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and energy spectrum. Because they are weakly interacting and therefore usually pass through matter, the vast majority of the neutrinos travel through the near detector and the 734 km of rock, then through the far detector and off into space. On the way toward Soudan, about 20% of the muon
92:
The MINOS experiment started detecting neutrinos from the NuMI beam in
February 2005. On 30 March 2006, the MINOS collaboration announced that the analysis of the initial data, collected in 2005, is consistent with neutrino oscillations, with the oscillation parameters which are consistent with
486:
After the detectors for the project were upgraded in 2012, MINOS corrected their initial result and found agreement with the speed of light, with the difference in the arrival times of −0.0006% (±0.0012%) between neutrinos and light. Further measurements are going to be conducted.
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415:. This is the first time, daily variations in secondary cosmic rays from an underground muon detector are shown to be associated with planetary–scale meteorological phenomena in the stratosphere such as the
261:
MINOS measures the difference in neutrino beam composition and energy distribution in the near and far detectors with the aim of producing precision measurements of the neutrino squared mass difference and
266:. In addition, MINOS looks for the appearance of electron neutrinos in the far detector, and will either measure or set a limit on the oscillation probability of muon neutrinos into electron neutrinos.
483:. The central value was higher than the speed of light; however, the uncertainty was great enough that the result also did not rule out speeds less than or equal to light at this high confidence level.
401:
In 2010 and 2011, MINOS reported results according to which there is a difference in the disappearance and consequently the masses between antineutrinos and neutrinos, which would violate
97:
which started taking data in 2013. The experiment was shut down on June 29, 2016, and the far detector has been dismantled and removed. It was moved to Puerto
Vallarta, Jalisco in Mexico.
313:
In 2008, MINOS released a further result using over twice the previous data (3.36×10 protons-on-target; this includes the first data set). This is the most precise measurement of Δ
361:
In 2011, the above results were updated again, using a more than double data sample (exposure of 7.25×10 protons on target) and improved analysis methodology. The results are:
269:
On 29 July 2006, the MINOS collaboration published a paper giving their initial measurements of oscillation parameters as judged from muon neutrino disappearance. These are:
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interact with, and approximately 100 meters underground. The commissioning of the near detector was completed in
December 2004, and it is now fully operational.
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to bend, making it possible to distinguish interactions with neutrinos from those with antineutrinos. This feature of the MINOS detectors allows MINOS to search for
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results from the MINOS far detector have shown that there is a strong correlation between high energy cosmic rays measured and the temperature of the
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in
Northern Minnesota at a depth of 716 meters. The far detector has been fully operational since summer 2003, and has been taking
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P. Adamson et al. (MINOS Collaboration) (2007). "Measurement of neutrino velocity with the MINOS detectors and NuMI neutrino beam".
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D.G. Michael; et al. (2006). "Observation of muon neutrino disappearance with the MINOS detectors in the NuMI neutrino beam".
405:. However, after additional data were evaluated in 2012, MINOS reported that this gap has closed and no excess is there any more.
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Super-K measurements. MINOS received the last neutrinos from the NUMI beam line at midnight on 30 April 2012. It was upgraded to
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Adamson, P.; et al. (2011). "Observation in the MINOS far detector of the shadowing of cosmic rays by the sun and moon".
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Adamson, P.; et al. (1 January 2010). "Observation of muon intensity variations by season with the MINOS far detector".
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as well as the change in seasons. The MINOS far detector is also able to observe a reduction in cosmic rays caused by the
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915:"New measurements from Fermilab's MINOS experiment suggest a difference in a key property of neutrinos and antineutrinos"
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P. Adamson; et al. (2008). "Study of muon neutrino disappearance using the
Fermilab Main Injector neutrino beam".
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P. Adamson; et al. (2008). "Measurement of neutrino oscillations with the MINOS detectors in the NuMI beam".
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That group found, although with less precision, that the neutrino speeds were consistent with the speed of light.
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MINOS Collaboration (2011). "Search for the disappearance of muon antineutrinos in the NuMI neutrino beam".
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MINOS service building at
Fermilab, the entrance to the underground MINOS hall that hosts the near detector.
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P. Adamson; et al. (2011). "Measurement of the neutrino mass splitting and flavor mixing by MINOS".
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NuMI Target Hall (left), the starting point of the NuMI tunnel with the Main
Injector in the background.
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Front face of the MINOS far detector. On the left is the control room and on the right is a mural by
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contamination. Neutrino interactions in the near detector are used to measure the initial neutrino
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MINOS Collaboration (2012). "An improved measurement of muon antineutrino disappearance in MINOS".
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The near detector is similar to the far detector in design, but smaller in size with a mass of
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MINOS Collaboration (2011). "First Direct
Observation of Muon Antineutrino Disappearance".
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1051:"Fermilab experiment announces world's best measurement of key property of neutrinos"
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are observed at two detectors, one very close to where the beam is produced (the
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target. The resulting interactions of protons with the target material produce
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Osprey, S.; Barnett, J.; Smith, J.; the MINOS Collaboration (7 March 2009).
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576:"MINOS+: a Proposal to FNAL to run MINOS with the medium energy NuMI beam"
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1135:"Sudden stratospheric warmings seen in MINOS deep underground muon data"
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at 68% confidence level, and at 99% confidence level a range between
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621:"Physicists Say Multi-million Dollar Experiment Advancing Smoothly"
504:"MINOS experiment sheds light on mystery of neutrino disappearance"
441:
In 2007, an experiment with the MINOS detectors found the speed of
236:. The neutrinos from subsequent decays of pions and kaons form the
124:(t). It is located at Fermilab, a few hundred meters away from the
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made out of alternating planes of magnetized steel and
1369:"MINOS reports new measurement of neutrino velocity"
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1346:"Tiny neutrinos may have broken cosmic speed limit"
240:. Most of these are muon neutrinos, with a small
1470:Neutrino detectors, experiments, and facilities
193:with atmospheric neutrinos and anti-neutrinos.
506:(Press release). 30 March 2006. Archived from
49:experiment designed to study the phenomena of
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529:"MINOS Run Period Run Subrun Ranges (MRPRSR)"
8:
113:There are two detectors in the experiment.
2230:BNO (Baksan or Baxan Neutrino Observatory)
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39:Main injector neutrino oscillation search
598:"Fermilab bids a fond farewell to MINOS"
917:. Fermilab press release. June 14, 2010
495:
1053:. Fermilab press release. June 5, 2012
549:de Jong, Jeffrey (12 September 2012).
154:data since early in its construction.
7:
1268:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2010.10.010
232:, which are focused by a system of
574:Tzanankos, G; et al. (2011).
14:
2194:Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment
220:proton pulses hit a water-cooled
2271:Accelerator neutrino experiments
1344:D. Overbye (22 September 2011).
600:. Fermi National Accelerator Lab
249:neutrinos oscillate into other
135:The far detector has a mass of
65:("Neutrinos at Main Injector")
1371:. Fermilab today. June 8, 2012
1104:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.191801
968:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.021801
885:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.181801
822:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.131802
619:Basu, Paroma (30 March 2006).
596:Olmstead, Molly (2016-08-01).
437:Measurements of neutrino speed
57:(Super-K) experiment in 1998.
1:
1511:Lederman–Schwartz–Steinberger
704:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.191801
2250:List of neutrino experiments
1142:Geophysical Research Letters
417:sudden stratospheric warming
431:Time of flight of neutrinos
16:Particle physics experiment
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1323:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.072005
1215:10.1103/PhysRevD.81.012001
1029:10.1103/PhysRevD.84.071103
767:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.072002
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18:
257:Physics goals and results
158:Both MINOS detectors are
646:"Site map of NuMI/MINOS"
398:(90% confidence limit).
53:, first discovered by a
1074:Physical Review Letters
938:Physical Review Letters
854:Physical Review Letters
791:Physical Review Letters
673:Physical Review Letters
551:"'Final' MINOS Results"
142:. It is located in the
583:Fermilab-Proposal-1016
206:
110:
35:
21:Minos (disambiguation)
1404:47.82000°N 92.24167°W
1238:Astroparticle Physics
204:
178:causes the path of a
108:
51:neutrino oscillations
29:
2286:Particle experiments
2281:Fermilab experiments
1565:Neutrino oscillation
1162:10.1029/2008GL036359
510:on 19 September 2007
356:90% confidence limit
308:68% confidence limit
19:For other uses, see
2235:Kamioka Observatory
1409:47.82000; -92.24167
1400: /
1315:2007PhRvD..76g2005A
1260:2011APh....34..457A
1207:2010PhRvD..81a2001A
1154:2009GeoRL..36.5809O
1096:2012PhRvL.108s1801A
1021:2011PhRvD..84g1103A
960:2011PhRvL.107b1801A
877:2011PhRvL.106r1801A
814:2008PhRvL.101m1802A
759:2008PhRvD..77g2002A
696:2006PhRvL..97s1801M
317:. The results are:
174:scintillators. The
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1992:Heidelberg-Moscow
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1716:ICARUS (Fermilab)
1292:Physical Review D
1185:Physical Review D
999:Physical Review D
736:Physical Review D
242:electron neutrino
128:target which the
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2143:Neutrino Factory
1896:Hyper-Kamiokande
1659:Super-Kamiokande
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32:Joseph Giannetti
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1420:
1419:External links
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1351:New York Times
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1244:(6): 457–466.
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687:hep-ex/0607088
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435:Main article:
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387:× 10 eV/c and
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218:Main Injector
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197:Neutrino beam
196:
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191:CPT-violation
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185:
184:muon neutrino
181:
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56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
22:
2199:NEMO Project
2046:
1957:Double Chooz
1864:Construction
1596:Astronomical
1484:Cowan–Reines
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1363:
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909:
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653:. Retrieved
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628:. Retrieved
624:
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602:. Retrieved
591:
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557:. Retrieved
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532:. Retrieved
523:
512:. Retrieved
508:the original
498:
485:
479:
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413:stratosphere
407:
403:CPT symmetry
400:
390:
364:
360:
346:
320:
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298:
272:
268:
264:mixing angle
260:
208:
168:calorimeters
164:scintillator
157:
112:
91:
87:far detector
86:
78:
42:
38:
37:
1805:KamLAND-Zen
1704:Accelerator
1582:(divided by
1477:Discoveries
1434:INSPIRE-HEP
1407: /
921:14 December
559:13 December
396:) > 0.90
352:) > 0.90
304:) > 0.87
187:interaction
144:Soudan mine
2265:Categories
2022:Kamiokande
1977:Gargamelle
1881:Baikal-GVD
1736:NA61/SHINE
1721:MicroBooNE
1432:record on
1395:92°14′30″W
1392:47°49′12″N
534:4 November
514:2009-08-03
491:References
454:(29)
409:Cosmic ray
148:cosmic ray
2177:Cancelled
1997:Homestake
1947:Cuoricino
1911:SuperNEMO
1731:MiniBooNE
1580:Operating
1306:0706.0437
1276:119225041
1251:1008.1719
1223:119126084
1198:0909.4012
1087:1202.2772
1012:1108.1509
951:1104.0344
868:1103.0340
805:0806.2237
750:0711.0769
720:119458915
655:14 August
630:14 August
166:sampling
137:5.4
119:980
101:Detectors
83:Minnesota
59:Neutrinos
2276:Fermilab
2223:See also
2168:WATCHMAN
2118:JEM-EUSO
2101:Proposed
2087:Soudan 2
2077:SciBooNE
1810:MAJORANA
1760:Collider
1680:Daya Bay
1624:Borexino
1586:neutrino
1331:14358300
1170:13986839
1112:23003026
1057:June 20,
984:14782259
976:21797594
893:21635083
830:18851439
712:17155614
650:Fermilab
423:and the
222:graphite
214:beamline
152:neutrino
126:graphite
71:Fermilab
67:beamline
45:) was a
2148:Nucifer
1967:EXO-200
1920:Retired
1876:ARIANNA
1772:SND@LHC
1726:MINERνA
1685:KamLAND
1673:Reactor
1639:IceCube
1609:ANTARES
1588:source)
1584:primary
1570:SN 1987
1375:June 8,
1311:Bibcode
1256:Bibcode
1203:Bibcode
1150:Bibcode
1120:7735148
1092:Bibcode
1037:6250231
1017:Bibcode
956:Bibcode
901:2264842
873:Bibcode
838:1036381
810:Bibcode
775:5626908
755:Bibcode
692:Bibcode
443:3
251:flavors
172:plastic
130:protons
75:Chicago
2245:SNOLAB
2189:LAGUNA
2133:LEGEND
2052:MINOS+
2027:KARMEN
2002:ICARUS
1972:GALLEX
1927:AMANDA
1906:KM3NeT
1846:KATRIN
1820:PandaX
1695:STEREO
1555:τ
1550:ν
1528:μ
1523:ν
1496:ν
1329:
1274:
1221:
1168:
1118:
1110:
1035:
982:
974:
899:
891:
836:
828:
773:
718:
710:
604:16 May
478:
467:
95:MINOS+
2214:BOREX
2153:P-ONE
2123:GRAND
2108:CUPID
2067:OPERA
2047:MINOS
2042:MACRO
1982:GERDA
1952:DONUT
1937:Chooz
1851:WITCH
1839:Other
1830:XMASS
1800:CUORE
1795:COBRA
1790:AMoRE
1767:FASER
1711:ANNIE
1664:SNEWS
1649:NEVOD
1619:BDUNT
1604:ANITA
1538:DONUT
1327:S2CID
1301:arXiv
1272:S2CID
1246:arXiv
1219:S2CID
1193:arXiv
1166:S2CID
1138:(PDF)
1116:S2CID
1082:arXiv
1033:S2CID
1007:arXiv
980:S2CID
946:arXiv
897:S2CID
863:arXiv
834:S2CID
800:arXiv
771:S2CID
745:arXiv
716:S2CID
682:arXiv
579:(PDF)
554:(PDF)
474:1.000
463:0.999
450:1.000
389:sin(2
382:−0.08
380:+0.12
345:sin(2
338:−0.13
336:+0.13
297:sin(2
290:−0.26
288:+0.44
230:kaons
226:pions
160:steel
85:(the
73:near
43:MINOS
2240:LNGS
2158:SBND
2138:LENA
2113:nEXO
2092:Utah
2072:RICE
2062:NEMO
2057:NARC
2037:LSND
2007:IGEX
1962:ERPM
1942:CNGS
1932:CDHS
1901:JUNO
1891:DUNE
1886:BEST
1825:SNO+
1815:NEXT
1782:0νββ
1746:NuMI
1741:NOvA
1690:RENO
1654:SAGE
1634:HALO
1629:BUST
1377:2012
1108:PMID
1059:2012
972:PMID
923:2011
889:PMID
826:PMID
708:PMID
657:2015
632:2015
606:2017
561:2012
536:2012
425:Moon
377:2.32
333:2.43
285:2.74
246:flux
228:and
211:NuMI
180:muon
121:tons
63:NuMI
2209:SOX
2163:UNO
2128:INO
2082:SNO
2032:KGF
2017:K2K
2012:IMB
1987:GNO
1871:ARA
1751:T2K
1644:LVD
1614:ASD
1319:doi
1264:doi
1211:doi
1158:doi
1100:doi
1078:108
1025:doi
964:doi
942:107
881:doi
859:106
818:doi
796:101
763:doi
700:doi
476:126
472:to
465:976
452:051
445:GeV
421:Sun
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310:).
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