687:
no children with BLLs above the alert threshold 10 μg/dL were found. That claim, they stated, "was misleading because it referred only to data from the cross-sectional study and did not reflect findings of concern from the separate longitudinal study that showed that children living in homes serviced by a lead water pipe were more than twice as likely as other DC children to have had a blood lead level ≥10 μg/dL". Moreover, the CDC emphasizes, that the original report did warn for negative effects on health of the BLLs it did report, did note that there are no safe known limits, and did demand actions for reducing the level of lead in drinking water. They also maintain, that the overall trend was towards sinking BLLs, even when the full data set is taken into consideration.
609:>10 ÎĽg/dL, even in homes with the highest water lead levels". It notes that 10 ÎĽg/dL was "CDC's BLL of concern for children" since 1991. The report also claimed that the average levels were sinking with time. On the other hand, the report found some cases of children with BLLs > 5 ÎĽg/dL; and also stated that actually "no safe BLL has been identified". Therefore, the report recommends that efforts should be made to eliminate lead in children's blood entirely, and in particular, that the authorities should take measures to ensure that the amount of lead in drinking water always should be less than 15 PPM.
598:, who was the head of the lead poisoning branch of CDC. The report "summarizes the results of the preliminary investigations, which indicated that the elevated water lead levels might have contributed to a small increase in blood lead levels (BLLs)". The report describes the background, and the various kinds of blood tests it employed, and explicitly states: "All blood tests were used in this analysis." There is no mention at all of any test results not being available, not even in the
52:
1169:
187:
1177:
658:, there was an evident dip in critical year 2003 (when the lead in the drinking water peaked), in the data present in the CDC files, there were test results for 15,755 children in 2002, only 9,765 children in 2003, and 18,038 children in 2004, At the time, Mary Jean Brown had questioned the dip, and had gotten the answer that it was due to a private laboratory not having reported the
1405:
grill him about his recent demands on behalf of the Trump administration to alter weekly
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports – alterations that appear to downplay the impact of the pandemic on schools. In one email, the Washington Post reports, Alexander accused the CDC of writing "hit pieces on the administration" with its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
1367:(...) to determine the scope of political interference with CDC's scientific reports and other efforts to combat the pandemic, the impact of this interference on CDC's mission, whether this interference is continuing, and the steps that Congress may need to take to stop it before more Americans die needlessly.
636:
correlation between rather high amounts of lead in the water on the one hand, and rather high amounts of lead in the blood of children on the other. Specifically, there were cases known to him, of children with BBL clearly exceeding 10 ÎĽg/dL; but these cases were absent from the material presented in the
678:
final report, the committee concluded that the CDC knowingly used flawed data in drafting the report, leading to "scientifically indefensible" claims in the 2004 paper. It also cited the CDC for failing to publicize later research showing that the harm was more serious than the 2004 report suggested.
1404:
Alexander is scheduled to appear before a congressional subcommittee on Sept. 24, and bring any emails or reports related to COVID-19 deaths and infections, hydroxychloroquine and the impact the virus has on children. He did not respond to a request for an interview from CBC News. The committee will
635:
Marc
Edwards initiated a study, which included investigating health aspects. At first, he was sponsored by EPA; but when they interrupted their support, he financed it out of his own pocket. He claimed that this study, employing raw data also available to the CDC study, had found clear evidence of a
742:
An analysis of studies in MMWR found the agency promoted the effectiveness of masks using unreliable data with conclusions unsupported by evidence. The journal made positive findings about the efficacy of masks 75 percent of the time, despite only 30 percent of studies testing masks, and less than
738:
requested "transcribed interviews" with seven CDC and HHS personnel "to determine the scope of political interference with CDC's scientific reports and other efforts to combat the pandemic, the impact of this interference on CDC's mission, whether this interference is continuing, and the steps that
686:
The CDC did not withdraw the report, but in 2010 amended it with two "notices to the readers", with the following explanations. The CDC maintained that the report essentially is correct, but admitted that the presentation was misleading, as regards the absence of data, and as regards the claim that
470:
On the other hand, there have been articles that have been controversial, such as a report stating a low concerns for risks of elevated blood levels of lead in
Washington, DC (April 2004). The article was notable and later criticized for not emphasizing the risks, and now is available together with
677:
opened a congressional investigation into the 2004 CDC report. Investigators found that although the CDC and city health department reported dangerous lead levels in 193 children in 2003, the actual number was 486 according to records taken directly from the testing laboratories. In 2010, in their
648:
came from analysis of the same raw data as those underlying the 2004 CDC report. In 2007, Edwards wrote to the CDC's associate director of science, James
Stephens, questioning the report's conclusions and methodology, and the competence of its principal author. In 2008, Stephens answered him: "We
384:
As noted in the sequel, some single reports have evoked media interest also outside health and medical contexts. However, many reports are parts of series, providing consistent long-term statistics, and also indicating trend changes. Such a standing report section is the "Notifiable
Diseases and
743:
15 percent having “statistically significant results.” Researchers said that political involvement and lack of accountability by outside experts unaffiliated with the CDC could influence the journal’s ability to evaluate scientific data objectively.
733:
had little benefit as a treatment while Trump was saying the opposite. In emails to the head of CDC, Alexander accused CDC scientists of attempting to "hurt the president" and writing "hit pieces on the administration". On
September 14, 2020, the
723:
stories about the effectiveness of potential treatments for COVID-19, the transmissibility of the virus, and other issues where the president had taken a public stance. Alexander tried unsuccessfully to get personal approval of all issues of
372:
in 1952. It acquired its current name in 1976. It is the main vehicle for publishing public health information and recommendations that have been received by the CDC from state health departments. Material published in the report is in the
572:, while trying to find the causes of an increased rate of pinhole leaks in copper water pipes. He found some rather high values in a few households, sometimes exceeding 1250 PPM. From 2002 on the matter started to be noted by news media.
735:
532:
pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los
Angeles, California" of which "wo of the patients died" by the time of the original report. This notice has been recognized as the first published report marking the official start of the
728:
before they went out. Caputo claimed this oversight was necessary because MMWR reports were being tainted by "political content"; he demanded to know the political leanings of the scientists who reported that
410:. Morbidity and mortality statistics were published in Public Health Reports until January 20, 1950, when they were transferred to a new publication of the PHS National Office of Vital Statistics called the
674:
629:
157:
605:
The report concludes that the high amounts of lead in the drinking water may have led to a slight rise of the blood levels; however, it claimed that "no children were identified with
546:
644:
of
Children's National Medical Center in Washington, actually found a marked increase in high-level results from 2001 to 2004, among small children. The results of Marc Edwards
247:
1475:
272:
385:
Mortality Tables", which reports deaths by disease and state, and city for city, for 122 large cities. As another example, there are more than a hundred items about
1417:"An analysis of studies pertaining to masks in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Characteristics and quality of all studies from 1978 to 2023". 2023-07-11.
666:
also claimed that the CDC had found a link between lead pipes and high childhood blood lead levels in the district in 2007, but had not publicized the study.
223:
30:
This article is about the weekly publication of the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For other uses of the term "morbidity and mortality", see
1348:"Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis of the U. S. House of Representatives September 14th, 2020 letter to Secretary Azar and Director Redfield"
785:
766:
625:
569:
556:
Between 2001 and 2003, various tests showed that the lead content in drinking water in
Washington DC more that 10% of the tests were higher than 15 ppb (
351:
123:
1480:
1270:
389:
infections since the 1999 outbreak of the disease in the US. In 2001–2005, there were weekly updates of the WNV situation, during the warm seasons.
31:
243:
704:
594:
was made available on the MMWR web site. It was then published by CDC as "MMWR Weekly, April 2, 2004 / 53(12); 268–270". Its principal author was
696:
670:
1392:
616:
Department of Health has "recommended that young children and pregnant and breast-feeding women refrain from drinking unfiltered tap water".
561:
1460:
1355:
840:
182:
264:
170:
215:
211:
59:
1465:
1388:
612:
The report does not in itself provide any recommendations to the ordinary Washington, DC inhabitants, but it notes that the
145:
1236:
996:
811:"Public health dispatch: multistate outbreak of hepatitis A among young adult concert attendees – United States, 2003"
1321:
863:
1296:
564:(EPA) for stagnant first draw water, and not indicative of typical usage. Some of the tests were prompted by EPA's
1470:
1199:
519:
511:
503:
1103:
406:
401:
132:
526:, described their patients as "5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed
1153:
Levin, Josh (October 18, 2002). "Plumbing the Depths: the EPA finds too much lead in D.C. tap water".
958:"Blood Lead Levels in Residents of Homes with Elevated Lead in Tap Water – District of Columbia, 2004"
161:
1418:
716:
613:
595:
578:
is well known to have toxic effects, especially for embryos and small children. Even in small doses,
565:
528:
592:
Blood Lead Levels in Residents of Homes with Elevated Lead in Tap Water – District of Columbia, 2004
1380:
499:
495:
260:
166:
149:
117:
1108:
906:
901:
887:
868:
845:
730:
304:
17:
1423:
510:, accompanied by fever and rashes, in addition to two patients with chronic diarrhea, depressed
294:
288:
51:
1381:"Trump adviser tied to efforts to downplay COVID-19 not on McMaster's payroll, university says"
641:
1074:
1038:
969:
933:
822:
557:
463:
449:
281:
235:
1232:
1098:
992:
922:"Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Two Children – Southern California, March–April 2009"
606:
1347:
1241:
386:
378:
79:
1058:
957:
921:
810:
1123:
882:
712:
579:
1454:
534:
374:
27:
Weekly epidemiological report published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
708:
492:
488:
442:
347:
64:
736:
Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis of the U.S. House of Representatives
1237:"D.C., U.S. Underreported Number of Kids With High Lead Levels by More Than Half"
649:
have examined CDC's role in the study and have found no evidence of misconduct."
487:
in the medical literature (June 5, 1981). Los Angeles-based general practitioner
178:
797:
582:
may lead to permanent intelligence deficiencies and concentration difficulties.
502:
had encountered a series of gay male patients with symptoms that appeared to be
456:
431:
1322:"Political Appointees Meddled in C.D.C.'s 'Holiest of the Holy' Health Reports"
997:"CDC mislead District residents about lead levels in water, House probe finds"
507:
483:
pneumonia (PCP) were reported in what turned out to be the first reporting of
1084:
1023:
1204:
864:"National Briefing | Science and Health; Count Of 'choking Game' Fatalities"
778:
739:
Congress may need to take to stop it before more Americans die needlessly."
653:
1042:
973:
937:
826:
1078:
522:. A report they jointly wrote and published in the June 5, 1981, issue of
310:
231:
435:
715:, the HHS assistant secretary for public affairs, and his chief advisor
707:(HHS) to modify its reporting so as not to conflict with what President
518:. Gottlieb diagnosed these and a number of his other patients as having
515:
1297:"Trump officials seek greater control over CDC reports on coronavirus"
759:
426:
Several notable articles have been published in the report including:
404:(PHS). On January 3, 1896, the Public Health Service began publishing
455:
Improvements in public health after the implementation of municipal
252:
103:
Morbidity and Mortality; Weekly Mortality Index; Weekly Health Index
441:
Several dozen deaths in teens participating in what is called the "
377:
and may be reprinted without permission. As of 2019, the journal's
196:
809:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (5 September 2003).
575:
484:
462:
The initial reports of a novel swine flu virus which led to the
1057:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (30 August 1996).
602:
section, where other potential sources of error are discussed.
920:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (24 April 2009).
630:
United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology
448:
A report about the elevated death rate among fishermen in the
956:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (2 April 2004).
537:
and as "the first report on AIDS in the medical literature".
1443:
1022:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (1 June 2001).
414:. In 1952, NOVS changed the name of this publication to the
324:
1271:"Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19"
719:
tried to change, delay, suppress, and retroactively edit
471:
two amending "notices to the readers" by CDC from 2010.
841:"VITAL SIGNS: HAZARDS; Outbreak on the Concert Circuit"
711:
was saying about the pandemic. Starting in June 2020,
703:
came under pressure from political appointees at the
547:
Lead contamination in Washington, D.C. drinking water
662:
values they had found. She had accepted the answer.
987:
985:
983:
316:
302:
279:
207:
195:
141:
131:
116:
108:
94:
89:
78:
70:
58:
418:, which continues through the current day (2020).
186:
506:including significant loss of weight and swollen
1227:
1225:
1223:
1134:(3). American Society for Engineering Education
1104:"Doctor Who Co-Authored First AIDS Report Dies"
883:"Northwest Fishery Posts Highest Fatality Rate"
691:Political pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic
350:digest for the United States published by the
1176:. Washington, DC. p. A01. Archived from
951:
949:
947:
872:, February 15, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
849:, September 9, 2003. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
624:The report later was strongly criticized, by
8:
40:
568:, while others were conducted by professor
1476:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1264:
1262:
1260:
786:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
767:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
400:has its roots in the establishment of the
352:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
124:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
39:
1422:
1112:, July 23, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
628:, some news media, and ultimately by the
560:), which was the "action level" fixed by
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
891:, May 13, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
354:(CDC). It was originally established as
32:morbidity and mortality (disambiguation)
752:
705:Department of Health and Human Services
590:On March 30, 2004, an "MMWR dispatch",
1170:"Water in D.C. Exceeds EPA Lead Limit"
1122:Home-Douglas, Pierre (November 2004).
902:"Smoking Ban Improves a City's Health"
697:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
671:United States House of Representatives
541:Drinking water lead report controversy
798:MMWR Weekly: Past Volumes (1982–2010)
780:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
761:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
524:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
416:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
337:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
43:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
7:
1200:"Health agency covered up lead harm"
1168:Nakamura, David (January 31, 2004).
562:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1295:Sun, Lena H. (September 12, 2020).
1269:Diamond, Dan (September 11, 2020).
1087:Reprint of the June 4, 1981 report.
1198:Renner, Rebecca (April 10, 2009).
25:
18:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
1481:Publications established in 1930
675:Science and Technology Committee
640:. Marc Edwards and pediatrician
185:
50:
1395:from the original on 2020-09-15
1379:Craggs, Samantha (2020-09-15).
1358:from the original on 2020-09-16
360:in 1930, changing its title to
1389:Canadian Broadcast Corporation
1063:pneumonia – Los Angeles. 1981"
1047:Reprint of 5 June 1981 report.
438:concert tours (September 2003)
1:
1424:10.1101/2023.07.07.23292338v1
788:. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
1497:
769:. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
544:
29:
1461:English-language journals
1067:MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
1031:MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
962:MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
926:MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
815:MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
682:Response to the criticism
321:
49:
202:Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.
620:Criticism of the report
512:white blood cell counts
504:immune system disorders
412:Weekly Morbidity Report
369:Morbidity and Mortality
1024:"First report of AIDS"
520:pneumocystis pneumonia
363:Weekly Mortality Index
142:Standard abbreviations
1466:Epidemiology journals
1155:Washington City Paper
545:Further information:
407:Public Health Reports
402:Public Health Service
126: (United States)
1328:. September 12, 2020
614:District of Columbia
566:lead and copper rule
529:Pneumocystis carinii
481:Pneumocystis carinii
475:First report of AIDS
1301:The Washington Post
1208:. Salon Media Group
1001:The Washington Post
910:, January 12, 2009.
900:Bakalar, Nicholas.
881:Bakalar, Nicholas.
500:UCLA Medical Center
496:Michael S. Gottlieb
434:among attendees of
393:Publication history
381:is Charlotte Kent.
357:Weekly Health Index
90:Publication details
46:
1326:The New York Times
1235:(August 4, 2009).
1109:The New York Times
907:The New York Times
888:The New York Times
869:The New York Times
846:The New York Times
731:hydroxychloroquine
1352:documentcloud.org
1233:Leonnig, Carol D.
1180:on April 1, 2008.
1157:. Washington, DC.
993:Leonnig, Carol D.
558:parts per billion
516:fungal infections
464:2009 flu pandemic
450:Pacific Northwest
445:" (February 2008)
332:
331:
16:(Redirected from
1488:
1447:
1446:
1444:Official website
1429:
1428:
1426:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1266:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1245:. Washington, DC
1229:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1119:
1113:
1099:Associated Press
1094:
1088:
1082:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1003:. Washington, DC
995:(May 20, 2010).
989:
978:
977:
953:
942:
941:
917:
911:
898:
892:
879:
873:
860:Associated Press
856:
850:
837:
831:
830:
806:
800:
795:
789:
776:
770:
757:
466:(April 24, 2009)
422:Notable articles
325:Journal homepage
307:
291:
284:
275:
191:
189:
188:
98:
54:
47:
44:
37:Academic journal
21:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1471:Weekly journals
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1398:
1396:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1361:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1242:Washington Post
1231:
1230:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1174:Washington Post
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1124:"The Water Guy"
1121:
1120:
1116:
1095:
1091:
1073:(34): 729–733.
1056:
1055:
1051:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
991:
990:
981:
968:(12): 268–270.
955:
954:
945:
919:
918:
914:
899:
895:
880:
876:
857:
853:
839:O' Neil, John.
838:
834:
808:
807:
803:
796:
792:
777:
773:
758:
754:
749:
693:
684:
622:
596:Mary Jean Brown
588:
554:
549:
543:
477:
424:
395:
387:West Nile virus
379:editor-in-chief
348:epidemiological
303:
298:
293:
287:
280:
251:
210:
209:
165:
144:
143:
127:
104:
99:
96:
42:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1436:External links
1434:
1431:
1430:
1409:
1371:
1354:. 2020-09-16.
1339:
1313:
1287:
1256:
1219:
1183:
1160:
1145:
1114:
1089:
1049:
1014:
979:
943:
912:
893:
874:
851:
832:
801:
790:
771:
751:
750:
748:
745:
717:Paul Alexander
713:Michael Caputo
692:
689:
683:
680:
621:
618:
587:
586:Report details
584:
580:lead poisoning
553:
550:
542:
539:
479:Five cases of
476:
473:
468:
467:
460:
459:(January 2009)
453:
446:
439:
430:The spread of
423:
420:
394:
391:
346:) is a weekly
330:
329:
328:
327:
319:
318:
314:
313:
308:
300:
299:
285:
277:
276:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
139:
138:
135:
129:
128:
122:
120:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
100:
97:Former name(s)
95:
92:
91:
87:
86:
85:Charlotte Kent
83:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1493:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
986:
984:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
950:
948:
944:
939:
935:
932:(15): 400–2.
931:
927:
923:
916:
913:
909:
908:
903:
897:
894:
890:
889:
884:
878:
875:
871:
870:
865:
861:
855:
852:
848:
847:
842:
836:
833:
828:
824:
821:(35): 844–5.
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
799:
794:
791:
787:
783:
781:
775:
772:
768:
764:
762:
756:
753:
746:
744:
740:
737:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
690:
688:
681:
679:
676:
672:
669:In 2009, the
667:
665:
661:
657:
656:
652:According to
650:
647:
643:
639:
633:
631:
627:
619:
617:
615:
610:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
585:
583:
581:
577:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
551:
548:
540:
538:
536:
535:AIDS pandemic
531:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
472:
465:
461:
458:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
433:
429:
428:
427:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
392:
390:
388:
382:
380:
376:
375:public domain
371:
370:
365:
364:
359:
358:
353:
349:
345:
344:
339:
338:
326:
323:
322:
320:
315:
312:
309:
306:
301:
296:
292: (print)
290:
286:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
206:
203:
200:
198:
194:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
140:
136:
134:
130:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
101:
93:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
61:
57:
53:
48:
45:
33:
19:
1412:
1403:
1397:. Retrieved
1384:
1374:
1366:
1360:. Retrieved
1351:
1342:
1332:14 September
1330:. Retrieved
1325:
1316:
1306:14 September
1304:. Retrieved
1300:
1290:
1280:14 September
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1247:. Retrieved
1240:
1210:. Retrieved
1203:
1178:the original
1173:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1131:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1070:
1066:
1061:Pneumocystis
1060:
1052:
1034:
1030:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
1000:
965:
961:
929:
925:
915:
905:
896:
886:
877:
867:
859:
854:
844:
835:
818:
814:
804:
793:
779:
774:
760:
755:
741:
725:
720:
709:Donald Trump
700:
694:
685:
668:
663:
659:
654:
651:
645:
637:
634:
626:Marc Edwards
623:
611:
604:
599:
591:
589:
574:
570:Marc Edwards
555:
527:
523:
493:immunologist
489:Joel Weisman
480:
478:
469:
457:smoking bans
452:(April 2008)
443:choking game
425:
415:
411:
405:
397:
396:
383:
368:
367:
366:in 1941 and
362:
361:
356:
355:
342:
341:
336:
335:
333:
268:
256:
239:
227:
219:
201:
174:
153:
112:1930–present
65:Epidemiology
41:
1037:(21): 429.
695:During the
508:lymph nodes
432:hepatitis A
297: (web)
1455:Categories
1399:2020-09-15
1362:2020-09-16
763:: About Us
747:References
552:Background
179:MathSciNet
60:Discipline
1205:Salon.com
642:Dana Best
295:1545-861X
289:0149-2195
133:Frequency
118:Publisher
1393:Archived
1356:Archived
1275:Politico
1249:June 22,
1212:June 15,
1138:June 15,
1043:11478306
1007:June 22,
974:15057194
938:19390508
827:12966361
436:jam band
311:01492195
208:Indexing
158:Bluebook
82: by
71:Language
1419:medRxiv
1079:8778581
498:of the
267:)
238:)
226:)
173:)
152:)
109:History
74:English
1421:
1385:CBC.CA
1077:
1041:
972:
936:
825:
646:et al.
600:caveat
273:Scopus
269:·
257:·
255:
240:·
228:·
220:·
218:
175:·
154:·
137:Weekly
80:Edited
1128:Prism
1027:(PDF)
782:Staff
664:Salon
655:Salon
317:Links
305:JSTOR
271:
259:
242:
232:JSTOR
230:
222:
212:CODEN
197:ISO 4
177:
156:
146:ISO 4
1334:2020
1308:2020
1282:2020
1251:2011
1214:2011
1140:2011
1096:via
1075:PMID
1039:PMID
1009:2011
970:PMID
934:PMID
858:via
823:PMID
726:MMWR
721:MMWR
701:MMWR
638:MMWR
607:BLLs
576:Lead
514:and
491:and
485:AIDS
398:MMWR
343:MMWR
334:The
282:ISSN
253:MIAR
244:LCCN
224:alt2
1085:PDF
1083:As
660:low
265:alt
261:NLM
248:alt
236:alt
216:alt
183:alt
171:alt
167:NLM
162:alt
150:alt
1457::
1402:.
1391:.
1387:.
1383:.
1365:.
1350:.
1324:.
1299:.
1273:.
1259:^
1239:.
1222:^
1202:.
1186:^
1172:.
1132:14
1130:.
1126:.
1106:,
1102:.
1071:45
1069:.
1065:.
1035:50
1033:.
1029:.
999:.
982:^
966:53
964:.
960:.
946:^
930:58
928:.
924:.
904:,
885:,
866:,
862:.
843:,
819:52
817:.
813:.
784:,
765:,
699:,
673:'
632:.
1427:.
1336:.
1310:.
1284:.
1253:.
1216:.
1142:.
1081:.
1059:"
1045:.
1011:.
976:.
940:.
829:.
340:(
263:(
250:)
246:(
234:(
214:(
190:)
181:(
169:(
164:)
160:(
148:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
