577:, a renowned Canadian author of children's books, discussed his experience of being walked to the grave of Helen Betty Osborne one year before her perpetrators were captured. He discussed how this single incident led to a complete evolution not only in his writing as a children's author, but also in his investment into culture, the direction of his philanthropy, and especially in his philosophy of life.
425:
290:
160:
1654:
260:, the eldest of 14 children born to Joe and Justine (née McKay) Osborne. Her ambition was to go to college and become a teacher. There was no secondary school in Norway House, so she had to leave her home community for further education. She spent two years at Guy Hill Residential School, just outside The Pas, Manitoba, a culturally mixed town of
276:
was abducted, repeatedly raped, brutally beaten, stabbed with a screwdriver over 50 times, and murdered. The following day, Kenny Gurba, a fourteen-year-old from The Pas, MB, grew tired of fishing and went off looking for rabbit tracks when he discovered Helen Betty’s unclothed body. He and his father reported the discovery to the police.
586:(1986). The character Zhaboonigan Peterson, a mentally challenged young woman, performs a monologue in which she describes being raped by two white men with a screwdriver (Osborne was stabbed 56 times with a screwdriver). Highway attended junior high school in The Pas and graduated a year before Osborne's rape and murder.
275:
On the evening of her death, Osborne had spent time with friends at The
Northern Lite Cafe before heading back downtown. Around midnight, Osborne's friends returned home; very little is known of Osborne's whereabouts or actions after this time. She was walking home at approximately 2:30 a.m. when she
390:
Dwayne Archie
Johnston, James Robert Paul Houghton, Lee Scott Colgan and Norman Bernard Manger, four young white men from The Pas, were eventually implicated in her death. However, it was not until December 1987, sixteen years after her death, that any of them were convicted of the crime. It was at
386:
Police at first suspected her ex-boyfriend, Cornelius
Bighetty. His name was cleared after successfully passing a lie detector test. She and Cornelius had an argument earlier in the evening at the Cambrian Hotel. During the initial days of the investigation, attention was placed on Betty's friends.
402:
conducted an investigation into concerns surrounding the length of time involved in resolving the case. According to the
Commission report, Osborne's autopsy showed that "along with well over 50 stab wounds, her skull, cheekbones and palate were broken, her lungs were damaged, and one kidney was
570:
has produced a four-song EP entitled "The
Lonesome Death of Helen Betty Osborne" and has also released a song with the same title on their full-length album 'When Lost At Sea' in recognition of Osborne. Lyrics to the song depict the night of Osborne's murder.
391:
this time that
Constable Rob Urbanowski took over the investigation and placed an ad in the local newspaper asking for witnesses to come forward. Even then, only Johnston was convicted, as Houghton had been acquitted, Colgan had received
1138:
1668:
1795:
1274:
1131:
786:
1124:
1638:
1347:
723:
816:
529:, on July 14, 2000. The apology addressed the failure of the province's justice system in Osborne's case. The province created a scholarship in Osborne's name for Aboriginal women.
1858:
1978:
1342:
526:
1800:
1917:
1621:
1337:
442:
307:
177:
1626:
1473:
1213:
624:
1019:
1968:
1218:
399:
1983:
1490:
776:
563:, was launched the Helen Betty Osborne Memorial Foundation. The purpose of the graphic novel was to educate youth about racism, sexism, and indifference.
1704:
1631:
1208:
838:
713:
1973:
1769:
1200:
1448:
1433:
1958:
1389:
1002:
983:
629:
489:
354:
224:
1566:
808:
387:
Unfortunately, unacceptable recording and preserving of evidence at the Pump House (the crime scene) seriously crippled the investigation.
461:
326:
196:
1943:
1379:
1234:
1894:
1428:
1354:
1229:
1035:
468:
333:
203:
1463:
1418:
595:
590:
508:
373:
243:
657:
1963:
1692:
1514:
1953:
1709:
1083:
475:
403:
torn. Her body showed extensive bruising." The
Commission concluded that the most significant factors prolonging the case were
340:
210:
1829:
1279:
446:
311:
272:
people. In the fall of 1971, Osborne attended
Margaret Barbour Collegiate in The Pas, boarding with a non-aboriginal family.
181:
753:
1413:
1163:
687:
457:
408:
322:
192:
1148:
913:
257:
123:
1027:
1453:
1116:
868:
435:
300:
170:
1603:
1524:
900:
392:
1070:
539:
On March 26, 2008, the
Osborne family again grieved as her brother was found slain in his apartment in downtown
1815:
1749:
1598:
1519:
1485:
1172:
560:
265:
1822:
1774:
1497:
1372:
1367:
1332:
1036:"Stolen Sisters: A Human Rights Response to Discrimination and Violence against Indigenous Women in Canada"
482:
347:
217:
1887:
1458:
1438:
1423:
1251:
846:
533:
44:
1779:
1561:
1359:
1289:
896:"Their Spirits Live within Us: Aboriginal Women in Downtown Eastside Vancouver Emerging into Visibility"
1948:
1938:
1536:
954:
1744:
1571:
619:
532:
As a way to remember Helen Betty
Osborne, the town of Norway House named the school after her. The
1754:
962:
933:
925:
261:
947:
Innocence and purity vs. deviance and immorality: the spaces of prostitution in Nepal and Canada
1912:
1880:
1759:
1714:
1593:
1507:
1256:
1178:
998:
979:
909:
1736:
1502:
1406:
1401:
1266:
917:
718:
1046:
1836:
1576:
1529:
1294:
1244:
582:
522:
777:"15 Canadian Stories: Helen Betty Osborne, a murder that resonates nearly 50 years later"
649:
1222:
781:
607:
567:
1932:
1866:
1850:
1729:
1588:
1581:
1239:
937:
574:
552:
1094:
1808:
1284:
536:'s Wii Chiiwaakanak Learning Centre is located in a building named after Osborne.
127:
745:
1873:
1327:
1105:
424:
289:
159:
679:
1764:
1184:
1084:"The Legacy of Helen Betty Osborne: Catalyst for Change of the Justice System"
1719:
395:
for testifying against Houghton and Johnston, and Manger was never charged.
79:
1057:
921:
1843:
950:
593:
TV miniseries about the Osborne kidnapping and murder was made, entitled
540:
143:
48:
860:
184: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1556:
929:
895:
449: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
314: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
139:
67:
1662:
404:
135:
131:
1669:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
580:
The Osborne case is a considered an influence on Tomson Highway's
714:"What Detectives Hide from You: The Story of Helen Betty Osborne"
1190:
269:
120:
1120:
418:
283:
153:
521:
A formal apology from the Manitoba government was issued by
1639:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
809:"Winnipeg homicide victim brother of Helen Betty Osborne"
411:
officially closed the Osborne case on February 12, 1999.
839:"Robert Munsch on storytelling in Canadian communities"
965:(director), Priest, Lisa (based on work by) (1991).
752:. The Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission.
686:. The Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission.
650:"Guy Hill Indian Residential School (The Pas, Man.)"
1859:
Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Métis Child
1788:
1728:
1691:
1682:
1647:
1612:
1549:
1472:
1388:
1316:
1307:
1265:
1199:
1162:
1155:
1071:"Province Apologizes to Helen Betty Osborne Family"
93:
85:
75:
56:
30:
23:
1918:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
119:(July 16, 1952 – November 13, 1971), was a
1020:"Osborne murder investigation officially closed"
610:, a Metis poet, a poem is named after Osborne.
407:, sexism and indifference of white people. The
1132:
8:
1062:Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission
543:. It was Winnipeg's sixth homicide of 2008.
400:Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission
1979:Violence against Indigenous women in Canada
1796:Portrayals of the residential school system
1688:
1609:
1313:
1159:
1139:
1125:
1117:
20:
509:Learn how and when to remove this message
374:Learn how and when to remove this message
244:Learn how and when to remove this message
1486:Violence against Wetʼsuwetʼen protesters
707:
705:
997:. Winnipeg, Manitoba: HighWater Press.
641:
775:Crawford, Blair (September 25, 2017).
660:from the original on November 27, 2018
978:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
789:from the original on October 24, 2018
630:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
7:
1567:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp
1147:Violence and discrimination against
995:Betty: The Helen Betty Osborne Story
953:: Institute of Development Studies,
746:"The Investigation: The First Phase"
447:adding citations to reliable sources
312:adding citations to reliable sources
182:adding citations to reliable sources
1969:Incidents of violence against women
1627:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1235:First Nations nutrition experiments
1026:. February 11, 1999. Archived from
871:from the original on March 21, 2018
819:from the original on March 27, 2018
625:List of solved missing person cases
138:while walking down Third Street in
1984:Violence against women in Manitoba
1895:The Unnatural and Accidental Women
1058:"The Death of Helen Betty Osborne"
756:from the original on March 1, 2009
726:from the original on April 2, 2018
712:Moua, Allison (February 1, 2018).
690:from the original on April 7, 2018
258:Norway House Cree Nation, Manitoba
14:
1656:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
1515:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
1069:Le Moal, Dan (August 21, 2000).
750:The Death of Helen Betty Osborne
684:The Death of Helen Betty Osborne
423:
288:
256:Helen Betty Osborne was born in
158:
1710:British Columbia Treaty Process
1043:Amnesty International of Canada
945:Gibson, Lisa (September 2003).
557:The Life of Helen Betty Osborne
458:"Murder of Helen Betty Osborne"
434:needs additional citations for
323:"Murder of Helen Betty Osborne"
299:needs additional citations for
193:"Murder of Helen Betty Osborne"
169:needs additional citations for
16:1971 murder in Manitoba, Canada
1974:Missing person cases in Canada
1045:. October 2004. Archived from
845:. May 17, 2012. Archived from
566:Canadian Indie-Folk Rock band
527:Manitoba's Minister of Justice
1:
409:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
1959:Deaths by stabbing in Canada
1149:Indigenous peoples in Canada
914:University of Nebraska Press
1770:Old-growth logging protests
89:Margaret Barbour Collegiate
2000:
1944:1970s missing person cases
1537:Judge David William Ramsay
654:Algoma University Archives
1908:
1658:for trafficking of minors
1525:Saskatoon freezing deaths
1209:Residential school system
993:Robertson, David (2015).
969:(Telefilm). Toronto: CBC.
901:American Indian Quarterly
1599:Walking With Our Sisters
1520:Killing of Chantel Moore
1414:Winnipeg serial killings
1173:Gradual Civilization Act
1082:Stewart, Teresa (2005).
604:A Really Good Brown Girl
103:Justine Osborne (mother)
1964:Formerly missing people
1775:Trans Mountain pipeline
1498:Gustafsen Lake standoff
1110:Internet Movie Database
1106:"Conspiracy of Silence"
1091:Northern Lights College
861:"Conspiracy of Silence"
551:On December 2, 2008, a
1954:1971 murders in Canada
1750:Caledonia land dispute
1604:Women's Memorial March
1364:Healthcare inequality
1252:High Arctic relocation
894:Culhane, Dara (2003).
534:University of Winnipeg
1449:Jean Virginia Sampare
1434:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon
1052:on February 27, 2008.
976:Conspiracy of Silence
974:Priest, Lisa (1989).
967:Conspiracy of Silence
922:10.1353/aiq.2004.0073
849:on December 31, 2013.
596:Conspiracy of Silence
1830:Missing and Murdered
1390:Missing and Murdered
1230:Forced sterilization
955:University of Sussex
443:improve this article
308:improve this article
280:Murder investigation
178:improve this article
100:Joe Osborne (father)
1745:Burnt Church Crisis
1572:Moose Hide campaign
1444:Helen Betty Osborne
1343:Criminal sentencing
1317:Structural violence
1164:Settler colonialism
1100:on October 7, 2007.
963:Mankiewicz, Francis
620:List of kidnappings
547:Cultural references
113:Helen Betty Osborne
25:Helen Betty Osborne
1755:Clayoquot protests
1348:Mass incarceration
1321:and discrimination
815:. March 27, 2008.
561:David A. Robertson
262:European Canadians
70:, Manitoba, Canada
1926:
1925:
1913:Indigenous rights
1904:
1903:
1760:Keystone Pipeline
1715:Yukon Land Claims
1678:
1677:
1594:Sisters in Spirit
1545:
1544:
1429:Pamela Holopainen
1303:
1302:
1257:RCMP dog killings
1179:Numbered Treaties
1075:First Perspective
1004:978-1-55379-544-5
985:978-0-77107-152-2
910:Lincoln, Nebraska
519:
518:
511:
493:
384:
383:
376:
358:
254:
253:
246:
228:
110:
109:
60:November 13, 1971
1991:
1861:
1823:Highway of Tears
1780:Unistʼotʼen Camp
1737:Water protection
1735:
1696:
1689:
1610:
1503:Ipperwash Crisis
1477:
1474:Police brutality
1464:Lisa Marie Young
1454:Loretta Saunders
1419:Immaculate Basil
1402:Highway of Tears
1394:Indigenous Women
1393:
1320:
1314:
1295:Indian hospitals
1191:Role of the RCMP
1160:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1113:
1101:
1099:
1093:. Archived from
1088:
1078:
1065:
1053:
1051:
1040:
1031:
1030:on May 10, 2001.
1008:
989:
970:
958:
941:
881:
880:
878:
876:
857:
851:
850:
835:
829:
828:
826:
824:
805:
799:
798:
796:
794:
772:
766:
765:
763:
761:
742:
736:
735:
733:
731:
709:
700:
699:
697:
695:
676:
670:
669:
667:
665:
646:
514:
507:
503:
500:
494:
492:
451:
427:
419:
379:
372:
368:
365:
359:
357:
316:
292:
284:
249:
242:
238:
235:
229:
227:
186:
162:
154:
130:reserve who was
63:
40:
38:
21:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1900:
1857:
1837:The Pass System
1784:
1733:
1730:Land protection
1724:
1705:Specific claims
1694:
1684:
1674:
1643:
1614:
1608:
1577:REDress Project
1541:
1530:Neil Stonechild
1475:
1468:
1407:list of victims
1391:
1384:
1355:Food insecurity
1318:
1309:
1299:
1261:
1245:Kimelman Report
1195:
1151:
1145:
1104:
1097:
1086:
1081:
1068:
1056:
1049:
1038:
1034:
1018:
1015:
1005:
992:
986:
973:
961:
944:
893:
890:
885:
884:
874:
872:
859:
858:
854:
837:
836:
832:
822:
820:
807:
806:
802:
792:
790:
774:
773:
769:
759:
757:
744:
743:
739:
729:
727:
711:
710:
703:
693:
691:
678:
677:
673:
663:
661:
648:
647:
643:
638:
616:
583:The Rez Sisters
549:
523:Gord Mackintosh
515:
504:
498:
495:
452:
450:
440:
428:
417:
380:
369:
363:
360:
317:
315:
305:
293:
282:
250:
239:
233:
230:
187:
185:
175:
163:
152:
106:
71:
65:
61:
52:
42:
36:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1663:Project E-Pana
1660:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1480:
1478:and misconduct
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1380:Long-term DWAs
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:Joyce Echaquan
1370:
1368:Brian Sinclair
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1338:Climate change
1335:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1223:Chanie Wenjack
1216:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1102:
1079:
1066:
1054:
1032:
1014:
1013:External links
1011:
1010:
1009:
1003:
990:
984:
971:
959:
942:
889:
886:
883:
882:
852:
830:
800:
782:Ottawa Citizen
767:
737:
701:
680:"Introduction"
671:
640:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
627:
622:
615:
612:
608:Marilyn Dumont
568:The Wooden Sky
548:
545:
517:
516:
431:
429:
422:
416:
413:
382:
381:
296:
294:
287:
281:
278:
252:
251:
166:
164:
157:
151:
148:
108:
107:
105:
104:
101:
97:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
66:
64:(aged 19)
58:
54:
53:
43:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1996:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1867:Rustic Oracle
1864:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1851:Quiet Killing
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:and inquiries
1611:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Red handprint
1587:
1583:
1582:Red Dress Day
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Amber Tuccaro
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:Tina Fontaine
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Child poverty
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Indian agents
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:Sixties Scoop
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
981:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:
897:
892:
891:
887:
870:
866:
862:
856:
853:
848:
844:
840:
834:
831:
818:
814:
810:
804:
801:
788:
784:
783:
778:
771:
768:
755:
751:
747:
741:
738:
725:
721:
720:
715:
708:
706:
702:
689:
685:
681:
675:
672:
659:
655:
651:
645:
642:
635:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
611:
609:
605:
600:
598:
597:
592:
587:
585:
584:
578:
576:
575:Robert Munsch
572:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
553:graphic novel
546:
544:
542:
537:
535:
530:
528:
524:
513:
510:
502:
499:February 2024
491:
488:
484:
481:
477:
474:
470:
467:
463:
460: –
459:
455:
454:Find sources:
448:
444:
438:
437:
432:This section
430:
426:
421:
420:
414:
412:
410:
406:
401:
396:
394:
388:
378:
375:
367:
364:February 2024
356:
353:
349:
346:
342:
339:
335:
332:
328:
325: –
324:
320:
319:Find sources:
313:
309:
303:
302:
297:This section
295:
291:
286:
285:
279:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
248:
245:
237:
226:
223:
219:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195: –
194:
190:
189:Find sources:
183:
179:
173:
172:
167:This section
165:
161:
156:
155:
149:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
117:Betty Osborne
114:
102:
99:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
69:
59:
55:
50:
46:
41:July 16, 1952
33:
29:
22:
19:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1816:Foster Child
1814:
1809:Finding Dawn
1807:
1667:
1655:
1562:History wars
1443:
1439:Serena McKay
1328:Birth alerts
1285:Potlatch ban
1221: /
1183:
1171:
1109:
1095:the original
1090:
1074:
1061:
1047:the original
1042:
1028:the original
1023:
994:
975:
966:
946:
905:
899:
875:November 27,
873:. Retrieved
864:
855:
847:the original
842:
833:
823:November 27,
821:. Retrieved
812:
803:
791:. Retrieved
780:
770:
760:December 16,
758:. Retrieved
749:
740:
728:. Retrieved
717:
694:November 30,
692:. Retrieved
683:
674:
664:November 27,
662:. Retrieved
653:
644:
603:
602:In the book
601:
594:
588:
581:
579:
573:
565:
556:
550:
538:
531:
520:
505:
496:
486:
479:
472:
465:
453:
441:Please help
436:verification
433:
397:
389:
385:
370:
361:
351:
344:
337:
330:
318:
306:Please help
301:verification
298:
274:
255:
240:
231:
221:
214:
207:
200:
188:
176:Please help
171:verification
168:
128:Norway House
116:
112:
111:
62:(1971-11-13)
45:Norway House
18:
1949:1971 deaths
1939:1952 births
1874:Secret Path
1697:land claims
1613:Commissions
1360:Foster care
1280:Pass system
1275:Stereotypes
916:: 593–606.
793:October 23,
730:October 23,
589:In 1991, a
126:woman from
115:, known as
76:Nationality
1933:Categories
1881:This River
1765:Oka Crisis
1693:Indigenous
1214:gravesites
1185:Indian Act
1156:Background
636:References
469:newspapers
334:newspapers
234:March 2024
204:newspapers
124:Indigenous
37:1952-07-16
1720:Land Back
1550:Responses
938:162342553
555:entitled
415:Aftermath
132:kidnapped
86:Education
1844:Pig Girl
1308:Specific
1201:Genocide
1024:CBC News
951:Brighton
869:Archived
817:Archived
813:CBC News
787:Archived
754:Archived
724:Archived
688:Archived
658:Archived
614:See also
541:Winnipeg
393:immunity
144:Manitoba
136:murdered
80:Canadian
51:, Canada
49:Manitoba
1683:Related
1632:Holiday
1557:AmINext
1508:Inquiry
930:4138965
908:(3/4).
888:Sources
483:scholar
348:scholar
218:scholar
140:The Pas
94:Parents
68:The Pas
1685:topics
1310:issues
1267:Racism
1001:
982:
949:(MA).
936:
928:
719:Medium
485:
478:
471:
464:
456:
405:racism
350:
343:
336:
329:
321:
220:
213:
206:
199:
191:
1888:Taken
1789:Media
1734:
1695:
1648:Legal
1622:IRSSA
1476:
1392:
1319:
1098:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
1050:(PDF)
1039:(PDF)
934:S2CID
926:JSTOR
490:JSTOR
476:books
355:JSTOR
341:books
266:Métis
225:JSTOR
211:books
1801:list
1491:2020
1219:list
999:ISBN
980:ISBN
877:2018
865:IMDb
825:2018
795:2018
762:2008
732:2018
696:2016
666:2018
462:news
398:The
327:news
270:Cree
268:and
197:news
150:Life
134:and
121:Cree
57:Died
31:Born
1732:and
918:doi
843:CBC
606:by
591:CBC
559:by
445:by
310:by
180:by
1935::
1108:.
1089:.
1073:.
1060:.
1041:.
1022:.
932:.
924:.
912::
906:27
904:.
898:.
867:.
863:.
841:.
811:.
785:.
779:.
748:.
722:.
716:.
704:^
682:.
656:.
652:.
599:.
525:,
264:,
146:.
142:,
47:,
1140:e
1133:t
1126:v
1112:.
1077:.
1064:.
1007:.
988:.
957:.
940:.
920::
879:.
827:.
797:.
764:.
734:.
698:.
668:.
512:)
506:(
501:)
497:(
487:·
480:·
473:·
466:·
439:.
377:)
371:(
366:)
362:(
352:·
345:·
338:·
331:·
304:.
247:)
241:(
236:)
232:(
222:·
215:·
208:·
201:·
174:.
39:)
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
