1046:
931:
to treat leprosy because treatment of leprosy with one drug (monotherapy) can result in drug resistance. The drug combination used in MDT will depend on the classification of the disease. WHO recommends patients with multibacillary leprosy use a combination of
Rifampicin, Clofazimine, and Dapsone for 12 months. WHO recommends patients with paulibacilalry leprosy use combination of Rifampicin and Dapsone for a duration of 6 months. Antibiotics must be taken regularly until treatment is complete because
284:
61:
851:
33:
3686:
355:(MTB), the Fite-Faraco staining method, which has a lower acid concentration, is used now. In size and shape, it closely resembles MTB. The bacteria are found in the granulomatous lesions and are especially numerous in the nodules. This bacteria often occur in large numbers within the lesions of lepromatous leprosy and are usually grouped together as a
910:
906:, " The disease is unmistakeable: there is gross swelling and loss of hair around the snout, lips, eyelids, ears, genitalia and sometimes feet and lower limbs. This bare skin has a "shiny" appearance. The squirrel is usually in generally poor body condition and may have a heavy burden of parasites like fleas, ticks and mites."
800:. Ancient sequences were compared with those of modern strains from biopsies of leprosy patients representing diverse genotypes and geographic origins, giving new insights in the understanding of its evolution and course through history, phylogeography of the leprosy bacillus, and the disappearance of leprosy from Europe.
942:
The number of reported cases of leprosy annually is around 250,000 cases indicating that the chain of transmission has yet to be broken despite the use of MDT leading to a 90% reduction in the prevalence rate of leprosy. This makes it very evident that control of the disease is not yet where it needs
807:
demonstrated a remarkable genomic conservation during the past 1000 years and a close similarity between modern and ancient strains, suggesting that the sudden decline of leprosy in Europe was not due to a loss of virulence, but due to extraneous factors, such as other infectious diseases, changes in
1071:
who argued with Hansen over priority for the discovery. Hansen's attempts to infect animals with the bacteria were unsuccessful. When, in 1879, he injected, without consent, tissue from a person with lepromatous leprosy into the eye of 33-year old Kari
Nielsdatter who had the milder tuberculoid form
842:
infiltration of the skin, causing infected individuals to exhibit large flattened patches with raised and elevated red edges on their skin. These patches have dry, pale, hairless centers, accompanied by a loss of sensation on the skin. The loss of sensation may develop as a result of invasion of the
930:
in the bacteria's cell walls afford resistance to many antibiotics and are a major virulence factor. Multidrug therapy (MDT) was recommended by WHO Expert
Committee in 1984, and became the standard leprosy treatment. MDT has been supplied by WHO for free since 1995 to endemic countries. MDT is used
891:
infection, also known as leprosy, are skin sores that are pale in color, lumps or bumps that do not go away after several weeks or months, nerve damage which can lead to complications with the ability to sense feeling in the arms and legs as well as muscle weakness. Symptoms usually take 3–5 years
892:
from being exposed to manifest within the body. However, some individuals do not begin to show symptoms until 20 years after exposure to the disease. This long incubation period makes the ability to properly be able to diagnose when an individual came into contact with the disease very difficult.
487:
has lost the ability to use common carbon sources, such as acetate and galactose, in its central energy metabolism pathways. Additionally, lipid degradation is impaired, with deficits in key lipase enzymes, and other proteins involved in lipolysis. Functional carbon catabolic pathways continue to
705:
Since the introduction of multidrug therapy (MDT) in the 1980s, the prevalence of leprosy cases has declined by 95%. This decline led the World Health
Organization (WHO) to declare leprosy eliminated as a public health problem, defined as a prevalence of less than one leprosy patient per 10,000
714:
DNA was detected in soil from houses of leprosy patients in
Bangladesh, armadillos' holes in Suriname and habitats of lepromatous red squirrels in the British Isles. One study found numerous reports of leprosy cases with a history of contact with armadillos in the United States. A zoonotic
723:
infection were observed in armadillos in the
Brazilian state of Pará, and individuals who frequently consumed armadillo meat showed a significantly higher titres of the M. leprae-specific antigen, phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) compared with those who did not or ate them less frequently.
499:
s anabolic pathways have been largely unaffected by its reductive evolution. The species retains its ability for the synthesis of genetic material, such as purines, pyrimidines, nucleotides, and nucleosides, as well as the synthesis of all amino acids, except for methionine and lysine.
979:, but the drug's binding appear to occur at base sequences with guanine, which may explain why clofazimine has a preference for G+C rich genomes of mycobacteria over human DNA. The binding of clofazimine to mycobacterial DNA can has been proven as weakly bactericidal against
858:
The second form of leprosy is the "lepromatous" form, in which the microbes proliferate within the macrophages at the site of entry, and has many detectable bacilli (multibacillary). They also grow within the epithelial tissues of the face and ear lobes. The
217:, it cannot be grown in cell-free laboratory media. This is likely due to gene deletion and decay that the genome of the species has experienced via reductive evolution, which has caused the bacterium to depend heavily on its host for nutrients and
679:
3, 5epimerase (rm1C) which plays an important role in both
Nucleotide sugar metabolism and polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis. Petidoglycan biosynthesis also require murG, murF, MurE, murY, murC, and murD, the remaining six essential enzymes for
488:
exist in the species, such as the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle. These deficiencies extensively restricts the microbe's growth to a limited number of carbon sources, such as host-derived intermediates.
1072:
of the infection, he was dismissed from his post at the
Leprosy Hospital in Bergen and was banned from practising medicine. The case had little effect on Hansen's professional reputation, and he continued with his research.
1003:
These enzymes and peptidoglycan biosynthesis are potential targets for antibiotics. By targeting these enzymes, which catalyze additions of short polypeptide chains, synthesis of the bacterial cell wall can be prevented.
701:
include: Angola, Brazil, Central
African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Federated States of Micronesia, India, Kiribati, Madagascar, Nepal, Republic of Marshall Islands, and the United Republic of Tanzania.
776:
A study of genomes isolated from medieval cases estimated the mutation rate to be 6.13 × 10. The authors also showed that the leprosy bacillus in the
Americas was brought there from Europe. Another study suggests that
2743:
da Silva MB, Portela JM, Li W, Jackson M, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Hidalgo AS, Belisle JT, Bouth RC, Gobbo AR, Barreto JG, Minervino AH, Cole ST, Avanzi C, Busso P, Frade MA, Geluk A, Salgado CG, Spencer JS (June 2018).
642:
pseudogens are not all "decayed" genes, but could also function in infection, intracellular replication, and replication. This genome reduction is not complete. Downsizing from a genome of 4.42 Mbp, such as that of
1469:
Kalagarla S, Alluri R, Saka S, Godha V, Undavalli N, Kolalapudi SA (May 2022). "Efficacy of fluorescent microscopy versus modified Fite-Faraco stain in skin biopsy specimens of leprosy cases - a comparative study".
3609:
Bieliaieva O, Uvarkina O, Lysanets Y, Morokhovets H, Honcharova Y, Melaschenko M (December 2020). "Gerhard Hansen Vs. Albert Neisser: Priority For the invention of Mycobacterium Leprae and problems of bioethics".
772:
strains was calculated to have lived 3,607 years ago (95% highest posterior density 2204–5525 years ago). The estimated substitution rate was 7.67 x 10 substitutions per site per year, similar to other bacteria.
974:
Rifampin will interrupt binding of the β-subunit of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which will uncouple mRNA production and results in cell death. Clofazimine's mechanisms are not fully understood regarding
3758:
1166:
871:
appear in the macrophages and the infected patients develop papules at the entry site, marked by a folding of the skin. Gradual destruction of cutaneous nerves lead to what is referred to as "classic
970:
Dapsone competitively inhibits the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) resulting in decreases the production of tetrahydrofolate, which is an essential component of nucleic acid biosynthesis in
715:
transmission pathway from exposure to armadillos has been proposed, with human patients from a previous study in southeastern United States shown to be infected with the same armadillo-associated
2344:
Nakamura K, Akama T, Bang PD, Sekimura S, Tanigawa K, Wu H, et al. (September 2009). "Detection of RNA expression from pseudogenes and non-coding genomic regions of Mycobacterium leprae".
830:
and nerve cells and has two forms. One form is "tuberculoid", which induces a cell-mediated response that limits its growth, and has few detectible bacilli (paucibacillary). Through this form,
622:
has undergone a dramatic reduction in genome size with the loss of many genes. Over half of the pathogen's genome is now made up by pseudogenes due to the pathogen undergoing what is known as
2451:"New Insights into the Geographic Distribution of Mycobacterium leprae SNP Genotypes Determined for Isolates from Leprosy Cases Diagnosed in Metropolitan France and French Territories"
950:
is to avoid close contact with infectious people who are untreated. Blindness, crippling of the hands and feet, and paralysis are all effects of nerve damage associated with untreated
4555:
1373:"Large-Scale Gene Expression Signatures Reveal a Microbicidal Pattern of Activation in Mycobacterium leprae-Infected Monocyte-Derived Macrophages With Low Multiplicity of Infection"
3659:
1303:
Sharma R, Singh P, Pena M, Subramanian R, Chouljenko V, Kim J, et al. (August 2018). "Differential growth of Mycobacterium leprae strains (SNP genotypes) in armadillos".
3751:
3166:
983:
in mice, which is why it is not suitable for single drug therapy for leprosy. Out of the three main drugs rifampin is more bactericidal than either dapsone or clofazimine.
427:, it lacks many necessary genes for independent survival, causing difficulty in culturing the organism. The complex and unique cell wall that makes members of the genus
437:
prefers cool temperatures, slightly acidic microaerophilic conditions, and prefers the use of lipids as an energy source over sugars. The growth conditions needed for
4529:
2859:
Schuenemann VJ, Singh P, Mendum TA, Krause-Kyora B, Jäger G, Bos KI, et al. (July 2013). "Genome-wide comparison of medieval and modern Mycobacterium leprae".
3744:
4568:
796:
from medieval skeletons with osteological lesions suggestive of leprosy from different Europe geographic origins were obtained using DNA capture techniques and
1729:
1158:
4209:
697:
The bacterium has a global distribution in humans but the highest prevalence is in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and South America. The geographic occurrences of
479:
s inability to be grown in axenic media indicates its reliance on nutrients and intermediates from its host. Many of the catabolic pathways present in other
4204:
3502:"Drug Resistance (Dapsone, Rifampicin, Ofloxacin) and Resistance-Related Gene Mutation Features in Leprosy Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
371:
and a diameter of 0.3 μm. The bacteria grow best at 27 to 30 °C, making the skin, nasal mucosa and peripheral nerves primary targets for infection by
582:
systems and their regulatory circuits. This reductive evolution is largely linked to the organism's development into an obligate intracellular bacterium.
634:
dysfunction (a protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria) or the insertion of transposon- derived repetitive sequences. Some of the
4503:
2637:
Tió-Coma M, Wijnands T, Pierneef L, Schilling AK, Alam K, Roy JC, Faber WR, Menke H, Pieters T, Stevenson K, Richardus JH, Geluk A (February 2019).
630:
contains the highest number of pseudogens (>1000). Many of these pseudogenes arose from insertions of stop codons which may have been caused by
4542:
4052:
847:
at the cutaneous site of entry and the loss of pain sensation are key clinical indications that an individual has a tuberculoid form of leprosy.
512:
was completed in 2001, revealing 1604 protein-coding genes and another 1,116 pseudogenes. The genome sequence of a strain originally isolated in
2947:
618:, the impact that the mutations have on the microbe is minimal, allowing for survival within the host despite its reduced genome. Consequently,
3838:
2049:
Cole ST, Eiglmeier K, Parkhill J, James KD, Thomson NR, Wheeler PR, et al. (February 2001). "Massive gene decay in the leprosy bacillus".
1993:
Cole ST, Eiglmeier K, Parkhill J, James KD, Thomson NR, Wheeler PR, et al. (February 2001). "Massive gene decay in the leprosy bacillus".
1045:
449:
cultivation is not generally possible, it has instead been grown in mouse foot pads, and in armadillos due to their low core body temperature.
3642:
1585:
1218:
1204:
2977:
1016:
is thought to be from genetic alterations in the antibiotic targets and a reduction in cell wall permeability. Compared to the amount of
676:
3356:
4624:
367:
can be found singly or in clumps referred to as "globi", the bacilli can be straight or slightly curved, with a length ranging from 1–8
3954:
2694:
Sharma R, Singh P, Loughry WJ, Lockhart JM, Inman WB, Duthie MS, Pena MT, Marcos LA, Scollard DM, Cole ST, Truman RW (December 2015).
4047:
3767:
1795:
1622:
1371:
Leal-Calvo T, Martins BL, Bertoluci DF, Rosa PS, de Camargo RM, Germano GV, Brito de Souza VN, Pereira Latini AC, Moraes MO (2021).
3158:
4022:
3107:
Cabral N, de Figueiredo V, Gandini M, de Souza CF, Medeiros RA, Lery LM, Lara FA, de Macedo CS, Pessolani MC, Pereira GM (2022).
1067:(1841–1912), and was the first bacterium to be identified as a cause of disease in humans. It was confirmed to be a bacterium by
1012:
Resistance to antibiotics is seen in around 10% of new cases of leprosy and in around 15% of relapsed cases. Drug resistance in
4374:
1068:
424:
3309:
2746:"Evidence of zoonotic leprosy in Pará, Brazilian Amazon, and risks associated with human contact or consumption of armadillos"
2382:
RNA reveals high expression of pseudogenes and noncoding regions. J Bacteriol. 2009;191(10):3321–3327. DOI:10.1128/JB.00120-09
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Chavarro-Portillo B, Soto CY, Guerrero MI (September 2019). "Mycobacterium leprae's evolution and environmental adaptation".
2201:
Chavarro-Portillo B, Soto CY, Guerrero MI (September 2019). "Mycobacterium leprae's evolution and environmental adaptation".
875:". Extensive penetration by this bacterium may lead to severe body damage; for example the loss of bones, fingers, and toes.
4547:
1447:
1115:
Serrano-Coll H, Cardona-Castro N (June 2022). "Neuropathic ulcers in leprosy: clinical features, diagnosis and treatment".
3426:
Cambau E, Williams DL. 25 January 2019, posting date. Anti-leprosy drugs: Modes of action and mechanisms of resistance in
2537:"Mycobacterium leprae transmission characteristics during the declining stages of leprosy incidence: A systematic review"
4354:
4199:
3832:
60:
3236:
3060:"Lucio's phenomenon: A systematic literature review of definition, clinical features, histopathogenesis and management"
4340:
4246:
4185:
4111:
1646:
Walsh GP, Meyers WM, Binford CH, Gormus BJ, Baskin GB, Wolf RH, Gerone PJ (1988). "Leprosy as a zoonosis: an update".
765:
295:
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955:
4609:
3900:
1725:
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1029:
1022:
797:
351:
213:
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can become drug resistant. Effectiveness of the treatment can be determined with the use of an acid-fast stain of
4573:
4231:
4015:
3949:
3721:
2797:"Insight into the evolution and origin of leprosy bacilli from the genome sequence of Mycobacterium lepromatosis"
260:
4455:
4368:
4032:
3846:
1591:
575:
1944:"GSMN-ML- a genome scale metabolic network reconstruction of the obligate human pathogen Mycobacterium leprae"
346:
2102:"Whole-Genome Sequences of Four Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Tamil Nadu, South India"
4270:
4256:
4037:
3866:
3808:
903:
692:
321:(rod-shaped bacterium) with parallel sides and round ends, surrounded by the characteristic waxy coating of
3446:"Computational genome analyses of metabolic enzymes in Mycobacterium leprae for drug target identification"
2394:"Computational genome analyses of metabolic enzymes in Mycobacterium leprae for drug target identification"
614:. Because the products supplied by these deleted genes are typically present in the host cells infected by
4417:
4263:
4217:
4165:
4130:
4042:
3993:
3962:
3937:
3701:
3660:"Armauer Hansen: The Controversy Surrounding his Unethical Human-to-Human Leprosy Transmission Experiment"
1425:
1064:
1049:
330:
272:
218:
208:
204:
161:
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Borah K, Girardi KD, Mendum TA, Lery LM, Beste DJ, Lara FA, et al. (December 2019). Boyle JP (ed.).
899:
causes a disseminated infection with similar structural and pathological changes in tissues and nerves.
4619:
4399:
4302:
4242:
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4155:
4137:
4120:
572:
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species are compromised, due to the absence of enzymes that play key roles in degradation of nutrients.
387:
252:
222:
145:
3434:
Scollard DM, Gillis TP (ed), International textbook of leprosy. www.internationaltextbookofleprosy.org.
3338:
Scollard DM, Gillis TP (ed), International textbook of leprosy. www.internationaltextbookofleprosy.org.
3288:
World Health Organization. "Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy." (2018).
2970:"Leprosy (Hansen's disease) – Blue Book – Department of Health and Human services, Victoria, Australia"
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4027:
4005:
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3797:
2911:
2868:
2808:
2650:
2162:
2058:
2002:
356:
311:
238:
3736:
287:
Modified AFB staining in a case of lepromatous leprosy showing numerous rod shaped acid fast bacilli
4298:
4193:
4096:
4076:
3983:
3905:
3817:
1942:
Borah K, Kearney JL, Banerjee R, Vats P, Wu H, Dahale S, et al. (July 2020). Borlee BR (ed.).
1192:
623:
611:
189:
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3089:
2969:
2939:
2892:
2272:
2226:
2082:
2026:
1495:
1328:
1140:
958:
vaccine offers a variable amount of protection against leprosy in addition to its main target of
860:
360:
55:
3330:
Lahiri R, Adams LB. 18 September 2016, posting date. Cultivation and viability determination of
710:
transmission from infected humans, environmental sources could also be an important reservoir.
638:
pseudogens expression levels will alter upon infection of macrophages, which suggests that some
4534:
1027:
contains about half as many. The efflux pumps contributing to drug resistance and virulence in
283:
4581:
4464:
3998:
3922:
3638:
3615:
3591:
3533:
3475:
3409:
3348:
3271:
3219:
3140:
3081:
3037:
2931:
2884:
2836:
2777:
2725:
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2482:
2431:
2413:
2361:
2323:
2264:
2218:
2180:
2131:
2074:
2018:
1975:
1917:
1888:"Intracellular Mycobacterium leprae Utilizes Host Glucose as a Carbon Source in Schwann Cells"
1865:
1834:
Sharma R, Singh P, Loughry WJ, Lockhart JM, Inman WB, Duthie MS, et al. (December 2015).
1791:
1760:
1707:
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1628:
1618:
1581:
1544:
1487:
1439:
1404:
1320:
1282:
1210:
1200:
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954:
Treatment does not reverse the nerve damage done, which is why early treatment is needed. The
748:
193:
4614:
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3788:
3581:
3571:
3523:
3513:
3465:
3457:
3399:
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3261:
3209:
3201:
3130:
3120:
3071:
3027:
3019:
2923:
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2826:
2816:
2767:
2757:
2715:
2707:
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2609:
2599:
2558:
2548:
2472:
2462:
2421:
2405:
2353:
2313:
2303:
2256:
2210:
2170:
2121:
2113:
2066:
2010:
1965:
1955:
1907:
1899:
1855:
1847:
1783:
1697:
1689:
1573:
1534:
1526:
1479:
1394:
1384:
1312:
1272:
1264:
1124:
995:
has six essential enzymes murC, murD, murE, murF, murG, and murY that are all essential for
664:
419:
315:
112:
4331:
4101:
3881:
2795:
Singh P, Benjak A, Schuenemann VJ, Herbig A, Avanzi C, Busso P, et al. (April 2015).
568:
102:
2151:"Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence"
2149:
Cole ST, Brosch R, Parkhill J, Garnier T, Churcher C, Harris D, et al. (June 1998).
423:), as well as its inability to be cultured in the laboratory. Because the organism is an
3691:
3023:
2872:
2812:
2654:
2166:
2062:
2006:
3978:
3779:
3771:
3586:
3555:
3528:
3501:
3470:
3404:
3379:
3214:
3189:
3135:
3108:
3032:
3003:
2831:
2796:
2772:
2745:
2720:
2695:
2671:
2638:
2614:
2587:
2563:
2536:
2477:
2450:
2426:
2393:
2126:
2101:
1970:
1943:
1912:
1887:
1860:
1835:
1787:
1702:
1677:
1539:
1514:
1399:
1372:
1277:
1252:
872:
559:
genome has been lost. Gene deletion and decay appear to have eliminated many important
342:
82:
2318:
2291:
2260:
2214:
917:, the first effective antibiotic for the treatment of leprosy, discovered in the 1940s
850:
32:
4603:
3968:
3890:
3803:
3445:
3093:
3058:
Frade MA, Coltro PS, Filho FB, Horácio GS, Neto AA, da Silva VZ, et al. (2022).
2910:
Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppée JY, Lacroix C, et al. (May 2005).
2276:
2230:
1499:
1144:
996:
835:
429:
414:
391:
326:
226:
221:. It has a narrow host range and apart from humans, the only other natural hosts are
200:
122:
92:
4560:
2943:
2896:
2308:
4469:
4289:
4223:
3927:
3914:
3301:
2086:
2030:
1332:
1128:
991:
It is important to find new targets for antibiotics due to increasing resistance.
959:
927:
631:
399:
322:
234:
2500:
2357:
939:
from a skin smear to estimate the number of bacilli still present in the patient.
826:
ranges from 9 months to 20 years. The bacterium replicates intracellularly inside
2762:
2639:"Detection of Mycobacterium leprae DNA in soil: multiple needles in the haystack"
2604:
2553:
2535:
Hambridge T, Nanjan Chandran SL, Geluk A, Saunderson P, Richardus JH (May 2021).
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1316:
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difficult to destroy is also the reason for its extremely slow replication rate.
4516:
4449:
4312:
3205:
3109:"Modulation of the Response to Mycobacterium leprae and Pathogenesis of Leprosy"
1017:
943:
to be calling for the need in continued research towards treatment and control.
782:
564:
398:
leprosy in humans. In the laboratory, mice can be infected and this is a useful
275:, and was the first bacterium to be identified as a cause of disease in humans.
268:
3266:
3249:
2801:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2662:
4360:
4346:
4010:
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3918:
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1530:
1389:
864:
839:
827:
607:
529:
513:
368:
334:
264:
256:
230:
4440:
3576:
2417:
2117:
1822:
1577:
1566:". In Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer KH, Stackebrandt E (eds.).
1443:
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2880:
2821:
2378:
Akama T, Suzuki K, Tanigawa K, et al. Whole-genome tiling array analysis of
1632:
590:
Many of the genes that were present in the genome of the common ancestor of
579:
560:
548:
525:
307:
299:
3619:
3595:
3537:
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3413:
3275:
3223:
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3085:
3041:
2935:
2888:
2840:
2781:
2729:
2711:
2680:
2623:
2586:
Smith WC, van Brakel W, Gillis T, Saunderson P, Richardus JH (April 2015).
2572:
2486:
2435:
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2222:
2135:
2078:
2022:
1979:
1921:
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1851:
1764:
1711:
1548:
1491:
1408:
1357:
1324:
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1214:
1136:
867:
are rare or absent. With cell-mediated immunity impaired, large numbers of
834:
multiplies at the site of entry, usually the skin, invading and colonizing
3518:
3395:
3076:
3059:
3002:
Hess S, Rambukkana A (July 2019). Cossart P, Roy CR, Sansonetti P (eds.).
2184:
1903:
1659:
838:. The bacterium then induces T-helper lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, and
4434:
786:
395:
318:
303:
185:
72:
3500:
Li X, Li G, Yang J, Jin G, Shao Y, Li Y, Wei P, Zhang L (October 2022).
2449:
Reibel F, Chauffour A, Brossier F, Jarlier V, Cambau E, Aubry A (2015).
4508:
4072:
1813:
Lahiri R, Adams LB. (2016) "Cultivation and viability determination of
1268:
914:
817:
672:
648:
386:
has a narrow host range and apart from humans the only other hosts are
248:
4521:
2292:"The genome of Mycobacterium leprae: a minimal mycobacterial gene set"
1693:
1678:"Susceptibility and resistance in leprosy: Studies in the mouse model"
1483:
759:
742:
3560:
Efflux Pumps and Their Implications in Drug Resistance and Virulence"
2070:
2014:
844:
752:
540:
192:(leprosy), a chronic but curable infectious disease that damages the
4411:
1567:
4495:
909:
461:
genome has impaired its metabolic abilities in comparison to other
2175:
2150:
1044:
1033:
have been retained throughout the genome reductive evolution that
908:
849:
781:
originated in East Africa and spread from there to Europe and the
552:
517:
282:
1753:
International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
902:
In squirrels, according the to Veterinary Pathology Unit of the
524:, was completed in 2013. This genome sequence contains 3,268,203
1821:
Scollard DM, Gillis TP (ed), International textbook of leprosy,
1253:"Mycobacterium leprae: genes, pseudogenes and genetic diversity"
675:/Aspartate metabolism. Other essential enzymes include putative
271:. The species was discovered in 1873 by the Norwegian physician
4482:
4415:
3740:
3554:
Machado D, Lecorche E, Mougari F, Cambau E, Viveiros M (2018).
441:
are known, but an exact axenic medium to support the growth of
259:. Currently, a multidrug treatment (MDT) is recommended by the
2588:"The missing millions: a threat to the elimination of leprosy"
647:, to one of 3.27 Mbp would account for the loss of some 1200
251:
as a treatment alone, but since the 1960's, it has developed
3302:"Diagnosis and Treatment | Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) | CDC"
3190:"Armadillos and leprosy: from infection to biological model"
2392:
Shanmugam, Anusuya; Natarajan, Jeyakumar (March 31, 2010).
3380:"Advances and hurdles on the way toward a leprosy vaccine"
1515:"Leprosy: clinical and immunopathological characteristics"
854:
Nine-Banded-Armadillo, which is a known carrier of leprosy
667:(alr). This enzyme is significant because it is found in
417:(ranging from 12 to 14 days compared with 20 minutes for
3064:
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
48:
The small brick-red rod-shaped cells appear in clusters.
863:
that are induced are numerous, but the epithelioid and
610:
functions have been lost, increasing the occurrence of
3194:
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo
547:
with that of MTB reveals an extreme case of reductive
394:, and armadillos have been implicated as a source of
2501:"Risk of Exposure | Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) | CDC"
2696:"Zoonotic Leprosy in the Southeastern United States"
1836:"Zoonotic Leprosy in the Southeastern United States"
1199:(4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch.
4424:
4389:
4330:
4288:
4241:
4175:
4154:
4119:
4110:
4061:
3898:
3889:
3880:
3856:
3787:
3778:
3188:Oliveira IV, Deps PD, Antunes JM (September 2019).
2854:
2852:
2850:
551:. Less than half of the genome contains functional
3250:"Chemical probes for tagging mycobacterial lipids"
1063:was discovered in 1873 by the Norwegian physician
785:initially before spreading to West Africa and the
606:reliance on a host organism, many of the species'
567:production, part of the oxidative and most of the
3444:Shanmugam, Anusuya; Natarajan, Jeyakumar (2010).
3237:Red squirrel leprosy, The University of Edinburgh
1436:Investigations concerning the etiology of leprosy
555:. It is estimated approximately 2000 genes from
3378:Duthie MS, Gillis TP, Reed SG (November 2011).
3053:
3051:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2242:
2240:
1780:Molecular Medical Microbiology (Second Edition)
1671:
1669:
196:and targets the skin, eyes, nose, and muscles.
3637:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Quercus. p. 25.
1298:
1296:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
808:host immunity, or improved social conditions.
349:. Because the bacilli are less acid-fast than
3752:
3004:"Cell Biology of Intracellular Adaptation of
1613:Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR (1992).
1431:Undersøgelser Angående Spedalskhedens Årsager
1420:
1418:
8:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1159:"Mycobacterium Leprae, the Cause of Leprosy"
3506:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3349:"Leprosy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
532:of 57.8%, which is significantly less than
457:The reductive evolution experienced by the
237:, and are typically found congregated as a
4412:
4116:
3895:
3886:
3784:
3759:
3745:
3737:
1778:Gillis TP (2015). "Mycobacterium leprae".
31:
20:
3585:
3575:
3527:
3517:
3469:
3403:
3265:
3213:
3134:
3124:
3075:
3031:
2830:
2820:
2771:
2761:
2719:
2670:
2613:
2603:
2562:
2552:
2476:
2466:
2425:
2317:
2307:
2174:
2125:
1969:
1959:
1911:
1859:
1701:
1538:
1398:
1388:
1276:
508:The first genome sequence of a strain of
1617:. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 1882.
1513:Froes LA, Sotto MN, Trindade MA (2022).
536:, which has 4,441,529 bp and 65.6% G+C.
465:specifically in its catabolic pathways.
4053:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
2290:Vissa VD, Brennan PJ (August 3, 2001).
1594:from the original on September 29, 2020
1450:from the original on September 29, 2022
1186:
1184:
1107:
1081:
207:, rod shaped bacterium and an obligate
3839:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
3248:Biegas KJ, Swarts BM (December 2021).
2100:Narayanan S, Deshpande U (June 2013).
1221:from the original on February 12, 2009
1169:from the original on November 12, 2019
659:There are eight essential enzymes for
445:still has yet to be discovered. Since
3549:
3547:
3312:from the original on November 8, 2019
3296:
3294:
2997:
2995:
2980:from the original on November 8, 2015
2339:
2337:
2196:
2194:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1881:
1879:
1809:
1807:
1732:from the original on October 31, 2021
7:
3359:from the original on October 6, 2015
1472:International Journal of Dermatology
1344:
1342:
3254:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
3024:10.1128/microbiolspec.BAI-0020-2019
2950:from the original on August 3, 2020
1195:. In Baron S., et al. (eds.).
211:, which means, unlike its relative
3955:Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
2511:from the original on July 19, 2017
1788:10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00093-7
1052:(1841–1912), who first discovered
14:
4048:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
3768:Gram-positive bacterial infection
3169:from the original on May 27, 2018
3008:in the Peripheral Nervous System"
2261:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105041
2215:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105041
1519:Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
1305:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
1251:Singh P, Cole ST (January 2011).
4023:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
3684:
2750:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2592:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2541:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2455:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
1948:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
341:was traditionally stained with
184:) is one of the two species of
59:
4375:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
2309:10.1186/gb-2001-2-8-reviews1023
1069:Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser
843:peripheral sensory nerves. The
425:obligate intracellular parasite
4092:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
4082:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
3989:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
1129:10.12968/jowc.2022.31.Sup6.S32
229:. The bacteria infect mainly
1:
2358:10.1016/j.micpath.2009.06.006
1572:. Springer. pp. 934–44.
792:Almost complete sequences of
16:Bacterium that causes leprosy
4355:Corynebacterium minutissimum
4200:Mycobacterium intracellulare
3833:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
2763:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006532
2700:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2605:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003658
2554:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009436
2468:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004141
1961:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007871
1840:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1317:10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.017
1197:Baron's Medical Microbiology
1193:"Mycobacteria and Nocardia."
987:Potential antibiotic targets
4341:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
3206:10.1590/S1678-9946201961044
766:most recent common ancestor
626:. Among published genomes,
4643:
4625:Bacteria described in 1874
3267:10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.05.009
2912:"On the origin of leprosy"
2663:10.1038/s41598-019-39746-6
1350:"Microbiology of M.leprae"
1091:Mycobacterium lepromatosis
815:
798:high-throughput sequencing
738:Mycobacterium lepromatosis
690:
669:D-alanine—D-alanine ligase
352:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
214:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
4016:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
3950:Tuberculous lymphadenitis
3564:Frontiers in Microbiology
3126:10.3389/fmicb.2022.918009
3113:Frontiers in Microbiology
1531:10.1016/j.abd.2021.08.006
1390:10.3389/fimmu.2021.647832
1354:World Health Organization
822:The incubation period of
740:. These species diverged
413:has an unusually lengthy
261:World Health Organization
151:
144:
56:Scientific classification
54:
46:taken from a skin lesion.
39:
30:
23:
4369:Corynebacterium jeikeium
4033:Tuberculous pericarditis
3847:Actinomyces gerencseriae
3577:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03072
2118:10.1128/genomeA.00186-13
1578:10.1007/0-387-30743-5_35
956:Bacillus Calmette–Guérin
946:A preventive measure of
732:The closest relative to
719:genotype. High rates of
706:population. Aside from
4038:Urogenital tuberculosis
3867:Propionibacterium acnes
3809:Cutaneous actinomycosis
2974:ideas.health.vic.gov.au
2928:10.1126/science/1109759
2881:10.1126/science.1238286
2822:10.1073/pnas.1421504112
1377:Frontiers in Immunology
904:University of Edinburgh
789:in the last 500 years.
762: million years ago
755: million years ago
745: million years ago
693:Epidemiology of leprosy
219:metabolic intermediates
4043:Tuberculous dactylitis
3994:Tuberculous cellulitis
3462:10.6026/97320630004392
2712:10.3201/eid2112.150501
2410:10.6026/97320630004392
2346:Microbial Pathogenesis
1852:10.3201/eid2112.150501
1726:"Mycobacterium leprae"
1065:Gerhard Armauer Hansen
1057:
1050:Gerhard Armauer Hansen
1025:, Mycobacterium leprae
966:Targets of antibiotics
918:
913:Chemical structure of
855:
803:Verena J. Schuenemann
604:Mycobacterium leprae's
598:have been lost in the
563:activities, including
388:nine-banded armadillos
288:
273:Gerhard Armauer Hansen
209:intracellular parasite
4400:Gardnerella vaginalis
4303:Nocardia brasiliensis
3730:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
3612:Georgian Medical News
3519:10.3390/ijms232012443
3396:10.4161/hv.7.11.16848
3077:10.25259/IJDVL_909_19
3012:Microbiology Spectrum
1904:10.1128/mBio.02351-19
1682:Immunological Reviews
1676:Adams LB (May 2021).
1562:Shinnick TM (2006). "
1117:Journal of Wound Care
1048:
1008:Antibiotic resistance
912:
853:
691:Further information:
682:mycobacterium leprae.
663:, and one of them is
578:chains, and numerous
497:Mycobacterium leprae'
294:is an intracellular,
286:
263:, including dapsone,
223:nine-banded armadillo
4561:mycobacterium-leprae
4456:Mycobacterium leprae
4426:Mycobacterium leprae
4006:Lichen scrofulosorum
3858:Propionibacteriaceae
3798:Actinomyces israelii
3724:Mycobacterium leprae
3715:Mycobacterium leprae
3702:Mycobacterium leprae
3558:Mycobacterium leprae
3428:Mycobacterium leprae
3332:Mycobacterium leprae
3308:. November 2, 2018.
3006:Mycobacterium leprae
2380:Mycobacterium leprae
2106:Genome Announcements
1815:Mycobacterium leprae
1564:Mycobacterium leprae
1191:McMurray DN (1996).
1163:Microbiology Society
1061:Mycobacterium leprae
1054:Mycobacterium leprae
1035:Mycobacterium leprae
1014:Mycobacterium leprae
993:Mycobacterium leprae
981:Mycobacterium leprae
977:Mycobacterium leprae
948:Mycobacterium leprae
937:Mycobacterium leprae
933:Mycobacterium leprae
897:Mycobacterium leprae
889:Mycobacterium leprae
881:Mycobacterium leprae
869:Mycobacterium leprae
832:Mycobacterium leprae
824:Mycobacterium leprae
794:Mycobacterium leprae
779:Mycobacterium leprae
770:Mycobacterium leprae
734:Mycobacterium leprae
721:Mycobacterium leprae
717:Mycobacterium leprae
712:Mycobacterium leprae
708:Mycobacterium leprae
699:Mycobacterium leprae
661:Mycobacterium leprae
640:Mycobacterium leprae
636:Mycobacterium leprae
628:Mycobacterium leprae
620:Mycobacterium leprae
616:Mycobacterium leprae
600:Mycobacterium leprae
592:Mycobacterium leprae
557:Mycobacterium leprae
545:Mycobacterium leprae
528:(bp) and an average
510:Mycobacterium leprae
485:Mycobacterium leprae
474:Mycobacterium leprae
459:Mycobacterium leprae
443:Mycobacterium leprae
439:Mycobacterium leprae
435:Mycobacterium leprae
411:Mycobacterium leprae
384:Mycobacterium leprae
373:Mycobacterium leprae
365:Mycobacterium leprae
339:Mycobacterium leprae
312:pathogenic bacterium
292:Mycobacterium leprae
245:Mycobacterium leprae
173:Mycobacterium leprae
155:Mycobacterium leprae
43:Mycobacterium leprae
25:Mycobacterium leprae
4299:Nocardia asteroides
4194:Mycobacterium avium
4097:Lepromatous leprosy
4077:Tuberculoid leprosy
3818:Tropheryma whipplei
2922:(5724): 1040–1042.
2873:2013Sci...341..179S
2813:2015PNAS..112.4459S
2655:2019NatSR...9.3165T
2167:1998Natur.393..537C
2063:2001Natur.409.1007C
2057:(6823): 1007–1011.
2007:2001Natur.409.1007C
2001:(6823): 1007–1011.
1615:Infectious diseases
1438:] (in Danish).
1257:Future Microbiology
1165:. August 27, 2014.
677:dTDP4deydrorhamnose
651:-coding sequences.
624:reductive evolution
347:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
176:(also known as the
40:Microphotograph of
4391:Bifidobacteriaceae
4332:Corynebacteriaceae
4307:Nocardia farcinica
4144:Aquarium granuloma
4087:Borderline leprosy
3974:Erythema induratum
3658:Lanska DJ (2015).
3633:Dobson MJ (2008).
3159:"Leprosy Overview"
2643:Scientific Reports
2302:(8): REVIEWS1023.
1269:10.2217/fmb.10.153
1058:
919:
887:The symptoms of a
861:suppressor T-cells
856:
612:deletion mutations
361:optical microscopy
289:
4610:Acid-fast bacilli
4597:
4596:
4582:Open Tree of Life
4418:Taxon identifiers
4409:
4408:
4385:
4384:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
3999:Tuberculous gumma
3882:Corynebacterineae
3876:
3875:
3825:Whipple's disease
3644:978-1-84724-399-7
3614:(309): 156–1161.
3390:(11): 1172–1183.
2867:(6142): 179–183.
2807:(14): 4459–4464.
2161:(6685): 537–544.
1846:(12): 2127–2134.
1694:10.1111/imr.12960
1587:978-0-387-25493-7
1484:10.1111/ijd.16046
1206:978-0-9631172-1-2
1123:(Sup6): S32–S40.
749:posterior density
655:Essential enzymes
520:, and designated
247:was sensitive to
194:peripheral nerves
182:Hansen's bacillus
169:
168:
4632:
4590:
4589:
4577:
4576:
4564:
4563:
4551:
4550:
4538:
4537:
4525:
4524:
4512:
4511:
4499:
4498:
4486:
4485:
4473:
4472:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4413:
4321:Rhodococcus equi
4117:
3984:Prosector's wart
3896:
3891:Mycobacteriaceae
3887:
3789:Actinomycetaceae
3785:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3738:
3733:
3688:
3687:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3579:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3521:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3473:
3441:
3435:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3345:
3339:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3298:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3245:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3079:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3035:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2723:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2556:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2470:
2461:(10): e0004141.
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2112:(3): e00186–13.
2097:
2091:
2090:
2071:10.1038/35059006
2046:
2035:
2034:
2015:10.1038/35059006
1990:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1831:
1825:
1817:", Chapter 5.3.
1811:
1802:
1801:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1648:Acta Leprologica
1643:
1637:
1636:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1360:on June 8, 2013.
1356:. Archived from
1346:
1337:
1336:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1248:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1112:
1095:
1086:
999:biosynthesis in
763:
756:
746:
665:alanine racemase
478:
420:Escherichia coli
190:Hansen's disease
178:leprosy bacillus
157:
113:Mycobacteriaceae
64:
63:
45:
35:
21:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4585:
4580:
4572:
4567:
4559:
4554:
4546:
4541:
4533:
4528:
4520:
4515:
4507:
4502:
4494:
4489:
4481:
4476:
4468:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4420:
4410:
4405:
4381:
4326:
4276:
4237:
4171:
4150:
4106:
4102:Histoid leprosy
4057:
3904:
3901:M. tuberculosis
3872:
3852:
3774:
3765:
3720:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3430:, Chapter 5.2.
3425:
3421:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3353:www.nlm.nih.gov
3347:
3346:
3342:
3334:, Chapter 5.3.
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2756:(6): e0006532.
2742:
2741:
2737:
2706:(12): 2127–34.
2693:
2692:
2688:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2598:(4): e0003658.
2585:
2584:
2580:
2547:(5): e0009436.
2534:
2533:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2048:
2047:
2038:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1954:(7): e0007871.
1941:
1940:
1929:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1569:The Prokaryotes
1561:
1560:
1556:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1250:
1249:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1043:
1030:M. tuberculosis
1023:M. tuberculosis
1010:
989:
968:
924:
895:In armadillos,
885:
820:
814:
758:
751:
741:
730:
695:
689:
657:
645:M. tuberculosis
602:genome. Due to
596:M. tuberculosis
588:
569:microaerophilic
534:M. tuberculosis
506:
494:
476:
471:
455:
408:
381:
363:of host cells,
281:
165:
159:
153:
140:
103:Mycobacteriales
58:
49:
47:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4578:
4565:
4552:
4539:
4526:
4513:
4500:
4487:
4474:
4461:
4446:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4336:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4294:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4252:
4250:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4232:M. haemophilum
4228:
4227:
4226:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4182:
4180:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4161:
4159:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4134:
4126:
4124:
4114:
4112:Nontuberculous
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3979:Lupus vulgaris
3976:
3971:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3930:
3925:
3923:Ghon's complex
3911:
3909:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3780:Actinomycineae
3776:
3775:
3772:Actinomycetota
3766:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3718:
3713:The genome of
3690:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:External links
3676:
3673:
3672:
3650:
3643:
3625:
3601:
3543:
3492:
3456:(9): 392–395.
3450:Bioinformation
3436:
3419:
3384:Human Vaccines
3370:
3340:
3323:
3290:
3281:
3240:
3229:
3180:
3150:
3099:
3070:(4): 464–477.
3047:
2991:
2961:
2902:
2846:
2787:
2735:
2686:
2629:
2578:
2522:
2492:
2441:
2404:(9): 392–395.
2398:Bioinformation
2384:
2371:
2352:(3): 183–187.
2333:
2296:Genome Biology
2282:
2236:
2190:
2141:
2092:
2036:
1985:
1927:
1875:
1826:
1803:
1796:
1770:
1743:
1717:
1688:(1): 157–174.
1665:
1638:
1623:
1605:
1586:
1554:
1525:(3): 338–347.
1505:
1478:(5): 595–599.
1461:
1414:
1363:
1338:
1292:
1232:
1205:
1180:
1150:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1042:
1039:
1009:
1006:
988:
985:
967:
964:
923:
920:
884:
879:Symptoms of a
877:
816:Main article:
813:
810:
768:of the extant
729:
726:
688:
685:
656:
653:
587:
584:
539:Comparing the
505:
502:
493:
490:
470:
467:
463:Mycobacterium,
454:
451:
407:
404:
380:
377:
343:carbol fuchsin
280:
277:
167:
166:
160:
149:
148:
142:
141:
137:M. leprae
134:
132:
128:
127:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
83:Actinomycetota
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
52:
51:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4638:
4637:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4210:MAI infection
4208:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Scrofuloderma
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Actinomycosis
3802:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3677:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3556:"Insights on
3550:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3512:(20): 12443.
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:(4): 7.4.13.
3017:
3013:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2176:10.1038/31159
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:9780123971692
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:: 1655–1668.
1781:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1624:0-7216-4168-7
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1462:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:The other is
1085:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:peptidoglycan
994:
986:
984:
982:
978:
973:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
938:
934:
929:
928:mycolic acids
921:
916:
911:
907:
905:
900:
898:
893:
890:
882:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
852:
848:
846:
841:
837:
836:Schwann cells
833:
829:
825:
819:
811:
809:
806:
801:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
774:
771:
767:
761:
754:
750:
747:(95% highest
744:
739:
735:
727:
725:
722:
718:
713:
709:
703:
700:
694:
686:
684:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
654:
652:
650:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
583:
581:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
503:
501:
498:
491:
489:
486:
482:
481:Mycobacterium
475:
468:
466:
464:
460:
452:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:
430:Mycobacterium
426:
422:
421:
416:
415:doubling time
412:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
392:red squirrels
389:
385:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:Gram staining
332:
331:Gram-positive
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255:against this
254:
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240:
236:
235:Schwann cells
232:
228:
227:red squirrels
224:
220:
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205:Gram-positive
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124:Mycobacterium
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4297:
4290:Nocardiaceae
4271:M. abscessus
4269:
4262:
4257:M. fortuitum
4255:
4230:
4224:Buruli ulcer
4216:
4198:
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3928:Pott disease
3915:Tuberculosis
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1358:the original
1353:
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1260:
1256:
1225:September 5,
1223:. Retrieved
1196:
1173:November 12,
1171:. Retrieved
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1120:
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1018:efflux pumps
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960:tuberculosis
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400:animal model
383:
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323:mycolic acid
291:
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279:Microbiology
244:
243:
212:
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181:
177:
172:
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4517:iNaturalist
4450:Wikispecies
4313:Nocardiosis
4264:M. chelonae
4218:M. ulcerans
4166:M. gordonae
4131:M. kansasii
3665:October 30,
3306:www.cdc.gov
2649:(1): 3165.
2505:www.cdc.gov
1759:(1): 1–12.
1736:October 31,
1037:underwent.
865:giant cells
828:histiocytes
783:Middle East
586:Pseudogenes
576:respiratory
565:siderophore
530:G+C content
406:Cultivation
314:. It is an
300:non-sporing
296:pleomorphic
269:clofazimine
231:macrophages
188:that cause
4604:Categories
4361:Erythrasma
4347:Diphtheria
4138:M. marinum
4011:Tuberculid
3943:Rich focus
3938:Meningitis
3919:Ghon focus
3119:: 918009.
2255:: 105041.
2209:: 105041.
1383:: 647832.
1102:References
1001:M. leprae.
972:M. leprae.
952:M. leprae.
840:giant cell
608:DNA repair
526:base pairs
514:Tamil Nadu
469:Catabolism
453:Metabolism
379:Host range
325:unique to
304:non-motile
265:rifampicin
257:antibiotic
253:resistance
4064:M. leprae
3963:cutaneous
3260:: 57–65.
3094:239051859
2418:0973-2063
2277:173188912
2231:173188912
1500:246165881
1444:969496922
1426:Hansen GA
1311:: 20–26.
1145:249521365
1041:Discovery
922:Treatment
883:infection
873:lion face
728:Evolution
580:catabolic
573:anaerobic
561:metabolic
549:evolution
492:Anabolism
308:acid-fast
201:acid-fast
199:It is an
131:Species:
4535:10032233
4435:Wikidata
4187:M. avium
3906:M. bovis
3620:33526747
3596:30619157
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3538:36293307
3480:20975887
3414:22048122
3357:Archived
3310:Archived
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3224:31531622
3167:Archived
3145:35722339
3086:34672479
3042:31322104
2978:Archived
2954:July 14,
2948:Archived
2944:86109194
2936:15894530
2897:22760148
2889:23765279
2841:25831531
2782:29953440
2730:26583204
2681:30816338
2624:25905706
2573:34038422
2509:Archived
2487:26441080
2436:20975887
2366:19555754
2328:11532219
2269:31152726
2223:31152726
2136:23788533
2079:11234002
2023:11234002
1980:32628669
1922:31848273
1870:26583204
1765:11480310
1730:Archived
1712:33660297
1633:22346573
1598:July 14,
1592:Archived
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1492:35061916
1454:April 9,
1448:Archived
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1409:33936067
1325:29665434
1287:21162636
1219:Archived
1215:21413269
1167:Archived
1137:35678776
787:Americas
447:in vitro
396:zoonotic
357:palisade
329:. It is
319:bacillus
239:palisade
186:bacteria
109:Family:
79:Phylum:
73:Bacteria
69:Domain:
4615:Leprosy
4509:3225137
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4189:complex
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2869:Bibcode
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2672:6395756
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2615:4408099
2564:8186771
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2427:2951640
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2163:Bibcode
2127:3707582
2087:4307207
2059:Bibcode
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2003:Bibcode
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1913:6918074
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1660:3051854
1540:9133310
1400:8085500
1333:4953934
1278:3076554
1056:in 1873
915:Dapsone
818:Leprosy
673:alanine
649:protein
345:in the
316:aerobic
249:dapsone
119:Genus:
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3175:2019
3141:PMID
3082:PMID
3038:PMID
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