1421:
people. These findings generally support Davis' cognitive behavioral model of
Internet addiction, which postulates that dysfunctional self-related cognitions represent central factors contributing towards the development and maintenance of MMORPG addiction. The high degree of avatar identification found by Leménager et al. in the addicted group of this study indicates that MMORPG playing may represent an attempt to compensate for impairments in self-concept. Psychotherapeutic interventions should therefore focus on the development of coping strategies for real-life situations in which addicted players tend to experience themselves as incompetent and inferior.
3856:
695:(P2P) means that the MMO requires a monthly subscription fee or other ongoing fee in order to continue playing the game. It may also require an up-front purchase of the game in addition to the monthly subscription fee, though many of these up-front purchases include a month of game time. This was once the most common way for MMOs to finance themselves, but has fallen out of favor in recent years as an increasing number of games have switched to other business models due to difficulty in retaining a stable playerbase.
47:
1417:, it was found that just over one in five gamers (21%) said they preferred socializing online to offline. Significantly more male gamers than female gamers said that they found it easier to converse online than offline. It was also found that 57% of gamers had created a character of the opposite gender, and it is suggested that the online female persona has a number of positive social attributes.
992:
632:, have disposed of the 'monthly fee' model entirely, and recover costs directly through sales of the software and associated expansion packs. Still others adopt a micropayment model where the core content is free, but players are given the option to purchase additional content, such as equipment, aesthetic items, or pets. Games that make use of this model often have originated in Korea, such as
447:, either alone or in groups, are the primary ways to earn experience points. The accumulation of wealth (including combat-useful items) is also a way to progress in many MMORPGs. This is traditionally best accomplished via combat. The cycle produced by these conditions, combat leading to new items allowing for more combat with no change in gameplay, is sometimes pejoratively referred to as the
1335:
1639:
467:
to enforce a maximum reachable level for all players, often referred to as a level cap. Once reached, the definition of a player's progression changes. Instead of being awarded primarily with experience for completing quests and dungeons, the player's motivation to continue playing will be replaced with collecting money and equipment.
663:(F2P) means that there is no cost to purchase the software and there is no subscription charge. Variably applies to traditionally bought and forever available games (see Buy-to-play below). Most newer MMOs that fall under this category now includes microtransactions however, which causes them to overlap with the
1057:, sometimes shortened to "instances", are game areas that are "copied" for individual players or groups, which keeps those in the instance separated from the rest of the game world. This reduces competition, and also reducing the amount of data that needs to be sent to and from the server, reducing lag.
1401:
has surveyed more than 35,000 MMORPG players over the past several years, focusing on psychological and sociological aspects of these games. Recent findings included that 15% of players become a guild-leader at one time or another, but most generally find the job tough and thankless; and that players
1420:
A German fMRT-study conducted by researchers of the
Central Institute of Mental Health points towards impairments in social, emotional and physical aspects of the self-concept and a higher degree in avatar identification in addicted MMORPG players, compared to non-addicted and naive (nonexperienced)
688:
Buy-to-play (B2P) means that the MMO can only be played by purchasing the game, but there is no subsequent subscription fee for playing the game. These games may or may not include additional microtransactions, or may sell additional content in the form of expansions instead of asking for an ongoing
470:
Often, the widened range of equipment available at the maximum level will have increased aesthetic value to distinguish high ranking players in game between lower ranked players. Colloquially known as endgame gear, this set of empowered weapons and armor adds a competitive edge to both scripted boss
532:
Over time, the MMORPG community has developed a sub-culture with its own slang and metaphors, as well as an unwritten list of social rules and taboos. Players will often complain about 'grind' (a slang term for any repetitive, time-consuming activity in an MMORPG), or talk about 'buffs' and 'nerfs'
466:
In some MMORPGs, there is no limit to a player's level, allowing the grinding experience to continue indefinitely. MMORPGs that use this model often glorify top ranked players by displaying their avatars on the game's website or posting their stats on a high score screen. Another common practice is
1013:
Though the vast majority of MMORPGs are produced by companies, many small teams of programmers and artists have contributed to the genre. As shown above, the average MMORPG development project requires enormous investments of time and money, and running the game can be a long-term commitment. As a
523:
from a shop and learn priestly skills, proceeding to speak, act, and interact with others as their character would. This may or may not include pursuing other goals such as wealth or experience. Guilds or similar groups with a focus on roleplaying may develop extended in-depth narratives using the
1515:
disorder. The report suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorder could benefit from MMORPGs by being provided a space to freely develop social skills and communication skills without the stress of face-to-face contact. This in turn opens new pathways for social therapy for individuals
1670:
Linking real-world and virtual economies was rare in MMORPGs as of 2008, as it is generally believed to be detrimental to gameplay. If real-world wealth can be used to obtain greater, more immediate rewards than skillful gameplay, the incentive for strategic roleplay and real game involvement is
1449:
There have been numerous discussions and evaluations by various scholarly institutions regarding the long-term effects of video game overuse. Many news agencies have criticized video games as promoting violent tendencies in its player base and encouraging anti-social behaviors. Ultimately this
930:
The cost of developing a competitive commercial MMORPG title often exceeded $ 10 million in 2003. These projects require multiple disciplines within game design and development such as 3D modeling, 2D art, animation, user interfaces, client/server engineering, database architecture, and network
1409:
Many players report that the emotions they feel while playing an MMORPG are very strong, to the extent that 8.7% of male and 23.2% of female players in a statistical study have had an online wedding. Other researchers have found that the enjoyment of a game is directly related to the social
603:
has experimented with "cross-realm" (i.e. cross-server) interaction in player vs player "battlegrounds", using server clusters or "battlegroups" to co-ordinate players looking to participate in structured player vs player content such as the
Warsong Gulch or Alterac Valley battlegrounds.
942:
techniques and physics simulation. The actual visual content (areas, creatures, characters, weapons, spaceships and so forth) is developed by artists who typically begin with two-dimensional concept art, and later convert these concepts into animated 3D scenes, models and texture maps.
685:) means that the majority or all of the game's content is available for free but players can pay for extra content, character customization, added perks or faster advancement into the game via microtransactions. Freemium thus overlaps with both the free-to-play and pay-to-play models.
1041:
As there are a number of wildly different titles within the genre, and since the genre develops so rapidly, it is difficult to definitively state that the genre is heading in one direction or another. Still, there are a few obvious developments. One of these developments is the
1437:
that helps players determine which category they are associated with. With over 650,000 test responses as of 2011, this is perhaps the largest ongoing survey of multiplayer game players. Based on Bartle and Yee's research, Jon Radoff has published an updated model of player
604:
Additionally, patch 3.3, released on
December 8, 2009, introduced a cross-realm "looking for group" system to help players form groups for instanced content (though not for open-world questing) from a larger pool of characters than their home server can necessarily provide.
946:
Developing an MMOG server requires expertise with client/server architecture, network protocols, security, and database design. MMORPGs include reliable systems for a number of vital tasks. The server must be able to handle and verify a large number of connections, prevent
971:
MMORPGs could theoretically work cheaply and efficiently in regulating server load, but practical issues such as asymmetrical network bandwidth, CPU-hungry rendering engines, unreliability of individual nodes, and inherent lack of security (opening fertile new grounds for
492:
In addition, most MMOGs require some degree of teamwork in parts of the game. These tasks usually require players to take on roles in the group, such as protecting other players from damage (called tanking), "healing" damage done to other players or damaging enemies.
500:(frequently referred to as GMs or "mods"), who may be paid employees or unpaid volunteers who attempt to supervise the world. Some GMs may have additional access to features and information related to the game that are not available to other players and roles.
1284:
With the popularization of
Facebook and microtransactions came a wave of Flash and HTML5 based MMORPGs that use the free to play model. They require no download outside of a browser and usually have heavily integrated social media sharing features.
560:
that runs continuously, and players connect to it via a client software. The client software may provide access to the entire playing world, or further 'expansions' may be required to be purchased to allow access to certain areas of the game.
1069:
would develop it further, using instances as a key element of gameplay. Since then, instancing has become increasingly common. The "raids", as mentioned above, often involve instance dungeons. Examples of games which feature instances are
1531:
2746:
Leménager, Tagrid; Gwodz, Alexander; Richter, Anne; Reinhard, Iris; Kämmerer, Nina; Sell, Madlen; Mann, Karl (2013): "Self-Concept
Deficits in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games Addiction". European Addiction Research 19:
573:
are two examples of games that use such a format. Players generally must purchase the client software for a one-time fee, although an increasing trend is for MMORPGs to work using pre-existing "thin" clients, such as a web browser.
1484:'s failure to keep statistical records of the event, the 2005 Corrupted Blood Outbreak ultimately failed to produce any results. Nevertheless, the CDC has continued to express interest in the use of MMORPGs for disease research.
589:, which accommodates several hundred thousand players on the same server, with over 60,000 playing simultaneously (June 2010) at certain times. Some games allow characters to appear on any world, but not simultaneously (such as
577:
Depending on the number of players and the system architecture, an MMORPG might be run on multiple separate servers, each representing an independent world, where players from one server cannot interact with those from another;
966:
and frustration for the players, and can severely damage the reputation of a game, especially at launch. Care must also be taken to ensure that player population remains at an acceptable level by adding or removing servers.
582:
is a prominent example, with each separate server housing several thousand players. In many MMORPGs the number of players in one world is often limited to around a few thousand, but a notable example of the opposite is
471:
encounters as well as player vs player combat. Player motivation to outperform others is fueled by acquiring such items and is a significant determining factor in their success or failure in combat-related situations.
1671:
diminished. It could also easily lead to a skewed hierarchy where richer players gain better items, allowing them to take on stronger opponents and level up more quickly than less wealthy but more committed players.
536:
As with all such cultures, social rules exist for such things as invitations to join an adventuring party, the proper division of treasure, and how a player is expected to behave while grouped with other players.
976:) can make them a difficult proposition. The hosted infrastructure for a commercial-grade MMORPG requires the deployment of hundreds (or even thousands) of servers. Developing an affordable infrastructure for an
503:
Relationships formed in MMORPGs can often be just as intense as relationships formed between friends or partners met outside the game, and often involve elements of collaboration and trust between players.
1627:, the virtual economy and the real-world economy are directly linked. This means that real money can be deposited for game money and vice versa. Real-world items have also been sold for game money in
2206:
Developers had long considered writing a graphical MUD. the last major 2D virtual environment in the West marked the true beginning of the fifth age of MUDs: Origin
Systems' 1997 Ultima Online (UO).
1433:, classified multiplayer RPG-players into four primary psychological groups. His classifications were then expanded upon by Erwin Andreasen, who developed the concept into the thirty-question
1276:, also on the PlayStation 2, was the first console MMORPG in North America. Although console-based MMORPGs are considered more difficult to produce, the platform is gaining more attention.
626:" games are always online, and most require some sort of continuous revenue (such as monthly subscriptions and advertisements) for maintenance and development purposes. Some games, such as
1018:") development of MMORPGs is less common compared to other genres. Still, many independent MMORPGs do exist, representing a wide spectrum of genres, gameplay types, and revenue systems.
4721:
1696:
613:
201:
3487:
1442:
that focuses on immersion, competition, cooperation and achievement. These elements may be found not only in MMORPGs, but many other types of games and within the emerging field of
2250:
went live on CompuServe on
December 15, 1985, after a very long internal test. The price was actually $ 6 an hour for 300 baud, $ 12 for 1200 baud. Serious players paid the bucks.
1615:
Game publishers usually prohibit the exchange of real-world money for virtual goods, but others actively promote the idea of linking (and directly profiting from) an exchange. In
807:
restrictions were lifted, opening the
Internet up for game developers, which allowed for the first truly "massively"-scoped titles. Finally, MMORPGs as defined today began with
516:
their characters, and there are rules that provide functionality and content to those who do. Community resources such as forums and guides exist in support of this play style.
3497:
2725:
Nardi, Harris (2006), Strangers and
Friends: Collaborative Play in World of Warcraft, Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work
2090:
1582:
The idea of attaching real-world value to "virtual" items has had a profound effect on players and the game industry, and even the courts. The virtual currency selling pioneer
1547:
can be analyzed (using data logged by the game) and has value in economic research. More significantly, these "virtual" economies can affect the economies of the real world.
983:
In addition, the development team will need to have expertise with the fundamentals of game design: world-building, lore and game mechanics, as well as what makes games fun.
3454:
1395:
has found that many people have expanded their emotional range by exploring the many different roles (including gender identities) that MMORPGs allow a person to explore.
934:
The front-end (or client) component of a commercial, modern MMORPG features 3D graphics. As with other modern 3D games, the front-end requires expertise with implementing
247:
341:, released in 2011, became the world's "fastest-growing subscription MMO in history" after gaining more than 1 million players within the first three days of its launch.
463:, a space-based MMORPG, uses an alternative method of progression where users train skills in real-time rather than using experience points as a measure of progression.
349:
Although modern MMORPGs sometimes differ dramatically from their predecessors, many of them share the same basic characteristics. These include several common features:
951:, and apply changes (bug fixes or added content) to the game. A system for recording the games data at regular intervals, without stopping the game, is also important.
1798:
1691:
196:
1029:
project has been active since 1998 and formed a community of independent developers who are working on creating framework for a number of open-source MMORPGs. The
3208:
2888:
1666:, which can take the form of both fraud against the player or publisher of an online game, and even real-life acts of violence stemming from in-game transactions.
727:
to refer to massive multiplayer online role-playing games and their social communities. Previous to this and related coinages, these games were generally called
3525:
1857:
718:
143:
322:'s revenues exceeded a billion dollars in 2006. In 2008, the spending on subscription MMORPGs by consumers in North America and Europe grew to $ 1.4 billion.
148:
138:
1511:
The Division of Autism and developmental disabilities published a significant report detailing the value of MMORPGs for the treatment of individuals with
3641:
1473:
2006:
1764:
1496:
by providing a controlled environment for the natural development of economic practices between players of including professions, trade, and services.
3360:
221:
1986:
R.Schroeder & A. Axelsson (2006). "The Psychology of MMORPGs: Emotional Investment, Motivations, Relationship Formation, and Problematic Usage".
1499:
Research has shown that for the positive learner, game-based interaction could reduce inhibition as well as enhance the enjoyment and motivation of
1659:
The use of unsanctioned auction sites, which has led publishers to seek legal remedies to prevent their use based on intellectual-property claims.
3054:"An Exploration of Friendships and Socialization for Adolescents with Autism Engaged in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPG)"
1738:
4102:
3447:
1976:
Nicholas, Munn J. "The Reality of Friendship Within Immersive Virtual Worlds." Springer Science+Business Media (2011): 1-10. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.
1592:
player for interfering in the economics and intended use of the game by selling WoW gold. Castronova's first study in 2002 found that a highly
240:
1402:
spend a considerable amount of time (often a third of their total time investment) doing things that are external to gameplay but part of the
3295:
2825:
2766:
1543:
Many MMORPGs feature living economies. Virtual items and currency have to be gained through play and have definite value for players. Such a
1476:
intended to use the incident as a research model to chart both the progression of a disease, and the potential human response to large-scale
439:
for their actions and use those points to reach character "levels", which makes them better at whatever they do. Traditionally, combat with
1345:
2575:
2893:
2791:
2076:
1102:
804:
1882:
622:, advertise funded, to various kinds of payment plans. Some MMORPGs require payment or a monthly subscription to play. By definition, "
1656:
The use of "bots" or automated programs, that assist some players in accumulating in-game wealth to the disadvantage of other players.
1191:
3095:
2538:
2374:
2051:
4528:
3482:
3440:
3138:
2626:
2458:
2434:
2394:
2229:
2199:
2166:
2129:
2000:
1935:
1908:
1370:
277:
233:
705:
512:
Most MMORPGs provide different types of classes that players can choose. Among those classes, a small portion of players choose to
2507:
1492:
It has been suggested by Springer University in Germany that MMORPGs encourage and provide opportunities to study and improve in
825:, released in 1997, is often credited with first popularizing the genre, though more mainstream attention was garnered by 1999's
216:
1558:
market exists for virtual items and that it crosses over with the real world. This crossover has some requirements of the game:
4660:
4258:
4183:
3903:
2331:
922:
and its sequel avoid some degree of competition with other MMORPGs by only requiring the initial purchase of the game to play.
839:
1832:
876:
MMORPGs, which are supported by advertising and purchases of in-game items. This free-to-play model is particularly common in
3634:
1316:. The games are enhanced by location and distance based tracking, bench marking goals or facilitating trade between players.
846:
The financial success of these early titles has ensured competition in the genre since that time. MMORPG titles now exist on
480:
173:
1961:
Activity in-game devoted to increasing a character's experience, level, and/or skills. Leveling usually consists of killing
4456:
4178:
3953:
3553:
2175:(page 291): Indeed, MUDs generate perhaps the one historical connection between game-based VR and the traditional program
1162:
771:
118:
1807:
1503:, but appears to be more suitable for learners of intermediate and higher levels of proficiency than language beginners.
1468:, a temporary design glitch attracted the attention of psychologists and epidemiologists across North America, when the "
4188:
4173:
4038:
3946:
1167:
1078:
3265:
3216:
1500:
1272:
1130:
1096:
337:
318:
MMORPGs are played throughout the world. Global revenues for MMORPGs exceeded half a billion dollars in 2005, and the
2756:
Davis, RA (2001): A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use. Computers in Human Behavior 17: 187-195.
1410:
organization of a game, ranging from brief encounters between players to highly organized play in structured groups.
485:
MMORPGs almost always have tools to facilitate communication between players. Many MMORPGs offer support for in-game
3855:
2563:
4726:
4480:
4280:
4120:
4045:
2270:
1211:
102:
4650:
4556:
4495:
3661:
3627:
3608:
1451:
4540:
4110:
4001:
3983:
3836:
1469:
1429:
1200:
973:
948:
63:
1773:
4475:
4165:
3993:
3520:
2356:
2187:
448:
300:
273:
168:
38:
3364:
1604:. Some people even make a living by working these virtual economies; these people are often referred to as
1046:
group quest, or "raid", which is an adventure designed for large groups of players (often twenty or more).
735:
genre. Through this connection, MMORPGs can be seen to have roots in the earliest multi-user games such as
4523:
4518:
4434:
4312:
4087:
3898:
3872:
3826:
3477:
3463:
1481:
1150:
851:
789:
486:
1987:
1742:
1472:" disease of a monster began to spread unintentionally—and uncontrollably—into the wider game world. The
4470:
4429:
4205:
4055:
3933:
3864:
1030:
959:
912:
900:
623:
440:
416:
4439:
2418:
383:
435:
is the primary goal. Nearly all MMORPGs feature a character progression system, in which players earn
4533:
4424:
4268:
4064:
3758:
3716:
3575:
3336:
2842:
2389:
Frank Luna (2006), "3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0c, a Shader Approach," Worldware Publishing,
1306:
1252:
1022:
1002:
766:
444:
400:
308:
187:
153:
4290:
4240:
4195:
4028:
3908:
1108:
799:
549:
163:
80:
3303:
3006:
2770:
1949:
and is used as a measure of a character's power. Popularized by the classic dice version of TSR's
519:
For example, if a player wants to play a priest role in his MMORPG world, that player might buy a
4691:
4633:
4295:
4263:
4138:
4115:
3971:
3941:
3776:
3746:
3504:
3073:
3034:
2987:
2920:
2870:
1575:
1205:
1137:
980:
requires developers to scale large numbers of players with less hardware and network investment.
955:
916:, where the game is free, but one would have to pay monthly to play the game with more features.
847:
784:
732:
211:
123:
85:
3238:
2406:
546:
295:
world) and takes control over many of that character's actions. MMORPGs are distinguished from
46:
4696:
4609:
4604:
4275:
4221:
4130:
3963:
3923:
3726:
3162:
3154:
3134:
3120:
3065:
3026:
2979:
2940:
2862:
2821:
2622:
2596:
2454:
2430:
2390:
2235:
2225:
2195:
2162:
2152:
2125:
2084:
1996:
1931:
1623:
1588:
1555:
1551:
1464:
1414:
1383:
Since the interactions between MMORPG players are real, even if the environments are virtual,
1301:
1181:
1114:
1072:
1054:
963:
888:
862:
856:
833:
619:
436:
392:
324:
3166:
2898:
2795:
4686:
4597:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4357:
4352:
4307:
4148:
3913:
3814:
3753:
3693:
3650:
3570:
3563:
3130:
3124:
3018:
2971:
2932:
2854:
2156:
1886:
1686:
1262:
1232:
1217:
1172:
1126:
1059:
894:
815:
753:
724:
553:
432:
420:
304:
284:
158:
54:
2734:
Hussain, Zaheer (2008), Gender Swapping and Socializing in Cyberspace: An Exploratory Study
2055:
1230:
Additionally, several licenses from television have been optioned for MMORPGs, for example
4655:
4345:
4200:
3821:
3781:
3541:
3099:
2474:
2378:
2371:
1706:
1544:
1525:
1512:
1238:
388:
292:
178:
4417:
3731:
2542:
3007:"Massively multiplayer online role-playing games as arenas for second language learning"
1165:
common in other video game genres has also appeared in MMORPGs. 2007 saw the release of
387:. Some employ hybrid themes that either merge or replace fantasy elements with those of
4300:
4006:
3890:
3802:
3797:
3688:
1701:
1609:
1593:
1424:
1196:
1065:
776:
453:
412:
2936:
2702:
2674:
2646:
2515:
1989:
Avatars at Work and Play: Collaboration and Interaction in Shared Virtual Environments
4715:
4444:
4285:
4226:
4077:
4018:
3809:
3768:
3711:
3558:
3390:
2959:
2874:
2610:
2355:
Adam Carpenter (2003), Applying Risk-Based Analysis to Play Balance RPGs, Gamasutra,
2306:
2119:
2029:
1716:
1711:
1663:
1562:
The ability for players to sell an item to each other for in-game (virtual) currency.
1392:
1312:
1267:
1043:
1025:, while others feature proprietary content made with an open-source game engine. The
821:
813:
in 1996, innovative both in its scope and in offering first-person 3D graphics, with
728:
645:
557:
396:
319:
288:
128:
75:
3348:
3038:
2991:
2335:
4681:
4643:
4485:
4335:
4253:
3918:
3880:
3841:
3741:
3721:
3703:
3601:
2255:
1681:
1605:
1601:
1443:
1384:
1223:
1176:
1090:
1006:
968:
873:
868:
660:
653:
206:
2858:
1638:
991:
618:
MMORPGs today use a wide range of business models, from free of charge, free with
303:
online RPGs by the number of players able to interact together, and by the game's
3022:
2843:"Gaming Disorder: News Media Framing of Video Game Addiction as a Mental Illness"
2615:
2494:
2219:
1454:
classifying the overuse of video games as "Technological Addiction" in May 2019.
411:. These elements are often developed using similar tasks and scenarios involving
4592:
4566:
4389:
4362:
4340:
4143:
4092:
3736:
3671:
3596:
3546:
2841:
Parrott, Scott; Rogers, Ryan; Towery, Nathan A.; Hakim, Samuel D. (2020-12-01).
2446:
2302:
1617:
1434:
1388:
1015:
977:
962:, and a dedicated support staff. Insufficient resources for maintenance lead to
877:
809:
692:
674:
497:
296:
4638:
4614:
4561:
4449:
4153:
4072:
3680:
3243:
2975:
2511:
1536:
1530:
1439:
1293:
1063:
was the first MMORPG to begin to use a rudimentary form of this technique and
1026:
918:
882:
780:
758:
704:
640:
628:
585:
569:
459:
269:
133:
3069:
3030:
2983:
2944:
2866:
2173:(page 10): The ancestors of MMORPGS were text-based multiuser domains (MUDs)
4412:
4330:
4033:
4011:
3273:
2562:
Jon Radoff (March 20, 2007), Gamasutra, Five Prescriptions for Viral Games,
2239:
1644:
1493:
1257:
1120:
1084:
935:
906:
827:
762:
748:
563:
97:
68:
3052:
Gallup, Jennifer; Serianni, Barbara; Duff, Christine; Gallup, Adam (2016).
2495:
Massively Multiplayer Game Ryzom Released as Free Culture and Free Software
2121:
The Social Media Bible: Tactics, Tools, and Strategies for Business Success
2104:
17:
3432:
3181:"Virtual worlds wind up in real courts – Technology & science – Games"
2960:"How Massive Multiplayer Online Games Incorporate Principles of Economics"
1033:
has also created a platform specifically for independent MMOG developers.
4676:
4628:
4574:
4500:
4490:
4369:
4082:
3185:
3180:
2698:
2670:
2642:
1909:"Star Wars: The Old Republic Is 'Fastest-Growing MMO Ever' With 1m Users"
1477:
1403:
1398:
670:
664:
649:
513:
328:, a popular MMORPG, had over 10 million subscribers as of November 2014.
3077:
3053:
2429:
Chris Crawford (2003), Chris Crawford on Game Design, New Riders Games,
489:, though these will usually form whether the game supports them or not.
3976:
3591:
737:
378:
312:
533:(respectively an upgrade or downgrade of a particular game mechanic).
2417:
GDC Proceedings 2005, Online Game Architecture: Back-End Strategies,
2405:
Jay Lee (2003), Gamasutra, Relational Database Guidelines for MMOGs,
2077:"World of Warcraft Europe -> Info -> Basics -> Battlegroups"
939:
599:); others limit each character to the world in which it was created.
404:
381:
themes, often occurring in an in-game universe comparable to that of
3619:
3324:
2576:"Console MMOs: a brief history of one man's couch-laden adventures"
1953:
back in the 1970s and carried over to online gaming by designers.
4621:
4462:
3323:
Robert Shapiro (2003), How online games teach us about economics,
1637:
1529:
997:
990:
703:
634:
595:
408:
283:
As in role-playing games (RPGs), the player assumes the role of a
860:
dominating as the largest MMORPG, alongside other titles such as
783:. Other early proprietary graphical online RPGs include three on
3415:
Jenkins, Henry (2004). "Game Design as Narrative Architecture".
743:
709:
520:
3623:
3436:
3058:
Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities
1945:
A point value that is accumulated by gameplay activity such as
1565:
Bartering for items between players for items of similar value.
652:", and games using it often describe themselves with the term "
1883:"Star Wars: The Old Republic Jumps to Light Speed (NASDAQ:EA)"
1583:
1328:
1297:
2958:
By Joshua H. Barnett and Leanna Archambault (November 2010).
1766:
Western World MMOG Market: 2006 Review and Forecasts to 2011
4248:
2079:. 5 April 2008. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008.
1995:. Nicholas Yee. London: Springer-Verlag. pp. 187–207.
311:), which continues to exist and evolve while the player is
3126:
Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games
2158:
Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games
1571:
Exchanges of real-world currencies for virtual currencies.
731:; the history of MMORPGs traces back directly through the
524:
setting and resources similar to those in the game world.
3395:
Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies
3089:
3087:
2034:
Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies
1652:
Some of the issues confronting online economies include:
850:
and in new settings. In 2008, the market for MMORPGs had
377:
The majority of popular MMORPGs are based on traditional
2194:. Vol. 2. Berkshire Publishing Group. p. 474.
1596:(if illegal) currency market existed, with the value of
1391:
are able to use MMORPGs as tools for academic research.
3417:
First Person: New Media as Story, Performance, and Game
2617:
Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet
1697:
List of massively multiplayer online role-playing games
1352:
779:
in 1991 and was personally championed by AOL President
614:
List of massively multiplayer online role-playing games
335:
s total revenue was $ 1.04 billion US dollars in 2014.
1833:"World of Warcraft Subscriptions Back Over 10 Million"
1574:
The invention of user-created meta-currencies such as
1568:
The purchase of in-game items for real-world currency.
2192:
Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction
4669:
4585:
4549:
4511:
4405:
4398:
4323:
4239:
4214:
4164:
4129:
4101:
4063:
4054:
3992:
3962:
3932:
3889:
3863:
3790:
3767:
3702:
3679:
3670:
3584:
3534:
3513:
3470:
2742:
2740:
2497:
on creativecommons.org, Chris Webber, (May 6, 2010)
2475:"Ryzom is free software! What can we do from here?"
904:. Also, there are some free-to-play games, such as
3408:Games of empire: Global capitalism and video games
2614:
2332:"World of Warcraft addicts 10 million subscribers"
3426:The game design reader: a Rules of play anthology
3391:"The Development of MMORPG Culture and The Guild"
3347:BBC News (2005), Game Theft led to Fatal Attack,
2818:Game On: Energize Your Business with Social Games
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2161:. University Of Chicago Press. pp. 10, 291.
2030:"The Development of MMORPG Culture and The Guild"
1800:Subscription MMOGs: Life Beyond World of Warcraft
2218:Mulligan, Jessica; Patrovsky, Bridgette (2003).
2089:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1926:Mulligan, Jessica; Patrovsky, Bridgette (2003).
1635:have generated revenues in excess of $ 100,000.
1260:. The first console-based open-world MMORPG was
1021:Some independent MMORPG projects are completely
4722:Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
3424:TekinbaĹź, Katie Salen; Zimmerman, Eric (2006).
3406:Dyer-Witheford, Nick; de Peuter, Greig (2009).
2597:"Analysis: Why Aren't There More Console MMOs?"
2052:"This Weekend: The Alliance Tournament Finals!"
1692:List of free massively multiplayer online games
769:. The first fully graphical multi-user RPG was
2847:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
431:In nearly all MMORPGs, the development of the
262:massively multiplayer online role-playing game
3635:
3526:History of massively multiplayer online games
3448:
1885:. Investor.ea.com. 2011-12-23. Archived from
1858:"'World of Warcraft' Still A $ 1B Powerhouse"
719:History of massively multiplayer online games
644:. This business model is alternately called "
241:
8:
1550:One of the early researchers of MMORPGs was
3096:"Tips on Developing an MMO Economy, Part I"
2367:Jon Radoff (2007), "Anatomy of an MMORPG,"
2221:Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide
1928:Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide
1806:. London, UK: Screen Digest. Archived from
1772:. London, UK: Screen Digest. Archived from
1014:result, non-corporate (or independent, or "
803:in 1995. Another milestone came in 1995 as
4402:
4060:
3676:
3642:
3628:
3620:
3455:
3441:
3433:
1957:A rank or rating of a character's power.
1739:"Online Gaming Revenues to Triple by 2009"
496:MMORPGs generally have Game Moderators or
248:
234:
29:
3159:Dragon Kill Points: a Summary White Paper
1648:to advertise illegitimate market websites
1642:Bots spamming a communication channel in
1600:s in-game currency exceeding that of the
1371:Learn how and when to remove this message
872:, though an additional market exists for
3129:. University Of Chicago Press. pp.
1534:A user browsing the market for items in
2136:Richard Garriott first coined the term
1729:
457:was created as a parody of this trend.
451:, or "grinding". The role-playing game
186:
110:
53:
37:
3209:"IGE Sued by World of Warcraft Player"
2082:
2023:
2021:
2019:
1342:This section may contain information
1300:capabilities (amongst others) enable
399:. Others draw thematic material from
7:
3361:"Gamble your life away in ZT Online"
3161:. Social Science Research Network.
3011:Computer Assisted Language Learning
2889:"Looking Back... World of Warcraft"
2703:"An Ethnography of MMORPG Weddings"
2539:"Casual Play: Raiding Needs to Die"
2537:Wilson, Steve (December 14, 2006).
1250:The first console-based MMORPG was
1192:Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning
747:(1978). 1985 saw the release of a
552:. The server software generates a
545:Most MMORPGs are deployed using a
359:social interaction within the game
25:
3483:Massively multiplayer online game
2767:"Bartle Test of Gamer Psychology"
2118:Safko, Lon; Brake, David (2009).
1930:. New Riders. pp. 474, 477.
1516:with developmental disabilities.
1413:In a study by Zaheer Hussain and
1179:. Other licensed MMORPGs include
819:appearing nearly simultaneously.
278:massively multiplayer online game
3854:
3410:. University of Minnesota Press.
3239:"Online Game Economies Get Real"
3005:Peterson, Mark (December 2010).
2012:from the original on 2006-05-14.
1333:
954:Maintenance requires sufficient
45:
3098:. DevMaster.net. Archived from
2451:A Theory of Fun for Game Design
2271:"Bringing Habitat Back to Life"
1951:Advanced Dungeons & Dragons
1163:intellectual property licensing
840:Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds
2919:Coppola, Kim (February 2007).
1907:Rundle, Michael (2011-12-27).
1578:to distribute in-game rewards.
775:, which was delivered through
751:(pseudo-graphical) MUD called
481:Social interaction via MMORPGs
356:some form of level progression
307:(usually hosted by the game's
1:
3554:Social interaction in MMORPGs
3237:Whiting, Jason (2002-11-06).
3094:Privantu, Radu (2007-02-17).
2937:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)60482-5
2859:10.1080/08838151.2020.1844887
2675:"Time Spent in the Meta-Game"
2334:. GamePro.com. Archived from
1797:Harding-Rolls, Piers (2009).
1763:Harding-Rolls, Piers (2006).
119:Social interaction in MMORPGs
3215:. 2007-06-01. Archived from
3157:; Fairfield, Joshua (2007).
3023:10.1080/09588221.2010.520673
2897:. 2005-01-04. Archived from
1242:(which was later canceled).
1168:The Lord of the Rings Online
1079:The Lord of the Rings Online
593:or Kolossium competition in
2224:. New Riders. p. 447.
1831:Reilly, Luke (2014-11-19).
1480:infection. However, due to
1474:Centers for Disease Control
1273:EverQuest Online Adventures
1131:Star Wars: The Old Republic
723:MMORPG is a term coined by
353:persistent game environment
338:Star Wars: The Old Republic
272:that combines aspects of a
4743:
3852:
3294:Hof, Robert (2006-05-01).
2816:Radoff, Jon (April 2011).
2330:Snow, Blake (2008-01-23).
1586:received a lawsuit from a
1554:, who demonstrated that a
1523:
1212:Star Wars The Old Republic
716:
713:, an early multi-user game
611:
478:
443:and completing quests for
3662:List of video game genres
3657:
3609:Social networking service
3264:Lee, James (2005-07-05).
2976:10.1007/s11528-010-0451-y
2792:"Game Player Motivations"
1737:Parks Associates (2005).
1608:, and may be employed in
1452:World Health Organization
1348:to the article's subject.
987:Non-corporate development
3954:Digital collectible card
3389:Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2010).
2647:"Life as a Guild Leader"
2621:. Simon & Schuster.
2188:Bainbridge, William Sims
2028:Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2010).
1507:Therapeutic applications
1501:second language learning
1430:Designing Virtual Worlds
1289:Smartphone-based MMORPGs
368:character customization.
315:and away from the game.
39:Role-playing video games
4039:Roguelike deck-building
3947:Roguelike deck-building
3521:History of online games
3464:Multiplayer video games
2307:"Online World Timeline"
995:An event in the MMORPG
837:in the West and 1996's
274:role-playing video game
149:History of Western RPGs
139:History of Eastern RPGs
3335:Blizzard Goes to War,
1649:
1631:, and some players of
1540:
1482:Blizzard Entertainment
1320:In society and culture
1151:player-created content
1149:Increased amounts of "
1145:Player-created content
1010:
852:Blizzard Entertainment
790:The Shadow of Yserbius
714:
591:Seal Online: Evolution
384:Dungeons & Dragons
4281:Tactical role-playing
4046:Tactical role-playing
2477:. Fsf.org. 2010-05-04
2311:Raph Koster's Website
1641:
1533:
1346:important or relevant
1325:Psychological effects
1280:Browser-based MMORPGs
1246:Console-based MMORPGs
1031:Multiverse Foundation
994:
707:
624:massively multiplayer
445:non-player characters
365:membership in a group
4661:Vertically scrolling
3576:Non-player character
3478:Cooperative gameplay
3419:. MIT Press: 118–30.
2707:The Daedalus Project
2679:The Daedalus Project
2651:The Daedalus Project
2246:My memory says that
1353:improve this section
1253:Phantasy Star Online
1153:" is another trend.
795:The Fates of Twinion
401:American comic books
154:Non-player character
4291:Turn-based strategy
4196:Submarine simulator
4002:Action role-playing
3909:Interactive fiction
3337:terranova.blogs.com
2518:on 24 February 2021
2453:. Paraglyph Press.
2105:"World of Warcraft"
800:The Ruins of Cawdor
550:system architecture
541:System architecture
33:Part of a series on
4692:Video game modding
4634:Nonlinear gameplay
4296:Turn-based tactics
4264:Real-time strategy
3155:Castronova, Edward
3121:Castronova, Edward
2921:"Virtual outbreak"
2508:"About Multiverse"
2377:2009-12-13 at the
2153:Castronova, Edward
1650:
1576:Dragon kill points
1541:
1450:culminated in the
1206:Star Wars Galaxies
1189:trilogy of films,
1138:DC Universe Online
1011:
785:The Sierra Network
772:Neverwinter Nights
715:
475:Social interaction
433:player's character
144:History of MMORPGs
124:Character creation
4727:Video game genres
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4697:Video game remake
4605:Emergent gameplay
4276:Real-time tactics
4235:
4234:
4174:Flight simulation
3904:Graphic adventure
3850:
3849:
3651:Video game genres
3617:
3616:
3306:on April 21, 2006
3296:"My Virtual Life"
3189:. 4 February 2005
2827:978-0-470-93626-9
2277:. 3 February 2016
2275:pastemagazine.com
1943:experience points
1662:The emergence of
1624:Entropia Universe
1589:World of Warcraft
1556:supply-and-demand
1552:Edward Castronova
1465:World of Warcraft
1415:Mark D. Griffiths
1381:
1380:
1373:
1304:in games such as
1302:augmented reality
1182:The Matrix Online
1103:Final Fantasy XIV
1073:World of Warcraft
1055:Instance dungeons
1050:Instance dungeons
889:Rohan: Blood Feud
863:Final Fantasy XIV
857:World of Warcraft
765:'s graphical MUD
689:subscription fee.
620:microtransactions
601:World of Warcraft
580:World of Warcraft
437:experience points
393:sword and sorcery
330:World of Warcraft
325:World of Warcraft
258:
257:
16:(Redirected from
4734:
4687:Video game clone
4403:
4399:Related concepts
4206:Vehicular combat
4061:
3934:Digital tabletop
3914:Interactive film
3874:Grand Theft Auto
3865:Action-adventure
3858:
3815:Platform fighter
3694:Platform fighter
3677:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3621:
3571:Player character
3564:Persistent world
3457:
3450:
3443:
3434:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3363:. Archived from
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3302:. Archived from
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3272:. Archived from
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3213:EscapistMagazine
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2794:. Archived from
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2769:. Archived from
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2541:. Archived from
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2514:. Archived from
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2443:
2437:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2387:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2248:Island of Kesmai
2215:
2209:
2208:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2054:. Archived from
2048:
2042:
2041:
2025:
2014:
2013:
2011:
1994:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1741:. Archived from
1734:
1687:Digital currency
1458:Disease research
1376:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1263:Final Fantasy XI
1233:Star Trek Online
1218:Champions Online
1173:J. R. R. Tolkien
1127:Star Trek Online
1060:The Realm Online
931:infrastructure.
895:Atlantica Online
843:in South Korea.
816:The Realm Online
754:Island of Kesmai
725:Richard Garriott
556:instance of the
334:
305:persistent world
250:
243:
236:
159:Player character
49:
30:
27:Video game genre
21:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4701:
4665:
4656:Twitch gameplay
4581:
4545:
4507:
4394:
4346:Survival horror
4319:
4269:Time management
4231:
4210:
4201:Train simulator
4160:
4125:
4097:
4050:
3988:
3958:
3928:
3885:
3859:
3846:
3786:
3782:Survival horror
3763:
3698:
3666:
3653:
3648:
3618:
3613:
3580:
3542:Virtual economy
3530:
3509:
3466:
3461:
3423:
3414:
3405:
3388:
3385:
3383:Further reading
3380:
3379:
3370:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3277:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3247:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3103:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2931:(2592): 39–41.
2918:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2683:
2681:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2578:. 18 April 2007
2574:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2388:
2384:
2379:Wayback Machine
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2232:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2132:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2027:
2026:
2017:
2009:
2003:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1938:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1913:Huffington Post
1906:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1707:Virtual economy
1677:
1610:game sweatshops
1545:virtual economy
1528:
1526:Virtual economy
1522:
1513:autism spectrum
1509:
1494:economic theory
1490:
1470:Corrupted Blood
1460:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1350:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1291:
1282:
1248:
1239:Stargate Worlds
1185:, based on the
1159:
1157:Use of licenses
1147:
1052:
1039:
989:
928:
721:
702:
616:
610:
608:Business models
543:
530:
510:
487:guilds or clans
483:
477:
449:level treadmill
429:
389:science fiction
375:
362:in-game culture
347:
345:Common features
332:
293:science-fiction
254:
179:Threefold model
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4740:
4738:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4714:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4651:Side-scrolling
4648:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4496:Climate change
4493:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4454:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4313:Grand strategy
4305:
4304:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4029:Monster-taming
4026:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4007:Looter shooter
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3803:Hack and slash
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3689:Endless runner
3685:
3683:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3352:
3349:news.bbc.co.uk
3340:
3328:
3316:
3286:
3256:
3229:
3200:
3172:
3146:
3139:
3112:
3083:
3064:(3): 223–237.
3044:
3017:(5): 429–439.
2997:
2950:
2911:
2880:
2853:(5): 815–835.
2833:
2826:
2808:
2783:
2758:
2749:
2736:
2727:
2718:
2701:(2006-08-29).
2690:
2673:(2006-08-29).
2662:
2645:(2006-03-20).
2634:
2627:
2613:(1997-09-04).
2611:Turkle, Sherry
2602:
2588:
2567:
2555:
2529:
2499:
2487:
2466:
2459:
2438:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2382:
2360:
2348:
2322:
2305:(2002-02-20).
2287:
2262:
2230:
2210:
2200:
2179:
2167:
2144:
2130:
2110:
2096:
2068:
2043:
2015:
2001:
1978:
1969:
1936:
1918:
1899:
1874:
1848:
1823:
1789:
1755:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:Private server
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1521:
1518:
1508:
1505:
1489:
1486:
1459:
1456:
1425:Richard Bartle
1379:
1378:
1341:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1247:
1244:
1201:table top game
1197:Games Workshop
1158:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1066:Anarchy Online
1051:
1048:
1038:
1035:
988:
985:
927:
924:
834:Asheron's Call
777:America Online
729:graphical MUDs
717:Main article:
701:
698:
697:
696:
690:
686:
668:
609:
606:
542:
539:
529:
526:
509:
506:
479:Main article:
476:
473:
454:Progress Quest
428:
425:
374:
371:
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
346:
343:
256:
255:
253:
252:
245:
238:
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
191:
190:
184:
183:
182:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
113:
112:
108:
107:
106:
105:
100:
95:
94:
93:
83:
81:Monster-taming
78:
73:
72:
71:
58:
57:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4739:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4541:Single-player
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:Tower defense
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4227:Immersive sim
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:City-building
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:Dungeon crawl
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3984:Tile-matching
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:Hidden object
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3942:Deck-building
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Battle royale
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3559:Virtual world
3557:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3367:on 2008-05-11
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3276:on 2009-10-01
3275:
3271:
3267:
3266:"Wage Slaves"
3260:
3257:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3219:on 2019-12-09
3218:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3140:0-226-09626-2
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3102:on 2007-04-09
3101:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2925:New Scientist
2922:
2915:
2912:
2901:on 2014-02-19
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2798:on 2011-05-21
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2773:on 2009-02-02
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2628:0-684-83348-4
2624:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:gamasutra.com
2559:
2556:
2545:on 2021-04-24
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2460:1-932111-97-2
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:0-13-146099-4
2432:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:gamasutra.com
2414:
2411:
2408:
2407:gamasutra.com
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:1-59822-016-0
2392:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:gamasutra.com
2352:
2349:
2338:on 2008-01-28
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2231:9781592730001
2227:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2201:0-9743091-2-5
2197:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2168:0-226-09626-2
2164:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2131:9780470411551
2127:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2058:on 2015-02-18
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2002:1-4020-3883-6
1998:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:1-59273-000-0
1933:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1889:on 2018-08-30
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1863:
1859:
1856:Tassi, Paul.
1852:
1849:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1813:on 2009-12-29
1809:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1779:on 2007-06-04
1775:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1756:
1745:on 2010-12-21
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1717:Virtual world
1715:
1713:
1712:Virtual goods
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1664:virtual crime
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1393:Sherry Turkle
1390:
1386:
1385:psychologists
1375:
1372:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:PlayStation 2
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
993:
986:
984:
981:
979:
975:
970:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
944:
941:
937:
932:
925:
923:
921:
920:
915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
902:
897:
896:
891:
890:
885:
884:
879:
875:
871:
870:
865:
864:
859:
858:
853:
849:
844:
842:
841:
836:
835:
830:
829:
824:
823:
822:Ultima Online
818:
817:
812:
811:
806:
802:
801:
797:in 1993, and
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:
750:
746:
745:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
720:
712:
711:
706:
699:
694:
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:
666:
662:
659:
658:
657:
655:
651:
647:
646:pay for perks
643:
642:
637:
636:
631:
630:
625:
621:
615:
607:
605:
602:
598:
597:
592:
588:
587:
581:
575:
572:
571:
566:
565:
559:
558:virtual world
555:
551:
548:
547:client–server
540:
538:
534:
527:
525:
522:
517:
515:
507:
505:
501:
499:
494:
490:
488:
482:
474:
472:
468:
464:
462:
461:
456:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:crime fiction
394:
390:
386:
385:
380:
372:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:
350:
344:
342:
340:
339:
331:
327:
326:
321:
320:western world
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:single-player
294:
290:
289:fantasy world
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
251:
246:
244:
239:
237:
232:
231:
229:
228:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
193:
192:
189:
185:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
129:Dialogue tree
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
101:
99:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
76:Dungeon crawl
74:
70:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
60:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4682:Toys-to-life
4622:
4615:
4567:
4512:Player modes
4476:Personalized
4461:
4450:
4418:
4324:Other genres
4254:Auto battler
4222:Falling-sand
4184:Lunar Lander
4023:
3994:Role-playing
3977:
3919:Visual novel
3881:Metroidvania
3873:
3827:
3759:Third-person
3732:Shoot 'em up
3717:First-person
3602:Browser game
3492:
3428:. MIT Press.
3425:
3416:
3407:
3398:
3394:
3369:. Retrieved
3365:the original
3355:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:the original
3300:BusinessWeek
3299:
3289:
3278:. Retrieved
3274:the original
3269:
3259:
3248:. Retrieved
3242:
3232:
3221:. Retrieved
3217:the original
3212:
3203:
3191:. Retrieved
3184:
3175:
3158:
3149:
3125:
3115:
3104:. Retrieved
3100:the original
3061:
3057:
3047:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2970:(6): 29–35.
2967:
2963:
2953:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2903:. Retrieved
2899:the original
2892:
2883:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2817:
2811:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:the original
2786:
2775:. Retrieved
2771:the original
2761:
2752:
2730:
2721:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:
2693:
2682:. Retrieved
2678:
2665:
2654:. Retrieved
2650:
2637:
2616:
2605:
2591:
2580:. Retrieved
2570:
2558:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:the original
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2516:the original
2502:
2490:
2479:. Retrieved
2469:
2450:
2447:Koster, Raph
2441:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2385:
2368:
2363:
2351:
2340:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2325:
2314:. Retrieved
2310:
2303:Koster, Raph
2279:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2256:Kelton Flinn
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:Year 1985 "
2243:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2191:
2182:
2172:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2113:
2099:
2071:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:the original
2046:
2037:
2033:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1902:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:the original
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1861:
1851:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:
1826:
1815:. Retrieved
1808:the original
1799:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1774:the original
1765:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1732:
1682:List of MUDs
1669:
1651:
1643:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1606:gold farmers
1602:Japanese yen
1597:
1587:
1581:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1510:
1498:
1491:
1463:
1461:
1448:
1444:gamification
1428:
1427:, author of
1423:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1397:
1389:sociologists
1382:
1367:
1358:
1351:Please help
1343:
1311:
1305:
1292:
1283:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1224:Age of Conan
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:Middle-earth
1166:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1091:EverQuest II
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1053:
1040:
1020:
1012:
1007:free content
996:
982:
969:Peer-to-peer
953:
945:
938:, real-time
933:
929:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
874:free-to-play
869:Guild Wars 2
867:
861:
855:
845:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
798:
794:
788:
770:
752:
742:
736:
722:
708:
682:
679:free-to-play
678:
661:Free-to-play
654:free-to-play
639:
633:
627:
617:
600:
594:
590:
584:
579:
576:
568:
562:
544:
535:
531:
518:
511:
502:
498:Game Masters
495:
491:
484:
469:
465:
458:
452:
430:
407:, and other
382:
376:
348:
336:
329:
323:
317:
301:multi-player
287:(often in a
282:
265:
261:
259:
103:Tactical RPG
90:
4598:Hypercasual
4519:Multiplayer
4435:Educational
4385:Programming
4380:Photography
4353:Incremental
4149:Kart racing
4093:Virtual pet
3924:Walking sim
3899:Escape room
3798:Beat 'em up
3737:Bullet hell
3597:Online game
3547:Virtual tax
1633:Second Life
1618:Second Life
1435:Bartle Test
1296:with their
1294:Smartphones
1195:, based on
1171:, based on
1161:The use of
1023:open source
1009:game (2014)
1003:open source
978:online game
926:Development
878:South Korea
810:Meridian 59
741:(1974) and
693:Pay-to-play
675:portmanteau
508:Roleplaying
427:Progression
18:MMORPG bots
4716:Categories
4639:Open world
4550:Production
4471:Nonviolent
4154:Sim racing
4121:Government
4056:Simulation
3747:Twin-stick
3681:Platformer
3371:2008-01-17
3310:2007-05-16
3280:2007-04-21
3250:2007-05-16
3244:Wired News
3223:2013-01-09
3193:7 February
3106:2007-04-21
2964:TechTrends
2905:2006-08-05
2802:2011-05-19
2777:2011-01-30
2712:2007-05-16
2684:2007-05-16
2656:2007-05-16
2582:2016-09-22
2549:2007-05-02
2512:Multiverse
2481:2015-07-21
2372:radoff.com
2369:PlayerVox,
2342:2008-06-15
2316:2010-04-24
2281:2016-02-22
2062:2010-09-01
1893:2012-04-11
1842:2015-02-09
1817:2009-03-30
1783:2007-05-17
1749:2007-05-02
1724:References
1598:Everquest'
1537:Eve Online
1524:See also:
1440:motivation
1361:April 2014
1313:Pokémon Go
1109:Guild Wars
1027:WorldForge
936:3D engines
919:Guild Wars
883:MapleStory
781:Steve Case
759:CompuServe
641:MapleStory
629:Guild Wars
612:See also:
586:EVE Online
570:Guild Wars
554:persistent
460:Eve Online
270:video game
212:Roguelikes
174:Statistics
134:GNS theory
64:Action RPG
4425:Christian
4413:Advergame
4301:Artillery
4034:Roguelike
4012:Soulslike
3891:Adventure
3727:Light gun
3401:: 97–112.
3325:slate.com
3070:2154-1647
3031:0958-8221
2984:8756-3894
2945:0262-4079
2875:229395882
2867:0883-8151
2820:. Wiley.
2699:Yee, Nick
2671:Yee, Nick
2643:Yee, Nick
2124:. Wiley.
2040:: 97–112.
1645:RuneScape
1520:Economics
1488:Education
1258:Dreamcast
1121:RuneScape
1085:EverQuest
960:bandwidth
907:RuneScape
828:EverQuest
793:in 1992,
763:Lucasfilm
749:roguelike
564:EverQuest
309:publisher
299:or small
285:character
197:Free MMOs
169:RPG terms
98:Roguelike
69:Soulslike
55:Subgenres
4677:Minigame
4629:Masocore
4575:Fan game
4445:Licensed
4370:Non-game
4241:Strategy
4111:Business
3810:Fighting
3769:Survival
3754:Tactical
3585:See also
3535:Concepts
3186:NBC News
3123:(2006).
3078:24827520
3039:62217619
2992:62553072
2747:227-234.
2522:12 April
2449:(2005).
2375:Archived
2240:54116655
2190:(2004).
2155:(2006).
2140:in 1997.
2085:cite web
2007:Archived
1959:leveling
1947:leveling
1675:See also
1629:Entropia
1478:epidemic
1404:metagame
1399:Nick Yee
1266:for the
1256:for the
974:cheating
949:cheating
901:Lost Ark
880:such as
848:consoles
671:Freemium
665:Freemium
650:freemium
514:roleplay
441:monsters
417:monsters
4644:Sandbox
4486:Serious
4419:BishĹŤjo
4336:Fitness
4308:Wargame
4166:Vehicle
4139:Fishing
4078:Farming
3978:Sokoban
3842:Stealth
3828:Pac-Man
3704:Shooter
3592:Esports
3514:History
3270:1UP.com
3131:10, 291
1867:6 March
1307:Ingress
956:servers
767:Habitat
738:Mazewar
700:History
683:premium
528:Culture
379:fantasy
313:offline
268:) is a
202:MMORPGs
4593:Casual
4586:Design
4568:Doujin
4481:Sci-fi
4457:Sexual
4430:Comedy
4406:Themes
4390:Typing
4363:Rhythm
4341:Horror
4179:Combat
4144:Racing
4131:Sports
4088:Social
4073:Dating
4024:MMORPG
3964:Puzzle
3672:Action
3498:MMORTS
3493:MMORPG
3488:MMOFPS
3167:958945
3165:
3137:
3076:
3068:
3037:
3029:
2990:
2982:
2943:
2873:
2865:
2824:
2625:
2457:
2433:
2393:
2238:
2228:
2198:
2165:
2138:MMORPG
2128:
1999:
1934:
1862:Forbes
1594:liquid
1187:Matrix
1037:Trends
940:shader
805:NSFNET
667:model.
648:" or "
419:, and
413:quests
409:genres
405:occult
403:, the
373:Themes
276:and a
266:MMORPG
111:Topics
91:MMORPG
4670:Other
4623:Kaizo
4616:Gacha
4562:Indie
4524:Co-op
4463:Eroge
4451:Otome
4440:Girls
4375:Party
4358:Music
4215:Other
4189:Space
3876:clone
3837:Snake
3830:clone
3791:Other
3712:Arena
3471:Types
3074:JSTOR
3035:S2CID
2988:S2CID
2871:S2CID
2010:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1955:level
1811:(PDF)
1804:(PDF)
1777:(PDF)
1770:(PDF)
1016:indie
1001:, an
998:Ryzom
913:Tibia
635:Flyff
596:Dofus
395:, or
333:'
222:TRPGs
188:Lists
164:Quest
4570:soft
4501:News
4331:Cozy
4259:MOBA
4065:Life
3822:Maze
3742:Rail
3722:Hero
3195:2005
3163:SSRN
3135:ISBN
3066:ISSN
3027:ISSN
2980:ISSN
2941:ISSN
2863:ISSN
2822:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2524:2014
2455:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2236:OCLC
2226:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2091:link
1997:ISBN
1963:mobs
1932:ISBN
1869:2015
1621:and
1387:and
1344:not
1310:and
1236:and
1221:and
1135:and
1115:Rift
1097:Aion
1044:raid
1005:and
958:and
910:and
898:and
866:and
831:and
761:and
744:MUD1
710:MUD1
681:and
638:and
567:and
521:cope
421:loot
217:RPGs
207:MUDs
4610:FMV
4557:AAA
4534:PVP
4529:MMO
4491:Art
4103:CMS
4083:God
3505:MUD
3019:doi
2972:doi
2933:doi
2929:193
2894:CVG
2855:doi
1837:IGN
1584:IGE
1462:In
1298:GPS
1199:'s
1175:'s
964:lag
854:'s
757:on
733:MUD
677:of
673:(a
656:".
291:or
86:MUD
4718::
4249:4X
3399:25
3397:.
3393:.
3298:.
3268:.
3241:.
3211:.
3183:.
3133:.
3086:^
3072:.
3062:51
3060:.
3056:.
3033:.
3025:.
3015:23
3013:.
3009:.
2986:.
2978:.
2968:54
2966:.
2962:.
2939:.
2927:.
2923:.
2891:.
2869:.
2861:.
2851:64
2849:.
2845:.
2739:^
2705:.
2677:.
2649:.
2510:.
2309:.
2290:^
2273:.
2252:"
2242:.
2234:.
2204:.
2171:.
2134:.
2087:}}
2083:{{
2038:25
2036:.
2032:.
2018:^
2005:.
1940:.
1911:.
1860:.
1835:.
1612:.
1446:.
1406:.
1270:.
1227:.
1215:,
1209:,
1203:,
1141:.
1129:,
1124:,
1118:,
1112:,
1106:,
1100:,
1094:,
1088:,
1082:,
1076:,
892:,
886:,
787::
423:.
415:,
391:,
280:.
260:A
3643:e
3636:t
3629:v
3456:e
3449:t
3442:v
3374:.
3313:.
3283:.
3253:.
3226:.
3197:.
3169:.
3143:.
3109:.
3080:.
3041:.
3021::
2994:.
2974::
2947:.
2935::
2908:.
2877:.
2857::
2830:.
2805:.
2780:.
2715:.
2687:.
2659:.
2631:.
2599:.
2585:.
2552:.
2526:.
2484:.
2463:.
2345:.
2319:.
2284:.
2254:—
2107:.
2093:)
2065:.
1965:.
1915:.
1896:.
1871:.
1845:.
1820:.
1786:.
1752:.
1374:)
1368:(
1363:)
1359:(
1355:.
1133:,
264:(
249:e
242:t
235:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
