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the widespread adoption of the DOI system, to cooperate with the IDF in the development of the DOI system as a whole, and to provide services on behalf of their specific user community. A list of current RAs is maintained by the
International DOI Foundation. The IDF is recognized as one of the federated registrars for the Handle System by the DONA Foundation (of which the IDF is a board member), and is responsible for assigning Handle System prefixes under the top-level
610:, and is freely available to any user encountering a DOI name. Resolution redirects the user from a DOI name to one or more pieces of typed data: URLs representing instances of the object, services such as e-mail, or one or more items of metadata. To the Handle System, a DOI name is a handle, and so has a set of values assigned to it and may be thought of as a record that consists of a group of fields. Each handle value must have a data type specified in its
4707:
799:(RDS) to find the service appropriate to the given URN scheme. However no such widely deployed RDS schemes currently exist.... DOI is not registered as a URN namespace, despite fulfilling all the functional requirements, since URN registration appears to offer no advantage to the DOI System. It requires an additional layer of administration for defining DOI as a URN namespace (the string
706:
47:
594:(URN) or PURL but differs from an ordinary URL. URLs are often used as substitute identifiers for documents on the Internet although the same document at two different locations has two URLs. By contrast, persistent identifiers such as DOI names identify objects as first class entities: two instances of the same object would have the same DOI name.
693:, thereby avoiding the conversion of the DOIs to URLs, which depend on domain names and may be subject to change, while still allowing the DOI to be treated as a normal hyperlink. A disadvantage of this approach for publishers is that, at least at present, most users will be encountering the DOIs in a browser,
570:
The comparison of persistent identifier approaches is difficult because they are not all doing the same thing. Imprecisely referring to a set of schemes as "identifiers" does not mean that they can be compared easily. Other "identifier systems" may be enabling technologies with low barriers to entry,
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met the ISO requirements for approval. The relevant ISO Working Group later submitted an edited version to ISO for distribution as an FDIS (Final Draft
International Standard) ballot, which was approved by 100% of those voting in a ballot closing on 15 November 2010. The final standard was published
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Registration agencies, appointed by the IDF, provide services to DOI registrants: they allocate DOI prefixes, register DOI names, and provide the necessary infrastructure to allow registrants to declare and maintain metadata and state data. Registration agencies are also expected to actively promote
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resolution to related current data and is best suited to material that will be used in services outside the direct control of the issuing assigner (e.g., public citation or managing content of value). It uses a managed registry (providing both social and technical infrastructure). It does not assume
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with objects, allowing it to provide users with relevant pieces of information about the objects and their relationships. Included as part of this metadata are network actions that allow DOI names to be resolved to web locations where the objects they describe can be found. To achieve its goals, the
206:
The DOI for a document remains fixed over the lifetime of the document, whereas its location and other metadata may change. Referring to an online document by its DOI should provide a more stable link than directly using its URL. But if its URL changes, the publisher must update the metadata for the
503:
to select the most appropriate among multiple locations for a given object, according to the location of the user making the request. However, despite this ability, the DOI system has drawn criticism from librarians for directing users to non-free copies of documents, that would have been available
353:
The CrossRef recommendation is primarily based on the assumption that the DOI is being displayed without being hyperlinked to its appropriate URL—the argument being that without the hyperlink it is not as easy to copy-and-paste the full URL to actually bring up the page for the DOI, thus the entire
729:
The IDF is controlled by a Board elected by the members of the
Foundation, with an appointed Managing Agent who is responsible for co-ordinating and planning its activities. Membership is open to all organizations with an interest in electronic publishing and related enabling technologies. The IDF
725:
relating to the DOI system, manages common operational features, and supports the development and promotion of the DOI system. The IDF ensures that any improvements made to the DOI system (including creation, maintenance, registration, resolution and policymaking of DOI names) are available to any
511:
as used within the DOI system associates metadata with objects. A small kernel of common metadata is shared by all DOI names and can be optionally extended with other relevant data, which may be public or restricted. Registrants may update the metadata for their DOI names at any time, such as when
486:
The Handle System ensures that the DOI name for an object is not based on any changeable attributes of the object such as its physical location or ownership, that the attributes of the object are encoded in its metadata rather than in its DOI name, and that no two objects are assigned the same DOI
515:
The
International DOI Foundation (IDF) oversees the integration of these technologies and operation of the system through a technical and social infrastructure. The social infrastructure of a federation of independent registration agencies offering DOI services was modelled on existing successful
214:
The developer and administrator of the DOI system is the
International DOI Foundation (IDF), which introduced it in 2000. Organizations that meet the contractual obligations of the DOI system and are willing to pay to become a member of the system can assign DOIs. The DOI system is implemented
559:, etc. The purpose of an identifier registry is to manage a given collection of identifiers, whereas the primary purpose of the DOI system is to make a collection of identifiers actionable and interoperable, where that collection can include identifiers from many other controlled collections.
298:
The names can refer to objects at varying levels of detail: thus DOI names can identify a journal, an individual issue of a journal, an individual article in the journal, or a single table in that article. The choice of level of detail is left to the assigner, but in the DOI system it must be
582:
The DOI system does not have this approach and should not be compared directly to such identifier schemes. Various applications using such enabling technologies with added features have been devised that meet some of the features offered by the DOI system for specific sectors (e.g.,
215:
through a federation of registration agencies coordinated by the IDF. By late April 2011 more than 50 million DOI names had been assigned by some 4,000 organizations, and by April 2013 this number had grown to 85 million DOI names assigned through 9,500 organizations.
807:) and an additional step of unnecessary redirection to access the resolution service, already achieved through either http proxy or native resolution. If RDS mechanisms supporting URN specifications become widely available, DOI will be registered as a URN.
470:, in which each DOI name permanently and unambiguously identifies the object to which it is associated (although when the publisher of a journal changes, sometimes all the DOIs will be changed, with the old DOIs no longer working). It also associates
614:
field, which defines the syntax and semantics of its data. While a DOI persistently and uniquely identifies the object to which it is assigned, DOI resolution may not be persistent, due to technical and administrative issues.
4033:
2312:
655:. Indeed, as previously mentioned, this is how CrossRef recommends that DOIs always be represented (preferring HTTPS over HTTP), so that if they are cut-and-pasted into other documents, emails, etc., they will be actionable.
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any specific business model for the provision of identifiers or services and enables other existing services to link to it in defined ways. Several approaches for making identifiers persistent have been proposed.
2231:
436:, each table or graph in an OECD publication is shown with a DOI name that leads to an Excel file of data underlying the tables and graphs. Further development of such services is planned.
1248:
All DOI prefixes begin with "10" to distinguish the DOI from other implementations of the Handle System followed by a four-digit number or string (the prefix can be longer if necessary).
429:
420:
Permanent global identifiers for both commercial and non-commercial audio/visual content titles, edits, and manifestations through the
Entertainment ID Registry, commonly known as
1306:
The registrant code may be further divided into sub-elements for administrative convenience if desired. Each sub-element of the registrant code shall be preceded by a full stop.
499:, and is engineered to operate reliably and flexibly so that it can be adapted to changing demands and new applications of the DOI system. DOI name-resolution may be used with
741:
Registration agencies generally charge a fee to assign a new DOI name; parts of these fees are used to support the IDF. The DOI system overall, through the IDF, operates on a
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The prefix identifies the registrant of the identifier and the suffix is chosen by the registrant and identifies the specific object associated with that DOI. Most legal
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specification. The DOI name-resolution mechanism acts behind the scenes, so that users communicate with it in the same way as with any other web service; it is built on
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Assuming the publishers do their job of maintaining the databases, these centralized references, unlike current web links, should never become outdated or broken
2156:
666:. At the beginning of the year 2016, a new class of alternative DOI resolvers was started by http://doai.io. This service is unusual in that it tries to find a
607:
1488:
579:(GUIDs), etc.), but may lack some of the functionality of a registry-controlled scheme and will usually lack accompanying metadata in a controlled scheme.
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276:. The "10" part of the prefix distinguishes the handle as part of the DOI namespace, as opposed to some other Handle System namespace, and the characters
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338:) instead of the officially specified format. This URL is persistent (there is a contract that ensures persistence in the DOI.ORG domain), so it is a
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DOI registrant. It also prevents third parties from imposing additional licensing requirements beyond those of the IDF on users of the DOI system.
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DOI to maintain the link to the URL. It is the publisher's responsibility to update the DOI database. If they fail to do so, the DOI resolves to a
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Franklin, Jack (2003). "Open access to scientific and technical information: the state of the art". In Grüttemeier, Herbert; Mahon, Barry (eds.).
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URL should be displayed, allowing people viewing the page containing the DOI to copy-and-paste the URL, by hand, into a new window/tab in their
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2361:
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1382:
31:
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1751:
1054:
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Langston, Marc; Tyler, James (2004). "Linking to
Journal Articles in an Online Teaching Environment: The Persistent Link, DOI, and OpenURL".
1011:
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192:
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3986:
3369:
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2930:
2379:
2265:
682:). While traditional DOI resolvers solely rely on the Handle System, alternative DOI resolvers first consult open access resources such as
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291:
DOI names can identify creative works (such as texts, images, audio or video items, and software) in both electronic and physical forms,
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936:
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name. Because DOI names are short character strings, they are human-readable, may be copied and pasted as text, and fit into the
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678:. Since then, other open-access favoring DOI resolvers have been created, notably https://oadoi.org/ in October 2016 (later
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A DOI aims to resolve to its target, the information object to which the DOI refers. This is achieved by binding the DOI to
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in its technical committee on identification and description, TC46/SC9. The Draft
International Standard ISO/DIS 26324,
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257:, whose limit depends only on the total number of registrants. The prefix may be further subdivided with periods, like
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385:(JaLC) an organization providing link management and DOI assignment for electronic academic journals in Japanese.
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into a resolver is to include the DOI in a document as a URL which uses the resolver as an HTTP proxy, such as
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in the prefix identify the registrant; in this case the registrant is the
International DOI Foundation itself.
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standard, first standardized in 2000, ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2005 Syntax for the
Digital Object Identifier.
721:), a non-profit organization created in 1997, is the governance body of the DOI system. It safeguards all
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providing an easy to use labeling mechanism that allows anyone to set up a new instance (examples include
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is the suffix, or item ID, identifying a single object (in this case, the latest version of the
164:). They are widely used to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as
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1319:"Frequently asked questions about the DOI system: 6. What can a DOI name be assigned to?"
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Open access to scientific and technical information: state of the art and future trends
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The maintainers of the DOI system have deliberately not registered a DOI namespace for
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1868:. CAPSH (Committee for the Accessibility of Publications in Sciences and Humanities).
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929:"ISO 26324:2012(en), Information and documentation – Digital object identifier system"
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A DOI name does not depend on the object's location and, in this way, is similar to a
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explicitly states that DOIs should be displayed on screens and in print in the format
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An alternative to HTTP proxies is to use one of a number of add-ons and plug-ins for
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381:, a leading provider of Chinese and Taiwanese electronic academic journals; and the
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1926:
1089:"Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Under the Context of Research Data Librarianship"
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A DOI name differs from commonly used Internet pointers to material, such as the
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2040:. International Organization for Standardization. 10 May 2012. Archived from
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1198:"DOI News, April 2011: 1. DOI System exceeds 50 million assigned identifiers"
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1139:
1105:
1088:
334:, a major DOI registration agency, recommends displaying a URL (for example,
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declared as part of the metadata that is associated with a DOI name, using a
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Other registries are identified by other strings at the start of the prefix.
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publication information changes or when an object moves to a different URL.
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in order to go to the appropriate page for the document the DOI represents.
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1197:
1140:"Digital Object Identifiers: Promise and problems for scholarly publishing"
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1234:. Publishers International Linking Association, Inc. 2013. Archived from
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697:, or other software which does not have one of these plug-ins installed.
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440:
389:
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331:
208:
200:
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2196:– DOI Foundation service for converting long DOIs to shorter equivalents
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A DOI name also differs from standard identifier registries such as the
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2611:
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2581:
1432:"Resolving DOI Based URNs Using Squid: An Experimental System at UKOLN"
832:
667:
500:
238:
1620:
980:
295:, and abstract works such as licenses, parties to a transaction, etc.
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divided into two parts, a prefix and a suffix, separated by a slash.
2150:"ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2005 Syntax for the Digital Object Identifier"
1893:"Co-opting 'Official' Channels through Infrastructures for Openness"
777:. info:doi/ is the infoURI Namespace of Digital Object Identifiers.
730:
holds annual open meetings on the topics of DOI and related issues.
241:
characters are allowed in these strings, which are interpreted in a
46:
3961:
674:) version of a title and redirects the user to that instead of the
223:
A DOI is a type of Handle System handle, which takes the form of a
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3607:
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1002:
Witten, Ian H.; Bainbridge, David & Nichols, David M. (2010).
857:
827:
704:
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To resolve a DOI name, it may be input to a DOI resolver, such as
30:
For the use of digital object identifiers on Knowledge (XXG), see
1952:
1355:. 13 February 2014. Section 2.6.1 Screen and print presentation.
1120:
Paskin, Norman (2010), "Digital Object Identifier (DOI) System",
548:) concept and adds to it a data model and social infrastructure.
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4018:
4011:
3677:
3622:
3222:
2833:
2258:
862:
781:
759:
Information and documentation – Digital Object Identifier System
552:
521:
421:
406:
339:
188:
2396:
2213:
1292:. International DOI Foundation. 1 February 2016. Archived from
152:
used to uniquely identify various objects, standardized by the
4642:
4332:
3384:
2367:
ISO 27730: International Standard Collection Identifier (ISCI)
2204:
1600:"Assigning Digital Object Identifiers to RFCs § DOIs for RFCs"
932:
788:
647:
517:
180:
101:
1680:
DeRisi, Susanne; Kennison, Rebecca; and Twyman, Nick (2003).
753:
The DOI system is an international standard developed by the
651:. This approach allows users to click on the DOI as a normal
417:(ISTIC), two initiatives sponsored by the Chinese government.
2200:
Factsheet: DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications
814:
Factsheet: DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications
1542:"We Need Publishing Standards for Datasets and Data Tables"
183:
where the object is located. Thus, by being actionable and
415:
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China
27:
ISO standard unique string identifier for a digital object
2094:"Standards and Specifications: 1. ISO TC46/SC9 Standards"
2038:"Digital object identifier (DOI) becomes an ISO standard"
1569:
1261:"Factsheet—Key Facts on Digital Object Identifier System"
2015:
2186:
1138:
Davidson, Lloyd A.; Douglas, Kimberly (December 1998).
2193:
1124:(3rd ed.), Taylor and Francis, pp. 1586–1592
430:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
958:
466:
The IDF designed the DOI system to provide a form of
445:
multilingual European DOI Registration Agency (mEDRA)
1481:"Crossref Revises DOI Display Guidelines - Crossref"
1405:"New Crossref DOI display guidelines are on the way"
637:, both of which support HTTPS. For example, the DOI
366:
Major content of the DOI system currently includes:
195:
which are identifiers only. The DOI system uses the
168:
articles, research reports, data sets, and official
4625:
4351:
3503:
2452:
1780:"DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications"
1277:
Over 18,000 DOI name prefixes within the DOI System
1171:
1006:(2nd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 352–253.
804:
800:
619:
536:(URL), in that it identifies an object itself as a
350:to the correct online location of the linked item.
107:
97:
79:
69:
61:
53:
2313:International Standard Identifier for Libraries...
1865:
504:for no additional fee from alternative locations.
1927:"Introducing oaDOI: resolve a DOI straight to OA"
658:Other DOI resolvers and HTTP Proxies include the
73:
2124:"About "info" URIs – Frequently Asked Questions"
1122:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences
373:(journal articles, books, ebooks, etc.) through
2155:. National Information Standards Organization.
1978:"Chapter 7: The International DOI Foundation".
1806:"DOI System and standard identifier registries"
1570:"multilingual European DOI Registration Agency"
793:
2280:International Securities Identification Number
1920:
1918:
1831:International DOI Foundation (7 August 2014).
755:International Organization for Standardization
154:International Organization for Standardization
2408:
2225:
1263:. International DOI Foundation. 6 June 2016.
608:Corporation for National Research Initiatives
516:federated deployments of identifiers such as
8:
602:DOI name resolution is provided through the
39:
2100:. Doi.org. 18 November 2010. Archived from
1055:"How the "Digital Object Identifier" Works"
377:, a consortium of around 3,000 publishers;
2415:
2401:
2393:
2232:
2218:
2210:
245:manner. The prefix usually takes the form
126:
2320:International Standard Audiovisual Number
1709:
1699:
1619:
1553:
1443:
1155:
1104:
625:Another approach, which avoids typing or
407:Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure
156:(ISO). DOIs are an implementation of the
32:Knowledge (XXG):Digital Object Identifier
2327:International Standard Musical Work Code
1860:
1858:
528:Comparison with other identifier schemes
2070:. Doi.org. 28 June 2010. Archived from
917:
897:
160:; they also fit within the URI system (
2362:International Standard Name Identifier
2334:International Standard Link Identifier
2130:from the original on 27 September 2010
1682:"Editorial: The what and whys of DOIs"
1521:from the original on 29 September 2020
991:from the original on 25 December 2022.
38:
2273:International Standard Recording Code
1385:from the original on 24 November 2016
1329:from the original on 16 February 2023
923:
921:
795:URN architecture assumes a DNS-based
253:is a number greater than or equal to
7:
2380:Virtual International Authority File
2288:: Issuer Identification Number (IIN)
2266:International Standard Serial Number
1959:from the original on 8 February 2017
1925:Piwowar, Heather (25 October 2016).
1903:from the original on 19 October 2016
1891:Schonfeld, Roger C. (3 March 2016).
1576:from the original on 1 February 2018
1411:from the original on 19 October 2016
1133:
1131:
969:from the original on 7 January 2023.
686:(Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).
2299:International Standard Music Number
1872:from the original on 25 August 2016
1178:from the original on 13 August 2010
573:Persistent Uniform Resource Locator
2294:: Business Entity Identifier (BIC)
2259:International Standard Book Number
1933:from the original on 17 March 2017
1843:from the original on 31 March 2015
1760:from the original on 7 August 2022
1491:from the original on 25 April 2018
765:DOI is a registered URI under the
641:can be included in a reference or
562:The DOI system offers persistent,
398:official publications through the
25:
2306:International Bank Account Number
2240:International numbering standards
2162:from the original on 25 June 2021
1812:from the original on 26 June 2010
1786:from the original on 26 June 2010
1661:from the original on 8 March 2013
1460:from the original on 13 June 2010
1359:from the original on 30 June 2014
1208:from the original on 27 July 2011
1093:Journal of eScience Librarianship
1029:The Internet and Higher Education
939:from the original on 17 June 2016
4706:
4705:
2348:International Standard Text Code
1725:
1628:from the original on 8 July 2017
1267:from the original on 5 June 2016
1144:Journal of Electronic Publishing
45:
2064:"Standards and Specifications"
2008:"Multi-Primary Administrators"
1061:. 23 July 2001. Archived from
1004:How to Build a Digital Library
812:International DOI Foundation,
483:with a social infrastructure.
342:—providing the location of an
1:
1647:Timmer, John (6 March 2010).
884:Universally unique identifier
264:For example, in the DOI name
1701:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000057
1649:"DOIs and their discontents"
1041:10.1016/j.iheduc.2003.11.004
797:Resolution Discovery Service
723:intellectual property rights
715:International DOI Foundation
701:IDF organizational structure
179:about the object, such as a
74:International DOI Foundation
1228:"doi info & guidelines"
1172:"Welcome to the DOI System"
648:https://doi.org/10.1000/182
577:Globally Unique Identifiers
542:Uniform Resource Identifier
336:https://doi.org/10.1000/182
211:, leaving the DOI useless.
162:Uniform Resource Identifier
85:; 24 years ago
4763:
1430:Powell, Andy (June 1998).
1349:"DOI Handbook – Numbering"
1290:"DOI Handbook—2 Numbering"
564:semantically interoperable
388:Research datasets through
29:
4701:
2434:
2355:Digital Object Identifier
2252:
2245:
2098:Overviews & Standards
2068:Overviews & Standards
1984:. Doi.org. Archived from
1746:. IOS Press. p. 74.
1511:"Japan Link Center(JaLC)"
1174:. Doi.org. 28 June 2010.
868:Publisher Item Identifier
468:persistent identification
439:Other registries include
138:digital object identifier
57:Digital object identifier
44:
40:Digital object identifier
1782:. Doi.org. 18 May 2010.
1379:"DOI Display Guidelines"
1157:10.3998/3336451.0004.203
1106:10.7191/jeslib.2021.1180
803:rather than the simpler
534:Uniform Resource Locator
475:DOI system combines the
2341:Legal Entity Identifier
432:'s publication service
219:Nomenclature and syntax
818:
710:
709:Logo of the foundation
400:EU publications office
1897:The Scholarly Kitchen
1445:10.1045/june98-powell
879:Scientific literature
745:cost recovery basis.
708:
592:Uniform Resource Name
546:Uniform Resource Name
462:Features and benefits
451:can be referenced as
187:, a DOI differs from
146:persistent identifier
4737:Electronic documents
1555:10.1787/603233448430
1546:Research Information
1099:(2): Article e1180.
780:The DOI syntax is a
509:indecs Content Model
481:indecs Content Model
346:which will redirect
305:indecs Content Model
197:indecs Content Model
4732:Academic publishing
2205:CrossRef DOI lookup
1572:. mEDRA.org. 2003.
1515:japanlinkcenter.org
963:Handle.Net Registry
959:"The Handle System"
676:publisher's version
627:cutting-and-pasting
411:Tsinghua University
371:Scholarly materials
41:
4747:Index (publishing)
2428:by standard number
2018:on 14 January 2017
1953:"DOI System Tools"
1540:Green, T. (2009).
1238:on 21 October 2002
769:specified by IETF
762:on 23 April 2012.
711:
635:http://dx.doi.org/
538:first-class entity
493:open architectures
272:and the suffix is
4719:
4718:
2442:ISO romanizations
2390:
2389:
2126:. Info-uri.info.
1753:978-1-58603-377-4
1204:. 20 April 2011.
1087:Liu, Jia (2021).
1065:on 2 October 2010
1013:978-0-12-374857-7
853:Object identifier
848:Metadata standard
801:urn:doi:10.1000/1
383:Japan Link Center
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
4754:
4709:
4708:
2429:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2394:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2211:
2190:
2189:
2187:Official website
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2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:on 2 August 2012
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2014:. Archived from
2004:
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902:
843:Digital identity
816:
806:
802:
791:, stating that:
737:
650:
640:
636:
632:
631:https://doi.org/
613:
497:trust mechanisms
457:
453:doi:10.17487/rfc
337:
326:Contrary to the
322:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:, the prefix is
267:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:case-insensitive
233:
225:character string
130:
125:
122:
120:
118:
116:
114:
93:
91:
86:
49:
42:
21:
18:Doi (identifier)
4762:
4761:
4757:
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4751:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4697:
4621:
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3499:
2448:
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2391:
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2238:
2185:
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2176:
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2163:
2159:
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2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
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2107:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2074:on 26 June 2010
2062:
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2057:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2012:DONA Foundation
2006:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1988:on 10 July 2015
1977:
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1724:
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1646:
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1631:
1629:
1596:Levine, John R.
1594:
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1332:
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1325:. 3 July 2018.
1317:
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1299:
1297:
1296:on 30 June 2014
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927:
926:
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899:
894:
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823:
817:
811:
767:info URI scheme
751:
749:Standardization
735:
703:
672:author archived
646:
638:
634:
633:(preferred) or
630:
611:
606:, developed by
600:
530:
495:, incorporates
464:
452:
364:
335:
321:doi:10.1000/182
320:
313:
301:data dictionary
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119:/the-identifier
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2179:External links
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2104:on 4 July 2011
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1436:D-Lib Magazine
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1323:DOI Foundation
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743:not-for-profit
702:
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575:(PURL), URLs,
529:
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426:
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396:European Union
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121:/what-is-a-doi
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