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enlightened
Maharaja of Pudukottai ignored these objections, admitted her to the college, and gave her a scholarship. Due to protests, the condition for her admission was that for three months she would be observed to check if her character remains "blemishless." In the classroom a big screen was put in the middle to separate her from the boys, and the bell would ring only after she left the college, only then could the boys leave. She graduated with flying colours and her father suggested that she can become a school teacher but she had higher aspirations. She entered Madras Medical College in 1907 as the first woman to be admitted there, she received a scholarship of 150 rupees from the maharaja, completed her studies in 1912 with seven gold medals, and became House Surgeon in the Government Hospital for Women and Children in Madras(current day Chennai). While she was in Madras, she came to know that her cousin had died giving birth to a child and the father of the child had no responsibility to look after the infant due to the Devadasi system of those times. Muthulakshmi looked after this child while she was still a medical student. Even in that time she managed to volunteer in girls homes, study Indian history, listen to lectures of Theosophical Society, meet personalities like Annie Besant and Sarojini Naidu and began to write in a magazine called
253:, was only 11 years old when she implored Narayanaswami, a 30-year-old man who was to become her patron after her Devadasi dedication ceremony, to take her away from the life of a public woman. Narayanaswami was ostracised from his family because of his marriage to a Devadasi. Muthulakshmi's unique family background influenced her life's work. She developed a close relationship with the maternal side of her family, and this closeness made her very perceptive of the Devadasi community and their issues. Narayanaswami Iyer broke the tradition and sent Muthulakshmi to school. Her enthusiasm for learning was so great that Muthulakshmi's teachers decided to instruct her in subjects beyond those approved by her father. At the onset of puberty, she was obliged to leave school, but tutoring continued at home. Chandrammal wanted to search for a bridegroom but Muthulakshmi had different aspirations. She expressed a need to be different from the common lot. She was against the subordination of women to men and rebelled whenever she heard people say that only boys needed education.
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had invited her to participate in the freedom struggle, but she refused because she wanted to devote her whole time to the welfare of women and children. But she supported the participation of women in Civil
Disobedience Movement of 1930, and she resigned as legislator protesting against the arrest of Mahatma Gandhi. She worked for women's emancipation at a time when women were confined in the four walls of their room.
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which incorporated a study of educational progress in India, is a great achievement. As a member of this committee, she traveled extensively and studied the progress of women's education throughout the country. She was the only female member of the committee and brought about many improvements. She was also the editor of
Roshini, an important journal of
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Muthu
Lakshmi also started the Cancer Relief Fund. This has now developed into an all-India institution combining therapy and research on cancer and attracting patients from all over India. She became the first chairperson of the State Social Welfare Board. Her work on the Hartog Education Committee,
365:
She had seen her younger sister die of Cancer, and the radiation treatment was far away in
Kolkata or Ranchi. During her address at the Centenary celebration of 1935, she declared her desire to start a hospital for cancer patients. She didn't succeed at first but later she founded the institute with
256:
When Reddy passed the
Matriculation exam she applied for admission to Maharaja's College but her application was not welcomed by the Principal or the parents of other students. Her gender was a factor as was her background. The Principal thought she might "demoralize" the male students. The somewhat
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system. She also worked as the elected deputy chairman of the assembly, the first example of a woman in that position in the whole world. She supported the participation of women in Civil
Disobedience Movement of 1930, and she resigned as legislator protesting against the arrest of Mahatma Gandhi.
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and began to attend women's meetings. She found women who shared her concerns and addressed them in terms of women's rights. The two great personalities who influenced her life were
Mahatma Gandhi and Annie Besant. They persuaded her to devote herself to uplifting women and children. Mahatma Gandhi
210:
She had a number of firsts to her name: the first female student to be admitted into a men's college, the first woman House
Surgeon in the Government Maternity and Ophthalmic Hospital, the first woman Legislator in British India, the first Chairperson of the State Social Welfare Advisory Board, the
351:
Mahatma Gandhi had invited her to participate in the freedom struggle, but she refused because she wanted to devote her whole time to the welfare of women and children, out of jail, within the government system. She was a legislator in Madras where she moved the Bill in 1926 to abolish
Devadasi
342:
She continued to fight for her cause until the end of her days. Even at the age of 80, she was energetic and vibrant. Her human preoccupations took her away from politics and she stuck to her mission and Gandhian ways. She was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the President of India in 1956. Her two
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She went to England for higher studies and she gave up her rewarding practice in medicine in response to a request from the Women's Indian Association (WIA) to enter the Madras Legislative Council. She was elected unanimously as its deputy president. She led the agitation for the municipal and
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records her service. She passed a resolution to establish a special hospital for women and children. The government accepted her suggestion and opened a children's section in the maternity hospital. She recommended systematic medical inspection of students in all schools and colleges, run by
206:
Muthulakshmi Reddy was appointed to the Madras Legislative Council in 1926. This nomination marked the beginning of her lifelong effort to "correct the balance for women by removing social abuses and working for equality in moral standards″. She was a women's activist and social reformer.
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She later married Sundara Reddy with the proviso that he "always respect me as an equal and never cross my wishes." In 1914, when she was twenty-eight years of age, they married in accordance with the 1872 Native Marriage Act. After marriage, Muthulakshmi took her husband's surname
330:
Due to her efforts, a hostel for Muslim girls was opened and scholarships were given to Harijan girls. She recommended to the government that the minimum age for marriage be raised to at least 21 for boys and 16 for girls.
326:"The hostels were all caste-based and would not admit them. Neither would schools. It was then that she decided to house them and educate them herself. Thus was born 'Avvai Illam' (Avvai's Home) for the poor and destitute girls."
230:, where she achieved a brilliant academic record. With several gold medals and prizes to her credit, Reddy graduated in 1912 to become one of the first female doctors in India. Soon after, she came under the influence of
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816:"They say everything that happens, happens for a reason. But there are those rare people who live their lives in such a manner that they challenge destiny and emerge as great personalities. | Unsungs"
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development and she protested to increase the salary of Tamil teachers and writers. She was the editor of the monthly magazine 'Sthree Dharumam' for women run by the Indian Women Association.
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She was the president of the All-India Women's Conference. She passed the bill for the suppression of brothels and the immoral trafficking of women and children. A home called
226:. In spite of various constraints faced by girls in India of her time, she completed her higher education and was admitted into the medical profession. In 1907, she joined the
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legislative franchise for women. She was concerned about the orphans, especially girls. She arranged for them free board and lodging and started the Avvai Home in Chennai.
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written by VR Devika, emphasizing the contributions of this legendary medical practitioner, social reformer, and feminist to the development of Indian women.
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in 1952. The hospital, which started functioning on 18 June 1954, was the second of its kind in India. Today it treats nearly 80,000 cancer patients a year.
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Interim Report of the Indian Statutory Commission Review of Growth of Education in British India by the Auxiliary Committee Appointed by the Commission
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1985:
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first woman Deputy President of the Legislative Council, and the first woman in the Madras Corporation. She built Avvai Home in 1931.
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Hartog, P. J.; Selby-Bigge, L. A.; Ahmed, S. Sultan; Anderson, G.; Narendranath; Reddi, S. Muthulakshmi; Statham, R. M. (1929).
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in some British Indian sources; 30 July 1886 – 22 July 1968) was an Indian medical practitioner, social reformer and
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municipalities as well as other local bodies. Kasturba Hospital at Triplicane is a monument to her efforts.
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for girls and women was opened through her efforts to provide shelter to those rescued from brothels.
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outstanding monumental gifts for India remain the Avvai Home (for children) and the Cancer Institute.
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Her father was S. Narayanaswami Iyer, the Principal of Maharaja's College. Her mother Chandrammal, a
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1017:"88 nurses honoured with 'Dr Muthulakshmi Reddy certificate' for their service in cancer prevention"
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2020:
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715:"The inspiring story of Dr Muthulakshmi Reddy, Who broke barriers in Education, Medicine and Law"
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recounts her initiatives in respect of social reforms taken by her in the Madras Legislature.
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Reddi inspired an award that is given to women who have given service in cancer prevention.
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2015:
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690:"Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy: Founder Of Adyar Cancer Institute | #IndianWomenInHistory"
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549:. Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 14 August 2013. pp. 1–9. Archived from
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Her name was included in the first national flag hoisted on Red Fort in 1947.
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503:"Muthulakshmi Reddy: The First Medical Woman Professional in South India"
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in 1956 in recognition of her meritorious services to the nation.
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Muthu Lakshmi was the author of numerous social reforms. Her book
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She left a legacy | The remarkable tale of Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy
619:"Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddi: A Powerful Face of Nationalist Feminism"
1655:
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Muthulakshmi Reddy: A Trailblazer in Surgery and Women's Rights
932:(1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Niyogi Books India Pvt Ltd.
442:
Muthulakshmi Reddy—A Trailblazer in Surgery and Women’s Rights
642:
1075:
870:
319:
544:"List of recipients of Padma Bhushan awards (1954–59)"
594:"Dr Muthulakshmi Reddy: The unsung feminist of India"
437:
celebrating what would have been her 133rd birthday.
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Dr Muthulakshmi at the Paris Women's Congress, 1926
177:
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92:
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277:is the son of Muthulakshmi's brother Ramasamy.
656:"Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy, a rebel with a cause"
538:
536:
261:and give Tamil translation to English essays.
1667:
1096:
8:
366:her great efforts. The foundation stone for
3110:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine
2182:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
1674:
1660:
1652:
1103:
1089:
1081:
507:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
285:During her college years Muthulakshmi met
31:
20:
3210:20th-century Indian women medical doctors
3175:20th-century Indian educational theorists
3160:19th-century Indian women medical doctors
378:Services to the Tamil Language and people
954:"Cancer Institute (WIA) Chennai, Adyar"
581:. Calcutta, Central Publication Branch.
490:
3185:20th-century Indian women politicians
1050:"Muthulakshmi Reddi's 133rd Birthday"
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
7:
3115:20th-century Indian women scientists
496:
494:
3120:20th-century Indian medical doctors
836:Padmanabhan, Geeta (3 March 2015).
440:In 2022 a monograph was published,
1557:Tiruppattur R. Venkatachala Murthi
14:
3150:20th-century Indian women writers
433:On 30 July 2019, Google showed a
3205:Indian women non-fiction writers
3195:Women scientists from Tamil Nadu
3130:People from Pudukkottai district
1876:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
1162:Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan
740:Madras medical college – history
3190:20th-century Indian politicians
3180:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu
2116:Provisional Government of India
1400:Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar
991:"The Pioneers: Dr Muthulakshmi"
654:Devika, V. R. (26 April 2018).
16:Indian physician and legislator
1076:Facts About Muthulakshmi Reddi
404:My Experiences as a Legislator
1:
3170:Women writers from Tamil Nadu
3125:Madras Medical College alumni
1587:Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar
759:"You are being redirected..."
592:Yadav, Karan (30 July 2019).
412:My Experience as a Legislator
312:My Experience as a Legislator
38:
3215:20th-century women educators
3135:Women in Tamil Nadu politics
2720:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
2001:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
1683:Indian independence movement
1278:Maneklal Sankalchand Thacker
1114:award recipients (1954–1959)
791:The Hindu (15 August 2024).
688:Kumar, Sneha (28 May 2018).
3155:20th-century Indian writers
2910:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
2297:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
370:was laid by prime minister
3236:
3220:Women's education in India
3165:19th-century Indian people
2645:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
2202:Indian Independence League
1919:Partition of Bengal (1947)
1914:Partition of Bengal (1905)
1466:Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar
1217:Kodandera Subayya Thimayya
1187:A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar
1071:Recording of speech (1926)
838:"Stones that tell a story"
643:https://www.avvaihome.org/
2820:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
2620:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
2317:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
2197:Indian Home Rule movement
2036:Fourteen Points of Jinnah
1976:Jallianwala Bagh massacre
1600:
1552:Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar
958:www.cancerinstitutewia.in
30:
3059:Indian annexation of Goa
2905:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
2417:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
2187:Indian National Congress
1986:Non-cooperation movement
1516:Darashaw Nosherwan Wadia
1410:Govind Sakharam Sardesai
1248:Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
1182:Vallathol Narayana Menon
1132:Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar
3140:Indian social reformers
3064:Indian Independence Act
2650:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
2625:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
2595:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
2332:Kandukuri Veeresalingam
2312:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
2152:All-India Muslim League
2106:Royal Air Force strikes
2071:Round table conferences
2061:Chittagong armoury raid
1951:Hindu–German Conspiracy
1934:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
1704:Porto Grande de Bengala
1602:# Posthumous conferral
1273:Madapati Hanumantha Rao
896:"Hospital Day observed"
3200:Indian autobiographers
2850:Syama Prasad Mukherjee
2755:Purushottam Das Tandon
2126:Praja Mandala movement
1940:The Indian Sociologist
1415:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
1395:Andal Venkatasubba Rao
1243:Suniti Kumar Chatterji
1192:Palden Thondup Namgyal
1137:Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati
978:Adyar Cancer institute
745:10 August 2011 at the
407:
368:Adyar Cancer Institute
361:Adyar Cancer Institute
303:
228:Madras Medical College
214:Reddy was born in the
3145:Women autobiographers
3074:Political integration
2815:Shyamji Krishna Varma
2600:Gopal Krishna Gokhale
2545:Bhupendra Kumar Datta
2377:Rettamalai Srinivasan
2337:Mahadev Govind Ranade
2147:All India Kisan Sabha
2111:Coup d'état of Yanaon
2011:Qissa Khwani massacre
1996:Coolie-Begar movement
1811:Second Anglo-Sikh War
1577:Nirmal Kumar Sidhanta
1537:Ramdhari Singh Dinkar
1390:Radha Kumud Mukherjee
1370:Hazari Prasad Dwivedi
1294:Rukmini Devi Arundale
501:Kamatchi, M. (2016).
474:Rukmini Devi Arundale
401:
301:
2900:Veeran Sundaralingam
2855:Tara Rani Srivastava
2790:Sahajanand Saraswati
2680:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi
2565:Chandra Shekhar Azad
2470:Alluri Sitarama Raju
2427:Vitthal Ramji Shinde
2382:Sahajanand Saraswati
2302:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
2207:Indian National Army
2051:Dharasana Satyagraha
1956:Champaran Satyagraha
1806:First Anglo-Sikh War
1501:Rao Raja Hanut Singh
1380:Mushtaq Hussain Khan
1268:Prana Krushna Parija
1238:Lalit Mohan Banerjee
1167:Hussain Ahmed Madani
1157:Ajudhiya Nath Khosla
1147:Maithili Sharan Gupt
804:– via YouTube.
485:Notes and references
356:Legacy in Healthcare
76:Pudukkottai District
37:Muthulakshmi Reddy,
2885:V. K. Krishna Menon
2830:Subhas Chandra Bose
2715:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
2710:Mohammad Ali Jauhar
2605:Govind Ballabh Pant
2585:Dayananda Saraswati
2510:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
2307:Gopal Hari Deshmukh
2287:Dhondo Keshav Karve
2282:Dayananda Saraswati
2277:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
2252:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
1770:Anglo-Maratha Wars
1582:Mysore Vasudevachar
1572:Dhanvanthi Rama Rau
1491:Poola Tirupati Raju
1451:D. P. Roy Choudhury
1233:Fateh Chand Badhwar
1023:. 7 February 2016.
928:Devika, VR (2022).
479:Subash chandra bose
416:Government of India
382:She worked for the
3069:Partition of India
2915:Yashwantrao Holkar
2880:V. O. Chidamabaram
2835:Subramania Bharati
2765:Rahul Sankrityayan
2750:Pritilata Waddedar
2660:Shri Krishna Singh
2560:C. Rajagopalachari
2550:Bidhan Chandra Roy
2535:Bhavabhushan Mitra
2520:Begum Hazrat Mahal
2475:Annapurna Maharana
2347:Muthulakshmi Reddy
2292:G. Subramania Iyer
1991:Christmas Day Plot
1866:Indian nationalism
1816:Sannyasi rebellion
1714:East India Company
1547:Hansa Jivraj Mehta
1511:Surya Narayan Vyas
1496:Kamalendumati Shah
1405:Shyam Nandan Sahay
1355:Bhikhan Lal Atreya
1319:Muthulakshmi Reddi
1258:Sunder Das Khungar
1212:M. S. Subbulakshmi
1177:Vaikunthbhai Mehta
1142:Jnan Chandra Ghosh
556:on 15 October 2015
469:Anandi Gopal Joshi
459:Guruswami Mudaliar
408:
304:
193:Muthulakshmi Reddy
25:Muthulakshmi Reddy
3087:
3086:
3054:Republic of India
2890:Vallabhbhai Patel
2875:Ubaidullah Sindhi
2775:Ram Prasad Bismil
2670:M. Bhaktavatsalam
2630:Jatindra Nath Das
2555:Bipin Chandra Pal
2490:Babu Kunwar Singh
2460:Achyut Patwardhan
2222:Khudai Khidmatgar
2066:Gandhi–Irwin Pact
2006:Kakori conspiracy
1966:Rowlatt Committee
1929:Direct Action Day
1891:Swadeshi movement
1871:Khilafat Movement
1861:Hindu nationalism
1821:Rebellion of 1857
1744:Anglo-Mysore Wars
1734:Battle of Plassey
1649:
1648:
1425:Siddheshwar Varma
1365:Alagappa Chettiar
875:www.avvaihome.org
694:Feminism In India
454:Kadambini Ganguly
418:conferred on her
203:award recipient.
190:
189:
160:S. Krishnamurthi
67:Pudukkottai State
3227:
3079:Simla Conference
2870:Tiruppur Kumaran
2840:Subramaniya Siva
2795:Sangolli Rayanna
2785:Rash Behari Bose
2725:Nagnath Naikwadi
2635:Jawaharlal Nehru
2580:Dadabhai Naoroji
2575:Chittaranjan Das
2465:A. K. Fazlul Huq
2387:Savitribai Phule
2217:Khaksar movement
2172:Berlin Committee
2157:Anushilan Samiti
2121:Independence Day
2081:Aundh Experiment
2056:Vedaranyam March
1961:Kheda Satyagraha
1946:Singapore Mutiny
1729:Portuguese India
1676:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1506:Rustom Jal Vakil
1481:A. C. N. Nambiar
1456:Jeahangir Ghandy
1385:Lakshmi N. Menon
1263:Rameshwari Nehru
1105:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1058:
1057:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
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1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
989:Viswanathan, S.
986:
980:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
950:
944:
943:
925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
902:. 30 July 2019.
892:
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589:
583:
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572:
566:
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563:
561:
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548:
540:
531:
530:
498:
394:Awards and books
372:Jawaharlal Nehru
347:Political career
186:
99:
58:
56:
43:
40:
35:
21:
3235:
3234:
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3229:
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3225:
3224:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3044:Cabinet Mission
3032:
2936:British leaders
2931:
2920:Yogendra Shukla
2825:Siraj ud-Daulah
2780:Rani Lakshmibai
2770:Rajendra Prasad
2760:R. Venkataraman
2705:Mithuben Petit
2685:Mahadaji Shinde
2665:Lala Lajpat Rai
2500:Bahadur Shah II
2485:Ashfaqulla Khan
2455:Accamma Cherian
2450:Abul Kalam Azad
2442:
2436:
2407:Syed Ahmad Khan
2397:Sister Nivedita
2362:Pandita Ramabai
2357:Niralamba Swami
2322:J. B. Kripalani
2244:
2238:
2177:Ghadar Movement
2135:
2016:Flag Satyagraha
1924:Revolutionaries
1906:
1900:
1843:
1837:
1739:Battle of Buxar
1685:
1680:
1650:
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1596:
1520:
1429:
1343:
1299:Rajshekhar Basu
1282:
1253:V. R. Khanolkar
1221:
1197:V. Narahari Rao
1172:Josh Malihabadi
1115:
1109:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1056:. 30 July 2019.
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132:Social Reformer
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2327:Jyotirao Phule
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2257:Ayya Vaikundar
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2091:Cripps Mission
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2018:
2013:
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1981:Noakhali riots
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1844:and ideologies
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1461:N. S. Hardikar
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1065:External links
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721:. 31 July 2019
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275:Gemini Ganesan
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236:Mahatma Gandhi
234:, and then of
216:princely state
195:(also spelled
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171:Gemini Ganesan
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128:Known for
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2530:Bharathidasan
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2026:1928 Protests
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2895:Vanchinathan
2525:Bhagat Singh
2480:Annie Besant
2441:Independence
2422:Vinoba Bhave
2346:
2231:
2227:Swaraj Party
2131:Lucknow Pact
2041:Purna Swaraj
2031:Nehru Report
1938:
1842:Philosophies
1830:
1796:Polygar Wars
1724:French India
1709:Dutch Bengal
1699:Colonisation
1446:Vijaya Anand
1420:Basiswar Sen
1375:Abid Hussain
1314:C. K. Nayudu
1152:Amarnath Jha
1053:
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98:(1968-07-22)
96:22 July 1968
59:30 July 1886
18:
3105:1968 deaths
3100:1886 births
2993:Mountbatten
2615:Hemu Kalani
2495:Bagha Jatin
2432:Vivekananda
2192:India House
2076:Act of 1935
1851:Ambedkarism
1719:British Raj
1304:Dhyan Chand
1207:Sukumar Sen
997:. The Hindu
880:15 February
719:DailyRounds
598:India Today
513:: 612–623.
384:Tamil music
220:Pudukkottai
162:S. Rammohan
42: 1912
3094:Categories
3023:Linlithgow
2963:Chelmsford
2953:Cornwallis
2865:Tatya Tope
2735:Nana Saheb
2640:K. Kamaraj
2590:Dhan Singh
2505:Bakht Khan
2162:Arya Samaj
2096:Quit India
2046:Salt March
1905:Events and
1881:Satyagraha
1324:Kanwar Sen
1202:Jamini Roy
1054:Google.com
464:Abala Bose
386:movement,
320:Avvai Home
281:Influences
269:. Popular
224:Tamil Nadu
117:Tamil Nadu
81:Tamil Nadu
55:1886-07-30
2998:Wellesley
2983:Dalhousie
2845:Surya Sen
2740:P. Kakkan
2700:Mir Qasim
2675:M. N. Roy
2610:Har Dayal
2443:activists
2272:Baba Amte
2262:Ayyankali
2245:reformers
2167:Azad Hind
1907:movements
1886:Socialism
1641:2020–2029
1636:2010–2019
1631:2000–2009
1626:1990–1999
1621:1980–1989
1616:1970–1979
1611:1960–1969
1606:1954–1959
1441:Salim Ali
1329:Vir Singh
1029:0971-751X
1021:The Hindu
995:Frontline
908:0971-751X
900:The Hindu
850:0971-751X
842:The Hindu
800:17 August
668:0971-751X
660:The Hindu
560:23 August
519:2249-1937
410:Her book
167:Relatives
3028:Hastings
2988:Bentinck
2212:Jugantar
1856:Gandhism
1034:23 April
1001:26 April
743:Archived
623:The Wire
527:26552689
448:See also
294:Activism
251:Devadasi
173:(nephew)
157:Children
139:Activism
74:(now in
2948:Canning
2367:Periyar
2021:Bardoli
1789:Gwalior
1691:History
1486:Kuvempu
429:Tribute
143:Writing
113:Chennai
3018:Cripps
3013:Outram
3003:Lytton
2968:Curzon
2943:Wavell
2243:Social
1896:Swaraj
1779:Second
1764:Fourth
1754:Second
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406:(1930)
273:actor
185:(1956)
178:Awards
149:Spouse
104:Madras
3008:Clive
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2973:Ripon
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2392:Shahu
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1774:First
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547:(PDF)
523:JSTOR
271:Tamil
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