396:
in the other for more than ten years. Most people now believe that
Hellmann wrote a fictional story in her "memoir", based on stories told by Schwabacher about Gardiner's life. Gardiner's editor further cited the unlikelihood that there were two millionaire American women who were medical students
405:
She was briefly married to physician Harold
Abramson in 1925. Her second husband was British artist Julian Benedict Orde Gardiner (1903-1982); they had a daughter, Constance, whom she raised in Vienna before sending her to New York City to live with her sister, Dr.
380:, who was Hellman's lawyer. In Gardiner's account, Schwabacher had visited Gardiner in Vienna and, after Muriel Gardiner, Joseph Buttinger, and their daughter moved into their house at Brookdale Farm in
268:, Gardiner became involved in the covert activities of the Party as it continued in the underground. Using the code name "Mary", she smuggled passports and money and offered her home as a
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based on a chapter in that alleged memoir. Hellman, who never met
Gardiner, insisted that her friend really was "Julia" and was killed by the
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414:. She married Joseph Buttinger before the couple fled Europe in 1939. Muriel Gardiner died of cancer on February 6, 1985, in
580:"A Courageous Granddaughter of Nelson Morris - Code Name "Mary" — Memoirs of an American Woman in the Austrian Underground"
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on
September 1, 1939, Gardiner, Buttinger and their daughter moved to the still neutral United States.
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After the Social
Democratic Party was banned following an armed insurgency against the newly founded
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Gardiner wrote that, while she never met
Hellman, she had often heard about her from a friend,
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Gardiner met Freud only once, but she had also known
Pankejeff very well in Vienna, and
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Between 1965 and 1984, Gardiner gave a total of 585 acres (2.37 km) to the
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Code Name "Mary": Memoirs of an
American Woman in the Austrian Underground
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in 1910 and was psychoanalyzed by Freud. Pankejeff, under the code name
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Code Name Mary: Memoirs of an
American Woman in the Austrian Underground
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in 1922 she traveled to Europe where she lived until the outbreak of
174:(née Morris; November 23, 1901 – February 6, 1985) was an American
478:"The American Heiress Who Risked Everything to Resist the Nazis"
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as described in the story and was someone completely different.
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In 1983, Gardiner became entangled in the controversy between
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Muriel's War: An
American Heiress In The Austrian Resistance
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Muriel Gardiner Program in Psychoanalysis and the Humanities
288:. Her former covert activities were described in her memoir
513:, nytimes.com, February 7, 1985; accessed December 16, 2011
331:. In 1976, she authored a study of teenage violence called
218:, Gardiner was born into a family of wealth and privilege.
511:"Muriel Gardiner, who Helped Hundreds Escape Nazis, Dies"
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and anti-Nazi activists in Vienna during the late 1930s.
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Stony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association website
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585:. Chicago Jewish Historical Society. Spring 2008.
342:(now called The Watershed Institute), including
233:and then, in 1926, went to what was then still "
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245:. She received a degree in medicine from the
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340:Stony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association
190:Gardiner was born on November 23, 1901, in
439:Western New England Psychoanalytic Society
311:who travelled to Vienna to be treated for
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664:American people of German-Jewish descent
327:carries a foreword by Freud's daughter,
253:, leader of the underground wing of the
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644:20th-century American women physicians
542:"New Memoir Stirs 'Julia' Controversy"
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699:People from Mercer County, New Jersey
569:(Yale University Press, 1983), xv-xvi
214:). Similarly to other writers of the
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659:American people of British descent
649:Alumni of the University of Oxford
540:McDowell, Edwin (April 29, 1983).
255:Social Democratic Party of Austria
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679:Analysands of Ruth Mack Brunswick
321:History of an Infantile Neurosis.
684:Deaths from cancer in New Jersey
639:20th-century American physicians
410:, a pediatrician married to Dr.
319:, became the subject of Freud's
654:American expatriates in Austria
428:Muriel-Gardiner-Buttinger-Platz
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614:Photograph of Muriel Gardiner
525:; accessed December 16, 2011.
674:American women psychiatrists
476:Cengel, Katya (March 2023).
301:The Wolf-Man by the Wolf-Man
704:University of Vienna alumni
689:Morris family (meatpacking)
292:(1983). At the outbreak of
202:meat-packing business, and
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346:and two other properties.
108:Julian Gardiner (divorced)
484:. Smithsonian Institution
363:(1973), and in the movie
172:Muriel Gardiner Buttinger
709:Wellesley College alumni
262:Federal State of Austria
204:Helen (née Swift) Morris
694:Physicians from Chicago
434:is named in her honour.
401:Personal life and death
272:for paramilitaries and
143:Gustavus Franklin Swift
669:American psychiatrists
443:New Haven, Connecticut
221:After graduating from
416:Princeton, New Jersey
282:Third French Republic
276:, until fleeing from
186:Early life and career
62:Princeton, New Jersey
16:American psychiatrist
482:Smithsonian Magazine
333:The Deadly Innocents
247:University of Vienna
231:University of Oxford
200:Morris & Company
82:University of Vienna
78:University of Oxford
313:clinical depression
237:", hoping to study
229:. She attended the
208:Swift & Company
198:, president of the
408:Ruth Morris Bakwin
307:, a member of the
266:Engelbert Dollfuss
194:, the daughter of
153:Ruth Morris Bakwin
133:Helen Swift Morris
603:, Palgrave, 2010,
599:Sheila Isenberg,
565:Muriel Gardiner,
394:Ethel Schwabacher
382:Hopewell Township
223:Wellesley College
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74:Wellesley College
39:November 23, 1901
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45:, Illinois, U.S.
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180:psychiatrist
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158:Harry Bakwin
97:psychiatrist
56:(1985-02-06)
634:1985 deaths
629:1901 births
488:15 February
418:, aged 83.
88:Occupations
623:Categories
454:References
390:New Jersey
386:Pennington
360:Pentimento
329:Anna Freud
284:after the
274:dissidents
270:safe house
235:Red Vienna
165:(grandson)
163:Hal Harvey
35:1901-11-23
286:Anschluss
139:Relatives
125:Parent(s)
105:Spouse(s)
70:Education
155:(sister)
117:Children
371:Gestapo
280:to the
192:Chicago
43:Chicago
432:Vienna
422:Legacy
64:, U.S.
583:(PDF)
384:near
366:Julia
241:with
553:2011
490:2023
441:in
437:The
353:and
178:and
51:Died
29:Born
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