1717:
1729:
1571:
1559:
1699:
279:
639:
33:
60:
2453:
1683:
While some mycobacteria can take up to eight weeks to grow visible colonies from a cultured sample, most clinically relevant species will grow within the first four weeks, allowing physicians to consider alternative causes if negative readings continue past the first month. Growth media include
684:
is the most virulent rapidly-growing mycobacterium (RGM), as well as the leading cause of RGM based pulmonary infections. Although it has been traditionally viewed as an opportunistic pathogen like other NTMs, analysis of various virulence factors (VFs) have shifted this view to that of a true
2735:"Phylogenomic analysis of the species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex demonstrates that Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium caprae, Mycobacterium microti and Mycobacterium pinnipedii are later heterotypic synonyms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
676:. The four primary diseases observed in humans are chronic pulmonary disease, disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients, skin and soft tissue infections, and superficial lymphadenitis. 80-90% of recorded NTM infections manifest as pulmonary diseases.
713:
and secreted proteins for virulence. It constantly remodels these layers to survive in stressful environments and avoid host immune defenses. This cell wall structure results in colony surfaces resembling fungi, leading to the genus' use of the Greek prefix
1570:
1476:
of Groups III and IV have a pale yellow/tan pigment, regardless of light exposure. Group IV species are "rapidly-growing" mycobacteria compared to the "slowly-growing" Group III species because samples grow into visible colonies in less than seven days.
1671:
cells as pink against a blue background. Rapid
Modified Auramine O Fluorescent staining has specific binding to slowly-growing mycobacteria for yellow staining against a dark background. Newer methods include Gomori-Methenamine Silver staining and
1716:
1547:
Microbiologist Enrico
Tortoli has constructed a phylogenetic tree of the genus' key species based on the earlier genetic sequencing of Rogall, et al. (1990), alongside new phylogentic trees based on Tortoli's 2017 sequencing of 148
1558:
1728:
413:
are pathogenic, most mycobacteria do not cause disease unless they enter skin lesions of those with pulmonary and/or immune dysfunction, despite being widespread across aquatic and terrestrial environments. Through
1598:
into five genera, based on an analysis of 150 species in this genus. Due to controversy over complicating clinical diagnoses and treatment, all of the renamed species have retained their original identity in the
561:
can remain latent in human hosts for decades after an initial infection, allowing it to continue infecting others. It has been estimated that a third of the world population has latent tuberculosis (TB).
1779:
species with
Mycoside A found in photochromogenic strains, Mycoside B in bovine strains, and Mycoside C in avian strains. Different forms of Mycoside C have varying success as a receptor to inactivate
261:
Mycobacterial species are generally aerobic, non-motile, and capable of growing with minimal nutrients. The genus is divided based on each species' pigment production and growth rate. While most
5291:
1875:
1698:
3400:"Incubation time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex sputum cultures in BACTEC MGIT 960: 4weeks of negative culture is enough for physicians to consider alternative diagnoses"
3187:
Huang YC, Liu MF, Shen GH, Lin CF, Kao CC, Liu PY, Shi ZY (October 2010). "Clinical outcome of
Mycobacterium abscessus infection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing".
1751:, a class of viruses with high specificity for their targets. By hijacking the cellular machinery of mycobacteria to produce additional phages, such viruses can be used in
3263:
Tortoli E, Fedrizzi T, Meehan CJ, Trovato A, Grottola A, Giacobazzi E, et al. (December 2017). "The new phylogeny of the genus
Mycobacterium: The old and the news".
1481:
5265:
623:, two closely related bacteria. Roughly 200,000 new cases of infection are reported each year, and 80% of new cases are reported in Brazil, India, and Indonesia.
5304:
376:
as a carbon source in the presence of mineral salts. Temperatures for optimal growth vary between species and media conditions, ranging from 25 to 45 °C.
1515:
3997:
668:
can infect mammalian hosts. These bacteria are referred to as "atypical mycobacteria." Although person-to-person transmission is rare, transmission of
5239:
5278:
3713:
3239:
3163:
2298:
792:
Skin discoloration, nodule development, dry skin, loss of eyebrows and/or eyelashes, numbness, nosebleeds, paralysis, blindness, nerve pain.
5398:
2365:"Mycobacterium leprae in Mice: Minimal Infectious Dose, Relationship Between Staining Quality and Infectivity, and Effect of Cortisone"
685:
pathogen. This is due to the presence of known mycobacterial VFs and other non-mycobacterial VFs found in other prokaryotic pathogens.
3840:
3782:
1755:
for eukaryotic hosts, as they would die alongside the mycobacteria. Since only some mycobacteriophages are capable of penetrating the
1734:
1689:
1497:
1453:
593:
2992:
1541:
2968:
3498:
Smith DW, Randall HM, Maclennan AP, Lederer E (June 1960). "Mycosides: a new class of type-specific glycolipids of
Mycobacteria".
5340:
4657:
40:
1685:
4939:
4632:
1360:
3600:"Targeted replacement of the mycocerosic acid synthase gene in Mycobacterium bovis BCG produces a mutant that lacks mycosides"
1673:
4818:
4491:
4450:
4335:
5283:
5018:
4895:
4831:
2733:
Riojas, Marco A.; McGough, Katya J.; Rider-Riojas, Cristin J.; Rastogi, Nalin; HazbĂłn, Manzour
Hernando (1 January 2018).
5393:
4973:
4720:
4406:
4250:
3985:
59:
2684:
Forrellad MA, Klepp LI, GioffrĂ© A, Sabio y GarcĂa J, Morbidoni HR, de la Paz
Santangelo M, et al. (January 2013).
5378:
4990:
4808:
4567:
4399:
3975:
3948:
3892:
3735:
3726:
1816:
1508:
1493:
1072:
1055:
2914:
1900:
1659:
The two most common methods for visualizing these acid-fast bacilli as bright red against a blue background are the
5368:
4902:
4777:
4604:
4087:
3924:
3917:
3789:
3706:
1526:
1240:
1122:
655:
619:
557:
265:
species are non-pathogenic, the genus' characteristic complex cell wall contributes to evasion from host defenses.
224:
3864:
5309:
5099:
5092:
5012:
4979:
4879:
4851:
4744:
4710:
4648:
4618:
4588:
4509:
4484:
4431:
4393:
4107:
4068:
1535:
680:
490:
3222:
Tortoli E (2019-01-10). "Chapter 1 - The
Taxonomy of the Genus Mycobacterium". In Velayati AA, Farnia P (eds.).
5383:
5131:
5124:
5051:
4952:
4845:
4761:
4611:
4197:
3831:
938:
890:
460:
278:
1708:
1660:
3665:
2649:
Getahun H, Matteelli A, Chaisson RE, Raviglione M (May 2015). "Latent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection".
430:
does not support the growth of mycobacteria, allowing it to go undetected in municipal and hospital systems.
5085:
5071:
5064:
5027:
4959:
4911:
4857:
4824:
4732:
4726:
4703:
4595:
4552:
4380:
4328:
4257:
4237:
4230:
4160:
4129:
4075:
4021:
3885:
3803:
1164:
955:
914:
451:
5153:
5106:
5078:
4967:
4755:
4738:
4639:
4531:
4462:
4412:
4341:
4294:
4174:
4042:
4009:
3878:
3817:
1923:"The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system"
1275:
1105:
3143:
5388:
5373:
4946:
4837:
4796:
4625:
4572:
4545:
4538:
4468:
4386:
4301:
4288:
4274:
4168:
4154:
4117:
3872:
3852:
3846:
3810:
3740:
3699:
2774:
Sugawara-Mikami M, Tanigawa K, Kawashima A, Kiriya M, Nakamura Y, Fujiwara Y, Suzuki K (December 2022).
1457:
1417:
1377:
1223:
1181:
304:
3044:
2079:
Dulberger CL, Rubin EJ, Boutte CC (January 2020). "The mycobacterial cell envelope - a moving target".
5345:
5319:
5213:
5058:
5033:
4996:
4886:
4802:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4419:
4321:
4280:
4243:
4054:
3910:
3824:
3676:
3611:
3507:
3449:"Phage therapy as a renewed therapeutic approach to mycobacterial infections: a comprehensive review"
2827:
2243:
2184:
1520:
1327:
1301:
659:
613:
234:
627:
infection localizes within the skin macrophages and Schwann cells found in peripheral nerve tissue.
5002:
4872:
4767:
3991:
3941:
3796:
3686:
1424:
649:
identifiers). Unique proteins for each species are localized in the outer section for each species.
583:
299:
3357:
Tortoli E, Brown-Elliott BA, Chalmers JD, Cirillo DM, Daley CL, Emler S, et al. (July 2019).
5191:
4933:
3531:
3245:
3124:
2104:
1649:
646:
332:; however, this has been contested by further research. The distinguishing characteristic of all
255:
149:
54:
2943:
2414:"Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and significance for human health"
638:
32:
5327:
5270:
5200:
3639:
3580:
3523:
3480:
3429:
3380:
3339:
3280:
3235:
3204:
3159:
3116:
2896:
2809:
2756:
2715:
2666:
2508:
2435:
2394:
2345:
2294:
2271:
2212:
2153:
2096:
2058:
2027:
Forbes BA, Hall GS, Miller MB, Novak SM, Rowlinson MC, Salfinger M, et al. (April 2018).
2004:
1952:
1849:
Atlas und Grundriss der Bakteriologie und Lehrbuch der speziellen bakteriologischen Diagnostik
1780:
1748:
1640:
706:
642:
426:, mycobacteria can survive a variety of environmental stressors. The agar media used for most
313:
2230:
Traag BA, Driks A, Stragier P, Bitter W, Broussard G, Hatfull G, et al. (January 2010).
5332:
3750:
3744:
3629:
3619:
3570:
3562:
3515:
3470:
3460:
3419:
3411:
3370:
3329:
3319:
3272:
3227:
3196:
3151:
3106:
2886:
2876:
2799:
2791:
2746:
2705:
2697:
2658:
2498:
2490:
2425:
2384:
2376:
2335:
2327:
2261:
2251:
2202:
2192:
2143:
2135:
2088:
2048:
2040:
1994:
1986:
1973:
Pennington KM, Vu A, Challener D, Rivera CG, Shweta FN, Zeuli JD, Temesgen Z (August 2021).
1942:
1934:
1624:
567:
387:. However, some species grow very slowly due to extremely long reproductive cycles, such as
295:
291:
211:
167:
111:
3045:"Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2021: moving towards interruption of transmission"
3691:
2171:
Ghosh J, Larsson P, Singh B, Pettersson BM, Islam NM, Sarkar SN, et al. (June 2009).
2122:
Stamm LM, Morisaki JH, Gao LY, Jeng RL, McDonald KL, Roth R, et al. (November 2003).
1808:
1616:
698:
673:
349:
101:
3615:
3511:
2247:
2188:
2124:"Mycobacterium marinum escapes from phagosomes and is propelled by actin-based motility"
809:
Tender skin, development of boils or pus-filled vesicles, fevers, chills, muscle aches.
3756:
3475:
3448:
3424:
3415:
3399:
3334:
3299:
3231:
3068:
2891:
2856:
2804:
2775:
2710:
2685:
2503:
2478:
2340:
2315:
2266:
2231:
2207:
2172:
2148:
2123:
2053:
2028:
1999:
1974:
1947:
1922:
1632:
1489:
582:, metal-transporter proteins, and gene expression regulators. Several lineages such as
570:, which can be divided across lipid and fatty acid metabolism, cell envelope proteins,
239:
207:
81:
3575:
3550:
3300:"Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus
3200:
2389:
2364:
2314:
Lagier JC, Edouard S, Pagnier I, Mediannikov O, Drancourt M, Raoult D (January 2015).
254:
with a waxy lipid-rich outer layer that contains high concentrations of mycolic acid,
5362:
3634:
3599:
3155:
3128:
2108:
1853:
Atlas and Outline of Bacteriology and Textbook of Special Bacteriological Diagnostics
1752:
1664:
694:
427:
345:
247:
91:
3249:
5205:
3535:
1504:
735:
702:
341:
219:
3566:
3019:
2795:
1975:"Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease"
3276:
2430:
2413:
2380:
1990:
5252:
5185:
3375:
3358:
2625:
2601:
2577:
2550:
2526:
1824:
337:
3604:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3189:
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi
3111:
3094:
2236:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2177:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3101:. Consensus Statement of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease in Taiwan.
2092:
1772:
1763:
because bacteria uptake, transcribe, and translate foreign DNA into proteins.
1461:
731:
727:
719:
571:
384:
369:
317:
309:
258:
is used to emphasize their resistance to acids, compared to other cell types.
43:
5176:
3447:
Azimi T, Mosadegh M, Nasiri MJ, Sabour S, Karimaei S, Nasser A (2019-09-17).
3324:
2494:
5226:
3659:
3624:
3398:
Ogwang S, Mubiri P, Bark CM, Joloba ML, Boom WH, Johnson JL (October 2015).
2316:"Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology"
2256:
2197:
723:
457:
389:
352:, with these unique components offering targets for new tuberculosis drugs.
251:
5296:
3551:"Mycosides C: behavior as receptor site substance for mycobacteriophage D4"
3527:
3484:
3433:
3384:
3343:
3284:
3208:
3120:
2900:
2813:
2760:
2751:
2734:
2719:
2670:
2512:
2439:
2398:
2349:
2275:
2216:
2157:
2100:
2062:
2008:
1956:
1867:
445:
The genome sizes of mycobacteria range from relatively small ones (e.g. in
141:
3643:
3584:
2857:"General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens:
2662:
2412:
Vaerewijck MJ, Huys G, Palomino JC, Swings J, Portaels F (November 2005).
5170:
2331:
2139:
2044:
2029:"Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Mycobacteria"
1760:
579:
419:
373:
215:
71:
3681:
3465:
1938:
383:
species, including most clinically relevant species, can be cultured in
5244:
3903:
2881:
2701:
1802:
From left to right in image of slant tubes of Löwenstein-Jensen medium:
1531:
608:
415:
365:
229:
5257:
2944:"Fact Sheets | General | Tuberculosis: General Information | TB | CDC"
1564:
Phylogenetic tree of slowly-growing members of the Mycobacterium genus
3519:
710:
575:
423:
393:
requiring 12 days per division cycle compared to 20 minutes for some
5147:
722:
ineffective, instead requiring a multi-drug antibiotic treatment of
5231:
2855:
To K, Cao R, Yegiazaryan A, Owens J, Venketaraman V (August 2020).
3359:"Same meat, different gravy: ignore the new names of mycobacteria"
2924:. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). August 1999. p. 2
637:
329:
277:
203:
2739:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1979:
Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
2291:
Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends
1783:. Replacement of the gene encoding mycocerosic acid synthase in
5151:
3695:
3670:
1488:
species, classification and identification systems now rely on
5218:
3093:
Weng YW, Huang CK, Sy CL, Wu KS, Tsai HC, Lee SS (June 2020).
705:; a waxy outer mycomembrane of mycolic acid; and an outermost
599:
until they were finally merged into the main species in 2018.
2686:"Virulence factors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex"
2289:
Bhamidi S (2009). "Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan".
812:
clarithromycin, azithromycin, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem.
3673:: Genomic and proteomic database for pathogenic mycobacteria
3598:
Azad AK, Sirakova TD, Rogers LM, Kolattukudy PE (May 1996).
3095:"Treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus complex-lung disease"
3069:"Mycobacterium abscessus in Healthcare Settings | HAI | CDC"
2479:"Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium vulneris DSM 45247T"
1759:
membrane, the viral DNA may be delivered through artificial
3662:: Genomes, proteins, epitopes, and pathways of mycobacteria
3099:
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi
456:
encoding 6,653 proteins, larger than the ~6000 proteins of
2828:"Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections | HAI | CDC"
1468:(pigment production induced by light), Group II comprises
1460:
of analyzing growth rate and production of yellow/orange
3549:
Goren MB, McClatchy JK, Martens B, Brokl O (June 1972).
1482:
International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP)
1452:
Mycobacteria have historically been categorized through
3020:"Signs and Symptoms | Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) | CDC"
1876:
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
2572:
2570:
218:
known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including
2477:
Croce O, Robert C, Raoult D, Drancourt M (May 2014).
1620:
based on the Rapidly-Growing Abscessus-Chelonae clade
1612:
based on the Slowly-Growing Tuberculosis-Simiae clade
771:
Fatigue, weight loss, fever, hemoptysis, chest pain.
1576:
Phylogenetic tree of rapidly-growing members of the
592:(bovine TB) were considered separate species in the
5160:
5116:
5043:
4925:
4787:
4674:
4667:
4580:
4566:
4523:
4501:
4362:
4355:
4313:
4267:
4222:
4213:
4186:
4145:
4099:
3967:
3960:
3774:
3765:
3734:
3142:Scholar E (2007-01-01), Enna SJ, Bylund DB (eds.),
3014:
3012:
1895:
1893:
1737:samples emitting fluorescence in ultraviolet light
1644:
based on the Rapidly-Growing Fortuitum-Vaccae clade
774:isoniazid INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol.
364:species readily grow with minimal nutrients, using
3677:CDC - Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections
3660:Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center
653:Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM), which exclude
294:with 0.2-0.6 ÎĽm wide and 1.0-10 ÎĽm long
4146:
4032:
1968:
1966:
1650:Bacterial taxonomy § Pathology vs. phylogeny
3148:xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference
2915:"Mycobacteria: Health Advisory EPA-822-B-01-007"
2074:
2072:
4866:
4363:
3144:"Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare Infections"
833:clarithromycin, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem.
830:Coughing, hemoptysis, fever, cavitary lesions.
3404:Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease
3707:
3182:
3180:
2022:
2020:
2018:
8:
1855:] (1st ed.). MĂĽnchen: J.F. Lehmann.
1516:mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection
250:-like colony surfaces. Since this genus has
1921:Batt SM, Minnikin DE, Besra GS (May 2020).
1496:. The major disease-causing groups are the
1472:(constitutive pigment production), and the
308:, which has been shown to be motile within
5148:
4671:
4577:
4359:
4219:
3964:
3771:
3762:
3714:
3700:
3692:
2850:
2848:
1680:(MAC) cells black and pink, respectively.
1628:based on the Slowly-Growing Triviale clade
31:
20:
3633:
3623:
3574:
3474:
3464:
3423:
3374:
3333:
3323:
3110:
2890:
2880:
2803:
2750:
2709:
2502:
2429:
2388:
2339:
2265:
2255:
2206:
2196:
2147:
2052:
1998:
1946:
734:to hinder arabinogalactan synthesis, and
645:proteins found in each species (based on
286:cell envelope with 3-D protein structures
1722:Slant tubes of Löwenstein-Jensen medium.
1636:based on the Slowly-Growing Terrae clade
740:
672:has been observed between patients with
465:
442:genomes have been completely sequenced.
246:means 'fungus', alluding to this genus'
3682:PRASITE: Identification of Mycobacteria
1839:
1795:
1694:
1580:genus, alongside the M. terrae complex.
1554:
449:) to quite large ones, such as that as
2969:"Diagnosing and Treating Tuberculosis"
2363:Shepard CC, Mcrae DH (February 1965).
2232:"Do mycobacteria produce endospores?"
7:
5320:88615ca0-ee31-49be-8939-0736f8499757
3150:, New York: Elsevier, pp. 1–5,
2128:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1603:genus as a valid taxonomic synonym:
2651:The New England Journal of Medicine
1352:
1215:
1156:
1097:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
930:
906:
882:
875:
863:
856:
726:to inhibit mycolic acid synthesis,
611:is caused by infection with either
467:Protein-Coding Genomic Information
418:formation, cell wall resistance to
3416:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.07.002
3232:10.1016/B978-0-12-814692-7.00001-2
1690:mycobacteria growth indicator tube
693:Mycobacteria have cell walls with
206:of over 190 species in the phylum
14:
3687:TB Structural Genomics Consortium
3265:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
3226:. Academic Press. pp. 1–10.
3224:Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)
2993:"Global Tuberculosis Report 2022"
1787:prevents formation of mycosides.
795:dapson, rifampicin, clofazimine.
730:to interfere with transcription,
3363:The European Respiratory Journal
3156:10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60891-8
2776:"Pathogenicity and virulence of
1747:Mycobacteria can be infected by
1727:
1715:
1697:
1667:. Fite's stain is used to color
1569:
1557:
738:to impede Coenzyme A synthesis.
58:
1908:Environmental Protection Agency
475:Number of Protein Coding Genes
3298:Gupta RS, Lo B, Son J (2018).
1847:Lehmann KB, Neumann R (1896).
1674:Perioidic Acid Schiff staining
1586:Proposed division of the genus
718:. This unique structure makes
1:
3567:10.1128/jvi.9.6.999-1003.1972
3453:Infection and Drug Resistance
3201:10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60063-1
2796:10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987
2320:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2173:"Sporulation in mycobacteria"
2033:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1901:Mycobacteria: Health Advisory
760:Reported Cases (Region, Year)
753:Common Symptoms of Infection
3277:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.013
2869:Journal of Clinical Medicine
2431:10.1016/j.femsre.2005.02.001
2381:10.1128/jb.89.2.365-372.1965
2081:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1991:10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100244
5399:Infectious causes of cancer
3666:Merck Manual - Mycobacteria
3376:10.1183/13993003.00795-2019
1817:Mycobacterium avium complex
1678:Mycobacterium avium complex
1494:computational phylogenetics
1464:pigments. Group I contains
777:1.6 Million (Global, 2021)
210:, assigned its own family,
5417:
3112:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.028
2293:. Caister Academic Press.
1705:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1647:
620:Mycobacterium lepromatosis
558:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
550:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
407:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
128:Lehmann & Neumann 1896
3312:Frontiers in Microbiology
2973:American Lung Association
2418:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
2093:10.1038/s41579-019-0273-7
1484:currently recognizes 195
1421:
1374:
1357:
1350:
1324:
1298:
1272:
1237:
1220:
1213:
1178:
1161:
1154:
1119:
1102:
1095:
1069:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
952:
935:
928:
911:
904:
887:
880:
873:
861:
850:Cladogram of Key Species
302:, except for the species
155:
148:
138:
133:
55:Scientific classification
53:
39:
30:
23:
3325:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067
2495:10.1128/genomeA.00370-14
1820:: Wet-appearing colonies
1812:: Dry-appearing colonies
1686:Löwenstein–Jensen medium
372:as nitrogen sources and
344:-rich cell wall made of
3625:10.1073/pnas.93.10.4787
2863:Mycobacterium abscessus
2369:Journal of Bacteriology
2257:10.1073/pnas.0911299107
2198:10.1073/pnas.0904104106
1927:The Biochemical Journal
1594:have proposed dividing
798:133,802 (Global, 2021)
422:, and association with
312:. Mycobacteria possess
4658:M. fluoroanthenivorans
3308:and Four Novel Genera"
3304:into an Emended Genus
2752:10.1099/ijsem.0.002507
1910:(Report). August 1999.
1665:modified Kinyoun stain
1542:chronic lung infection
745:Infection Information
650:
287:
214:. This genus includes
140:Over 190 species, see
3893:M. ulcerans liflandii
3775:M. tuberculosis group
2663:10.1056/NEJMra1405427
2454:"JGI GOLD | Projects"
1866:Euzéby JP, Parte AC.
1648:Further information:
1458:Runyon classification
641:
316:and most do not form
305:Mycobacterium marinum
298:. They are generally
281:
4940:M. thermoresistibile
4633:M. frederiksbergense
4502:M. intermedium group
4479:M. interjectum group
4100:M. haemophilum group
3105:(Suppl 1): S58–S66.
2778:Mycobacterium leprae
2483:Genome Announcements
2332:10.1128/CMR.00110-14
2140:10.1084/jem.20031072
2045:10.1128/CMR.00038-17
1828:: Yellowish colonies
614:Mycobacterium leprae
336:species is a thick,
5394:Pathogenic bacteria
5117:M. elephantis group
4819:M. chlorophenolicum
4492:M. saskatchewanense
4451:M. parascrofulaceum
4336:M. nonchromogenicum
4187:M. conspicuum group
3616:1996PNAS...93.4787A
3555:Journal of Virology
3512:1960Natur.186..887S
3466:10.2147/IDR.S218638
2859:Mycobacterium avium
2248:2010PNAS..107..878T
2189:2009PNAS..10610781G
2183:(26): 10781–10786.
1939:10.1042/BCJ20200194
1709:Ziehl-Neelsen stain
1661:Ziehl-Neelsen stain
1425:Nocardia asteroides
1361:M. nonchromogenicum
746:
607:The development of
468:
328:have been shown to
5379:Bacterial diseases
5019:M. madagascariense
4926:M. smegmatis group
4896:M. austroafricanum
4832:M. psychrotolerans
4675:M. fortuitum group
4314:M. hiberniae group
2882:10.3390/jcm9082541
2702:10.4161/viru.22329
1804:- Negative control
1781:mycobacteriophages
1749:mycobacteriophages
1743:Mycobacteriophages
1454:phenotypic testing
741:
651:
466:
288:
284:Mycobacterium spp.
256:acid-fast staining
5369:Acid-fast bacilli
5356:
5355:
5328:Open Tree of Life
5154:Taxon identifiers
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5044:M. chelonae group
4974:M. conceptionense
4921:
4920:
4721:M. neworleansense
4581:M. neoaurum group
4562:
4561:
4519:
4518:
4407:M. heidelbergense
4351:
4350:
4251:M. heckeshornense
4209:
4208:
4147:M. gordonae group
4141:
4140:
3986:M. intracellulare
3968:M. kansasii group
3865:M. pseudoshottsii
3610:(10): 4787–4792.
3506:(4728): 887–888.
3241:978-0-12-814692-7
3165:978-0-08-055232-3
2657:(22): 2127–2135.
2300:978-1-904455-45-5
1933:(10): 1983–2006.
1641:Mycolicibacterium
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1339:
1338:
1313:
1312:
1287:
1286:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1084:
1083:
1073:M. intracellulare
985:
984:
976:
975:
967:
966:
840:
839:
815:3000 (US, Annual
756:Known Treatments
689:Virulence factors
568:virulence factors
541:
540:
481:M. intracellulare
290:Mycobacteria are
238:) in humans. The
195:
194:
189:
188:Gupta et al. 2018
181:
180:Gupta et al. 2018
173:
172:Gupta et al. 2018
163:
162:Gupta et al. 2018
159:Mycolicibacterium
129:
16:Genus of bacteria
5406:
5349:
5348:
5336:
5335:
5323:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5300:
5299:
5287:
5286:
5274:
5273:
5261:
5260:
5248:
5247:
5235:
5234:
5222:
5221:
5209:
5208:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5149:
5006:
4991:M. novocastrense
4983:
4861:
4812:
4809:M. parafortuitum
4771:
4748:
4672:
4578:
4480:
4443:
4442:M. kubicae group
4400:M. montefiorense
4373:
4360:
4268:M. celatum group
4220:
4035:
4003:paratuberculosis
3978:
3965:
3949:M. kumamotonense
3934:
3906:
3843:
3785:
3772:
3763:
3751:scotochromogenic
3745:photochromogenic
3716:
3709:
3702:
3693:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3520:10.1038/186887a0
3495:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3468:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3327:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3114:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2884:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2790:(1): 1985–2011.
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2458:gold.jgi.doe.gov
2450:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2134:(9): 1361–1368.
2119:
2113:
2112:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2039:(2): e00038–17.
2024:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1829:
1800:
1731:
1719:
1701:
1625:Mycolicibacillus
1573:
1561:
1353:
1216:
1157:
1098:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
931:
907:
883:
876:
864:
857:
847:
846:
747:
666:M. lepromatosis,
631:Nontuberculosis
469:
212:Mycobacteriaceae
187:
179:
171:
168:Mycolicibacillus
161:
127:
112:Mycobacteriaceae
63:
62:
35:
21:
5416:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5384:Bacteria genera
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5344:
5339:
5331:
5326:
5318:
5316:
5308:
5303:
5295:
5290:
5282:
5277:
5269:
5264:
5256:
5251:
5243:
5238:
5230:
5225:
5217:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5156:
5146:
5137:
5112:
5039:
4988:
4965:
4917:
4903:M. pyrenivorans
4843:
4794:
4788:M. vaccae group
4783:
4778:M. farcinogenes
4753:
4718:
4663:
4605:M. canariasense
4571:
4568:Rapidly growing
4558:
4515:
4497:
4478:
4441:
4372:M. simiae group
4371:
4364:M. simiae clade
4347:
4309:
4263:
4223:M. xenopi group
4215:
4205:
4182:
4137:
4095:
4088:M. scrofulaceum
4031:
3974:
3956:
3932:
3925:M. lepromatosis
3918:M. lepraemurium
3902:
3839:
3790:M. tuberculosis
3781:
3767:
3754:
3748:
3738:
3730:
3720:
3656:
3651:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3561:(6): 999–1003.
3548:
3547:
3543:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3242:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2630:www.uniprot.org
2624:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2606:www.uniprot.org
2600:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2582:www.uniprot.org
2576:
2575:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2555:www.uniprot.org
2549:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2531:www.uniprot.org
2525:
2524:
2520:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2026:
2025:
2016:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1821:
1813:
1809:M. tuberculosis
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1769:
1757:M. tuberculosis
1745:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1657:
1652:
1617:Mycobacteroides
1588:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1562:
1527:M. lepromatosis
1499:M. tuberculosis
1470:scotochromogens
1466:photochromogens
1446:
1437:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1340:
1314:
1288:
1262:
1253:
1241:M. tuberculosis
1203:
1194:
1144:
1135:
1123:M. scrofulaceum
1085:
986:
977:
968:
845:
787:M. lepromatosis
767:M. tuberculosis
699:arabinogalactan
691:
674:cystic fibrosis
656:M. tuberculosis
636:
605:
595:M, tuberculosis
564:M. tuberculosis
554:
546:
513:M. tuberculosis
436:
403:
358:
350:arabinogalactan
276:
271:
225:M. tuberculosis
185:Mycobacteroides
126:
102:Mycobacteriales
57:
48:M. tuberculosis
17:
12:
11:
5:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5361:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5337:
5324:
5314:
5301:
5288:
5275:
5262:
5249:
5236:
5223:
5210:
5197:
5182:
5166:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5128:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5100:M. massiliense
5096:
5093:M. immunogenum
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5055:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5023:
5022:
5013:M. confluentis
5008:
5007:
4985:
4984:
4980:M. moriokaense
4963:
4956:
4943:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4880:M. vanbaalenii
4876:
4863:
4862:
4852:M. mucogenicum
4841:
4828:
4814:
4813:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4773:
4772:
4750:
4749:
4745:M. senegalense
4715:
4714:
4711:M. houstonense
4707:
4699:
4698:
4678:
4676:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4653:
4652:
4649:M. brisbanense
4644:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4619:M. diernhoferi
4615:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4592:
4589:M. mageritense
4584:
4582:
4575:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4510:M. intermedium
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4485:M. interjectum
4481:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4432:M. lentiflavum
4425:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4403:
4394:M. florentinum
4390:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4356:Short helix 18
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4298:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4234:
4226:
4224:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4108:M. haemophilum
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4069:M. nebraskense
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4006:
3995:
3979:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3844:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3757:nonchromogenic
3736:Slowly growing
3732:
3731:
3727:Nontuberculous
3721:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3663:
3655:
3654:External links
3652:
3650:
3649:
3590:
3541:
3490:
3439:
3410:(2): 162–164.
3390:
3369:(1): 1900795.
3349:
3290:
3255:
3240:
3214:
3195:(5): 401–406.
3176:
3164:
3134:
3085:
3060:
3036:
3008:
2984:
2960:
2935:
2906:
2844:
2819:
2766:
2745:(1): 324–332.
2725:
2676:
2641:
2617:
2593:
2566:
2542:
2518:
2469:
2445:
2424:(5): 911–934.
2404:
2375:(2): 365–372.
2355:
2326:(1): 208–236.
2306:
2299:
2281:
2242:(2): 878–881.
2222:
2163:
2114:
2068:
2014:
1962:
1913:
1889:
1858:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1775:isolated from
1771:Mycosides are
1768:
1765:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1696:
1656:
1653:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1633:Mycolicibacter
1629:
1621:
1613:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1556:
1490:DNA sequencing
1474:non-chromogens
1456:, such as the
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
979:
978:
974:
973:
970:
969:
965:
964:
961:
960:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
934:
929:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
910:
905:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
886:
881:
879:
874:
872:
862:
860:
855:
852:
851:
844:
841:
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
821:
820:
813:
810:
807:
800:
799:
796:
793:
790:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
763:
762:
757:
754:
751:
690:
687:
635:
629:
604:
601:
553:
547:
545:
542:
539:
538:
535:
529:
528:
525:
519:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
499:
498:
495:
492:M. colombiense
487:
486:
483:
477:
476:
473:
435:
432:
402:
399:
357:
354:
275:
272:
270:
267:
208:Actinomycetota
193:
192:
191:
190:
182:
177:Mycolicibacter
174:
164:
153:
152:
146:
145:
136:
135:
131:
130:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
82:Actinomycetota
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5412:
5411:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5297:mycobacterium
5293:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5192:Mycobacterium
5187:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5162:Mycobacterium
5159:
5155:
5150:
5134:
5133:
5132:M. holsaticum
5129:
5127:
5126:
5125:M. elephantis
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5052:M. komossense
5049:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4953:M. flavescens
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4847:
4846:M. aubagnense
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:M. peregrinum
4758:
4757:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4612:M. cosmeticum
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4214:Long helix 18
4212:
4200:
4199:
4198:M. conspicuum
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:M. pinnipedii
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3766:Long helix 18
3764:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3459:: 2943–2959.
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:Mycobacterium
3303:
3302:Mycobacterium
3294:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1870:Mycobacterium
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:Mycobacterium
1774:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:phage therapy
1750:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:Mycobacterium
1606:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:Mycobacterium
1597:
1596:Mycobacterium
1593:
1585:
1579:
1578:Mycobacterium
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1550:Mycobacterium
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:Mycobacterium
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:
990:
989:
981:
980:
972:
971:
963:
962:
959:
958:
957:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
940:
939:M. flavescens
933:
932:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
917:
916:
909:
908:
902:
901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
892:
885:
884:
878:
877:
871:
870:
869:Mycobacterium
866:
865:
859:
858:
854:
853:
849:
848:
842:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
791:
789:
788:
784:
781:
780:
776:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
744:
743:Mycobacterial
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:peptidoglycan
688:
686:
683:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
661:
657:
648:
644:
640:
634:
630:
628:
626:
622:
621:
616:
615:
610:
602:
600:
598:
596:
591:
590:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
559:
551:
548:
544:Pathogenicity
543:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
494:
493:
489:
488:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
470:
464:
462:
459:
455:
453:
448:
443:
441:
440:Mycobacterium
433:
431:
429:
428:water testing
425:
421:
417:
412:
408:
400:
398:
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
381:Mycobacterium
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Mycobacterium
355:
353:
351:
347:
346:peptidoglycan
343:
339:
335:
334:Mycobacterium
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
293:
285:
282:Model of the
280:
273:
268:
266:
264:
263:Mycobacterium
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:
199:Mycobacterium
186:
183:
178:
175:
170:
169:
165:
160:
157:
156:
154:
151:
147:
144:
143:
137:
132:
125:
124:
123:Mycobacterium
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:Actinomycetia
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
25:Mycobacterium
22:
19:
5389:Mycobacteria
5374:Tuberculosis
5161:
5130:
5123:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5086:M. abscessus
5084:
5077:
5072:M. aichiense
5070:
5065:M. tokaiense
5063:
5057:
5050:
5032:
5028:M. smegmatis
5026:
5017:
5011:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:M. monacense
4958:
4951:
4945:
4938:
4932:
4912:M. poriferae
4910:
4901:
4894:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4858:M. phocaicum
4856:
4850:
4844:
4836:
4830:
4825:M. chubuense
4823:
4817:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4776:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4743:
4737:
4733:M. fortuitum
4731:
4727:M. boenickei
4725:
4719:
4709:
4704:M. rhodesiae
4702:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4656:
4647:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:M. wolinskyi
4594:
4587:
4553:M. arosiense
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4508:
4490:
4483:
4467:
4461:
4449:
4430:
4418:
4411:
4405:
4398:
4392:
4385:
4381:M. genavense
4379:
4340:
4334:
4329:M. hiberniae
4327:
4320:
4300:
4293:
4279:
4258:M. hassiacum
4256:
4249:
4242:
4238:M. shimoidei
4236:
4231:M. botniense
4229:
4196:
4173:
4161:M. asiaticum
4159:
4130:M. malmoense
4128:
4116:
4106:
4086:
4076:M. seoulense
4074:
4067:
4053:
4041:
4022:M. bohemicum
4020:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3984:
3947:
3940:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3863:
3851:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3804:M. africanum
3802:
3795:
3788:
3723:Mycobacteria
3722:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3223:
3217:
3192:
3188:
3169:, retrieved
3147:
3137:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3077:. Retrieved
3075:. 2021-11-15
3072:
3063:
3052:. Retrieved
3048:
3039:
3028:. Retrieved
3026:. 2018-10-22
3023:
3000:. Retrieved
2996:
2987:
2976:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2952:. Retrieved
2950:. 2022-08-17
2947:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2921:
2909:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2836:. Retrieved
2834:. 2019-08-12
2831:
2822:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2769:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2633:. Retrieved
2629:
2620:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:
2558:. Retrieved
2554:
2545:
2534:. Retrieved
2530:
2521:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2461:. Retrieved
2457:
2448:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2290:
2284:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2087:(1): 47–59.
2084:
2080:
2036:
2032:
1982:
1978:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1907:
1880:. Retrieved
1869:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1798:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1756:
1746:
1704:
1682:
1677:
1668:
1658:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1577:
1549:
1546:
1537:M. abscessus
1536:
1525:
1519:
1509:
1505:tuberculosis
1498:
1485:
1480:Because the
1479:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1451:
1423:
1422:
1376:
1375:
1359:
1358:
1326:
1325:
1300:
1299:
1274:
1273:
1239:
1238:
1222:
1221:
1180:
1179:
1165:M. malmoense
1163:
1162:
1121:
1120:
1104:
1103:
1071:
1070:
1054:
1053:
956:M. smegmatis
954:
953:
937:
936:
915:M. fortuitum
913:
912:
889:
888:
868:
867:
825:M. abscessus
824:
816:
803:
786:
785:
782:
766:
759:
742:
736:pyrazinamide
715:
703:mycolic acid
692:
681:M. abscessus
679:
678:
670:M. abscessus
669:
665:
654:
652:
633:Mycobacteria
632:
624:
618:
612:
606:
594:
588:
584:
574:inhibitors,
563:
556:
555:
549:
532:
523:M. smegmatis
522:
512:
502:
491:
480:
450:
446:
444:
439:
438:Hundreds of
437:
410:
406:
404:
394:
388:
380:
378:
361:
359:
342:mycolic acid
333:
325:
324:and perhaps
321:
303:
289:
283:
269:Microbiology
262:
260:
243:
233:
223:
220:tuberculosis
198:
197:
196:
184:
176:
166:
158:
139:
122:
121:
47:
24:
18:
5253:iNaturalist
5186:Wikispecies
5107:M. bolletii
5079:M. chelonae
4968:M. pulveris
4756:M. septicum
4739:M. porcinum
4640:M. neoaurum
4532:M. triviale
4463:M. palustre
4413:M. parmense
4342:M. arupense
4295:M. branderi
4175:M. gordonae
4043:M. kansasii
4010:M. chimaera
3886:M. shottsii
3879:M. ulcerans
3818:M. canettii
3725:(including
3671:Mycobrowser
3073:www.cdc.gov
3049:www.who.int
3024:www.cdc.gov
2997:www.who.int
2948:www.cdc.gov
2875:(8): 2541.
2832:www.cdc.gov
2696:(1): 3–66.
1825:M. gordonae
1773:glycolipids
1276:M. gordonae
1106:M. kansasii
891:M. chelonae
720:penicillins
643:Orthologous
533:M. chelonae
452:M. vulneris
370:amino acids
338:hydrophobic
310:macrophages
5363:Categories
4947:M. duvalii
4838:M. sphagni
4797:M. obuense
4668:F/T groups
4626:M. hodleri
4546:M. tusciae
4539:M. doricum
4469:M. kubicae
4387:M. triplex
4302:M. celatum
4118:M. szulgai
3961:K/H groups
3853:M. marinum
3811:M. microti
3171:2023-05-07
3079:2023-04-27
3054:2023-05-07
3030:2023-04-25
3002:2023-05-07
2978:2023-04-25
2954:2023-04-25
2838:2023-04-28
2635:2023-05-07
2611:2023-05-07
2587:2023-05-07
2560:2023-05-07
2536:2023-05-07
2463:2023-05-13
1985:: 100244.
1835:References
1462:carotenoid
1224:M. marinum
1182:M. szulgai
732:ethambutol
728:rifampicin
578:proteins,
572:macrophage
458:eukaryotic
385:blood agar
356:Physiology
322:M. marinum
318:endospores
300:non-motile
296:rod shapes
274:Morphology
252:cell walls
44:micrograph
5059:M. murale
5034:M. goodii
4997:M. brumae
4887:M. vaccae
4803:M. gilvum
4695:M. gadium
4689:M. fallax
4683:M. chitae
4573:Runyon IV
4524:Ungrouped
4420:M. simiae
4322:M. terrae
4281:M. cookii
4244:M. xenopi
4055:M. gastri
3911:M. leprae
3825:M. caprae
3271:: 19–25.
3129:219604813
2784:Virulence
2690:Virulence
2626:"UniProt"
2602:"UniProt"
2578:"UniProt"
2551:"UniProt"
2527:"UniProt"
2109:208020338
1767:Mycosides
1761:liposomes
1676:to color
1669:M. leprae
1655:Diagnosis
1552:species:
1521:M. leprae
1378:M. terrae
1328:M. xenopi
1302:M. simiae
817:estimated
783:M. leprae
750:Organism
724:isoniazid
660:M. leprae
625:M. leprae
580:proteases
566:has many
503:M. leprae
472:Organism
447:M. leprae
411:M. leprae
397:strains.
390:M. leprae
330:sporulate
235:M. leprae
216:pathogens
5171:Wikidata
5003:M. phlei
4873:M. aurum
4768:M. alvei
3999:M. avium
3992:M. avium
3942:M. lacus
3797:M. bovis
3528:13831939
3485:31571947
3434:26239846
3385:31296783
3344:29497402
3285:29030295
3250:92810288
3209:21075707
3121:32527504
2928:10 March
2901:32781595
2814:36326715
2761:29205127
2720:23076359
2671:26017823
2513:24812218
2440:16219512
2399:14255702
2350:25567228
2276:20080769
2217:19541637
2158:14597736
2101:31728063
2063:29386234
2009:34036184
1957:32470138
1882:June 16,
1785:M. bovis
1692:(MGIT).
1510:M. avium
1418:outgroup
1056:M. avium
836:Unknown
827:complex
806:complex
804:M. avium
434:Genomics
420:chlorine
405:Whereas
374:glycerol
326:M. bovis
314:capsules
150:Synonyms
134:Species
108:Family:
78:Phylum:
72:Bacteria
68:Domain:
5271:1115466
5245:3225061
5177:Q194309
4934:M. agri
4216:(other)
3904:Leprosy
3768:(TKHGC)
3644:8643481
3612:Bibcode
3585:4113889
3536:4149360
3508:Bibcode
3476:6756577
3425:4573350
3335:5819568
2922:epa.gov
2892:7463534
2805:9635560
2711:3544749
2504:4014686
2341:4284306
2267:2818926
2244:Bibcode
2208:2705590
2185:Bibcode
2149:2194249
2054:5967691
2000:8135042
1948:7261415
1534:), and
1532:leprosy
1512:complex
1501:complex
843:History
711:glucans
707:capsule
609:Leprosy
603:Leprosy
597:complex
552:complex
424:amoebas
416:biofilm
401:Ecology
395:E. coli
368:and/or
366:ammonia
292:aerobic
242:prefix
230:leprosy
118:Genus:
98:Order:
88:Class:
5346:178089
5333:310512
5317:NZOR:
5284:189415
5258:356728
5232:1MYCBG
4001:subp.
3937:other
3642:
3632:
3583:
3576:356406
3573:
3534:
3526:
3500:Nature
3483:
3473:
3432:
3422:
3383:
3342:
3332:
3318:: 67.
3283:
3248:
3238:
3207:
3162:
3127:
3119:
2899:
2889:
2812:
2802:
2759:
2718:
2708:
2669:
2511:
2501:
2438:
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2390:305516
2387:
2348:
2338:
2297:
2274:
2264:
2215:
2205:
2156:
2146:
2107:
2099:
2061:
2051:
2007:
1997:
1955:
1945:
1878:(LPSN)
1592:et al.
1590:Gupta
701:, and
576:kinase
537:4,948
527:6,602
517:3,995
507:1,603
497:5,084
485:5,289
340:, and
228:) and
5341:WoRMS
5266:IRMNG
5219:83101
5206:63CRH
3635:39357
3532:S2CID
3246:S2CID
3125:S2CID
2918:(PDF)
2489:(3).
2105:S2CID
1904:(PDF)
1851:[
1791:Notes
716:myco-
589:bovis
587:var.
585:M. t.
461:yeast
379:Most
360:Many
244:myco-
240:Greek
204:genus
202:is a
5310:1763
5305:NCBI
5292:LPSN
5279:ITIS
5240:GBIF
5227:EPPO
4458:R2S
4446:R3N
4427:R2S
4376:R3N
4193:R2S
4125:R3N
4113:R2S
4083:R3N
4064:R2S
4050:R3N
4038:R1P
4017:R2S
3981:R3N
3860:R2S
3755:R3N=
3749:R2S=
3640:PMID
3581:PMID
3524:PMID
3481:PMID
3430:PMID
3381:PMID
3340:PMID
3281:PMID
3236:ISBN
3205:PMID
3160:ISBN
3117:PMID
2930:2023
2897:PMID
2861:and
2810:PMID
2757:PMID
2716:PMID
2667:PMID
2509:PMID
2436:PMID
2395:PMID
2346:PMID
2295:ISBN
2272:PMID
2213:PMID
2154:PMID
2097:PMID
2059:PMID
2005:PMID
1953:PMID
1884:2021
1735:MGIT
1688:and
1663:and
1524:and
1492:and
664:and
409:and
348:and
248:mold
142:LPSN
5214:EoL
5201:CoL
4289:R3N
4275:R2S
4169:R2S
4155:R1P
3976:MAC
3933:R3N
3873:R3N
3847:R1P
3841:MPM
3783:MTC
3630:PMC
3620:doi
3571:PMC
3563:doi
3516:doi
3504:186
3471:PMC
3461:doi
3420:PMC
3412:doi
3371:doi
3330:PMC
3320:doi
3273:doi
3228:doi
3197:doi
3152:doi
3107:doi
3103:119
2887:PMC
2877:doi
2800:PMC
2792:doi
2747:doi
2706:PMC
2698:doi
2659:doi
2655:372
2499:PMC
2491:doi
2426:doi
2385:PMC
2377:doi
2336:PMC
2328:doi
2262:PMC
2252:doi
2240:107
2203:PMC
2193:doi
2181:106
2144:PMC
2136:doi
2132:198
2089:doi
2049:PMC
2041:doi
1995:PMC
1987:doi
1943:PMC
1935:doi
1931:477
1707:on
1544:).
1518:),
1507:),
709:of
647:OMA
617:or
46:of
41:TEM
5365::
5343::
5330::
5307::
5294::
5281::
5268::
5255::
5242::
5229::
5216::
5203::
5188::
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4867:AV
4033:GK
3743:P=
3741:R1
3638:.
3628:.
3618:.
3608:93
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3602:.
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3522:.
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3408:83
3406:.
3402:.
3379:.
3367:54
3365:.
3361:.
3338:.
3328:.
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3310:.
3279:.
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3267:.
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3115:.
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2003:.
1993:.
1983:24
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1965:^
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