223:
176:, in Europe, but also because it is a model organism for studying hypovirulence in fungi. However, this system is only being used in Europe routinely because of the relatively small number of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) on the continent. By contrast, in North America the distribution of the hypovirulent phenotype is often prevented because an incompatibility reaction prevents fungal hyphae from fusing and exchanging their cytoplasmic content. In the United States, at least 35 VCGs were found. A similar situation seems to be present in China and Japan, where 71 VCGs have been identified so far.
345:. Although the origin of viruses is still not well understood, recently presented data suggest that viruses may have invaded the emerging "supergroups" of eukaryotes from an ancestral pool during a very early stage of life on earth. According to Koonin, RNA viruses colonized eukaryotes first and subsequently co-evolved with their hosts. This concept fits well with the proposed "ancient co-evolution hypothesis", which also assumes a long co-evolution of viruses and fungi. The "ancient co-evolution hypothesis" could explain why mycoviruses are so diverse.
472:
the virus-fungus-system change and get out of balance. This could be external (environmental) as well as internal (cytoplasmic). It is not known yet why some mycoviruses-fungus-combinations are typically detrimental while others are asymptomatic or even beneficial. Nevertheless, harmful effects of mycoviruses are economically interesting, especially if the fungal host is a phytopathogen and the mycovirus could be exploited as biocontrol agent. The best example is represented by the case of CHV1 and
357:, and some ssRNA viruses, which were assumed to confer hypovirulence or debilitation, were often found to be more closely related to plant viruses than to other mycoviruses. Therefore, another theory arose that these viruses moved from a plant host to a plant pathogenic fungal host or vice versa. This "plant virus hypothesis" may not explain how mycoviruses developed originally, but it could help to understand how they evolved further.
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20:
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507:. Killer isolates secrete proteins that are toxic to sensitive cells of the same or closely related species while the producing cells themselves are immune. Most of these toxins degrade the cell membrane. There are potentially interesting applications of killer isolates in medicine, food industry, and agriculture. A three-part system involving a mycovirus of an endophytic fungus (
3134:
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453:. However, some researchers have found them located next to septum walls, which could imply that they ‘got stuck’ and were not able to move actively forward themselves. Others have suggested that the transmission of viral mitochondrial dsRNA may play an important role in the movement of mitoviruses found in
590:
Tebbi CK, Badiga A, Sahakian E, Arora AI, Nair S, Powers JJ, Achille AN, Jaglal MV, Patel S, Migone F. Plasma of Acute
Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients React to the Culture of a Mycovirus Containing Aspergillus flavus. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2020 Jul;42(5):350-358. doi: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000001845.
200:
rods, club-shaped particles, enveloped bacilliform particles, and
Herpesvirus-like viruses. The lack of genomic data often hampers a conclusive assignment to already established groups of viruses or makes it impossible to erect new families and genera. The latter is true for many unencapsidated dsRNA
594:
Tebbi CK, Badiga A, Sahakian E, Powers JJ, Achille AN, Patel S, Migone F. Exposure to a mycovirus containing
Aspergillus Flavus reproduces acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell surface and genetic markers in cells from patients in remission and not controls. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2021;26:100279. doi:
471:
Although most mycoviruses often do not seem to disturb their host's fitness, this does not necessarily mean they are living unrecognized by their hosts. A neutral co-existence might just be the result of a long co-evolutionary process. Accordingly, symptoms may only appear when certain conditions of
467:
Phenotypic effects of mycoviral infections can vary from advantageous to deleterious, but most of them are asymptomatic or cryptic. The connection between phenotype and mycovirus presence is not always straight forward. Several reasons may account for this. First, the lack of appropriate infectivity
500:
Hypovirulent phenotypes do not appear to correlate with specific genome features and it seems there is not one particular metabolic pathway causing hypovirulence but several. In addition to negative effects, beneficial interactions do also occur. Well described examples are the killer phenotypes in
324:
In one study, forty patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were found to have antibodies to a mycovirus-containing
Aspergillus flavus.In another research report, exposure of mononuclear cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in full remission resulted in the re-development of the
448:
Although it is not known yet whether viral transport is an active or passive process, it is generally assumed that fungal viruses move forward by plasma streaming. Theoretically they could drift with the cytoplasm as it extends into new hyphae, or attach to the web of microtubuli, which would drag
383:
However, there are potential barriers to mycovirus spread due to vegetative incompatibility and variable transmission to sexual spores. Transmission to sexually produced spores can range from 0% to 100% depending on the virus-host combination. Transmission between species of the same genus sharing
439:
species indicated that transmission efficiencies might depend on the hosts viral infection status (infected with no, different, or same virus), and that mycoviruses might play a role in the regulation of secondary mycoviral infection. Whether this is also true for other fungi is not yet known. In
365:
A significant difference between the genomes of mycoviruses to other viruses is the absence of genes for ‘cell-to-cell movement’ proteins. It is therefore assumed that mycoviruses only move intercellularly during cell division (e.g. sporogenesis) or via hyphal fusion. Mycoviruses might simply not
352:
containing a movement protein evolved from mycoviruses by introducing an extracellular phase into their life cycle rather than eliminating it. Furthermore, the recent discovery of an ssDNA mycovirus has tempted some researchers to suggest that RNA and DNA viruses might have common evolutionary
258:
It is generally assumed that the natural host range of mycoviruses is confined to closely related vegetability compatibility groups or VCGs which allow for cytoplasmic fusion, but some mycoviruses can replicate in taxonomically different fungal hosts. Good examples are
440:
contrast to acquiring mycoviruses spontaneously, the loss of mycoviruses seems very infrequent and suggests that either viruses actively moved into spores and new hyphal tips, or the fungus might facilitate the mycoviral transport in some other way.
468:
assays often hindered the researcher from reaching a coherent conclusion. Secondly, mixed infection or unknown numbers of infecting viruses make it very difficult to associate a particular phenotypic change with the investigated virus.
80:
True mycoviruses demonstrate an ability to be transmitted to infect other healthy fungi. Many double-stranded RNA elements that have been described in fungi do not fit this description, and in these cases they are referred to as
192:
have also been described. The updated 9th ICTV report on virus taxonomy lists over 90 mycovirus species covering 10 viral families, of which 20% were not assigned to a genus or, in some cases, not even to a family.
1322:
Howitt RL, Beever RE, Pearson MN, Forster RL (March 2006). "Genome characterization of a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus, Botrytis virus X, reveals high amino acid identity to genes from plant 'potex-like' viruses".
432:
isolates. However, it is not known how fungi overcome the genetic barrier; whether there is some form of recognition process during physical contact or some other means of exchange, such as vectors. Research using
89:
is largely congruent with that of their primary hosts. However, many virus families containing mycoviruses have only sparsely been sampled. Mycovirology is the study of mycoviruses. It is a special subdivision of
1795:
Liu YC, Linder-Basso D, Hillman BI, Kaneko S, Milgroom MG (June 2003). "Evidence for interspecies transmission of viruses in natural populations of filamentous fungi in the genus
Cryphonectria".
1312:
Ghabrial, S. A., Suzuki, N. (2008). Fungal
Viruses. In B. W. J. Mahy and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (ed.), Encyclopedia of Virology, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Elsevier, Oxford, United Kingdom. p. 284-291.
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Araújo, A., Jansen, A. M., Bouchet, F., Reinhard, K., Ferreira, L. F. (2003). Parasitism, the
Diversity of Life, and Paleoparasitology. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98 (SUPPL. 1): 5-11.
519:
has been described, which provides a thermal tolerance to the plant, enabling it to inhabit adverse environmental niches. In medically important fungi, an uncharacterized A78 virus of
184:
The majority of mycoviruses have double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes and isometric particles, but approximately 30% have positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) genomes. However,
2330:
Suzaki K, Ikeda KI, Sasaki A, Kanematsu S, Matsumoto N, Yoshida K (June 2005). "Horizontal transmission and host-virulence attenuation of totivirus in violet root rot fungus
1964:
Sasaki A, Kanematsu S, Onoue M, Oyama Y, Yoshida K (April 2006). "Infection of
Rosellinia necatrix with purified viral particles of a member of Partitiviridae (RnPV1-W8)".
353:
mechanisms. However, there are many cases where mycoviruses are grouped together with plant viruses. For example, CHV1 showed phylogenetic relatedness to the ssRNA genus
2681:
1237:
2194:
Ro HS, Lee NJ, Lee CW, Lee HS (December 2006). "Isolation of a novel mycovirus OMIV in
Pleurotus ostreatus and its detection using a triple antibody sandwich-ELISA".
1241:
568:
94:
and seeks to understand and describe the taxonomy, host range, origin and evolution, transmission and movement of mycoviruses and their impact on host phenotype.
226:
Listing of all formally named and recognised mycoviruses summarised from “Virus
Taxonomy: The Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses”
19:
2372:Özkan S, Coutts RH (March 2015). "Aspergillus fumigatus mycovirus causes mild hypervirulent effect on pathogenicity when tested on Galleria mellonella".
2589:
Márquez LM, Redman RS, Rodriguez RJ, Roossinck MJ (January 2007). "A virus in a fungus in a plant: three-way symbiosis required for thermal tolerance".
255:
dsRNA. There are also viruses that simply use fungi as vectors and are distinct from mycoviruses because they cannot reproduce in the fungal cytoplasm.
3028:
74:
2786:
201:
viruses, which are assumed to be viral, but missing sequence data has prevented their classification so far. So far, viruses of the families
305:, respectively. Furthermore, some human pathogenic fungi are also found to be naturally infected with mycoviruses, including AfuPmV-1 of
2417:
Ihrmark K, Stenström E, Stenlid J (February 2004). "Double-stranded RNA transmission through basidiospores of Heterobasidion annosum".
1718:
Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: The Eighth Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses
1404:"Hypovirulence-Associated Double-Stranded RNA from Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Is Conspecific with Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Mitovirus 3a-Ld"
222:
108:) in the late 1940s and was called the La France disease. Hollings found more than three different types of viruses in the abnormal
543:
when tested on a mouse model. These could imply mycoviruses may play important roles in the pathogensis of human pathogenic fungi.
2089:
McCabe PM, Pfeiffer P, Van Alfen NK (September 1999). "The influence of dsRNA viruses on the biology of plant pathogenic fungi".
3138:
1681:
Dawe AL, Nuss DL (2001). "Hypoviruses and chestnut blight: exploiting viruses to understand and modulate fungal pathogenesis".
969:
Liu YC, Milgroom MG (2007). "High diversity of vegetative compatibility types in Cryphonectria parasitica in Japan and China".
366:
need an external route of infection as they have many means of transmission and spread due to their fungal host's life style:
930:"Hypovirus Transmission to Ascospore Progeny by Field-Released Transgenic Hypovirulent Strains of Cryphonectria parasitica"
168:
hypovirus 1 (CHV1). CHV1 is exceptional within mycoviral research for its success as a biocontrol agent against the fungus
1929:
van Diepeningen AD, Debets AJ, Hoekstra RF (June 2006). "Dynamics of dsRNA mycoviruses in black Aspergillus populations".
1443:
Chen B, Choi GH, Nuss DL (June 1994). "Attenuation of fungal virulence by synthetic infectious hypovirus transcripts".
2454:"Characterization of debilitation-associated mycovirus infecting the plant-pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum"
2125:
2050:"Genome characterization of a debilitation-associated mitovirus infecting the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea"
552:
1077:
Yu, X.; Li, B.; Fu, Y.; Jiang, D.; Ghabrial, S. A.; Li, G.; Peng, Y.; Xie, J.; Cheng, J.; Huang, J.; Yi, X. (2010).
2779:
1392:
Buck, K. W. (1986). Fungal Virology- An overview', in K. Buck (ed.), Fungal Virology (Boca Raton: CRC Press): 1-84.
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due to insufficient sequence data and have not yet been determined. The shape of most fungal viruses is isometric.
2820:
560:
556:
515:
185:
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Viruses consisting of dsRNA as well as ssRNA are assumed to be very ancient and presumably originated from the "
1139:
Liu, Lijiang; Xie, Jiatao; Cheng, Jiasen; Fu, Yanping; Li, Guoqing; Yi, Xianhong; Jiang, Daohong (2014-08-19).
402:
164:
1009:"A tripartite ssDNA mycovirus from a plant pathogenic fungus is infectious as cloned DNA and purified virions"
1591:
Forterre P (April 2006). "The origin of viruses and their possible roles in major evolutionary transitions".
2815:
1839:
2750:
3021:
509:
235:
Mycoviruses are common in fungi (Herrero et al., 2009) and are found in all four phyla of the true fungi:
1731:
Ghabrial SA (1994). "New Developments in Fungal Virology". In Murphy FA, Maramorosch K, Aaron JS (eds.).
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and the mushroom diseases caused by Oyster mushroom spherical virus and Oyster mushroom isometric virus.
2772:
2675:
531:
313:
307:
251:. Fungi are frequently infected with two or more unrelated viruses and also with defective dsRNA and/or
2540:
1544:"Novel Partitivirus Enhances Virulence of and Causes Aberrant Gene Expression in Talaromyces marneffei"
449:
them through the internal cytoplasmic space. That might explain how they pass through septa and bypass
23:
Virions of "Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 1" (SsNSRV-1), a mycovirus of family "
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2140:
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884:
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102:
The first record of an economic impact of mycoviruses on fungi was recorded in cultivated mushrooms (
1212:
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or VLPs. Preliminary results indicate that most mycoviruses co-diverge with their hosts, i.e. their
3126:
3063:
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2810:
2716:(PhD thesis). The University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Plant and Fungal Virology.
525:
252:
82:
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2622:
2571:
2351:
2164:
1989:
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1820:
1748:"A novel mycovirus that is related to the human pathogen hepatitis E virus and rubi-like viruses"
1348:
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1981:
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910:
807:
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649:
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104:
1079:"A geminivirus-related DNA mycovirus that confers hypovirulence to a plant pathogenic fungus"
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2555:
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1973:
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The La France Disease is also known as X disease, watery stripe, dieback and brown disease.
1694:
1213:"Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)"
2944:
2929:
2924:
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873:"PCR analysis of the viral complex associated with La France disease of Agaricus bisporus"
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173:
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1456:
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1094:
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888:
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Hollings M (1962). "Viruses Associated with A Die-Back Disease of Cultivated Mushroom".
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273:. Nuss et al. (2005) described that it is possible to extend the natural host range of
203:
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2247:
2230:
2102:
2025:
2008:
1631:"Genomics of bacteria and archaea: the emerging dynamic view of the prokaryotic world"
905:
872:
476:. Other examples of deleterious effects of mycoviruses are the ‘La France’ disease of
3154:
3053:
2965:
2898:
2851:
2168:
1885:
Van Diepeningen AD, Debets AJ, Slakhorst SM, Fekete C, Hornok L, Hoekstra RF (2000).
1808:
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35:
24:
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1993:
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genetic and cell surface phenotypes characteristic of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
155:
Mushrooms have shown no resistance to the virus, and so control has been limited to
3016:
3011:
2975:
2960:
2939:
2795:
2575:
2207:
1604:
1352:
1141:"Fungal negative-stranded RNA virus that is related to bornaviruses and nyaviruses"
286:
215:
139:
2626:
2231:"Characterization of a novel single-stranded RNA mycovirus in Pleurotus ostreatus"
1420:
1403:
747:
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2903:
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2658:
2641:
2066:
2049:
946:
929:
435:
428:
349:
209:
196:
Isometric forms predominate mycoviral morphologies in comparison to rigid rods,
70:
2273:
Moleleki N, van Heerden SW, Wingfield MJ, Wingfield BD, Preisig O (July 2003).
1145:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1083:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
982:
3083:
3058:
2726:
2559:
2430:
2385:
2347:
1977:
1942:
1863:
1746:
Liu H, Fu Y, Jiang D, Li G, Xie J, Peng Y, Yi X, Ghabrial SA (February 2009).
1336:
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244:
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148:
124:
109:
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342:
189:
86:
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1911:
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2745:
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2160:
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1559:
1472:
914:
707:
2825:
2500:"The viral killer system in yeast: from molecular biology to application"
1763:
1646:
620:"Mycoviruses of filamentous fungi and their relevance to plant pathology"
503:
338:
277:
hypovirus 1 (CHV1) to several fungal species that are closely related to
197:
156:
130:
116:
91:
689:
2764:
2730:
2452:
Xie J, Wei D, Jiang D, Fu Y, Li G, Ghabrial S, Peng Y (January 2006).
2394:
3078:
2841:
1542:
Lau SK, Lo GC, Chow FW, Fan RY, Cai JJ, Yuen KY, Woo PC (June 2018).
849:
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King, A. M. Q., Lefkowitz E. M., Adams, J., Carstens, E. B. (2011).
73:(dsRNA) genomes and isometric particles, but approximately 30% have
2799:
221:
66:
62:
47:
18:
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have also been described. The ninth edition of the report of the
529:(Greater wax moth). Furthermore, TmPV1, a dsRNA partitivirus, of
523:
causes mild hypervirulent effect on pathogenicity when tested on
370:
Plasmogamy and cytoplasmic exchange over extended periods of time
2768:
2702:
A study of the interaction between the plant pathogenic fungus
1366:
Adams, M. J. (1991). "Transmission of plant viruses by fungi".
112:. This report essentially marks the beginning of mycovirology.
2275:"Transfection of Diaporthe perjuncta with Diaporthe RNA virus"
595:
10.1016/j.ctarc.2020.100279. Epub 2020 Dec 11. PMID 33348275.
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2757:
1887:"Interspecies virus transfer via protoplast fusions between
1216:
721:
Göker M, Scheuner C, Klenk HP, Stielow JB, Menzel W (2011).
422:). Intraspecies transmission has also been reported between
2642:"Evidence for negative-strand RNA virus infection in fungi"
2367:
2365:
2048:
Wu M, Zhang L, Li G, Jiang D, Ghabrial SA (October 2010).
1007:
Li, P; Wang, S; Zhang, L; Qiu, D; Zhou, X; Guo, L (2020).
928:
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In summary, the main negative effects of mycoviruses are:
618:
Pearson MN, Beever RE, Boine B, Arthur K (January 2009).
790:, Suzuki N (2009). "Viruses of plant pathogenic fungi".
348:
It has also been suggested that it is very likely that
379:
More or less effective transmission into sexual spores
2126:"Coinfection and the evolution of parasite virulence"
2009:"A double-stranded RNA mycovirus in Botrytis cinerea"
2994:
2953:
2917:
2869:
2834:
1215:. San Diego, USA: Elsevier Academic. Archived from
571:lists more than 90 fungal viruses belonging to 10
575:, of which about 20% of the viruses have not been
384:the same habitat has also been reported including
289:techniques. CHV1 can also propagate in the genera
1735:. Vol. 43. Academic Press. pp. 303–388.
2758:"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses"
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2539:Marquina D, Santos A, Peinado JM (June 2002).
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723:"Codivergence of mycoviruses with their hosts"
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569:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
147:Increased post-harvest deterioration (reduced
2780:
2640:Kondo H, Chiba S, Toyoda K, Suzuki N (2013).
1840:"Asymptomatic infection, and distribution of
1271:Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica
8:
2680:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1236:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
373:Production of vast amounts of asexual spores
297:, which belong to the two distinct families
1262:Varga, J.; Tóth, B.; Vágvölgyi, C. (2003).
159:practises to stop the spread of the virus.
51:
2787:
2773:
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2493:
2491:
2489:
1240:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
823:
821:
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2246:
2065:
2024:
1910:
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1654:
1624:
1622:
1567:
1513:
1503:
1419:
1402:Deng F, Xu R, Boland GJ (November 2003).
1182:
1164:
1112:
1102:
1040:
945:
904:
871:Romaine CP, Schlagnhaufer B (June 1995).
756:
746:
697:
643:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
3029:Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
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1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
2229:Yu HJ, Lim D, Lee HS (September 2003).
1924:
1922:
1676:
1674:
1264:"Recent advances in mycovirus research"
1206:
1204:
1202:
599:
219:are dominating the "mycovirus sphere".
2706:and the filamentous ssRNA mycoviruses
2673:
2279:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2268:
2266:
2007:Vilches S, Castillo A (October 1997).
1695:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.085929
1229:
1134:
1132:
1002:
1000:
877:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
337:" as both types of RNA viruses infect
2498:Schmitt MJ, Breinig F (August 2002).
2189:
2187:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1072:
1070:
1068:
667:
665:
663:
7:
3121:
1629:Koonin EV, Wolf YI (December 2008).
1488:"Aspergilli: A Comprehensive Review"
561:negative single-stranded RNA viruses
444:Movement of mycoviruses within fungi
186:negative single-stranded RNA viruses
162:Perhaps the best known mycovirus is
3133:
1852:Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology
1720:. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic.
804:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081932
75:positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
69:. The majority of mycoviruses have
2336:Journal of General Plant Pathology
1486:Kotta-Loizou I, Coutts RH (2017).
1380:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb05649.x
14:
678:Environmental Health Perspectives
3132:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3096:
2860:
2744:
2729:
2133:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
2124:May RM, Nowak MA (August 1995).
1809:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01847.x
636:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00503.x
263:found in the two fungal species
2458:The Journal of General Virology
2299:10.1128/AEM.69.7.3952-3956.2003
897:10.1128/AEM.61.6.2322-2325.1995
792:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2208:10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.07.016
2196:Journal of Virological Methods
1844:3a (OMV3a), in populations of
1605:10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.010
551:Most fungal viruses belong to
1:
2517:10.1016/S0168-6445(02)00099-2
2248:10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00382-9
2103:10.1016/S0966-842X(99)01568-1
2026:10.1016/S0378-1097(97)00377-7
1421:10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.11.1407
496:Reduced germination of spores
748:10.1371/journal.pone.0022252
41:
2659:10.1016/j.virol.2012.10.002
2374:Fungal Genetics and Biology
2067:10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.010
1931:Fungal Genetics and Biology
947:10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.7.598
672:Bozarth RF (October 1972).
565:single-stranded DNA viruses
553:double-stranded RNA viruses
376:Overwintering via sclerotia
190:single-stranded DNA viruses
3182:
2548:International Microbiology
2541:"Biology of killer yeasts"
1899:Fungal Genetics Newsletter
1733:Advances in Virus Research
983:10.3852/mycologia.99.2.279
555:, but about 30% belong to
3092:
2858:
2821:Social history of viruses
2806:
2560:10.1007/s10123-002-0066-z
2504:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
2431:10.1017/S0953756203008839
2386:10.1016/j.fgb.2015.01.003
2348:10.1007/s10327-005-0181-8
2013:FEMS Microbiology Letters
1978:10.1007/s00705-005-0662-2
1943:10.1016/j.fgb.2006.01.014
1864:10.1080/07060660509507262
1683:Annual Review of Genetics
1492:Frontiers in Microbiology
1368:Annals of Applied Biology
1337:10.1007/s00705-005-0621-y
1283:10.1556/AMicr.50.2003.1.8
624:Molecular Plant Pathology
557:positive-strand RNA virus
516:Dichanthelium lanuginosum
172:, the causative agent of
1505:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01699
463:Impact on host phenotype
403:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
231:Host range and incidence
165:Cryphonectria parasitica
16:Virus that infects fungi
2699:Boine, Barbara (2012).
2611:10.1126/science.1136237
1846:Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
1465:10.1126/science.8209256
1166:10.1073/pnas.1401786111
1104:10.1073/pnas.0913535107
3022:Helper dependent virus
2153:10.1098/rspb.1995.0138
2091:Trends in Microbiology
1912:10.4148/1941-4765.1216
1635:Nucleic Acids Research
1033:10.1126/sciadv.aay9634
537:Penicillium marneffei)
510:Curvularia protuberata
227:
136:Waterlogging of tissue
52:
28:
2471:10.1099/vir.0.81522-0
1560:10.1128/mBio.00947-18
532:Talaromyces marneffei
487:Decreased growth rate
319:Penicillium marneffei
314:Talaromyces marneffei
308:Aspergillus fumigatus
225:
22:
3074:Virus quantification
3069:Virus classification
2753:at Wikimedia Commons
2419:Mycological Research
2332:Helicobasidium mompa
1966:Archives of Virology
1842:Ophiostoma mitovirus
1764:10.1128/JVI.01897-08
1325:Archives of Virology
329:Origin and evolution
270:Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
144:Premature maturation
83:virus-like particles
3064:Virus-like particle
2603:2007Sci...315..513M
2291:2003ApEnM..69.3952M
2145:1995RSPSB.261..209M
1752:Journal of Virology
1457:1994Sci...264.1762C
1157:2014PNAS..11112205L
1151:(33): 12205–12210.
1095:2010PNAS..107.8387Y
1025:2020SciA....6.9634L
889:1995ApEnM..61.2322R
842:1962Natur.196..962H
739:2011PLoSO...622252G
526:Galleria mellonella
493:Change of virulence
490:Lack of sporulation
71:double-stranded RNA
1647:10.1093/nar/gkn668
690:10.1289/ehp.720223
228:
129:Slow and aberrant
77:(+ssRNA) genomes.
29:
3148:
3147:
3039:Neurotropic virus
2884:Viral replication
2749:Media related to
1797:Molecular Ecology
1089:(18): 8387–8392.
836:(4858): 962–965.
299:Cryphonectriaceae
105:Agaricus bisporus
57:), also known as
3173:
3136:
3135:
3124:
3123:
3112:
3111:
3100:
2935:Phenotype mixing
2871:Viral life cycle
2864:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2761:
2748:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2717:
2712:Botrytis virus F
2708:Botrytis virus X
2704:Botrytis cinerea
2686:
2685:
2679:
2671:
2661:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2495:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2425:(Pt 2): 149–53.
2414:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2139:(1361): 209–15.
2130:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1641:(21): 6688–719.
1626:
1617:
1616:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1554:(3): e00947–18.
1539:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1451:(5166): 1762–4.
1440:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1295:
1294:
1268:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1168:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1044:
1019:(14): eaay9634.
1013:Science Advances
1004:
995:
994:
966:
960:
959:
949:
925:
919:
918:
908:
868:
862:
861:
850:10.1038/196962a0
825:
816:
815:
784:
771:
770:
760:
750:
718:
712:
711:
701:
669:
658:
657:
647:
615:
456:Botrytis cinerea
55:
44:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3088:
2990:
2949:
2945:Viral evolution
2930:Antigenic shift
2925:Antigenic drift
2913:
2909:Lysogenic cycle
2865:
2856:
2830:
2802:
2793:
2756:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2698:
2694:
2692:Further reading
2689:
2672:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2597:(5811): 513–5.
2588:
2587:
2583:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2464:(Pt 1): 241–9.
2451:
2450:
2446:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1414:(11): 1407–14.
1401:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1298:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1249:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1006:
1005:
998:
968:
967:
963:
927:
926:
922:
870:
869:
865:
827:
826:
819:
786:
785:
774:
720:
719:
715:
671:
670:
661:
617:
616:
601:
587:
549:
513:) of the grass
465:
446:
363:
331:
237:Chytridiomycota
233:
182:
174:chestnut blight
100:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3179:
3177:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3106:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Marine viruses
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3002:Antiviral drug
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:Viral shedding
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2847:Viral envelope
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2741:
2740:
2737:Viruses portal
2724:
2723:External links
2721:
2719:
2718:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2652:(2): 201–209.
2632:
2581:
2531:
2485:
2444:
2409:
2361:
2342:(3): 161–168.
2322:
2262:
2221:
2183:
2174:
2116:
2081:
2040:
1999:
1972:(4): 697–707.
1956:
1918:
1877:
1830:
1803:(6): 1619–28.
1787:
1758:(4): 1981–91.
1738:
1723:
1708:
1670:
1618:
1593:Virus Research
1583:
1529:
1478:
1435:
1408:Phytopathology
1394:
1385:
1374:(2): 479–492.
1358:
1314:
1296:
1247:
1198:
1128:
1064:
996:
961:
940:(7): 598–604.
934:Phytopathology
920:
863:
817:
772:
713:
659:
598:
597:
596:
592:
591:PMID 32576782.
586:
583:
578:incertae sedis
548:
547:Classification
545:
498:
497:
494:
491:
488:
464:
461:
451:woronin bodies
445:
442:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
362:
359:
330:
327:
265:S. homoeocarpa
232:
229:
204:Partitiviridae
181:
178:
153:
152:
145:
142:
137:
134:
127:
99:
96:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3178:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Viral disease
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:Bacteriophage
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:Virus latency
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2853:
2852:Viral protein
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2510:(3): 257–76.
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:(7): 3952–6.
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:(1–2): 24–9.
2201:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:(9): 377–81.
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2060:(1): 117–26.
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2019:(1): 125–30.
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:(6): 446–52.
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:Fusarium poae
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:(3): 563–79.
1330:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1219:on 2017-02-03
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
977:(2): 279–84.
976:
972:
965:
962:
957:
953:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
921:
916:
912:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
883:(6): 2322–5.
882:
878:
874:
867:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
822:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
783:
781:
779:
777:
773:
768:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
733:(7): e22252.
732:
728:
724:
717:
714:
709:
705:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
668:
666:
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131:mycelial
123:Reduced
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