803:
764:
754:
746:
707:100056
705:
666:
603:Cybium
563:
513:
214:, 2006
210:&
1819:WoRMS
1759:63165
1741:IRMNG
1707:63600
1694:44R35
925:Ambio
809:S2CID
703:S2CID
664:S2CID
511:S2CID
1793:OBIS
1767:NCBI
1754:IUCN
1715:GBIF
1301:Iago
1272:Iago
967:PMID
949:ISSN
899:ISSN
864:help
801:ISSN
762:PMID
744:ISSN
561:PMID
415:Eyes
243:The
212:Last
1689:CoL
1676:AFD
957:PMC
941:hdl
933:doi
891:doi
887:124
837:doi
793:doi
789:100
752:PMC
734:doi
695:doi
656:doi
553:doi
503:doi
1843::
1821::
1808::
1795::
1782::
1769::
1756::
1743::
1730::
1717::
1704::
1691::
1678::
1663::
987:.
965:.
955:.
947:.
939:.
929:51
927:.
923:.
911:^
897:.
885:.
881:.
855::
853:}}
849:{{
835:.
821:^
807:.
799:.
787:.
783:.
760:.
750:.
742:.
730:65
728:.
724:.
701:.
691:24
689:.
685:.
662:.
652:39
650:.
646:.
634:^
624:.
607:30
605:.
573:^
559:.
549:64
547:.
543:.
523:^
509:.
499:51
497:.
493:.
475:^
1627:)
1618:)
1609:)
1600:)
1591:)
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1192:)
1168:)
1144:)
1120:)
1044:e
1037:t
1030:v
998:.
973:.
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935::
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893::
866:)
862:(
845:.
839::
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795::
768:.
736::
709:.
697::
670:.
658::
626:4
567:.
555::
517:.
505::
251:(
64:)
20:)
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