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83:, in which the hosts are typically nest-making species, and it appears that the mites feed on fungi in the host nests (thus keeping away the fungi from host's offspring or their provisions), or possibly other parasites or mites whose presence in the nest is detrimental to the hosts. It is especially telling that nearly all the examples involve only the females of the host species, as it is the females that build and provision the nests. Fossil evidence of
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195:, forming a central glabrous area, around which there is a fringe of appressed hairs, and mites cling to this area. Species without this modification rarely if ever have mites in this region, while those with the glabrous area almost never lack mites, so despite its simple nature it does indeed appear to function as an acarinarium. In some cases,
217:, the base of the second metasomal tergite is concave, and covered by the posterior lip of the first metasomal tergite, and mites are carried in the concavity. This structure appears the same in both males and females, though it is difficult to assess whether both sexes carry mites with equal frequency.
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is characterized by a dense brush of hairs just in front of the anterior face of the first metasomal tergite (the same effective location as in carpenter bees), which sets off a "pouchlike" space in which the mites are
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on organisms that benefit from the mites' presence; cases where the host's body has changed over evolutionary time to accommodate the mites are far less common. The best-known examples are among the
237:(1920). "Verslag van de drie-en-vijftigste wintervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologisch Vereeninging" [Report on the fifty-third winter meeting of the Dutch Entomological Society].
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161:, in which the mites can travel. Some species in these groups also have supplementary acarinaria on the mesosoma in addition to the metasomal chamber.
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may differ in this feature, one having an acarinarium, and one lacking it, suggesting that the trait can be lost and possibly regained.
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is hollowed out into an enormous internal chamber, entered through a small opening on the face of the first metasomal
366:(Hymenoptera:Eumenidae) in Nepal: nest structure and associates (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae; Acarina:Saproglyphidae)"
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384:
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191:, many species have the anterior face of the first metasomal tergite modified by the elimination of the central
360:
Boesi, Roberto; Carlo
Polidori; Jose Tormo; Stefania Bevacqua; Josep Daniel Asis; Francesco Andriett (2005).
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288:"A new augochlorine bee species in Tertiary amber from the Dominican Republic (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)"
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relationship between the mites and the host organism. There are numerous cases where mites are
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is a specialized anatomical structure which is evolved to facilitate the retention of
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Specialized anatomical structure which is evolved to facilitate the retention of mites
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The presence or absence of this structure has been used as a taxonomic character.
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on the body of an organism, typically a bee or a wasp. The term was introduced by
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327:(Hymenoptera: Apidae) with descriptions of its acarinaria on both sexes"
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Various forms of acarinaria have evolved within different lineages of
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bees with an acarinarium is found in the early
Miocene extinct genus
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133:, and in most such cases, only the females possess acarinaria:
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10.1653/0015-4040(2005)088[0135:TASHEI]2.0.CO;2
153:- in some cases, the entire anterior portion of the
286:Michael S. Engel & Molly G. Rightmyer (2000).
44:under the first metasomal tergite in Xylocopa spp
323:"Phoretic mite fauna on the large carpenter bee
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332:Journal of the Acarological Society of Japan
68:The acarinarium has evolved to enhance the
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321:Okabe, Kimiko; Makino, Shun’ichi (2002).
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129:Several examples can be found among the
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325:Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans
262:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
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117:Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) pubescens
181:In the nominate subgenus of the
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141:, in the Old World subgenera
240:Tijdschrift voor Entomologie
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364:Ancistrocerus sikhimensis
235:Walter Karl Johann Roepke
58:Walter Karl Johann Roepke
203:Other examples include:
258:Michener, C.D. (2000).
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119:with symbiotic mites (
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307:10.1051/apido:2000133
260:The Bees of the World
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371:Florida Entomologist
346:10.2300/acari.11.73
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23:Acarinarium in
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425:Insect anatomy
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404:External links
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378:(2): 135–140.
362:"Trap-nesting
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300:(3): 431–436.
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243:(in Dutch).
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188:Lasioglossum
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174:Thectochlora
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166:augochlorine
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144:Koptortosoma
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97:deposits on
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209:potter wasp
150:Mesotrichia
122:Dinogamasus
90:Oligochlora
81:Hymenoptera
70:mutualistic
50:acarinarium
419:Categories
293:Apidologie
222:References
108:Variations
99:Hispaniola
435:Symbiosis
394:0015-4040
183:halictine
78:Apocritan
64:Evolution
247:: 11–18.
178:carried.
169:halictid
155:metasoma
85:halictid
74:phoretic
37:Acaridae
26:Xylocopa
207:In the
159:tergite
41:Horstia
392:
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211:genus
185:genus
171:genus
430:Acari
193:setae
147:and
93:from
54:mites
390:ISSN
264:ISBN
164:The
131:bees
125:sp.)
380:doi
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48:An
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