407:
20:
422:) were discovered in Japan only this century. This ovipositor-associated mycangium is located in a dorsal fold of the integument between the last two tergal plates of the adult females. It has been examined in many species. A female everts the mycangium for the first time soon after eclosion; this is to retrieve the symbionts left by the larva on the pupal chamber when it emptied its gut before pupating. Later, when ovipositing, she everts it to pass on the inoculum to the next generation.
395:) store symbiotic fungi in the mycangia, which is between the first ventral segment of the abdomen and the thorax. Different from ovipositor-associate mycangia in woodwasps, lizard beetles, and ship-timber beetles, mycangia of leaf-rolling weevils is a pair of spore incubators at the anterior end of the abdomen. This mycangium is formed by the coxa and the metendosternite at the posterior end of the thorax.
125:. When the beetle bores a host plant, it releases the symbiotic fungus from its mycangium. The symbiotic fungus becomes a plant pathogen, acting to weaken the resistance of host plant. In the meantime, the fungus grows quickly in the galleries as the main food of beetle. After reproduction, maturing beetles will fill their mycangia with symbiont before hunting for a new host plant.
228:
372:) is another family of wood-boring beetles that live with symbiotic fungi. Buchner first discovered their mycangia located on the ventral side of the long ovipositor. These mycangia form a pair of integumental pouches at either side near the tip of oviduct. When the female lays the eggs, new eggs are coated with the fungal spores.
128:
Therefore, mycangia play an important role in protecting the inoculum from degradation and contamination. The structures of mycangia always resemble a pouch or a container, with caps or a small opening that reduce the possibility of contaminants from outside. How mycangia release their inoculum is
700:
Kasson, Matthew T.; O'Donnell, Kerry; Rooney, Alejandro P.; Sink, Stacy; Ploetz, Randy C.; Ploetz, Jill N.; Konkol, Joshua L.; Carrillo, Daniel; Freeman, Stanley (2013-07-01). "An inordinate fondness for
Fusarium: Phylogenetic diversity of fusaria cultivated by ambrosia beetles in the genus
57:
form). This is seen in many xylophagous insects (e.g. horntails and bark beetles), which apparently derive much of their nutrition from the digestion of various fungi that are growing amidst the wood fibers. In some cases, as in ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and
282:, aiding in scraping mycelium and spores from walls of the tunnels and directing the spores into the mycangium. The mycangia of ambrosia beetle are highly diverse. Different genera or tribes with different kinds of mycangia. Some are oral mycangia in the head, such as genus
519:
270:) have usually numerous small pits on the surface of their body, while ambrosia beetles (many Scolytinae and all Platypodinae), which are completely dependent on their fungal symbiont, have deep and complicated pouches. These mycangia are often equipped with
330:, woodwasps only have a pair of mycangia on the top of their ovipositor. Then when females deposit their eggs inside the host plant, they inject the symbiotic fungi from mycangia and phytotoxic mucus from another reservoir-like structure.
1389:
58:
Platypodinae), the fungi are the sole food, and the excavations in the wood are simply to make a suitable microenvironment for the fungus to grow. In other cases (e.g., the southern pine beetle,
1264:
Tanahashi, M.; Kubota, K.; Matsushita, N.; Togashi, K. (2010). "Discovery of mycangia and the associated xylose-fermenting yeasts in stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)".
1213:
Tanahashi, M.; Kubota, K.; Matsushita, N.; Togashi, K. (2010). "Discovery of mycangia and the associated xylose-fermenting yeasts in stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)".
1091:
Stone, W.D.; Nebeker, T.E.; Monroe, W.A.; MacGown, J.A. (2007-02-01). "Ultrastructure of the mesonotal mycangium of
Xylosandrus mutilatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)".
892:
Kobayashi, Chisato; Fukasawa, Yu; Hirose, Dai; Kato, Makoto (2007-08-16). "Contribution of symbiotic mycangial fungi to larval nutrition of a leaf-rolling weevil".
1125:
Buchner, P. 1928: Holznahrung und
Symbiose. Vortrag gehalten auf dem X internationalen Zoologentag zu Budapest am 8. September 1927. Berlin: Springer, pp. 13–16.
102:. Usually, the symbiotic inoculum in mycangia will benefit their vectors (typically insect or mites), helping them to adapt to the new environment or provide
1026:"New Fungus-Insect Symbiosis: Culturing, Molecular, and Histological Methods Determine Saprophytic Polyporales Mutualists of Ambrosiodmus Ambrosia Beetles"
1387:
Fremlin M.; Tanahashi M. (2015). "Sexually-dimorphic post-eclosion behaviour in the
European stag beetle Lucanus cervus (L.) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)".
567:
Francke-Grosmann, H. 1956. Hautdrüsen als träger der pilzsymbiose bei ambrosiakäfern. Zeitschrift für
Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 45: 275–308.
439:
Paine, T. D.; Stephen, F. M. (1987-01-01). "Fungi
Associated with the Southern Pine Beetle: Avoidance of Induced Defense Response in Loblolly Pine".
1315:
Tanahashi M., Fremlin M. (2013). "The mystery of the lesser stag beetle Dorcus parallelipipedus (L.) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) mycangium yeasts".
353:
deposit their eggs and inject the symbiotic microorganisms on a recently dead bamboo, they will excavate a small hole through the bamboo culm.
1008:
349:) has mycangia on the tergum of the eighth abdominal segment. This ovipositor-associated mycangia is only present in adult females. Before
1024:
Li, You; Simmons, David Rabern; Bateman, Craig C.; Short, Dylan P. G.; Kasson, Matthew T.; Rabaglia, Robert J.; Hulcr, Jiri (2015-09-14).
137:
Most of the inoculum in mycangia are fungi. The symbiotic inoculum of most bark and ambrosia beetles are fungi belonging to
86:
These structures were first systematically described by Helene
Francke-Grosmann at 1956. Then Lekh R. Batra coined the word
870:
Lyngnes, A. R. (1958). "Studier over
Hylecoetus dermestoides L. under et angrep på bjorkestokker på Sunnmore 1954-1955".
520:"Phoretic mite associates of mountain pine beetle at the leading edge of an infestation in northwestern Alberta, Canada"
74:
that ride on the beetles, have their own type of mycangium, but for historical reasons, mite taxonomists use the term
406:
19:
1419:
736:
60:
294:
288:
115:
1273:
1222:
1137:"The mechanism of pathogenicity of Sirex noctilio in Pinus radiata. II. Effects of S. noctilio mucus"
1037:
816:
448:
935:
Hulcr, J.; Rountree, N. R.; Diamond, S. E.; Stelinski, L. L.; Fierer, N.; Dunn, R. R. (2012-05-01).
78:. Apart from riding on the beetles, the mites live together with them in their burrows in the wood.
1414:
1297:
1246:
917:
782:
629:
594:
547:
480:
464:
322:(Hymenoptera: Siricidae) were first described by Buchner. Different from highly diverse types in
68:
1369:
1289:
1238:
1195:
1108:
1073:
1055:
1004:
966:
958:
909:
852:
834:
774:
718:
679:
539:
472:
178:
158:
146:
107:
1359:
1351:
1281:
1230:
1185:
1148:
1100:
1063:
1045:
996:
948:
901:
842:
824:
766:
710:
669:
621:
586:
531:
456:
327:
243:
64:), wood tissue is the main food, and fungi weaken the defense response from the host plant.
138:
1277:
1226:
1041:
820:
452:
1364:
1335:
1068:
1025:
847:
804:
674:
657:
278:
during transport. In many cases, the entrance to a mycangium is surrounded by tufts of
204:
46:
for special structures on the body of an animal that are adapted for the transport of
1408:
612:
Batra, L. R. (1963). "Ecology of ambrosia fungi and their dissemination by beetles".
518:
Mori, Boyd A.; Proctor, Heather C.; Walter, David E.; Evenden, Maya L. (2011-02-01).
263:
247:
190:
162:
1190:
1169:
921:
786:
757:
Sakurai, Kazuhiko (1985). "An attelabid weevil (Euops splendida) cultivates fungi".
577:
Batra, Lekh (1963). "Ecology of ambrosia fungi and their dissemination by beetles".
551:
484:
1301:
1250:
803:
Toki, Wataru; Tanahashi, Masahiko; Togashi, Katsumi; Fukatsu, Takema (2012-07-27).
255:
150:
1050:
829:
392:
377:
369:
358:
323:
267:
239:
195:
75:
1285:
1234:
1000:
953:
936:
905:
714:
346:
335:
258:) are often complex cuticular invaginations for transport of symbiotic fungi.
251:
221:
207:). In addition to the above primary symbiotic fungi, secondary fungi and some
200:
186:
174:
166:
154:
142:
1199:
1112:
1059:
962:
913:
838:
778:
543:
1355:
984:
419:
400:
182:
99:
47:
1373:
1293:
1242:
1077:
970:
856:
722:
683:
658:"The Ambrosia Symbiosis: From Evolutionary Ecology to Practical Management"
476:
227:
319:
311:
307:
275:
208:
121:
103:
1174:(Lepeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1825) (Lymexylidae, Atractocerinae)"
770:
633:
598:
468:
460:
43:
1340:
cylindricum(Coleoptera: Lucanidae) and the associated yeast symbionts"
1153:
1136:
415:
388:
365:
274:
secreting substances to support fungal spores and perhaps to nourish
259:
1104:
625:
590:
535:
410:
Lesser stag beetle female everting the mycangium soon after eclosion
271:
170:
54:
50:
161:). Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of woodwasps are Amylostereaceae (
98:
The most common function of mycangia is preserving and releasing
279:
71:
1390:
90:: modern Latin, from Greek myco 'fungus' + angeion 'vessel'.
16:
Body structures adapted for the transport of symbiotic fungi
937:"Mycangia of Ambrosia Beetles Host Communities of Bacteria"
193:). Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of leaf-rolling weevils are
181:). Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of ship-timber beetles are
1168:
Casari, Sônia A.; Teixeira, Édson Possidônio (2011).
169:). Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of lizard beetles are
656:Hulcr, Jiri; Stelinski, Lukasz L. (2017-01-31).
383:Females of the leaf-rolling weevil in the genus
508:, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York. pp.141-205.
1317:Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society
701:Euwallacea on avocado and other plant hosts".
1334:Tanahashi, Masahiko; Hawes, Colin J. (2016).
579:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
8:
737:"tea shot-hole borer, Euwallacea fornicatus"
1363:
1336:"The presence of a mycangium in European
1189:
1152:
1067:
1049:
952:
846:
828:
673:
292:. Some are pronotal mycangia, such genus
987:(2003). "Bark beetle-fungus symbioses".
502:Ectosymbiosis in wood inhabiting insects
405:
226:
18:
805:"Fungal Farming in a Non-Social Beetle"
431:
991:. Contemporary Topics in Entomology.
887:
885:
798:
796:
752:
750:
23:Pronotal mycangia of ambrosia beetle
7:
695:
693:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
563:
561:
496:
494:
106:of the vectors themselves and their
675:10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035105
211:have been isolated from mycangia.
113:For example, the ambrosia beetle (
14:
231:Oral mycangia in ambrosia beetle
1191:10.1590/S0031-10492011001200001
133:Mycangia and symbiotic inoculum
119:) carries the symbiotic fungus
414:Mycangia of the stag beetles (
1:
500:Francke-Grossmann H. (1967).
341:One species of lizard beetle
1051:10.1371/journal.pone.0137689
872:Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrif
830:10.1371/journal.pone.0041893
1093:Canadian Journal of Zoology
703:Fungal Genetics and Biology
662:Annual Review of Entomology
1436:
1178:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
1344:Journal of Insect Science
1286:10.1007/s00114-009-0643-5
1235:10.1007/s00114-009-0643-5
1172:Atractocerus brasiliensis
1001:10.1201/9780203009918.ch7
954:10.1007/s00248-012-0055-5
906:10.1007/s10682-007-9196-2
715:10.1016/j.fgb.2013.04.004
524:The Canadian Entomologist
345:(Coleoptera: Erotylidae:
222:bark and ambrosia beetles
364:The ship-timber beetle (
351:Doubledaya bucculentnta
262:-feeding bark beetles (
1135:Coutts, M. P. (1969).
614:Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci
411:
235:
61:Dendroctonus frontalis
31:
1356:10.1093/jisesa/iew054
504:. In: M. Henry (ed.)
409:
343:Doubledaya bucculenta
230:
116:Euwallacea fornicatus
22:
894:Evolutionary Ecology
378:leaf-rolling weevils
1278:2010NW.....97..311T
1266:Naturwissenschaften
1227:2010NW.....97..311T
1215:Naturwissenschaften
1042:2015PLoSO..1037689Y
821:2012PLoSO...741893T
759:Journal of Ethology
453:1987Oecol..74..377P
359:ship-timber beetles
215:Mycangia in insects
1141:Aust. J. Biol. Sci
771:10.1007/BF02350306
741:Featured Creatures
461:10.1007/bf00378933
412:
236:
100:symbiotic inoculum
32:
1154:10.1071/BI9691153
1010:978-0-8493-1286-1
941:Microbial Ecology
179:Saccharomycetales
159:Hypocreomycetidae
147:Sordariomycetidae
1427:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1053:
1021:
1015:
1014:
989:Insect Symbiosis
981:
975:
974:
956:
932:
926:
925:
889:
880:
879:
867:
861:
860:
850:
832:
800:
791:
790:
754:
745:
744:
733:
727:
726:
697:
688:
687:
677:
653:
638:
637:
609:
603:
602:
574:
568:
565:
556:
555:
515:
509:
498:
489:
488:
436:
328:ambrosia beetles
318:Mycangia of the
244:ambrosia beetles
67:Some species of
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1323:(510): 146–152.
1314:
1313:
1309:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1184:(12): 197–205.
1167:
1166:
1162:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1105:10.1139/z06-205
1090:
1089:
1085:
1036:(9): e0137689.
1023:
1022:
1018:
1011:
983:
982:
978:
934:
933:
929:
891:
890:
883:
869:
868:
864:
802:
801:
794:
756:
755:
748:
735:
734:
730:
699:
698:
691:
655:
654:
641:
626:10.2307/3626562
611:
610:
606:
591:10.2307/3626562
576:
575:
571:
566:
559:
536:10.4039/n10-043
517:
516:
512:
499:
492:
438:
437:
433:
428:
404:
381:
362:
339:
316:
225:
217:
139:Ophiostomatales
135:
129:still unknown.
96:
84:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1420:Insect anatomy
1417:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1379:
1326:
1307:
1272:(3): 311–317.
1256:
1221:(3): 311–317.
1205:
1160:
1127:
1118:
1099:(2): 232–238.
1083:
1016:
1009:
976:
947:(3): 784–793.
927:
900:(6): 711–722.
881:
862:
792:
765:(2): 151–156.
746:
728:
689:
668:(1): 285–303.
639:
620:(2): 213–236.
604:
585:(2): 213–236.
569:
557:
510:
490:
447:(3): 377–379.
430:
429:
427:
424:
403:
397:
380:
374:
361:
355:
338:
336:lizard beetles
332:
315:
304:
224:
218:
216:
213:
205:Trichocomaceae
134:
131:
95:
92:
83:
80:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1432:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1147:: 1153–1161.
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
886:
882:
877:
873:
866:
863:
858:
854:
849:
844:
840:
836:
831:
826:
822:
818:
815:(7): e41893.
814:
810:
806:
799:
797:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
747:
742:
738:
732:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
694:
690:
685:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
608:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
570:
564:
562:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
514:
511:
507:
503:
497:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
435:
432:
425:
423:
421:
417:
408:
402:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
379:
375:
373:
371:
367:
360:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
337:
333:
331:
329:
325:
321:
313:
309:
305:
303:
301:
297:
296:
291:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:Curculionidae
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Curculionidae
245:
241:
234:
229:
223:
219:
214:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:
192:
191:Dipodascaceae
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:Basidiomycota
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
130:
126:
124:
123:
118:
117:
111:
109:
105:
101:
93:
91:
89:
81:
79:
77:
73:
70:
65:
63:
62:
56:
52:
49:
45:
42:) is used in
41:
37:
30:
29:crassiusculus
26:
21:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1121:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1033:
1029:
1019:
992:
988:
979:
944:
940:
930:
897:
893:
875:
871:
865:
812:
808:
762:
758:
740:
731:
706:
702:
665:
661:
617:
613:
607:
582:
578:
572:
530:(1): 44–55.
527:
523:
513:
505:
501:
444:
440:
434:
413:
401:stag beetles
399:Mycangia in
384:
382:
376:Mycangia in
363:
357:Mycangia in
350:
342:
340:
334:Mycangia in
317:
306:Mycangia in
299:
293:
287:
284:Ambrosiodmus
283:
256:Platypodinae
238:Mycangia of
237:
233:Ambrosiodmus
232:
220:Mycangia in
194:
151:Microascales
136:
127:
120:
114:
112:
97:
87:
85:
66:
59:
53:(usually in
39:
35:
33:
28:
24:
1338:Sinodendron
709:: 147–157.
393:Attelabidae
370:Lymexylidae
295:Xylosandrus
196:Penicillium
108:descendants
76:acarinarium
25:Xylosandrus
1409:Categories
1170:"Larva of
995:: 97–144.
985:Six, Diana
878:: 221–235.
426:References
416:Coleoptera
389:Coleoptera
366:Coleoptera
347:Erotylidae
289:Euwallacea
268:Scolytinae
252:Scolytinae
201:Ascomycota
187:Ascomycota
175:Ascomycota
167:Russulales
155:Ascomycota
143:Ascomycota
1415:Symbiosis
1200:0031-1049
1113:0008-4301
1060:1932-6203
963:0095-3628
914:0269-7653
839:1932-6203
779:0289-0771
544:1918-3240
506:Symbiosis
441:Oecologia
420:Lucanidae
320:woodwasps
312:horntails
308:woodwasps
183:Endomyces
104:nutrients
48:symbiotic
36:mycangium
34:The term
1397:: 29–38.
1374:27432353
1294:20107974
1243:20107974
1078:26367271
1030:PLOS ONE
993:20032558
971:22546962
922:29669166
857:22848648
809:PLOS ONE
787:30261494
723:23608321
684:27860522
552:86284129
485:20763037
477:28312476
276:mycelium
209:bacteria
122:Fusarium
94:Function
88:mycangia
69:phoretic
40:mycangia
1365:4948600
1302:2650646
1274:Bibcode
1251:2650646
1223:Bibcode
1069:4569427
1038:Bibcode
848:3407107
817:Bibcode
634:3626562
599:3626562
469:4218483
449:Bibcode
300:Cnestus
199:fungi (
44:biology
1372:
1362:
1350:: 76.
1300:
1292:
1249:
1241:
1198:
1111:
1076:
1066:
1058:
1007:
969:
961:
920:
912:
855:
845:
837:
785:
777:
721:
682:
632:
597:
550:
542:
483:
475:
467:
272:glands
260:Phloem
149:) and
82:Origin
38:(pl.,
1298:S2CID
1247:S2CID
918:S2CID
783:S2CID
630:JSTOR
595:JSTOR
548:S2CID
481:S2CID
465:JSTOR
385:Euops
280:setae
171:yeast
72:mites
55:spore
51:fungi
1370:PMID
1290:PMID
1239:PMID
1196:ISSN
1109:ISSN
1074:PMID
1056:ISSN
1005:ISBN
967:PMID
959:ISSN
910:ISSN
853:PMID
835:ISSN
775:ISSN
719:PMID
680:PMID
540:ISSN
473:PMID
326:and
324:bark
298:and
286:and
254:and
242:and
240:bark
1360:PMC
1352:doi
1282:doi
1231:doi
1186:doi
1149:doi
1101:doi
1064:PMC
1046:doi
997:doi
949:doi
902:doi
843:PMC
825:doi
767:doi
711:doi
670:doi
622:doi
587:doi
532:doi
528:143
457:doi
1411::
1395:88
1393:.
1368:.
1358:.
1348:16
1346:.
1342:.
1321:72
1319:.
1296:.
1288:.
1280:.
1270:97
1268:.
1245:.
1237:.
1229:.
1219:97
1217:.
1194:.
1182:51
1180:.
1176:.
1145:22
1143:.
1139:.
1107:.
1097:85
1095:.
1072:.
1062:.
1054:.
1044:.
1034:10
1032:.
1028:.
1003:.
965:.
957:.
945:64
943:.
939:.
916:.
908:.
898:22
896:.
884:^
876:10
874:.
851:.
841:.
833:.
823:.
811:.
807:.
795:^
781:.
773:.
761:.
749:^
739:.
717:.
707:56
705:.
692:^
678:.
666:62
664:.
660:.
642:^
628:.
618:66
616:.
593:.
583:66
581:.
560:^
546:.
538:.
526:.
522:.
493:^
479:.
471:.
463:.
455:.
445:74
443:.
418::
391::
368::
302:.
266::
250::
203::
189::
177::
165::
157::
145::
110:.
1376:.
1354::
1304:.
1284::
1276::
1253:.
1233::
1225::
1202:.
1188::
1157:.
1151::
1115:.
1103::
1080:.
1048::
1040::
1013:.
999::
973:.
951::
924:.
904::
859:.
827::
819::
813:7
789:.
769::
763:3
743:.
725:.
713::
686:.
672::
636:.
624::
601:.
589::
554:.
534::
487:.
459::
451::
387:(
314:)
310:(
246:(
185:(
173:(
153:(
141:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
