431:(IMF), economists Hamid Reza Davoodi and George T. Abed wrote in 2003: "The MENA region comprises the Arab States in the Middle East and North Africa—Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen—plus the Islamic State of Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, the West Bank and Gaza." The authors emphasise that these "24 MENA countries (...) are grouped together for analytical purposes only." Although they allegedly "share common challenges and cultural links distinct from neighbouring economies" such as Israel and Turkey, and Islam is the dominant religion and Arabic the principal language, there are "sizable religious minority groups" and "significant linguistic diversities" in the MENA region, with Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan not having Arabic as the majority language.
2674:(CSIS) published in April 2016, the factors shaping the MENA region are exceedingly complex, and it is difficult to find 'any overall model that fits the different variables involved'. It found that there were 'deep structural causes of violence and instability'. Wars and upheavals are partly 'shaped by the major tribal, ethnic, sectarian, and regional differences', by 'demographic, economic, and security trends', and by 'quality of governance, internal security system, justice systems, and progress.' In some countries, the necessary societal factors for successful democratic change (often championed by some in the region and in the West to address various issues) are absent, and political revolutions may not always lead to more stability, nor solve the underlying problems in a given MENA country. However, it also found that 'the majority of MENA nations have remained relatively stable and continue to make progress'.
2316:
285:
387:
territories: Algeria, Djibouti, the Arab
Republic of Egypt, Iraq, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, the Republic of Yemen, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, and West Bank and Gaza." As of January 2021, the World Bank website groups the same set of 21 countries/territories as MENA: "Algeria; Bahrain; Djibouti; Egypt, Arab Rep.; Iran, Islamic Rep.; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Malta; Morocco; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Syrian Arab Republic; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; West Bank and Gaza; Yemen, Rep..".
2327:
48:
1525:'s Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) excluded Ethiopia, Sudan and Pakistan from its 1992 WANA definition, but otherwise listed the same countries. In a 2011 study, ICARDA stated 27 countries/territories: 'The WANA region includes: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gaza Strip, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.'
347:
1502:
6364:
335:
1441:
4808:
2496:. The Middle East–North Africa region comprises 20 countries and territories with an estimated Muslim population of 315 million or about 23% of the world's Muslim population. The term "MENA" is often defined in part in relation to majority-Muslim countries located in the region, although several nations in the region are not Muslim-dominated. Major non-Islamic religions native here are
4822:
323:
4113:
3932:
Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,
386:
study stated: "In World Bank geographic classification, the following 21 countries or territories constitute the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: six Gulf
Cooperation Council (GCC) members (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates ), and 15 other countries or
2435:
and agricultural resources within the MENA region, threatening the national security and political stability of all included countries. Over 60 percent of the region's population lives in high and very high water-stressed areas compared to the global average of 35 percent. This has prompted some
415:
regional classification of the Middle East and North Africa region "includes 20 countries/territories: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab
Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen",
1419:
grouped 20 countries and territories as 'the Middle East and North Africa', namely: 'Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, the
Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara and Yemen.'
423:
website groups the following set of 20 countries as MENA: "Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran (Islamic
Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, State of Palestine, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates,
3957:
Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris
Climate
1412:(including the Palestinian Authority enclaves in the West Bank and Gaza Strip), Turkey, Israel, Iran, and Cyprus.' They stressed, however, how controversial and problematic this definition is, and that other choices could also have been made according to various criteria.
2418:(IPCC). The MENA region is especially vulnerable to such impacts due to its arid and semi-arid environment, facing climatic challenges such as low rainfall, high temperatures and dry soil. The climatic conditions that foster such challenges for MENA are projected by the
1407:
Historians
Michael Dumper and Bruce Stanley stated in 2007: 'For the purposes of this volume, the editors have generally chosen to define the MENA region as stretching from Morocco to Iran and from Turkey to the Horn of Africa. This definition thus includes the
4074:
1521:(ICARDA) defined its West Asia/North Africa (WANA) region as 25 countries, including: 'Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey and Yemen.' It noted that
2635:'s 2016 "Religion and Education Around the World" study, 40% of the adult population in MENA had completed less than a year of primary school. The fraction was higher for women, of whom half had been to school for less than a year.
1431:
defined the MENA region as containing 20 countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab
Emirates, and Yemen.
184:, military planning, disaster relief, media planning (as a broadcast region), and business writing. Moreover, it shares a number of cultural, economic, and environmental similarities across the countries that it spans; for example,
400:] the following 18 countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Occupied Palestinian Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen."
3858:
249:, which is usually excluded from some MENA definitions, even though Turkey is almost always considered part of the Middle East proper. Ultimately, MENA can be considered as a grouping scheme that brings together most of the
407:
report stated: "The 21 MENA countries are
Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and
4782:
4218:
IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of
Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151
4564:
3008:
1493:
Western Asia (18): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, State of Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates,
1518:
1506:
2204:. Some organisations and scholars insist on still using 'Near East' today, with some including North Africa, but definitions range widely and there is no consensus on its geographical application.
4356:
Waha, Katharina; Krummenauer, Linda; Adams, Sophie; Aich, Valentin; Baarsch, Florent; Coumou, Dim; Fader, Marianela; Hoff, Holger; Jobbins, Guy; Marcus, Rachel; Mengel, Matthias (12 April 2017).
4746:
2367:
and the subsequent response, adaption and mitigation strategies of countries in the region. In 2018, the MENA region emitted 3.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide and produced 8.7% of global
2156:
as the data hub for the region. In some contexts, specifically the Lauder Institute at the University of Pennsylvania, the region is abbreviated as SAMENA instead of the more common MENASA.
4715:
2703:
2670:
stated that 'the Middle East and North Africa remains the world's least peaceful region, despite improvements for 11 countries'. According to an in-depth multi-part study by the
3214:
3784:
2863:
2432:
2356:
2303:
185:
4768:
3998:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario.
2868:
2737:
2541:
2695:
4556:
2837:
2564:. As of 2022, the population was around 493 million. The class, cultural, ethnic, governmental, linguistic and religious make-up of the region is highly variable.
4854:
4742:
3038:
2671:
4541:
3004:
2649:
474:
391:
181:
3141:
4299:
3619:
2683:
1440:
6128:
5987:
4594:
4321:
Pal, Jeremy S.; Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. (26 October 2015). "Future temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability".
281:
has no standardized definition; different organizations define the region as consisting of different territories, or do not define it as a region at all.
4523:
3490:
6401:
3755:
2699:
2419:
2415:
4738:
2687:
2621:(810.98 billion barrels (128.936 km)) and 45% of the world's natural gas reserves ( 2,868,886 billion cubic feet (81,237.8 km) ).
4229:
El-Fadel, M.; Bou-Zeid, E. (2003). "Climate change and water resources in the Middle East: vulnerability, socio-economic impacts and adaptation".
3519:
4707:
3981:
3694:
6121:
6007:
4075:"An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region"
2440:. Law and policy are also being established on a national level amongst MENA countries, with a focus on the development of renewable energies.
6116:
6050:
4826:
4504:
3662:
3578:
3448:
3255:
2586:
states due to various social, religious and historic ties. The most commonly accepted countries in the MENA region are included on this page.
2749:
6111:
6075:
6014:
4739:"The Underlying Causes of Stability and Instability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Analytic Survey and Risk Assessment"
3810:
2821:
2347:
3723:
2813:
6104:
6099:
6045:
3584:
2691:
3668:
3261:
2148:
refers to the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia region. Its usage consists of the region of MENA together with South Asia, with
1489:
needs, does not define a single WANA region, but it does feature two subregions called Western Asia and Northern Africa, respectively:
5973:
4847:
4680:
3545:
2878:
2667:
1479:
1428:
488:
367:
4684:
4358:"Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups"
3207:
378:
do define the MENA region, but their definitions may contradict each other, and sometimes only apply to specific studies or reports.
6314:
6055:
4256:
3995:
2653:
453:
404:
4002:
predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.
3366:
3611:
Mustafa Pala; Theib Oweis; Bogachan Benli; Eddy De Pauw; Mohammed El Mourid; Mohammed Karrou; Majd Jamal; Nusret Zencirci (2011).
6070:
6060:
6002:
5980:
5963:
5958:
5877:
3780:
3101:
2903:
1409:
2801:
2315:
6080:
5909:
5775:
5689:
5639:
4487:
Brauch, Hans GĂĽnter (2012), "Policy Responses to Climate Change in the Mediterranean and MENA Region during the Anthropocene",
4357:
4014:
2465:
3836:
3071:
2829:
2436:
MENA countries to engage with the issue of climate change on an international level through environmental accords such as the
6024:
3030:
359:
3430:
4491:, Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol. 8, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 719–794,
3994:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can.
6334:
6319:
4840:
3401:
2657:
2513:
1395:
Also called State of Palestine, (Occupied) Palestinian Territories, Palestinian Authority, or West Bank and Gaza (Strip).
6367:
6019:
5649:
2454:
2392:
2106:
2817:
2716:
in the 20th century, many different armed conflicts have occurred in the MENA region, including but not limited to the
5506:
4537:
4273:
2797:
2517:
2480:
2122:
428:
284:
2721:
1467:
and North Africa) or the less common NAWA (North Africa-West Asia). Usage of the term WANA has also been advanced by
354:(2003), which includes Afghanistan, Mauritania, Pakistan, Palestine, Sudan and Somalia, but excludes Israel and Malta
3294:
47:
5684:
5669:
4967:
4952:
3179:
3130:
2596:
117:. The region has no standardized definition and groupings may vary, but the term typically includes countries like
2725:
6065:
5997:
5968:
5953:
5694:
5619:
2898:
109:
together. However, it is widely considered to be a more defined and apolitical alternative to the concept of the
5654:
5571:
5154:
4867:
3612:
3330:
2893:
2709:
2423:
2368:
2326:
1475:
1445:
363:
4586:
4519:
3483:
6301:
5992:
5899:
5576:
5286:
5281:
4424:"The impact of climate change on budget balances and debt in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region"
3748:
2809:
2773:
2729:
2450:
2196:
was commonly used before the term Middle East was coined by the British in the early 20th century. The term
262:
2410:
Sharp global temperature and sea level changes, shifting precipitation patterns and increased frequency of
394:
report stated: "For the purposes of this study, the MENA region has been defined as comprising of [
6278:
6085:
5679:
5482:
3999:
2841:
2713:
2469:
2426:
are not significantly reduced, part of the MENA region risks becoming uninhabitable before the year 2100.
2335:
6411:
6371:
6235:
6155:
5798:
5699:
5308:
2955:
2781:
2523:
Migrant population, mostly within the Gulf nations, practice mostly the beliefs they follow to, such as
2218:
375:
39:
35:
31:
4392:
3515:
4557:"The Mahamevnawa Buddhist Monastery reinforces the UAE's dedication to integrate minority communities"
6406:
6245:
5221:
4939:
4435:
4372:
4131:
4089:
3971:
3896:
3690:
2286:
2043:
1468:
1310:
5894:
5559:
5496:
5472:
5303:
5164:
5110:
5051:
5022:
4962:
4957:
4048:
2888:
2825:
2793:
2632:
2567:
2110:
2105:
In a preparatory working paper for the June 2004 G8 Summit, the U.S. government (at the end of the
1483:
1416:
303:
110:
4832:
3613:"Assessment of wheat yield gap in the Mediterranean: Case studies from Morocco, Syria, and Turkey"
3455:
3031:"World Economic Forum on the Middle East and North Africa, Marrakech, Morocco, 26–28 October 2010"
2492:
is by far the dominant religion in nearly all of the MENA territories; 91.2% of the population is
346:
6182:
5803:
5766:
5644:
5090:
5012:
4972:
4947:
4658:
4404:
3110:
2769:
2761:
2741:
2733:
2663:
2617:. According to the Oil and Gas Journal (January 1, 2009), the MENA region has 60% of the world's
2614:
2583:
2484:
2266:
1898:
1424:
1085:
4616:
3806:
2745:
1501:
370:(though the latter does feature two subregions called 'Western Asia' and 'Northern Africa', see
3716:
6396:
6263:
5882:
5709:
5674:
5535:
5530:
5511:
5320:
5147:
4907:
4500:
4469:
4451:
4396:
4338:
4252:
4196:
4155:
4105:
3976:
3914:
3658:
3574:
3251:
2600:
2371:(GHG) despite making up only 6% of the global population. These emissions are mostly from the
2197:
1722:
721:
5184:
3568:
6344:
6339:
6329:
6258:
5935:
5889:
5832:
5761:
5624:
5518:
5467:
5445:
5298:
5245:
4773:
4650:
4492:
4459:
4443:
4388:
4380:
4330:
4242:
4234:
4186:
4147:
4097:
3946:
3904:
3652:
3245:
2883:
2805:
3541:
6230:
5731:
5719:
5704:
5659:
5609:
5549:
5491:
5452:
5440:
5433:
5342:
5159:
5142:
5117:
4778:
4676:
4214:
4212:
4210:
3951:
3934:
3434:
3105:
2437:
2411:
2372:
2201:
334:
4769:"Sudan's Hamdok takes office as new prime minister, vows to tackle conflicts and economy"
3414:
the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience
4439:
4376:
4093:
3900:
3859:"UN to support the new Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Climate Initiative | UNECE"
3358:
2391:
reserves that are found within the region. The region of Middle East is one of the most
6375:
6324:
6223:
6187:
6167:
6150:
6090:
5854:
5746:
5724:
5714:
5566:
5544:
5428:
5423:
5408:
5403:
5330:
5276:
5228:
5199:
5105:
5095:
4464:
2960:
2833:
2566:
Debates on which countries should be included in the Middle East are wide-ranging. The
2428:
2404:
2376:
2153:
2059:
1338:
4807:
6390:
6349:
6218:
6210:
6177:
5914:
5864:
5756:
5751:
5741:
5591:
5554:
5462:
5457:
5359:
5264:
4662:
4408:
3098:
2777:
2753:
4026:
3933:
Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).
3035:
World Economic Forum on the Middle East and North Africa 2010 – World Economic Forum
1497:
Northern Africa (7): Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Western Sahara.
6253:
6192:
6172:
6162:
5872:
5844:
5599:
5337:
5271:
5240:
5189:
5061:
4990:
4927:
4917:
4101:
3832:
3063:
2858:
2618:
2571:
2553:
2497:
2380:
2343:
2274:
1947:
1452:
1142:
278:
158:
114:
106:
4119:
from the original on 14 June 2021 – via Surrey Research Insight Open Access.
2221:
and Middle East. The 18 nations in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East are:
4496:
4151:
3427:
6309:
6268:
5904:
5793:
5736:
5664:
5614:
5501:
5477:
5366:
5204:
5122:
5100:
5076:
4922:
4912:
4238:
2789:
2610:
2579:
2549:
2388:
2339:
2130:
1562:
1460:
1456:
497:
294:
274:
250:
230:
98:
4447:
3935:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic"
3909:
3884:
3393:
5839:
5808:
5634:
5629:
5293:
5254:
5216:
5134:
5007:
4892:
4887:
4654:
4384:
4191:
4174:
2853:
2757:
2561:
2137:
to MENA countries. Now MENAP is a prominent economic grouping in IMF reports.
2113:
as including the Arab states, Israel, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
1850:
1610:
1486:
1455:
nature of the term "Middle East", some people, especially in sciences such as
973:
581:
446:
383:
327:
207:
4455:
4423:
4400:
4342:
4200:
4159:
4109:
6286:
5945:
5919:
5849:
5827:
5820:
5604:
5381:
5315:
5211:
5034:
5017:
4902:
4897:
4871:
2908:
2606:
2400:
2384:
2192:
2186:
Near East § Table of near eastern countries recognized by some agencies
2185:
1464:
342:, which includes Sudan and Somalia, but excludes Israel, Palestine and Malta
102:
4473:
3918:
2560:) region show a highly populated, culturally diverse region spanning three
2414:
events are some of the main impacts of climate change as identified by the
17:
4821:
4812:
4175:"The impact of the global energy transition on MENA oil and gas producers"
3247:
Challenges of Growth and Globalization in the Middle East and North Africa
3208:"Seizing the Opportunity: Ending AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa"
5813:
5418:
5354:
5325:
5235:
5194:
5002:
4982:
4334:
3287:
2785:
2765:
2528:
2524:
2505:
2134:
1915:
1706:
1658:
1057:
665:
312: Areas pundits sometimes associated with the Middle East around 2004
234:
3288:"The situation of stateless persons in the Middle East and North Africa"
3171:
3131:"Trade, Investment, and Development in the Middle East and North Africa"
3064:"The United Nations selects Dubai as the data hub for the MENASA region"
2932:
5785:
5523:
5413:
5371:
5259:
5071:
5066:
4995:
4274:"How the Middle East is suffering on the front lines of climate change"
3394:"Methodology: Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49)"
3324:"Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia: Key trends in the agrifood sector"
2717:
2501:
2396:
2360:
2258:
2222:
2011:
1963:
1866:
1818:
1690:
1626:
1594:
1578:
1254:
1170:
1001:
889:
609:
553:
525:
186:
some of the most extreme impacts of climate change will be felt in MENA
166:
146:
138:
122:
118:
51:
How often countries/territories are included in MENA/WANA definitions:
4587:"Catch News: English News Paper India, Latest Breaking News Headlines"
4247:
3428:
Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopaedia
288:
Variations on definitions of the Middle East and North Africa region.
6291:
5395:
5349:
5056:
5043:
4073:
Abbass, Rana Alaa; Kumar, Prashant; El-Gendy, Ahmed (February 2018).
2575:
2493:
2282:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2234:
2226:
2169:
2027:
1802:
1786:
1770:
1642:
1553:
1546:
1514:
1282:
861:
833:
805:
637:
467:
460:
420:
412:
339:
258:
246:
134:
130:
3654:
Food and Feed Prospects to 2020 in the West Asia/North Africa Region
3323:
3099:
America's "Greater Middle East" and Europe: Key Issues for Dialogue
2129:(Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan), which adds
6199:
6142:
6037:
5581:
4879:
4863:
2982:
2913:
2509:
2489:
2350:(bottom). Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely
2290:
2278:
2270:
2230:
2149:
2075:
1995:
1979:
1931:
1834:
1674:
1539:
1522:
1500:
1439:
1366:
1226:
1198:
1114:
945:
917:
693:
345:
333:
321:
283:
174:
162:
154:
142:
126:
46:
2168:(Middle East, North Africa, and Turkey) has been used to include
5176:
2873:
2625:
2557:
2364:
2262:
2242:
2238:
2213:
1882:
1754:
1738:
1029:
777:
749:
254:
150:
4836:
4300:"With climate change, life in the Gulf could become impossible"
2092:
Also called State of Palestine, or West Bank and Gaza (Strip).
1519:
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
322:
3833:"About GE in the Middle East, North Africa and Turkey (MENAT)"
2217:
refers to a grouping of 18 nations situated in and around the
481:
396:
351:
191:
Some related terms have a wider definition than MENA, such as
170:
30:"MENA", "WANA", and "NAWA" redirect here. For other uses, see
4708:"About one-fifth of adults globally have no formal schooling"
4737:
Anthony H. Cordesman & Abdullah Toukan (19 April 2016).
3781:"The UN selects Dubai as the data hub for the MENASA region"
2804:, while also sparking war throughout the region such as the
2531:
among South Asian, East Asian and Southeast Asian migrants.
4049:"Population, total – Middle East & North Africa, World"
436:
MENA definitions by United Nations agencies and programmes
180:
As a regional identifier, the term "MENA" is often used in
3885:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading"
3129:
Dipak Dasgupta & Mustapha Kamel Nabli (August 2003).
2704:
Soviet Middle Eastern foreign policy during the Cold War
1529:
WANA definitions by (mostly agricultural) organisations
4422:
Giovanis, Eleftherios; Ozdamar, Oznur (13 June 2022).
2956:"SWANA: What Do You Call the Cradle of Civilisation?"
4617:"Population, total - Middle East & North Africa"
3570:
The Multidimensionality of Regions in World Politics
3166:
3164:
3162:
6300:
6277:
6244:
6208:
6141:
6035:
5943:
5934:
5863:
5784:
5590:
5394:
5175:
5133:
5042:
5033:
4981:
4938:
4878:
4489:
Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict
3883:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020).
2864:Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa
2357:Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa
2304:Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa
1444:Western Asia and Northern Africa according to the
1415:For its December 2012 global religion survey, the
3353:
3351:
2431:is expected to put significant strain on already
4641:Keddie, Nicki (1973). "Is There a Middle East".
2869:Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa
2542:Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa
4136:emission and economic growth in MENA countries"
3567:Kohlenberg, Paul J.; Godehardt, Nadine (2020).
3516:"West Asia and North Africa: A Regional Vision"
3388:
3386:
3384:
2696:United States foreign policy in the Middle East
2200:is commonly used by scholars for the region in
4743:Center for Strategic and International Studies
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3606:
3604:
3602:
2672:Center for Strategic and International Studies
265:, Afghanistan and Pakistan, and a few others.
97:), is a geographic region which comprises the
4848:
4538:"Politics and Islam in Central Asia and MENA"
2650:Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa
2125:started using a new analytical region called
376:agencies and programmes of the United Nations
253:and variously includes their neighbors, like
8:
4643:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2874:Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME)
2778:rise of terrorism and anti-terrorist actions
4393:1871.1/15a62c49-fde8-4a54-95ea-dc32eb176cf4
3651:Nordblom, Thomas L.; Shomo, Farouk (1995).
3478:
3476:
3281:
3279:
3244:George T. Abed; Hamid Reza Davoodi (2003).
2684:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
219:
196:
5940:
5039:
4855:
4841:
4833:
3939:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
3250:. International Monetary Fund. p. 2.
3239:
3237:
3235:
3124:
3122:
3120:
2838:2019–2022 Sudanese transition to democracy
2470:Human rights in Africa § North Africa
2422:to worsen throughout the 21st century. If
1527:
434:
4463:
4246:
4190:
3950:
3908:
3322:Nuno Santos & Iride Ceccacci (2015).
3317:
3315:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3093:
3091:
3089:
2879:Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA)
2700:British foreign policy in the Middle East
2416:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1463:, prefer to use other terms like "WANA" (
4173:Tagliapietra, Simone (1 November 2019).
3425:Dumper, Michael, and Stanley, Bruce E.,
2688:List of modern conflicts in North Africa
2348:the most intense climate change scenario
2924:
2738:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
2644:Stability and instability in the region
1410:twenty-two countries of the Arab League
3984:from the original on 20 September 2023
2613:that make it a vital source of global
4544:from the original on 6 February 2017.
4526:from the original on 28 January 2017.
3952:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847
3625:from the original on 23 November 2018
3369:from the original on 27 November 2020
2782:U.S.-led intervention of Iraq in 2003
2605:The MENA region has vast reserves of
7:
4749:from the original on 27 January 2021
4718:from the original on 25 January 2019
4567:from the original on 31 January 2021
3697:from the original on 23 October 2014
3522:from the original on 27 October 2014
3496:from the original on 9 December 2020
3336:from the original on 23 January 2021
3300:from the original on 22 January 2021
3220:from the original on 22 January 2021
3182:from the original on 22 January 2021
3147:from the original on 22 January 2021
3058:
3056:
3011:from the original on 29 October 2014
2836:'s regime and the initiation of the
2822:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
2628:nations are within the MENA region.
2570:and North Africa region can include
1451:Due to the geographic ambiguity and
358:There is no MENA region amongst the
293: Traditional definition of the
4785:from the original on 22 August 2019
4520:"Middle East-North Africa Overview"
4298:Gornall, Jonathan (24 April 2019).
4231:Climate Change in the Mediterranean
4130:Al-mulali, Usama (1 October 2011).
3813:from the original on 18 August 2016
3761:from the original on 19 August 2014
3573:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 86.
3404:from the original on 30 August 2017
2692:List of Middle East peace proposals
2668:Institute for Economics & Peace
2342:at present (top) and predicted for
1429:Institute for Economics & Peace
4681:United States Department of Energy
4597:from the original on 17 April 2019
3839:from the original on 4 August 2016
3729:from the original on 21 April 2016
3671:from the original on 16 March 2023
3587:from the original on 16 March 2023
3548:from the original on 30 April 2005
3264:from the original on 16 March 2023
3041:from the original on 18 April 2012
2395:. The impacts include increase in
416:according to a 2019 UNICEF report.
350:The MENA region as defined by the
326:The MENA region as defined by the
113:, which comprises the bulk of the
25:
3996:The Australian Academy of Science
3717:"World Economic Outlook Database"
3691:"World Economic Outlook Database"
2654:Water politics in the Middle East
1446:UN political statistics geoscheme
229:Middle East and North Africa and
206:Middle East and North Africa and
6402:Economic country classifications
6363:
6362:
5695:West South Central United States
4820:
4806:
4706:Masci, David (11 January 2017).
4687:from the original on 13 May 2011
3970:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022).
3787:from the original on 14 May 2022
3449:"The Global Religious Landscape"
3206:Tamara Sutila, ed. (July 2019).
3172:"Middle East & North Africa"
3074:from the original on 18 May 2019
2904:Middle East economic integration
2750:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
2540:This section is an excerpt from
2375:, an integral component of many
2359:(MENA) refers to changes in the
2325:
2314:
2302:This section is an excerpt from
1513:In a 1995 publication, the then-
91:South West Asia and North Africa
5910:Latin America and the Caribbean
5776:Latin America and the Caribbean
4272:Broom, Douglas (5 April 2019).
3286:Laura van Waas (October 2010).
3114:, Volume XI, No.3, Pages 85–97.
2954:Semaan, Celine (8 April 2022).
2466:Human rights in the Middle East
2383:economies due to the extensive
4102:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061
3454:. Pewforum.org. Archived from
3359:"Middle East and North Africa"
2894:Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
360:United Nations Regional Groups
338:The MENA region as defined by
1:
4811:The dictionary definition of
4522:. Pew Forum. 7 October 2009.
4365:Regional Environmental Change
3809:. Syracuse University Dubai.
3657:. Aleppo: ICARDA. p. 9.
3005:"World Bank Definition: MENA"
2658:Middle East and globalization
2107:George W. Bush administration
1505:The WANA region according to
5377:Middle East and North Africa
5082:Middle East and North Africa
4827:Middle East and North Africa
4497:10.1007/978-3-642-28626-1_37
4152:10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048
2455:Etiquette in the Middle East
2393:vulnerable to climate change
306:(2004 U.S. Government paper)
75:Middle East and North Africa
4239:10.4337/9781781950258.00015
3972:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios"
2828:, months of protests and a
2802:Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)
2798:Egyptian revolution of 2011
2481:Religion in the Middle East
2123:International Monetary Fund
2109:'s first term) defined the
2096:Other terms and definitions
429:International Monetary Fund
6428:
5670:Northeastern United States
4448:10.1007/s10584-022-03388-x
3910:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3
2681:
2647:
2597:Economy of the Middle East
2594:
2539:
2478:
2463:
2448:
2301:
2183:
83:West Asia and North Africa
68: Usually not included
29:
6358:
4655:10.1017/S0020743800031457
4385:10.1007/s10113-017-1144-2
4192:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397
3484:"Global Peace Index 2020"
2899:List of country groupings
2520:and other Arab paganism.
1393:
371:
6151:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5155:Transantarctic Mountains
4677:"International Reserves"
3807:"MENAT Regional Council"
3489:. Reliefweb. June 2020.
3138:documents1.worldbank.org
3104:15 November 2008 at the
2710:decolonisation of Africa
2624:As of 2023, 7 of the 13
2548:The demographics of the
2424:greenhouse gas emissions
2369:greenhouse gas emissions
1476:United Nations geoscheme
419:As of January 2021, the
364:United Nations geoscheme
5900:Caribbean South America
4179:Energy Strategy Reviews
4082:Atmospheric Environment
2792:(2010–2011) led to the
2774:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
2730:Western Sahara conflict
2451:Culture of North Africa
81:), also referred to as
5680:Southern United States
5483:Scandinavian Peninsula
4000:Climate Action Tracker
2842:Sudanese peace process
2818:Iraqi war against ISIS
2722:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2514:African folk religions
2336:Climate classification
1510:
1480:UN Statistics Division
1448:
355:
343:
331:
314:
70:
56: Usually included
6156:Antarctic Convergence
5700:Western United States
4323:Nature Climate Change
3433:16 March 2023 at the
2726:Arab–Israeli conflict
2708:During and after the
2591:Economy and education
2399:conditions, aridity,
2219:Eastern Mediterranean
2121:From April 2013, the
1504:
1443:
349:
337:
325:
287:
50:
40:Nawa (disambiguation)
36:Wana (disambiguation)
32:Mena (disambiguation)
5222:Greater Central Asia
4829:at Wikimedia Commons
4335:10.1038/nclimate2833
4278:World Economic Forum
4132:"Oil consumption, CO
4053:World Bank Open Data
3835:. General Electric.
2346:for 2071–2100 under
1469:postcolonial studies
1311:United Arab Emirates
245:explicitly includes
62: Often included
6368:Continents of Earth
5895:Brazilian Highlands
5304:Indian subcontinent
5165:Antarctic Peninsula
4963:Southern Hemisphere
4958:Northern Hemisphere
4712:Pew Research Center
4440:2022ClCh..172...34G
4377:2017REnvC..17.1623W
4094:2018AtmEn.175...33A
4023:Global Carbon Atlas
3901:2020Natur.577..618H
3097:Perthes, V., 2004,
2889:Greater Middle East
2832:led to the fall of
2826:Sudanese Revolution
2794:Tunisian Revolution
2633:Pew Research Center
2584:sub-Saharan African
2568:Greater Middle East
2111:Greater Middle East
2101:Greater Middle East
1530:
1484:political geography
1417:Pew Research Center
437:
304:Greater Middle East
263:Caucasian countries
111:Greater Middle East
6183:Great Barrier Reef
5804:Mainland Australia
5512:Apennine Peninsula
4973:Western Hemisphere
4948:Eastern Hemisphere
4781:. 22 August 2019.
4665:– via JSTOR.
4029:on 11 October 2020
3461:on 25 January 2017
3400:. United Nations.
3176:data.worldbank.org
3111:Middle East Policy
2770:Algerian Civil War
2762:Invasion of Kuwait
2742:Iranian Revolution
2734:Lebanese Civil War
2664:Global Peace Index
2615:economic stability
2485:Religion in Africa
1528:
1511:
1449:
1425:Global Peace Index
435:
356:
344:
332:
315:
71:
6384:
6383:
6264:Mediterranean Rim
6137:
6136:
6076:Mediterranean Sea
5930:
5929:
5883:Amazon Rainforest
5710:Canadian Prairies
5675:Pacific Northwest
5536:Iberian Peninsula
5321:Arabian Peninsula
5148:Antarctic Plateau
4908:Three/Four Worlds
4825:Media related to
4540:. 24 April 2012.
4506:978-3-642-28625-4
4146:(10): 6165–6171.
3664:978-92-9127-033-0
3580:978-1-000-16864-8
3518:. Worldbank.org.
3257:978-1-58906-229-0
3007:. Worldbank.org.
2601:Economy of Africa
2198:Ancient Near East
2090:
2089:
1482:for its specific
1403:Other definitions
1400:
1399:
1396:
27:Geographic region
16:(Redirected from
6419:
6366:
6365:
6345:Global Southwest
6340:Global Southeast
6330:Global Northwest
6325:Global Northeast
6315:Global Heartland
6259:Indian Ocean Rim
5941:
5833:Island Melanesia
5524:Balkan Peninsula
5299:Himalayan states
5246:Russian Far East
5040:
4968:Water Hemisphere
4857:
4850:
4843:
4834:
4824:
4810:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4774:The East African
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4555:Shadani, Bilal.
4552:
4546:
4545:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4467:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4371:(6): 1623–1638.
4362:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4250:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4079:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4025:. Archived from
4011:
4005:
4004:
3991:
3989:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3895:(7792): 618–20.
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3783:. 22 July 2017.
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3648:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3617:
3608:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3438:, 2007, p. xvii.
3423:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3390:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3241:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3168:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3135:
3126:
3115:
3095:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2985:. SWANA Alliance
2983:"What is SWANA?"
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2935:. WANA Institute
2929:
2884:Fertile Crescent
2814:Yemeni Civil War
2810:Libyan Civil War
2806:Syrian Civil War
2329:
2318:
1531:
1394:
438:
427:Working for the
311:
301:
292:
240:
237:
227:
224:
221:
213:
210:
204:
201:
198:
67:
61:
55:
21:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6354:
6296:
6273:
6240:
6204:
6133:
6122:South China Sea
6031:
5974:Central America
5926:
5859:
5780:
5732:Northern Mexico
5720:Northern Canada
5705:Atlantic Canada
5660:Mountain states
5586:
5441:European Russia
5434:Southern Russia
5390:
5343:Iranian Plateau
5171:
5160:West Antarctica
5143:East Antarctica
5129:
5029:
4977:
4953:Land Hemisphere
4934:
4874:
4861:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4779:Thomson Reuters
4767:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4750:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4570:
4568:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4428:Climatic Change
4421:
4420:
4416:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4208:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4116:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3987:
3985:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3665:
3650:
3649:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3581:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3435:Wayback Machine
3424:
3420:
3407:
3405:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3258:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3118:
3106:Wayback Machine
3096:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3068:tradearabia.com
3062:
3061:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2850:
2784:and subsequent
2706:
2680:
2678:Armed conflicts
2660:
2646:
2641:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2545:
2537:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2462:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2438:Paris Agreement
2412:extreme weather
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2299:
2188:
2172:in the list of
2098:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1438:
1405:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
320:
313:
309:
307:
299:
297:
290:
271:
238:
228:
225:
222:
211:
205:
202:
199:
69:
65:
63:
59:
57:
53:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6425:
6423:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6389:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6376:Physical Earth
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6283:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6215:
6213:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6188:Mariana Trench
6185:
6175:
6170:
6168:Atlantic Ocean
6165:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6129:Southern Ocean
6126:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6117:East China Sea
6109:
6108:
6107:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6051:Atlantic Ocean
6048:
6042:
6040:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5869:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5855:Remote Oceania
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5725:Western Canada
5722:
5717:
5715:Eastern Canada
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5504:
5499:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5429:South Caucasus
5426:
5424:North Caucasus
5416:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5331:South Caucasus
5323:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5200:Aralkum Desert
5197:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5157:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5098:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4991:Africa-Eurasia
4987:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4818:
4802:
4801:External links
4799:
4797:
4796:
4760:
4729:
4698:
4668:
4649:(3): 255–271.
4633:
4621:The World Bank
4608:
4578:
4547:
4529:
4511:
4505:
4479:
4414:
4348:
4329:(2): 197–200.
4313:
4290:
4264:
4257:
4221:
4206:
4165:
4133:
4122:
4065:
4040:
4016:
4006:
3962:
3924:
3875:
3850:
3824:
3798:
3772:
3740:
3708:
3682:
3663:
3636:
3598:
3579:
3559:
3533:
3507:
3472:
3440:
3418:
3398:unstats.un.org
3380:
3347:
3311:
3275:
3256:
3231:
3193:
3178:. World Bank.
3158:
3140:. World Bank.
3116:
3085:
3052:
3022:
2996:
2974:
2961:GQ Middle East
2946:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2834:Omar al-Bashir
2824:). During the
2679:
2676:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2592:
2589:
2582:, and several
2546:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2476:
2473:
2461:
2458:
2446:
2443:
2429:Climate change
2405:sea level rise
2377:Middle Eastern
2334:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2298:
2297:Climate change
2295:
2210:
2209:
2182:
2181:
2162:
2161:
2154:United Nations
2152:chosen by the
2143:
2142:
2119:
2118:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1437:
1434:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1339:Western Sahara
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
970:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
774:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
746:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
662:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
522:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
494:
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
458:
451:
444:
433:
432:
425:
417:
409:
401:
388:
319:
318:United Nations
316:
308:
298:
289:
270:
267:
64:
58:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6424:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6361:
6360:
6357:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6178:Pacific Ocean
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6112:Pacific Ocean
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6066:Caribbean Sea
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6034:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6008:by population
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5981:South America
5979:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5964:North America
5962:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5915:Southern Cone
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:Andean States
5888:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5865:South America
5862:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5592:North America
5589:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5555:Low Countries
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5531:South-western
5529:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5519:South-eastern
5517:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5507:South-central
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:Mediterranean
5495:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5463:British Isles
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5360:Levantine Sea
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:Mediterranean
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4817:at Wiktionary
4816:
4815:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4730:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4699:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4634:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4596:
4592:
4591:CatchNews.com
4588:
4582:
4579:
4566:
4562:
4561:Khaleej Times
4558:
4551:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4301:
4294:
4291:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4258:9781781950258
4254:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4126:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4066:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3757:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3725:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3560:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3457:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:military coup
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:Berber Spring
2751:
2747:
2746:Iran–Iraq War
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2631:According to
2629:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:North African
2378:
2374:
2373:energy sector
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:maps for the
2337:
2328:
2317:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
459:
455:
452:
448:
445:
440:
439:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
399:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:, nor in the
361:
353:
348:
341:
336:
329:
324:
317:
305:
296:
286:
282:
280:
276:
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
236:
232:
217:
209:
194:
189:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:(also called
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6412:North Africa
6374: /
6372:List of seas
6370: /
6335:Global South
6320:Global North
6254:Atlantic Rim
6193:Ring of Fire
6173:Indian Ocean
6163:Arctic Ocean
6105:Persian Gulf
6100:Indian Ocean
6081:Adriatic Sea
6046:Arctic Ocean
5878:Amazon Basin
5873:Amazon Plain
5845:Near Oceania
5650:Mid-Atlantic
5600:Aridoamerica
5560:Northwestern
5473:Northwestern
5446:Southeastern
5376:
5338:Greater Iran
5277:Southeastern
5272:Pacific Asia
5241:Pacific Asia
5229:Northeastern
5185:Asia–Pacific
5081:
4928:Fourth World
4918:Second World
4813:
4787:. Retrieved
4772:
4763:
4751:. Retrieved
4732:
4720:. Retrieved
4711:
4701:
4689:. Retrieved
4671:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4624:. Retrieved
4620:
4611:
4599:. Retrieved
4590:
4581:
4569:. Retrieved
4560:
4550:
4532:
4514:
4488:
4482:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4368:
4364:
4351:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4304:. Retrieved
4302:. Euroactive
4293:
4281:. Retrieved
4277:
4267:
4230:
4224:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4143:
4139:
4125:
4085:
4081:
4068:
4056:. Retrieved
4052:
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4027:the original
4022:
4009:
3993:
3988:30 September
3986:. Retrieved
3975:
3965:
3958:Agreement...
3956:
3942:
3938:
3927:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3827:
3815:. Retrieved
3801:
3789:. Retrieved
3775:
3763:. Retrieved
3743:
3731:. Retrieved
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3653:
3627:. Retrieved
3589:. Retrieved
3569:
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3463:. Retrieved
3456:the original
3443:
3426:
3421:
3413:
3406:. Retrieved
3397:
3371:. Retrieved
3362:
3338:. Retrieved
3302:. Retrieved
3266:. Retrieved
3246:
3222:. Retrieved
3184:. Retrieved
3175:
3149:. Retrieved
3137:
3109:
3076:. Retrieved
3067:
3043:. Retrieved
3034:
3025:
3013:. Retrieved
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2959:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2927:
2859:Asia-Pacific
2707:
2661:
2630:
2623:
2619:oil reserves
2604:
2572:the Caucasus
2554:North Africa
2547:
2535:Demographics
2522:
2498:Christianity
2488:
2460:Human rights
2433:scarce water
2409:
2355:
2344:North Africa
2275:Saudi Arabia
2212:
2211:
2191:
2189:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2120:
2104:
2091:
2044:U.A.Emirates
1948:Saudi Arabia
1512:
1478:used by the
1473:
1450:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1143:Saudi Arabia
395:
366:used by the
357:
279:North Africa
272:
242:
241:). The term
215:
192:
190:
179:
159:Saudi Arabia
115:Muslim world
107:North Africa
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
72:
44:
6407:Middle East
6350:Global West
6310:Global East
6269:Pacific Rim
6211:waterbodies
6200:World Ocean
6025:New Zealand
5905:The Guianas
5794:Australasia
5737:West Indies
5665:New England
5645:Great Lakes
5615:Mesoamerica
5502:Middle East
5478:Scandinavia
5367:Middle East
5205:Caspian Sea
5111:Great Lakes
5091:Sub-Saharan
5077:Middle East
4940:Hemispheres
4923:Third World
4913:First World
4866:'s primary
4626:13 December
3945:: 343–371.
3701:28 November
3693:. Imf.org.
3552:28 November
3544:. Agu.org.
3526:28 November
3045:28 November
3015:28 November
2933:"Why WANA?"
2790:Arab Spring
2611:natural gas
2580:Afghanistan
2550:Middle East
2389:natural gas
2365:MENA region
2340:Middle East
2176:countries.
2131:Afghanistan
1563:Afghanistan
1461:climatology
1457:agriculture
1453:Eurocentric
498:Afghanistan
295:Middle East
275:Middle East
269:Definitions
251:Arab League
231:Afghanistan
99:Middle East
18:MENA region
6391:Categories
6091:Ionian Sea
6086:Aegean Sea
6056:Baltic Sea
5988:Antarctica
5840:Micronesia
5809:New Guinea
5767:Portuguese
5690:West Coast
5640:East Coast
5635:Bible Belt
5630:Appalachia
5309:Subregions
5217:Inner Asia
5135:Antarctica
5035:Continents
5008:Antarctica
4983:Landmasses
4893:Down Under
4888:Arab World
4872:subregions
4753:19 January
4722:24 January
4601:3 December
4571:3 December
4306:4 February
4283:4 February
4248:10535/6396
4185:: 100397.
4019:Emissions"
3675:17 January
3629:18 January
3618:. ICARDA.
3591:19 January
3500:17 January
3408:17 January
3373:16 January
3365:. UNICEF.
3363:unicef.org
3340:16 January
3304:16 January
3268:16 January
3224:16 January
3213:. UNICEF.
3186:16 January
3151:16 January
2920:References
2854:Arab world
2758:Toyota War
2682:See also:
2666:2020, the
2648:See also:
2595:See also:
2562:continents
2479:See also:
2464:See also:
2449:See also:
2184:See also:
1851:Mauritania
1611:Azerbaijan
1557:WANA 2011
1534:Country or
1487:statistics
1427:2020, the
974:Mauritania
582:Azerbaijan
447:World Bank
441:Country or
384:World Bank
328:World Bank
257:, Turkey,
208:South Asia
6287:Antarctic
6071:Irish Sea
6061:Black Sea
6020:Australia
5969:Caribbean
5946:continent
5920:Patagonia
5850:Polynesia
5828:Melanesia
5821:Zealandia
5799:Australia
5685:Southwest
5605:Caribbean
5382:Near East
5023:submerged
5018:Zealandia
5013:Australia
4903:Old World
4898:New World
4789:22 August
4663:163806010
4456:1573-1480
4434:(3): 34.
4409:134523218
4401:1436-3798
4343:1758-678X
4201:2211-467X
4160:0360-5442
4110:1352-2310
4088:: 33–43.
3863:unece.org
3765:3 October
3542:"Welcome"
3293:. UNHCR.
2909:Near East
2607:petroleum
2518:Berberism
2401:heatwaves
2267:Palestine
2202:antiquity
2193:Near East
2190:The term
2180:Near East
2164:The term
2060:W. Sahara
1899:Palestine
1698:Probably
1550:WANA 1995
1543:WANA 1992
1536:territory
1465:West Asia
1086:Palestine
485:MENA 2003
478:MENA 2010
471:MENA 2021
464:MENA 2019
457:MENA 2015
450:MENA 2003
443:territory
103:West Asia
6397:Acronyms
5814:Tasmania
5762:Hispanic
5625:Northern
5572:Germanic
5550:Atlantic
5492:Southern
5453:Northern
5419:Caucasus
5355:Dead Sea
5326:Caucasus
5294:Southern
5287:Maritime
5282:Mainland
5255:Northern
5236:Far East
5195:Aral Sea
5118:Southern
5062:Northern
4783:Archived
4747:Archived
4716:Archived
4685:Archived
4595:Archived
4565:Archived
4542:Archived
4524:Archived
4474:35729894
4114:Archived
4058:11 April
4033:10 April
3982:Archived
3919:31996825
3868:18 March
3837:Archived
3811:Archived
3785:Archived
3756:Archived
3733:23 April
3724:Archived
3695:Archived
3669:Archived
3620:Archived
3585:Archived
3546:Archived
3520:Archived
3491:Archived
3431:Archived
3402:Archived
3367:Archived
3331:Archived
3295:Archived
3262:Archived
3215:Archived
3180:Archived
3142:Archived
3102:Archived
3072:Archived
3039:Archived
3009:Archived
2848:See also
2840:and the
2816:and the
2786:Iraq War
2766:Gulf War
2764:and the
2639:Politics
2529:Hinduism
2525:Buddhism
2510:Druzeism
2506:Yazidism
2475:Religion
2135:Pakistan
2070:Unclear
2067:Unclear
2064:Unclear
2051:Unclear
2048:Unclear
1971:Unclear
1968:Unclear
1916:Pakistan
1910:Partial
1907:Unclear
1904:Unclear
1858:Unclear
1855:Unclear
1778:Unclear
1775:Unclear
1707:Ethiopia
1666:Unclear
1663:Unclear
1659:Djibouti
1634:Unclear
1631:Unclear
1423:For the
1358:Unclear
1355:Unclear
1352:Unclear
1349:Unclear
1346:Unclear
1343:Unclear
1058:Pakistan
666:Djibouti
374:). Some
235:Pakistan
182:academia
6015:Oceania
6003:by area
5959:America
5936:Islands
5786:Oceania
5655:Midwest
5610:Central
5577:Romance
5545:Western
5414:Balkans
5409:Eastern
5404:Central
5372:Mashriq
5316:Western
5260:Siberia
5212:Eastern
5190:Central
5123:Western
5096:Central
5072:Mashriq
5067:Maghreb
5057:Saharan
5003:America
4996:Eurasia
4868:regions
4465:9191535
4436:Bibcode
4373:Bibcode
4090:Bibcode
3897:Bibcode
3843:14 June
3817:14 June
3749:"MENAP"
3329:. FAO.
2989:4 March
2967:4 March
2939:4 March
2718:Rif War
2662:In its
2502:Judaism
2445:Culture
2397:drought
2363:of the
2361:climate
2259:Lebanon
2223:Bahrain
2012:Tunisia
1964:Somalia
1867:Morocco
1819:Lebanon
1723:Georgia
1691:Eritrea
1627:Bahrain
1595:Armenia
1579:Algeria
1517:-based
1255:Tunisia
1171:Somalia
1002:Morocco
890:Lebanon
722:Georgia
610:Bahrain
554:Armenia
526:Algeria
424:Yemen."
408:Yemen."
403:A 2015
390:A 2010
382:A 2003
223:
200:
167:Tunisia
147:Morocco
139:Lebanon
123:Bahrain
119:Algeria
6302:Global
6292:Arctic
6231:Rivers
6209:Other
6143:Oceans
5998:Europe
5954:Africa
5747:French
5620:Middle
5582:Slavic
5567:Celtic
5468:Nordic
5458:Baltic
5396:Europe
5350:Levant
5044:Africa
4880:Worlds
4691:13 May
4661:
4503:
4472:
4462:
4454:
4407:
4399:
4341:
4255:
4199:
4158:
4140:Energy
4108:
3977:Cosmos
3917:
3889:Nature
3791:14 May
3661:
3577:
3254:
3078:14 May
2812:, the
2808:, the
2796:, the
2788:. The
2780:; the
2776:; the
2772:; the
2768:; the
2760:; the
2756:; the
2752:; the
2744:; the
2740:; the
2736:; the
2732:; the
2728:; the
2724:; the
2720:; the
2702:, and
2656:, and
2576:Cyprus
2494:Muslim
2289:, and
2283:Turkey
2255:Kuwait
2251:Jordan
2247:Israel
2235:Greece
2227:Cyprus
2170:Turkey
2146:MENASA
2141:MENASA
2028:Turkey
1803:Kuwait
1787:Jordan
1771:Israel
1643:Cyprus
1554:ICARDA
1547:ICARDA
1515:Aleppo
1509:(2011)
1507:ICARDA
1494:Yemen.
1283:Turkey
862:Kuwait
834:Jordan
806:Israel
638:Cyprus
492:WA+NA
468:UNICEF
461:UNAIDS
421:UNICEF
413:UNAIDS
340:UNAIDS
330:(2003)
310:
302:
300:
291:
261:, the
259:Israel
247:Turkey
193:MENASA
173:, and
169:, the
135:Kuwait
131:Jordan
105:) and
66:
60:
54:
38:, and
6279:Polar
6224:lists
6219:Lakes
6038:ocean
5757:Ibero
5752:Latin
5742:Anglo
4864:Earth
4659:S2CID
4405:S2CID
4361:(PDF)
4117:(PDF)
4078:(PDF)
3759:(PDF)
3752:(PDF)
3727:(PDF)
3720:(PDF)
3623:(PDF)
3616:(PDF)
3494:(PDF)
3487:(PDF)
3465:7 May
3459:(PDF)
3452:(PDF)
3334:(PDF)
3327:(PDF)
3298:(PDF)
3291:(PDF)
3218:(PDF)
3211:(PDF)
3145:(PDF)
3134:(PDF)
2914:Sahel
2552:and
2490:Islam
2291:Yemen
2279:Syria
2271:Qatar
2231:Egypt
2166:MENAT
2160:MENAT
2150:Dubai
2127:MENAP
2117:MENAP
2076:Yemen
1996:Syria
1980:Sudan
1932:Qatar
1835:Libya
1675:Egypt
1540:CGIAR
1523:CGIAR
1367:Yemen
1227:Syria
1199:Sudan
1115:Qatar
946:Malta
918:Libya
694:Egypt
475:UNHCR
392:UNHCR
243:MENAT
216:MENAP
214:) or
175:Yemen
163:Syria
155:Qatar
143:Libya
127:Egypt
95:SWANA
89:) or
6236:Seas
5993:Asia
5265:Ural
5177:Asia
5106:Horn
5101:East
4870:and
4814:MENA
4791:2019
4755:2021
4724:2019
4693:2011
4628:2023
4603:2020
4573:2020
4501:ISBN
4470:PMID
4452:ISSN
4397:ISSN
4339:ISSN
4308:2020
4285:2020
4253:ISBN
4197:ISSN
4156:ISSN
4106:ISSN
4060:2020
4035:2020
3990:2023
3915:PMID
3870:2023
3845:2016
3819:2016
3793:2022
3767:2016
3735:2016
3703:2014
3677:2021
3659:ISBN
3631:2021
3593:2021
3575:ISBN
3554:2014
3528:2014
3502:2021
3467:2020
3410:2021
3375:2021
3342:2021
3306:2021
3270:2021
3252:ISBN
3226:2021
3188:2021
3153:2021
3080:2022
3047:2014
3017:2014
2991:2024
2969:2024
2941:2024
2800:and
2714:Asia
2712:and
2626:OPEC
2609:and
2599:and
2558:MENA
2527:and
2483:and
2468:and
2453:and
2420:IPCC
2403:and
2387:and
2379:and
2263:Oman
2243:Iraq
2239:Iran
2214:EMME
2208:EMME
2174:MENA
2133:and
2086:Yes
2083:Yes
2080:Yes
2054:Yes
2038:Yes
2035:Yes
2032:Yes
2022:Yes
2019:Yes
2016:Yes
2006:Yes
2003:Yes
2000:Yes
1990:Yes
1987:Yes
1974:Yes
1958:Yes
1955:Yes
1952:Yes
1942:Yes
1939:Yes
1936:Yes
1926:Yes
1923:Yes
1893:Yes
1890:Yes
1887:Yes
1883:Oman
1877:Yes
1874:Yes
1871:Yes
1861:Yes
1845:Yes
1842:Yes
1839:Yes
1829:Yes
1826:Yes
1823:Yes
1813:Yes
1810:Yes
1807:Yes
1797:Yes
1794:Yes
1791:Yes
1765:Yes
1762:Yes
1759:Yes
1755:Iraq
1749:Yes
1746:Yes
1743:Yes
1739:Iran
1717:Yes
1714:Yes
1701:Yes
1685:Yes
1682:Yes
1679:Yes
1669:Yes
1637:Yes
1589:Yes
1586:Yes
1583:Yes
1573:Yes
1570:Yes
1567:Yes
1474:The
1459:and
1436:WANA
1389:Yes
1386:Yes
1383:Yes
1380:Yes
1377:Yes
1374:Yes
1371:Yes
1361:Yes
1333:Yes
1330:Yes
1327:Yes
1324:Yes
1321:Yes
1318:Yes
1315:Yes
1305:Yes
1277:Yes
1274:Yes
1271:Yes
1268:Yes
1265:Yes
1262:Yes
1259:Yes
1249:Yes
1246:Yes
1243:Yes
1240:Yes
1237:Yes
1234:Yes
1231:Yes
1221:Yes
1218:Yes
1212:Yes
1209:Yes
1190:Yes
1181:Yes
1165:Yes
1162:Yes
1159:Yes
1156:Yes
1153:Yes
1150:Yes
1147:Yes
1137:Yes
1134:Yes
1131:Yes
1128:Yes
1125:Yes
1122:Yes
1119:Yes
1109:Yes
1106:Yes
1103:Yes
1100:Yes
1094:Yes
1091:Yes
1077:Yes
1052:Yes
1049:Yes
1046:Yes
1043:Yes
1040:Yes
1037:Yes
1034:Yes
1030:Oman
1024:Yes
1021:Yes
1018:Yes
1015:Yes
1012:Yes
1009:Yes
1006:Yes
993:Yes
990:Yes
962:Yes
950:Yes
940:Yes
937:Yes
934:Yes
931:Yes
928:Yes
925:Yes
922:Yes
912:Yes
909:Yes
906:Yes
903:Yes
900:Yes
897:Yes
894:Yes
884:Yes
881:Yes
878:Yes
875:Yes
872:Yes
869:Yes
866:Yes
856:Yes
853:Yes
850:Yes
847:Yes
844:Yes
841:Yes
838:Yes
828:Yes
813:Yes
810:Yes
800:Yes
797:Yes
794:Yes
791:Yes
788:Yes
782:Yes
778:Iraq
769:Yes
763:Yes
760:Yes
757:Yes
754:Yes
750:Iran
744:Yes
716:Yes
713:Yes
710:Yes
707:Yes
704:Yes
701:Yes
698:Yes
685:Yes
679:Yes
676:Yes
673:Yes
670:Yes
660:Yes
632:Yes
629:Yes
626:Yes
623:Yes
620:Yes
617:Yes
614:Yes
604:Yes
576:Yes
548:Yes
545:Yes
542:Yes
539:Yes
536:Yes
533:Yes
530:Yes
517:Yes
489:UNSD
411:The
372:WANA
368:UNSD
277:and
273:The
255:Iran
233:and
220:lit.
197:lit.
151:Oman
87:WANA
79:MENA
73:The
6246:Rim
6036:By
5944:By
4651:doi
4493:doi
4460:PMC
4444:doi
4432:172
4389:hdl
4381:doi
4331:doi
4243:hdl
4235:doi
4219:pp.
4187:doi
4148:doi
4098:doi
4086:175
4015:"CO
3947:doi
3905:doi
3893:577
2385:oil
2287:UAE
1984:No
1920:No
1781:No
1733:No
1730:No
1727:No
1711:No
1695:No
1653:No
1650:No
1647:No
1621:No
1618:No
1615:No
1605:No
1602:No
1599:No
1302:No
1299:No
1296:No
1293:No
1290:No
1287:No
1215:No
1206:No
1203:No
1193:No
1187:No
1184:No
1178:No
1175:No
1097:No
1080:No
1074:No
1071:No
1068:No
1065:No
1062:No
996:No
987:No
984:No
981:No
978:No
968:No
965:No
959:No
956:No
953:No
825:No
822:No
819:No
816:No
785:No
772:No
766:No
741:No
738:No
735:No
732:No
729:No
726:No
688:No
682:No
657:No
654:No
651:No
648:No
645:No
642:No
601:No
598:No
595:No
592:No
589:No
586:No
573:No
570:No
567:No
564:No
561:No
558:No
520:No
514:No
511:No
508:No
505:No
502:No
482:IMF
454:FAO
405:FAO
397:sic
352:IMF
171:UAE
6393::
4777:.
4771:.
4745:.
4741:.
4714:.
4710:.
4683:.
4679:.
4657:.
4645:.
4619:.
4593:.
4589:.
4563:.
4559:.
4499:,
4468:.
4458:.
4450:.
4442:.
4430:.
4426:.
4403:.
4395:.
4387:.
4379:.
4369:17
4367:.
4363:.
4337:.
4325:.
4276:.
4251:.
4241:.
4233:.
4209:^
4195:.
4183:26
4181:.
4177:.
4154:.
4144:36
4142:.
4138:.
4112:.
4104:.
4096:.
4084:.
4080:.
4051:.
4021:.
3992:.
3980:.
3974:.
3955:.
3943:47
3941:.
3937:.
3913:.
3903:.
3891:.
3887:.
3861:.
3754:.
3722:.
3667:.
3639:^
3601:^
3583:.
3475:^
3412:.
3396:.
3383:^
3361:.
3350:^
3314:^
3278:^
3260:.
3234:^
3196:^
3174:.
3161:^
3136:.
3119:^
3108:,
3088:^
3070:.
3066:.
3055:^
3037:.
3033:.
2958:.
2844:.
2748:;
2698:,
2694:,
2690:,
2686:,
2652:,
2578:,
2574:,
2516:,
2512:,
2508:,
2504:,
2500:,
2407:.
2293:.
2285:,
2281:,
2277:,
2273:,
2269:,
2265:,
2261:,
2257:,
2253:,
2249:,
2245:,
2241:,
2237:,
2233:,
2229:,
2225:,
1901:*
1471:.
1088:*
188:.
177:.
165:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
145:,
141:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
34:,
4856:e
4849:t
4842:v
4793:.
4757:.
4726:.
4695:.
4653::
4647:4
4630:.
4605:.
4575:.
4495::
4476:.
4446::
4438::
4411:.
4391::
4383::
4375::
4345:.
4333::
4327:6
4310:.
4287:.
4261:.
4245::
4237::
4203:.
4189::
4162:.
4150::
4134:2
4100::
4092::
4062:.
4037:.
4017:2
3949::
3921:.
3907::
3899::
3872:.
3847:.
3821:.
3795:.
3769:.
3737:.
3705:.
3679:.
3633:.
3595:.
3556:.
3530:.
3504:.
3469:.
3377:.
3344:.
3308:.
3272:.
3228:.
3190:.
3155:.
3082:.
3049:.
3019:.
2993:.
2971:.
2943:.
2820:(
2556:(
2544:.
2306:.
239:'
226:'
218:(
212:'
203:'
195:(
93:(
85:(
77:(
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
