1384:
25:
1412:
1398:
487:
on April 28, 1997. Investigators said that she had been dead for ten days before her body's discovery. Ransom negotiations had continued after the likely time of Pai's death; an impersonator placed a telephone call to give Pai Bing-bing the impression that her daughter was alive. Tim Healy and Laurie
551:
While being pursued, the trio abducted Taipei County councilor Tsai Ming-tang on June 3, 1997 and robbed him of $ 6 million, and on August 6, they kidnapped a businessman surnamed Chen and received a ransom (his family paid the ransom without notifying the police). On August 19, the trio was spotted
575:
surgeries to become unrecognizable to police. When the plastic surgeon tried to explain that was not possible with the time and resources available to him, Kao and Chen, believing he was trying to stall them for the police to arrive, shot and killed the plastic surgeon, his wife, and a nurse before
475:
Press in Taiwan first reported the incident on April 23, 1997, which contradicted the accepted practice of reporting the kidnapping after its resolution. Some of the pre-planned ransom drops were aborted when kidnappers spotted police and media tailing Pai Bing-bing. However, after the abductors
448:
for up to eight months, during which they abducted two other people for ransom and killed four people, including a police officer. Ultimately, Lin and Kao committed suicide during encounters with police in August and
November, and Chen was arrested and executed after initiating the
543:), Chen's brother-in-law, was suspected of involvement, but his sentence was eventually overturned due to insufficient evidence. An island-wide manhunt began and the police were ordered to shoot and kill the suspects without warning if they showed any sign of resistance.
560:, one of the officers was killed and another officer was injured, while Lin was shot six times and committed suicide instead of surrendering to police. The shootout drew a massive police response of over 800 officers, including the
65:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
598:, Chen surrendered to police and was given media access, and confessed to Pai's kidnapping and other crimes. Chen was convicted in December 1998 for kidnappings, murders, and multiple counts of sexual assaults, and was
476:
negotiated with the police for 11 days and changed the locations of payment more than 20 times, the police finally decoded the communication methods used by the abductors. In the subsequent
576:
fleeing. Kao and Chen continued to elude police throughout early
November 1997, but on November 17, Kao was spotted by the police and shot himself when they attempted to apprehend him.
1331:
1272:
1614:
679:
1579:
1574:
1130:
1077:
1051:
974:
948:
839:
654:
1629:
1001:
68:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1594:
662:
76:
494:
said that Pai was "apparently tortured" before her death. The photograph of her naked dead body was leaked to the mass media, including the
1559:
742:
1604:
1549:
806:
1609:
1503:
646:
1322:
1589:
1569:
1529:
650:
148:
1599:
1263:
591:
450:
441:
633:
offered an apology on 15 May 1997, stating Lien would be relieved of his duty as premier and the
Cabinet would be reshuffled.
1564:
1534:
699:
371:
286:
89:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Chinese Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1584:
1544:
472: (equivalent to about $ 9,490,000 in 2023) along with a severed piece of her finger and a photograph of a bound girl.
300:
1434:
599:
584:
484:
98:
1209:
1295:
1156:
1554:
638:
553:
1619:
445:
483:
Pai Hsiao-yen's mutilated body, weighted down with dumbbells, was found in a drainage ditch in
Zhonggang Dapai,
1624:
780:
84:
105:
580:
775:
614:'s resignation, partially over the rise in violent crime as evidenced by the then-unsolved murders of Pai,
37:
1354:
378:; 23 June 1980 – 18–20 April 1997) was the only daughter of popular Taiwanese television host and actress
1009:
866:
572:
1182:
895:
1539:
467:
462:
243:
1471:
674:
587:
921:
1025:
480:, one suspect was arrested while two others escaped after an intense gun fight with the police.
1499:
1491:
704:
203:
80:
752:
1403:
323:
233:
172:
814:
1236:
1037:
568:
222:
199:
124:
344:
642:
579:
On
November 18, Chen, the last surviving criminal, broke into the residence of Colonel
1104:
665:
in the wake of the protests; eventually he retained this office until the term ended.
1523:
1496:
The Power of the Ballot Box: Political
Development and Election Campaigning in Taiwan
1389:
658:
649:, also resigned his post following the first protest. Lien Chan resigned his post as
561:
383:
379:
262:
256:
218:
195:
129:
926:
634:
630:
626:, which ran the photograph of Pai's body, were condemned during the first protest.
330:
120:
1450:
709:
503:
Four suspects were arrested, but three of the main criminals, Chen Chien-hsing (
1411:
619:
615:
595:
496:
477:
465:, on the morning of April 14, 1997. Her family received a ransom note demanding
1417:
1379:
387:
1426:
611:
147:
747:
564:, to lock down and search the district, but Kao and Chen were not found.
557:
490:
610:
Demonstrators marched on 4 May 1997 and 18 May 1997, demanding
Premier
87:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
395:
391:
214:
176:
661:. Lien had repeatedly offered to resign from his other office as
62:
1052:"Taiwan's most wanted kidnapper takes five hostage, shoots two"
722:十七歲的白曉燕是白冰冰的獨生女,就讀林口鄉醒吾中學二年級,十四日上午七時四十五分從林口鄉忠孝路家中出門上學,但並沒有到學校。
18:
1000:
Chen, Marlene; Williams, Scott (translator) (December 1999).
807:"Taiwan Human Rights Report 1997: The Media and Human Rights"
552:
by two police officers on
Wuchang Street (五常街) in Taipei's
1078:"Murder suspect takes 3 South Africans hostage in Taiwan"
461:
Pai Hsiao-yen disappeared after leaving for her school,
1498:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 150–154.
653:
on 22 August 1997, as did the director-general of the
349:
335:
567:
On
October 23, Kao and Chen entered the office of a
58:
343:
329:
322:
317:
299:
285:
276:
249:
239:
229:
210:
183:
154:
138:
1321:
1262:
1237:"President offers apology over social order issue"
533:) escaped. One of the arrested, Chang Chih-huei (
949:"Taiwan: Wanted criminal shot dead in gunbattle"
867:"Infamous suspect Chang admits to killing woman"
776:"Grief as kidnap girl, 17, found dead in ditch"
440:), a trio of criminals previously known to the
741:Healy, Tim; Underwood, Laurie (May 16, 1997).
702:[Pai Bing-bing's daughter kidnapped].
83:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
1451:"Taiwan executes its most notorious criminal"
594:. After negotiations initiated by politician
305:
291:
8:
1323:"Taiwan PM quits to have electoral makeover"
622:. Eight media organizations, including the
314:
146:
135:
1002:"Aftershocks from the Pai Hsiao-yen Case"
736:
734:
732:
730:
1492:"3—Case Study: The 1997 Local Elections"
1264:"Celebrity killings stir rage in Taiwan"
840:"Kidnapper gets death for girl's murder"
801:
799:
641:, resigned following the first protest.
834:
832:
690:
1210:"Taiwan in uproar over girl's killing"
1033:
1023:
889:
887:
273:
1296:"Crime Invades a Once-Peaceful Place"
1261:Lloyd-Parry, Richard (13 July 1997).
1157:"Marchers Demand That Premier Resign"
444:. Chen, Lin, and Kao evaded a police
7:
1615:Taiwanese people of Japanese descent
1183:"Chen Chin-hsing set to be executed"
975:"Close call for two most wanted men"
698:劉峻谷; 唐復年; 鄭國樑; 曾增勳 (27 April 1997).
1580:Incidents of violence against women
1575:Incidents of violence against girls
1470:Frazier, David (18 February 2001).
1105:"Taiwan's Most-wanted Man Gives Up"
811:Taiwan Association for Human Rights
680:List of solved missing person cases
955:. Associated Press. 20 August 1997
187:Between 18 April and 20 April 1997
14:
1355:"KMT sours to former police head"
1353:Huang, Sandy (16 December 2002).
1103:Huang, Annie (19 November 1997).
865:Chuang, Jimmy (29 October 2004).
1630:Violence against women in Taiwan
1437:from the original on 21 May 2008
1410:
1396:
1382:
1320:Poole, Teresa (22 August 1997).
922:"Would-be hero winds up in jail"
23:
1334:from the original on 2022-06-18
1294:WuDunn, Sheryl (14 July 1997).
1275:from the original on 2022-06-18
451:Alexander family hostage crisis
1595:Missing person cases in Taiwan
1490:Schafferer, Christian (2003).
1131:"15,000 in demo against crime"
920:Lin, Irene (August 31, 2000).
896:"Eight 'bandits' are executed"
774:Blatt, Jason (29 April 1997).
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
436:
431:
422:
417:
408:
403:
375:
350:
336:
306:
292:
93:You may also add the template
1:
894:Lin, Irene (7 October 1999).
1427:"Armed siege ends in Taiwan"
398:by a group of people led by
1208:Furse, Jane (11 May 1997).
106:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
1646:
1560:Deaths by person in Taiwan
846:. Reuter. 26 December 1998
639:Minister without Portfolio
118:
57:Machine translation, like
1605:People murdered in Taiwan
1550:April 1997 events in Asia
1457:. Reuters. 6 October 1999
1235:Yu, Susan (16 May 1997).
386:. In April 1997, Pai was
361:
313:
281:
259: (father) (deceased)
145:
38:the corresponding article
1610:Taiwanese murder victims
781:South China Morning Post
647:Minister of the Interior
287:Traditional Chinese
1590:Kidnapping in the 1990s
1570:Formerly missing people
1530:1990s murders in Taiwan
592:took the family hostage
581:Edward McGill Alexander
571:and demanded immediate
301:Simplified Chinese
104:For more guidance, see
95:{{Translated|zh|白曉燕命案}}
1600:Child murder in Taiwan
1084:. AP. 19 November 1997
1058:. AP. 19 November 1997
813:. 1997. Archived from
655:National Police Agency
523:), and Kao Tien-meen (
442:National Police Agency
1565:Female murder victims
1535:1997 crimes in Taiwan
645:, who was serving as
637:, who was serving as
573:facial reconstruction
194:No. 287, Xiyun Road,
77:copyright attribution
16:1997 murder in Taiwan
1585:Kidnapping in Taiwan
1545:1997 murders in Asia
1433:. 19 November 1997.
1328:The Independent (UK)
755:on February 23, 2014
743:"A mother's despair"
602:on October 6, 1999.
500:, which printed it.
463:Hsing Wu High School
457:Abduction and murder
382:and Japanese author
244:Hsing Wu High School
1472:"A brush with evil"
1214:New York Daily News
712:on February 7, 2012
675:List of kidnappings
513:), Lin Chun-sheng (
211:Cause of death
1300:The New York Times
1036:has generic name (
817:on 5 November 2004
554:Zhongshan District
85:interlanguage link
1555:April 1997 crimes
1455:The SurReal Thing
1135:New Straits Times
1056:New Straits Times
981:. 5 November 1997
979:New Straits Times
953:New Straits Times
844:New Straits Times
705:United Daily News
556:. In the ensuing
365:
364:
357:
356:
324:Standard Mandarin
272:
271:
117:
116:
50:
46:
1637:
1620:Murder in Taiwan
1516:
1514:
1512:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1404:Biography portal
1401:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1189:. 6 October 1999
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1161:Spokesman-Review
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1008:. Archived from
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
891:
882:
881:
879:
877:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
836:
827:
826:
824:
822:
803:
794:
793:
791:
789:
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
751:. Archived from
738:
725:
724:
719:
717:
708:. Archived from
695:
588:military attaché
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
485:Taishan Township
471:
438:
433:
424:
419:
410:
405:
400:Chen Chien-hsing
377:
353:
352:
339:
338:
315:
309:
308:
295:
294:
274:
190:
168:
166:
150:
136:
96:
90:
63:Google Translate
48:
44:
27:
26:
19:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1625:Torture victims
1520:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1425:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1269:The Independent
1260:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1109:AP News Archive
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1012:on 4 March 2016
1006:Taiwan Panorama
999:
998:
994:
984:
982:
973:
972:
968:
958:
956:
947:
946:
942:
932:
930:
919:
918:
914:
904:
902:
893:
892:
885:
875:
873:
864:
863:
859:
849:
847:
838:
837:
830:
820:
818:
805:
804:
797:
787:
785:
773:
772:
768:
758:
756:
740:
739:
728:
715:
713:
697:
696:
692:
688:
671:
608:
590:to Taipei, and
569:plastic surgeon
549:
466:
459:
268:
223:stomach rupture
206:
192:
188:
179:
170:
164:
162:
161:
160:
141:
134:
113:
112:
111:
94:
88:
51:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1504:
1487:
1467:
1447:
1422:
1421:
1407:
1393:
1377:
1376:External links
1374:
1372:
1371:
1345:
1312:
1286:
1253:
1227:
1200:
1174:
1148:
1122:
1095:
1082:Herald-Journal
1069:
1043:
1034:|author2=
992:
966:
940:
912:
883:
857:
828:
795:
766:
726:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
677:
670:
667:
663:Vice President
643:Lin Fong-cheng
607:
604:
548:
545:
458:
455:
414:Lin Chun-sheng
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
347:
341:
340:
333:
327:
326:
320:
319:
318:Transcriptions
311:
310:
303:
297:
296:
289:
283:
282:
279:
278:
270:
269:
267:
266:
265: (mother)
260:
253:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
212:
208:
207:
193:
191:(aged 16)
185:
181:
180:
171:
158:
156:
152:
151:
143:
142:
139:
115:
114:
110:
109:
102:
91:
69:
66:
55:
52:
33:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1642:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1507:
1505:0-7391-0481-0
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1394:
1391:
1390:Taiwan portal
1380:
1375:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1163:. 19 May 1997
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1027:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
980:
976:
970:
967:
954:
950:
944:
941:
929:
928:
923:
916:
913:
901:
897:
890:
888:
884:
872:
868:
861:
858:
845:
841:
835:
833:
829:
816:
812:
808:
802:
800:
796:
783:
782:
777:
770:
767:
759:September 29,
754:
750:
749:
744:
737:
735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
716:September 29,
711:
707:
706:
701:
694:
691:
685:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
664:
660:
659:Yao Kao-chiao
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
605:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:
585:South African
582:
577:
574:
570:
565:
563:
562:Thunder Squad
559:
555:
546:
544:
542:
532:
522:
520:Lín Chūnshēng
512:
501:
499:
498:
493:
492:
488:Underwood of
486:
481:
479:
473:
469:
464:
456:
454:
453:in November.
452:
447:
443:
439:
429:
428:Kao Tien-meen
425:
423:Lín Chūnshēng
415:
411:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:Ikki Kajiwara
381:
380:Pai Bing-bing
373:
369:
368:Pai Hsiao-yen
360:
351:Pai Hsiao-yen
348:
346:
342:
334:
332:
328:
325:
321:
316:
312:
304:
302:
298:
290:
288:
284:
280:
277:Pai Hsiao-yen
275:
264:
263:Pai Bing-bing
261:
258:
257:Ikki Kajiwara
255:
254:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Strangulation
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:Taipei County
197:
196:Wugu Township
186:
182:
178:
174:
159:Pai Hsiao-yen
157:
153:
149:
144:
140:Pai Hsiao-yen
137:
132:
131:
126:
122:
107:
103:
100:
92:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
56:
54:
53:
47:
45:(August 2012)
41:
39:
34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
1509:. Retrieved
1495:
1479:. Retrieved
1476:Taipei Times
1475:
1459:. Retrieved
1454:
1439:. Retrieved
1430:
1362:. Retrieved
1359:Taipei Times
1358:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1327:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1268:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1241:Taiwan Today
1240:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1213:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:Taipei Times
1186:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1160:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1137:. 5 May 1997
1134:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1108:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1081:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1055:
1046:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:the original
1005:
995:
983:. Retrieved
978:
969:
957:. Retrieved
952:
943:
931:. Retrieved
927:Taipei Times
925:
915:
903:. Retrieved
900:Taipei Times
899:
874:. Retrieved
871:Taipei Times
870:
860:
848:. Retrieved
843:
819:. Retrieved
815:the original
810:
786:. Retrieved
779:
769:
757:. Retrieved
753:the original
746:
721:
714:. Retrieved
710:the original
703:
693:
635:Ma Ying-jeou
631:Lee Teng-hui
628:
623:
609:
578:
566:
550:
540:Zhāng Zhìhuī
538:
528:
518:
510:Chén Jìnxīng
508:
502:
495:
489:
482:
474:
460:
435:
427:
421:
413:
409:Chén Jìnxīng
407:
399:
367:
366:
331:Hanyu Pinyin
189:(1997-04-20)
169:23 June 1980
128:
121:Chinese name
81:edit summary
72:
43:
35:
1540:1997 deaths
1216:. News Wire
784:. Hong Kong
624:China Times
620:Liu Pang-yu
616:Peng Wan-ru
596:Frank Hsieh
530:Gāo Tiānmín
497:China Times
478:police raid
437:Gāo Tiānmín
390:, held for
337:Bái Xiǎoyàn
230:Nationality
125:family name
1524:Categories
1418:Law portal
933:August 18,
686:References
629:President
345:Wade–Giles
165:1980-06-23
40:in Chinese
1511:5 January
1481:2 January
1461:5 January
1441:5 January
1364:5 January
1338:5 January
1305:5 January
1279:2 January
1246:5 January
1220:2 January
1193:2 January
1167:5 January
1141:5 January
1115:5 January
1088:2 January
1062:2 January
1026:cite news
1016:2 January
985:2 January
959:2 January
905:2 January
876:2 January
850:2 January
821:5 January
788:2 January
700:"白曉燕命案始末"
612:Lien Chan
606:Aftermath
470:5,000,000
388:kidnapped
240:Education
234:Taiwanese
99:talk page
1435:Archived
1431:BBC News
1332:Archived
1273:Archived
748:Asiaweek
669:See also
600:executed
558:shootout
491:Asiaweek
119:In this
75:provide
651:Premier
547:Manhunt
446:manhunt
426:), and
372:Chinese
250:Parents
173:Fukuoka
97:to the
79:in the
42:.
1502:
618:, and
583:, the
396:murder
394:, and
392:ransom
374::
215:Murder
204:Taiwan
123:, the
177:Japan
59:DeepL
1513:2015
1500:ISBN
1483:2015
1463:2015
1443:2015
1366:2015
1340:2015
1307:2015
1281:2015
1248:2015
1222:2015
1195:2015
1169:2015
1143:2015
1117:2015
1111:. AP
1090:2015
1064:2015
1038:help
1018:2015
987:2015
961:2015
935:2009
907:2015
878:2015
852:2015
823:2015
790:2015
761:2010
718:2009
468:US$
184:Died
155:Born
73:must
71:You
535:張志輝
525:高天民
515:林春生
505:陳進興
432:高天民
418:林春生
412:),
404:陳進興
376:白曉燕
307:白晓燕
293:白曉燕
130:Bai
127:is
61:or
1526::
1494:.
1474:.
1453:.
1429:.
1357:.
1330:.
1326:.
1298:.
1271:.
1267:.
1239:.
1212:.
1185:.
1159:.
1133:.
1107:.
1080:.
1054:.
1030::
1028:}}
1024:{{
1004:.
977:.
951:.
924:.
898:.
886:^
869:.
842:.
831:^
809:.
798:^
778:.
745:.
729:^
720:.
657:,
537:;
527:;
517:;
507:;
434:;
420:;
406:;
221:,
202:,
198:,
175:,
1515:.
1485:.
1465:.
1445:.
1368:.
1342:.
1309:.
1283:.
1250:.
1224:.
1197:.
1171:.
1145:.
1119:.
1092:.
1066:.
1040:)
1020:.
989:.
963:.
937:.
909:.
880:.
854:.
825:.
792:.
763:.
430:(
416:(
402:(
370:(
225:)
217:(
167:)
163:(
133:.
108:.
101:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.