188:
33:
55:
344:
Since roughly 2000, invasive milfoils have been managed by hand-harvesting. Several organizations in the New
England states have undertaken successful lake-wide hand-harvesting management programs. Periodic maintenance is necessary; the species cannot be completely eradicated once established, but
345:
it can be reduced to manageable levels. Well-trained divers with proper techniques have effectively controlled milfoil and maintained lakes, such as in the
Adirondack Park in Northern New York where chemicals, mechanical harvesters, and other management techniques are banned as disruptive. The
323:
Mechanical management can include the use of a long-reach lake rake or aquatic weed razor blade tool. Using these tools is similar to lawn work. These tools are most effective before seeds set. Infestations can be prevented through the use of a Weed Roller or a LakeMaid. These are automated and
248:
that lack dissection. The plants are usually heterophyllous, leaves above the water are often stiffer and smaller than the submerged leaves on the same plant and can lack dissection. Species can be monoecious or dioecious. In
295:
detected milfoil in its waters in the 1960s. It discounted milfoil's value as a food or feedstock and fought it with chemicals and lowering of water levels. It suggested that water lilies (
1547:
1599:
1119:
320:. Control can also be done through careful mechanical management, such as with "lake mowers," but this is a fragmenting plant, and the fragments may grow back.
288:) have aggressively invaded lakes, natural waterways and irrigation canals in North America. The U.S. states most affected have implemented control plans.
1485:
357:
A detailed molecular phylogenetic study enabled the construction of an infrageneric taxonomy but also revealed that another
Haloragaceae genus, the
1573:
1498:
1648:
268:
The fruits and leaves can be an important food source for waterfowl, which are thought to be an important source of seed and clonal dispersal.
1112:
Proceedings of the first international symposium on water milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and related
Haloragaceae species. July 23–24, 1985
1399:
1394:
1723:
1534:
1142:
1697:
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1110:
261:
are small, 4(2)-parted and usually borne in emergent leaf axils. The 'female' flowers usually lack petals. The fruit is a
228:
These submersed aquatic plants are perhaps most commonly recognized for having elongate stems with air canals and whorled
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772:
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32:
1187:(Haloragaceae) in Australasia. I. New Zealand: A Revision of the Genus and a Synopsis of the Family".
1728:
1614:
1503:
1407:
982:
650:
369:, once thought to be extinct, was embedded within it, leading to its submersion within the former as
1203:
244:
has alternately arranged scale like leaves, while many
Australian species have small alternate or
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49:
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115:
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236:
divided, but there are many exceptions. For example, the North
American species
1167:
1123:
377:. This created three subgenera, further divided into sections and subsections:
262:
1311:
1433:
1420:
358:
313:
1679:
1565:
1036:
1674:
1305:
408:
365:
167:
105:
1360:
1490:
1239:
1212:
1002:
442:
341:), which eats nothing but milfoil, was an effective weapon against it.
250:
233:
1249:"Taxonomic revision of the genus Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae) in China"
1516:
1247:
Yu, D.; Wangerin, Walther
Leonard; Li, Z. Y.; Funston, A. M. (2002).
332:
258:
254:
1539:
1282:
994:
349:
of Paul Smiths
College touts the effectiveness of hand-harvesting.
1425:
186:
66:
16:
Genus of flowering plants in the water milfoil family
Haloragaceae
421:
324:
unattended machines. Permits may be required by various states.
229:
1286:
1412:
1267:"Milfoil munching weevils prove their worth at Fairfield Pond"
1224:(Haloragaceae) in Australasia. II. The Australian species".
346:
1030:"Resume Of Studies And Control Of Eurasian Watermilfoil"
225:
is
Australia with 43 recognized species (37 endemic).
1035:. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. Archived from
952:
950:
1295:
1118:. Vancouver, BC: Aquatic Plant Management Society,
265:that splits into four (two) nutlets at maturity.
213:) is a genus of about 69 species of freshwater
257:species plants are either male or female, the
1143:"Systematics of the Aquatic Angiosperm genus
1120:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
1063:. Lac Notre-Dame and Usher Lake Association
1283:
1080:
31:
20:
1202:
1092:
956:
946:
969:Aiken, S.G. (1981). "A conspectus of
327:In 2007, Professor Sallie Sheldon of
253:species plants are hermaphrodite, in
7:
1703:30fcb617-08b2-42b7-938f-0371458d556e
1615:bd9c7513-167c-4257-ba2b-5605e2f2efd9
347:Adirondack Watershed Institute (AWI)
1061:"Eurasian Watermilfoil - A Problem"
197:with a T-cutting unit mounted on a
1667:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30028764-2
973:(Haloragaceae) in North America".
14:
1141:Moody, M.L.; Les, D. H. (2010).
53:
221:. The centre of diversity for
1:
525:Myriophyllum callitrichoides
1109:Anderson, Lars W.J. (ed.).
710:Myriophyllum mattogrossense
497:Myriophyllum austropygmaeum
312:) is often controlled with
1780:
1168:10.1600/036364410790862470
1026:Tennessee Valley Authority
927:Myriophyllum verticillatum
661:Myriophyllum integrifolium
623:Myriophyllum heterophyllum
532:Myriophyllum caput-medusae
511:Myriophyllum balladoniense
466:Myriophyllum alterniflorum
424:) M.L.Moody & D.H.Les.
301:) might deny it sunlight.
293:Tennessee Valley Authority
899:Myriophyllum tuberculatum
878:Myriophyllum trachycarpum
766:Myriophyllum pedunculatum
504:Myriophyllum axilliflorum
411:) M.L.Moody & D.H.Les
331:reported that an aquatic
219:cosmopolitan distribution
170:) M.L.Moody & D.H.Les
154:
149:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
1220:Orchard, A. E. (1986). "
1183:Orchard, A. E. (1979). "
913:Myriophyllum variifolium
871:Myriophyllum tillaeoides
815:Myriophyllum salsugineum
696:Myriophyllum limnophilum
630:Myriophyllum hippuroides
588:Myriophyllum exasperatum
451:List of selected species
304:The widespread invasive
920:Myriophyllum verrucosum
906:Myriophyllum ussuriense
892:Myriophyllum triphyllum
864:Myriophyllum tetrandrum
787:Myriophyllum propinquum
759:Myriophyllum papillosum
745:Myriophyllum oliganthum
682:Myriophyllum latifolium
675:Myriophyllum lapidicola
644:Myriophyllum implicatum
609:Myriophyllum glomeratum
574:Myriophyllum decussatum
567:Myriophyllum drummondii
829:Myriophyllum sibiricum
738:Myriophyllum oguraense
731:Myriophyllum muricatum
602:Myriophyllum filiforme
595:Myriophyllum farwellii
581:Myriophyllum echinatum
553:Myriophyllum crispatum
539:Myriophyllum coronatum
483:Myriophyllum aquaticum
476:Myriophyllum amphibium
338:Euhrychiopsis lecontei
306:Eurasian water milfoil
201:
42:Myriophyllum aquaticum
1636:Paleobiology Database
934:Myriophyllum votschii
885:Myriophyllum trifidum
857:Myriophyllum tenellum
850:Myriophyllum striatum
843:Myriophyllum spicatum
836:Myriophyllum simulans
822:Myriophyllum siamense
808:Myriophyllum robustum
801:Myriophyllum quitense
794:Myriophyllum pygmaeum
780:Myriophyllum porcatum
773:Myriophyllum pinnatum
752:Myriophyllum petraeum
724:Myriophyllum muelleri
717:Myriophyllum mezianum
703:Myriophyllum lophatum
668:Myriophyllum jacobsii
560:Myriophyllum dicoccum
546:Myriophyllum costatum
490:Myriophyllum artesium
194:Myriophyllum spicatum
190:
1277:. September 6, 2007.
1093:Moody & Les 2010
651:Myriophyllum indicum
616:Myriophyllum gracile
459:Myriophyllum alpinum
272:Invasion and control
1762:Saxifragales genera
987:1981Britt..33...57A
637:Myriophyllum humile
1275:Middlebury College
1240:10.1071/bru9850173
1213:10.1071/bru9850173
689:Myriophyllum laxum
518:Myriophyllum bonii
329:Middlebury College
202:
1757:Freshwater plants
1739:
1738:
1623:Open Tree of Life
1289:Taxon identifiers
1155:Systematic Botany
1024:Gordon E. Smith,
656:
471:
445:
434:
425:
412:
399:
368:
232:that are finely,
185:
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1592:NHMSYS0000460831
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1284:
1278:
1262:
1243:
1216:
1206:
1179:
1151:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1122:. Archived from
1117:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
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1021:
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1014:
966:
960:
954:
654:
469:
441:
432:
419:
406:
395:
381:Subgenera (type)
364:
318:diquat dibromide
282:M. heterophyllum
177:
165:
141:
58:
57:
35:
21:
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1304:
1291:
1281:
1265:
1246:
1219:
1204:10.1.1.492.3964
1182:
1149:
1147:(Haloragaceae)"
1140:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1081:Middlebury 2007
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995:10.2307/2806578
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355:
276:Three species (
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246:opposite leaves
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52:
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12:
11:
5:
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1716:wfo-4000025144
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1162:(1): 121–139.
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438:M. variifolium
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273:
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215:aquatic plants
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1129:on 2021-08-26
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298:Nelumbo lutea
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211:water milfoil
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80:Tracheophytes
78:
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68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
44:
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38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1752:Myriophyllum
1465:Myriophyllum
1400:Myriophyllum
1327:Myriophyllum
1297:Myriophyllum
1296:
1270:
1258:
1252:
1231:
1225:
1222:Myriophyllum
1221:
1194:
1188:
1185:Myriophyllum
1184:
1159:
1153:
1145:Myriophyllum
1144:
1131:. Retrieved
1124:the original
1111:
1102:Bibliography
1088:
1076:
1065:. Retrieved
1055:
1044:. Retrieved
1037:the original
1019:
981:(1): 57–69.
978:
974:
971:Myriophyllum
970:
964:
957:Orchard 1986
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
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205:
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158:Myriophyllum
157:
137:Myriophyllum
136:
135:
126:Haloragaceae
116:Saxifragales
99:
86:
73:
40:
25:Myriophyllum
24:
18:
1512:iNaturalist
1321:Wikispecies
1273:. Vermont:
1234:: 173–291.
1197:: 247–287.
430:Brachytheca
416:M. trifidum
392:M. spicatum
316:containing
310:M. spicatum
286:M. spicatum
199:mowing boat
175:Brachytheca
93:Angiosperms
1746:Categories
1540:30028764-2
1261:: 396–421.
1133:2019-12-06
1067:2010-01-16
1046:2013-02-09
942:References
263:schizocarp
251:monoecious
150:Subgenera
1434:FloraBase
1199:CiteSeerX
975:Brittonia
470:DC., 1815
373:subgenus
359:monotypic
314:herbicide
255:dioecious
234:pinnately
217:, with a
63:Kingdom:
1698:VicFlora
1687:VASCAN:
1680:40024418
1675:Tropicos
1395:eFloraSA
1358:BioLib:
1306:Wikidata
1271:Newsroom
1227:Brunonia
1190:Brunonia
1176:52999042
1011:86510669
433:Schindl.
409:Schindl.
404:Meziella
375:Meziella
366:Schindl.
362:Meziella
353:Taxonomy
242:tenellum
191:Cutting
178:Schindl.
168:Schindl.
163:Meziella
122:Family:
106:Eudicots
1628:1009624
1553:1278260
1491:2984253
1312:Q157868
1254:Rhodora
1003:2806578
983:Bibcode
443:Hook.f.
259:flowers
132:Genus:
112:Order:
67:Plantae
1729:415670
1649:PLANTS
1641:118085
1612:NZOR:
1478:121478
1452:121478
1374:126252
1351:108091
1338:192833
1335:APDB:
1201:
1174:
1009:
1001:
333:weevil
230:leaves
1724:WoRMS
1654:MYRIO
1605:24952
1579:27034
1566:34938
1548:IRMNG
1527:53744
1524:IPA:
1517:60207
1460:FoAO2
1439:21864
1426:1MYPG
1413:61693
1172:S2CID
1150:(PDF)
1127:(PDF)
1116:(PDF)
1040:(PDF)
1033:(PDF)
1007:S2CID
999:JSTOR
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
1690:1448
1662:POWO
1600:NCBI
1574:ITIS
1535:IPNI
1504:7919
1499:GRIN
1486:GBIF
1421:EPPO
1387:5WJZ
1369:BOLD
1361:3616
1346:APNI
422:Nees
291:The
284:and
1711:WFO
1587:NBN
1561:ISC
1473:FoC
1447:FNA
1408:EoL
1382:CoL
1259:104
1236:doi
1209:doi
1164:doi
991:doi
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989:.
979:33
977:.
949:^
397:L.
280:,
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143:L.
102::
89::
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389:(
335:(
308:(
238:M
209:(
166:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
